
Glass 1 54 
Book_— ^L 



A NEW 

GAZETTEER 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES 

OF 

AMERICA;^ 

CONTAINING 

A COPIOUS DESCRIPTION 

OP THE 

STATES, TERRITORIES, COUNTIES, PARISHES, DISTRICTS, CITIES AND TOWNS-MOUN- 
TAINS, LAKES, RIVERS AND CANALS— COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AGRICUL- 
TURE, AND THE ARTS GENERALLY, OP THE UNITED STATES ; 

EMBRACING ALSO 

THE EXTENT, BOUNDARIES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SUBDIVI- 
SIONS, THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AND 
THEIR BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM IMPORTANT PLACES ; 

INCLUDING 

OTHER INTERESTING AND VALUABLE 

GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION ; 

WITH THE POPULATION OF 1830. 



BY WILLIAM DARBY 

AND 

THEODORE DWIGHT, JR. 



HARTFORD, 

PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HOPKINS. 

1833. 




\ 






Entered .ccordingto act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Edwah. Hopkins, in the Clerk', office 
of the District Court of Connecticut. 



//f^ 



PREFACE. 

The collection, and arrangement of the materials for this Gazetteer, were 
commenced in April, 1830, and have been steadily continued to the present 
time, Nov. 1832. It must therefore be evident that great labour has been ex- 
pended upon the work — how satisfactory to the public the result of the under- 
taking will prove, remains to be decided. It is not with a view to enhance the 
value or importance of these labors, but to explain one of the principal causes 
of delay attendant upon the publication of this volume, that some remarks are 
introduced on the manner, and protracted time of publishing the census, which 
was not available until June of the current year, or about two years after it was 
taken ; this fact, together with the confused, and utter want of arrangement 
in that document, renders unnecessary any farther apology for the delay to 
which we advert. Indeed as this document is published, it is to a convenient 
analysis of the population of the U. S., what stones in a quarry are to a build- 
ing ; and deserves to be estimated much as the material, on the ground where 
an edifice is to be erected. In every state, and territory, with the exception of 
the northern district of New. York, the eastern district of Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, the western district of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, 
Kentucky, the western district of Tennessee, and Ohio, an alphabetical arrange- 
ment of the census table was genei'ally omitted, and of course to find any given 
county or town, required an examination of the whole mass. The inconven- 
ience of this arrangement may be estimated, when it is known that five hun- 
dred and thirty counties, with their towns, are thus defective in arrangement. 
Of some states, nothing is given but the aggregate of the counties ; and in Geor- 
gia, no city, town, or village is named ; — the returns of some other states 
are equally imperfect. These facts will account for numerous apparent defi- 
ciencies in population, and explain their true cause. The post offices, particu- 
larly in the middle, southern, southwestern, and western states, have been in- 
serted from the official list of 1831 ; and great pains have been taken, with the 
aid of the best maps, to locate the most obscure of them. The qualifying term, 
" post road" has been adopted, as by that the postage of letters, &c. is regula- 
ted, altho' in innumerable cases these much exceed more direct routes. In re- 
gard to rivers, it may be doubted whether their extent should be estimated by 
the meanders of the streams, or by the length of their basins, or vallies. Ex- 
cept in New England, N. York, and N. Jersey, we have chosen to estimate 
them by the latter method, the length of the surface which they drain. Tan- 
ner's new and excellent map of the U. S., a proof sheet of which was early and 
obligingly forwarded to Mr. Darby, has been the guide generally followed in 
regard to geographical position ; with the aid of this, extensive additions have 
been made to the geography of the western country, particularly that of the 
states of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, and the territories of Michigan and Huron. 
The extended plan of this Gazetteer, seemed at first to promise the compiler 
of that part of it embracing New York, New Jersey, and the New England states, 
an opportunity to introduce large details of the intellectual and moral institu- 



PKKFACE. 



tions of the country ; and the hope of accomplishing this object was one great 
motive for his engaging in the work. Experiment however soon proved, that 
the prescribed hmits, although large, would not allow the introduction of many- 
such details, without excluding others more practically indispensable, in a work 
of this kind. He acknowledges his obligations to the authors of the following 
works, from some of which he has derived much statistical information ; Green- 
leaf's Survey and Map of Maine ; Tanner and Moore's Gazetteer of N. Hamp- 
shire ; Thompson's Gazetteer of Vermont; Spofford's Gazetteer of Massachu- 
setts ; Pease and Niles's Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rhode Island ; Spaf- 
ford's Gazetteer of New York, and Gordon's Map of New Jersey ; with partic- 
ular gratitude he also acknowledges his obligations to James Parker, Esq. of 
Amboy, N. J., for valuable statistics of different parts of that state, which have 
been embodied in the work. 

In the compilation of the Gazetteer of the U. S., numerous authorities beside 
those already mentioned, have been consulted ; and accuracy has ever been a 
prominent object of its compilers. But some recent sources of information have 
been deficient ; — the census was formerly an invaluable source of various sta- 
tistical matter ; that of 1830, however, has proved to be entirely useless on every 
subject other than population. Inconsistencies and contradictions in orthogra- 
phy, and in statistics of different kinds, found even in works of the highest rep- 
utation, may perhaps have induced some errors and omissions here. Indeed 
to say that such will not be found in the work, would be presumption ; from 
the very nature of it, perfect accuracy cannot reasonably be insisted on in every 
detail, by the reader. Such errors and omissions as have been discovered, on 
a rapid review of the work, have been noticed in the Appendix. We may say, 
however, what is undeniable, that much has been added to the geography of 
the country, in the present work ; that numerous new counties, and towns, have 
been embodied in it, and that it contains many and important corrections of 
some similar and respectable works. On the whole, as a convenient and safe 
book of reference, extended in its detail far beyond any work of the kind here- 
tofore published, and to a great extent original, we hope, and confidently be- 
lieve, that it will prove both useful, and valuable, to those who have occasion 
to consult its pages. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

Ark.— Arkansas. Me.— Maine. S. C— South Carolina. mtn.— mountain. 

Aia.— Alabama. Mich.— Michigan. Ten.— Tennessee. pop.— population. 

Conn.— Connecticut. Miris.— Mississippi. U. S.— United States. p-o.— post oJtice 

Del.— Delaware. Mo.— Missouri. Vt.— Vermont. p-t.— post town. 

Dist. Col.— Disuict of Co- N.C.— North Carolina. Va.— Virginia. p-v.— post village. 

lumbia. N. H.— New Hampshire. W. C— Washington City, p-r.— post road. 

Flor. — Florida. N. J. — New Jersey. r. — river. 

Geo.— Georgia. N. Y.— New York. cap.— capital. s-p.— sea port. 

Ind.— Indiana. N. W. Ter.— North West co.— county. sq. ms.— square miles, 

n.— Illinois. Territory. dist.— district. st. jus.— seat of justice. 

Ky.— Kentucky. O.— Ohio. isl.— island. t.— town. 

La.— Louisiana. Phil.— Philadelphia. lat.— latitude. ter.— territory. 

Mass.- Massachusetts. Pa.— Pennsylvania. long.— longitude. tsp.— township. 

Md.— Maryland. R. I. — Rhode Island. ms.— miles. 

A few other abbreviationg used in the work will at once be intelligible to the reader. 



A 



GAZETTEER 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



ABB 



ABI 



Aaronsburg, p-v. Centre co. Penn. ; situa- 
ted on one of the highest branches of Penn's 
creek, 18 miles e. of Bellefonte, and by post 
road 79 miles n. w. from Sunbury. 

Aberdeen, p-t. Brown co. O. 

Abbeville, district of, South Carolina ; ex- 
tsnding along and from Savannah river ; 
boimded n. w. by Anderson dist. ; n. e. by Sa- 
luda river separating it from Laurens dist. ; 
s. E. by Edgefield dist. ; and s. w. by Savan- 
nah river separating it from Lincoln and El- 
bert counties in Georgia. It lies in form very 
nearly a square of 31 miles each side ; area 
960 square miles. Extending in lat. from 33° 
50' to 34° 28' N.; and in long, from 4° 56' to 
50 42' ^_ from W. C. The southern and- 
central parts of Abbeville slope toward and 
are drained into Savannah river, with a south. 
em declination. A narrow zone along the 
northeastern border slopes to the southeast- 
ward towards the main stream of Saluda riv- 
er. By the census of 1820, this district con- 
tained a population of 23,167 ; but in the 
ensuing ten years it had increased to 28,149. 
Of the latter 7,680 were white males ; 7,181 
white females, and the residue, 13,288, were 
people of color. Distributive population by 
the census of 1830, was 30 to the square mile. 
Chief town Abbeville. 

Abbeville, p-v. and seat of justice, Abbe- 
ville dist., S. C. ; situated near the centre of 
the district, on one of the branches of Little 
river, atN. lat. 34° 11' ; long. w. from W. C. 
5° 20'; 63 miles n. n. w. from Augusta in 
Georgia, and by post road, 100 m. a very little 
N. of w. from Columbia. 

Abbeville, or Abbeyville, p-v. Mecklen- 
burg CO. Va. ; situated on the left bank of 



Staunton or Roanoke river, about 10 miles 
above the influx of Dan river, and by post road, 
126 miles s. w. from Richmond, and 227 m. 
s. s. w. from W. C. 

Abbottstown, p-v. Adams co. Penn. ; si- 
tuated on almost the eastern line of the coun- 
ty, and on a branch of Conewago creek, 15 
miles N. E. by e. from Gettysburg, very near- 
ly an equal distance s. w. by w. from the bo- 
rough of York ; and by post road 86 m. n. from 
W.C. 

Abbott's Mills, and post office, Rutherford 
CO. Tenn. ; by post road, 40 miles southeast, 
ward from Nashville. 

Abingdon, p-v. Harford co. Md. ; 22 miles 
northeastward from Baltimore. 

Abingdon, p-v. and seat lof justice. Wash- 
ington CO. Va. ; situated at the southeastern 
side of a mountain ridge, about niid-distance 
between the two main forks of Holston river 
and about 7 miles distant from each, also on 
the Great Valley road. According to Tan- 
ner's map of the U. S. this place stands about 
8 miles northwardly from the northern boun- 
dary of Tennessee, n. lat. 36° 42', long. 4*^ 
58' w. from W. C, by post road 385 miles s. 
w. by w. from W. C, and 309, a little s. of 
w. from Richmond. 

Abington, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 22 
miles s. e. of Boston, contains 2 ponds, one 
emptying into North river and the Atlantic 
ocean, the other into Taunton river and Nar- 
ragansett bay. Spirited resolutions against the 
right claimed by the British Parliament to tax 
the colonies were passed here, 1770. Pop. 
2,428. 

Abington, p-v. Windham co. Conn. 

Abington, p-v. Luzerne co. Penn. ; 15 ra. 



2 



ADA 



10 



ADA 



N. E. from Wilkes Barre, and by post road 
137 miles n. e. from Harrisburg, and 245 m. 
N. N. E. from W. C. 

Abington, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. ; by post 
road, 76 miles n. e. by e. from Indianopolis. 

Abram's Creek, Columbia co. N. Y. ; is 
formed by the junction of Kinderhook and 
Claverack creeks, and after a course of half 
a mile falls into Hudson river 4 miles above 
Hudson. 

Absecombe, p-v. Gloucester co. N.J. 
AccoMAC, the northernmost of the two coun- 
ties which constitute together, that section 
called, " The Eastern Shore of Virginia." 
This county extends from the Atlantic 
ocean to Chesapeake bay, — is bounded by the 
Atlantic ocean e. ; Northampton co. Va. s. ; 
Chesapeake bay w. ; Pocomoke bay n. w. ; 
and Worcester co. Md. n. ; extending in lati- 
tude from 37° 28' to 38° 02' n. and in long. 
from 1° 24' to 1° 46' e. from W. C. Great- 
est length from s. s. w. to n. n. e. 48 miles ; 
mean width about 10 miles, area 480 square 
miles. Much of the surface is sand banks, or 
islands along the Atlantic coast ; the real ara- 
ble superficies is about 400 square miles. The 
surface is level. Chief town, Drummonds- 
town. Pop. 1820, 15,966, and 1830, 19,656. 
Of the latter, were white males 4,495 ; white 
females 4,969, total 9,458 ; and the residue 
people of color. 

AccoMAC, court-house. See Drummonds- 
town. 

Accord, p-v. Ulster co. N. J. 
AcHOR, p-v. in the northern part of Colum- 
biana CO., O. 

AcRA, p-v. Greene co. N. J. 
Acton, t. Windham co. Vt.; 32 miles n. e. 
of Bennington, 18 n. w. of Brattleboro', has 
an uneven surface, well watered by brooks, 
but without good mill streams. Pop. 176. 

Acton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 24 miles 
N. w. of Boston, has a good soil. Asabet riv- 
er, a chief tributary of Concord river, passes 
through a part of it, as well as its 2 branches, 
and the post road from Boston and Concord 
to Groton and Keene. Pop. 1,128. 

AcwoRTit, p-t. Cheshire co.N. H. ; 50 miles 
w. of Concord, 87 w. of Portsmouth, 93 n. w. 
of Boston. Cold river rising at Cold Pond, af- 
fords mill seats. The town is agricultural, 
has a good soil, and raises flax, and cattle. It 
is on the post road and turnpike from Charles- 
town to Concord and Boston. Pop. 1,401. 

Adair, one of the southern counties of Ken.; 
bounded by Russell *. and ■*. e. ; Monroe s. w. ; 
Barren w. ; Green n. w. ; and Casey e. The 
greatest length is about 40 miles from n. e. 
to s. w. ; mean breadth 17, and area 680 square 
miles. Extending in lot. from 36° 51' to 37° 
28' N. and in long, from 7° 50' to 8° 30' w. 
fromW. C. The northern, central, and in- 
deed the far greater part of this county slopes 
to the N. w. and is drained in that direction 
by confluents of Green river. The southern 
part declines towards and is drained by creeks 
falling into Cumberland river. In 1820, this 
county was much more extensive than it is at 



present, being lessened by the intermediate 
creation of Russell county. Pop. of Adair 
1830,8,220. Chief town Columbia. 

-\dairsville, p. v. Logan co. Ken. ; by post 
road 181 miles s. w. from Frankfort ; and 10 
in a similar direction from Russellville, the 
county seat. 

Adams, Cape of the United States, on the 
Pacific ocean. It is the Point Ronde of La- 
peyrouse," and the southern point at the 
mouth of Columbia river. It Is thus descri- 
bed in a geographical sketch of Oregon Ter- 
ritory, published at Boston, 1830. — " Point 
Adams forms the south side of the river Co. 
lumbia. It is a low projection of land, bear- 
ing s. e. about seven miles from the Cape 
(Disappointment), and thinly wooded. From 
it sand banks extend within one mile of the 
Cape Disappointment , and inside of the bank 
which runs out from the Cape." As laid down 
by Tanner, in his map of the United States, 
the lat. is 46° 17' n. and long. 46° 50' w. from 
W. C. Variation of the magnetic needle at, 
22° 40' E. See Columbia river. 

Adams, t. Coos co. N. H. ; in a romantic 
situation at the e. base of the White Moun- 
tains, is uneven and partly rocky, but has a 
rich soil. It contains Black, Baldface and 
Thorn Mountains, and 2 branches of Ellis' riv- 
er, which falls into Saco river. 

Adams, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass.; 125 miles 
N w. of Boston, 20 Pittsfiekl, 40 e. of Albany, 
was named after Samuel Adams, is divided 
from Williamstown on the w. by Saddle Moun- 
tain. Hudson's branch, a mill stream, comes 
from Vermont, and falls into Hoosick river 
through a channel in one place cut 60 feet in- 
to a White marble quarry, leaving a natural 
bridge, 12 or 15 feet long, 10 wide and 62 
high. Some of the marble is clouded. Fort 
Massachusetts was on the n. e. end of Saddle 
Mountain. The Marquis de Vaudreuil attack- 
ed it, August 26, 1746, with 900 French and 
Indians, but was resisted, with 45 killed, for 
24 hours, by 33 men, women and children, 
under Colonel Hawkes, who obtained an hon- 
orable capitulation. /August 2, 1748, it was 
attacked by 300 French and Indians who were 
repulsed by Colonel Williams. The Adams 
and Hoosick cotton and woollen manufacto. 
ries were incorporated 1809, and 2 more in 
1814. There are about 25 cotton and woollen 
in all. There is a turnpike to Claremont. 
There are many fine dairies. Graylock, a 
peak of Saddle mountain and highest land in 
Massachusetts, is 3,580 feet above Hudson 
river at Albany. It has two villages, n. and 
s. Pop. 2,648. 

Adams, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ; 166 miles 
w. of Albany, is 6 miles square, has very rich 
arable land, good for grain. N. branch of 
Big Sandy creek and Stony creek furnish mill 
seats. Many remains of ancient mounds are 
found here, with coarse earthen pipes, stone 
hearths many feet under ground, &.c. 7 tu- 
muli have been observed, with ditches round 
them, enclosing from a half to two acres. 
Pop. 2,995. 



ADA 



11 



ADR 



Adams, one of the southern counties of 
Penn. ; bounded by Franklin co. w. ; Cumber- 
land N. ; York n. e. and e. ; and Frederick co. 
Md. s. Length 25 miles, mean breadth 18, 
and area 450 square miles. Extending in lat. 
from 39° 42' to 40° 2', and in long, from the 
meridian of W. C. to 0° 30' w. This county 
is table land, and nearly equally divided be- 
tween the basins of Potomac and Susquehan- 
na. The southern part slopes towards the 
former stream, and is drained by the sources 
of Monocacy, whilst the northern section 
gives source to Conewago, and declines to- 
wards the Susquehanna. The surface of the 
whole county is hilly, but soil generally fertile. 
Chief town Gettysburg. Pop. 1820, 19,370, 
and in 1830, 21,379. 

Adams, one of the southwestern counties 
of the state of Miss. ; bounded n. e. by Jeffer- 
son ; E. by Franklin; on the s. by riomochit- 
to river which sejiarates it from Wilkinson ; 
and on the w. it is separated from the parish 
of Concordia in Louisiana, by the Mississippi 
river. From s. s. w. to n. n. e. along the 
general course of the Mississippi the length 
is about 40 miles, mean breadth 15, and area 
600 square miles. Extending in lat. from 31° 
15' to 31° 46', and in long, from 14° 16' to 14° 
43' w. of ^V . C. The general slope is to the 
southwestvvard. Surface broken by hills, 
which though very numerous are of inconsid- 
erable elevation ; except some bottoms along 
the Mississippi and Homochitto, there is but 
little level land in the county. The soil is, 
though of various qualities in different pans, 
generally productive. Staple, cotton. Chief 
towns Natchez and Washington. Pop. 1820, 
12,073, and in 1830, 14,919. 

Adams, one of the southern counties of 
Ohio ; bounded by Brown co. w.; Highland n. 
w. ; Pike N. E.; Scott E.; andby the Ohio river 
separating it from Lewis and Mason counties 
of Kentucky, s. Length 28, breadth 22, and 
area 616 square miles. Extending in lat. from 
38° 37' to 40° N., and inMong. from 6° 12' to 
6° 36' w. from VV. C. The general slope of j 
this county is to the southward and towards 
the Ohio river ; it is hilly but fertile. Chief 
town West Union. Pop. 1820, 10,406, and in 
1830, 12,278. 

Adams, one of the western counties of Illi- 
nois ; bounded as laid down on Tanner's map 
on the N. byHancock ; e. by Schuyler ; s. e. and 
s. by Pike ; and on the w. is separated from 
Marion county and a section of the unappro- 
priated part of the state of Missouri, by the 
Missisippi river. — Length from s. to n. 32, 
mean width 24, and area 768 square miles. 
Extending in latitude from 39° 42' to 40° 11', 
and in longitude from 13° 52' to 14° 26' w. 
from W. C. The western and central parts 
of this county slope westward towards the 
Mississippi river, whilst the eastern border 
gives source to creeks, the water of which 
is finally discharged into Illinois river. Chief 
town Quincy. Pop. 1830, 2,186. 

Adams, p-v. ■Seneca co. O. ; by post road, 



98 miles northward from Columbus, and 412 
N. w. by w. from W. C. 

Adams, p-v. Decatur co. Ind. ; by post road 
48 miles s. e. by e. from Indianopolis. 

Adams Basin, p-v. Monroe co. N. J. 

Adamsburg, p-v. Westmoreland co. Penn. ; 
on the main road from Greensburg to Pitts, 
burg, 6 miles w. from the former, and by post 
road 176, westward from Harrisburg, and 198 
N. w. from W. C. 

Adams, old, court house and post office, 
Adams co. Miss. ; 9 miles from Natchez. 

Adams' Mills, and post office, Pulaski co. 
Ky. ; by post road 82 miles a little e. of s. from 
Frankfort. 

Adamstown, p-v. near the northeastern 
border of Lancaster co. Penn. ; 23 miles 
N. N. E. from the city of Lancaster, and 12 
s. s. w. from Reading. 

Adamsville, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. 

Adamsville, post office, Berks co. Penn. ; 
9 miles from Reading and 61 eastward from 
Harrisburg. 

Adamsville, p-v. Frederick co. Md.; by 
post road 48 miles n. w. from W. C. 

Adamsville, p-v. Marlborough dist., S. C. ; 
by post road 1 10 miles eastward from Colum- 
bia, and 398 s. s. w. from W. C. 

Addison, t. Washington co. Me.; 15 miles 
w. Machias. Pop. 741. 

Addison Co. Vt. ; bounded by Chittenden co. 
N. ; Chittenden, Washington and Orange coun- 
ties E. ; Windsor CO. s. E. ; Rutland co. s. ; 
Lake Champlain w. Pop. 1820, 20,469 ; 1830, 
24,940. It is crossed by Otter creek s. to n., 
and by the Green mountains e. The county 
town is Middlebury. It has a good port oa 
the lake at Basin Harbor. 

Addison, p-t. Addison co. Vt. ; e. of Lake 
Champlain, opposite Crown Point, New York, 
83 miles n. Bennington, 40 s. w. Montpelier. 
This was probably the first settlement by Eu- 
ropeans in this state w. of the Green inoun- 
tains. In 1731 the French built a fort at 
Crown Point, and occupied this shore. The 
English first came in 1770. It is low and 
generally level, with few streams. Snake 
mountain is in s. e. corner. Otter creek and 
one of its branches, with Mill and Pike rivers, 
(falling into Lake Champlain,) are within the 
town. Sulphuret, and magnetic oxide of iron 
are found. Pop. 1,306. 

Addison, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. ; 25 miles 
s. of Bath, N. of Pennsylvania Line, has Ca- 
nisteo (navigable for boats) and Tuscarora 
creeks, but the land is broken, and has little 
value, except for timber. Grindstones are 
here made of sandstone. Pop. 944. 

Addison Point, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. 
Adelphia, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Ross CO. O. ; by post road 46 miles south- 
wardly from Columbus, and by the common 
road 20 n. e. from Cliilicothe. 

Adgates' Falls, New York. (See Ches- 
terfield, N. Y.) 

Adrian, p-v. Lenawee co. Michigan Ter. ; 
by post road 10 miles from Tecumseh the 



ALA 



12 



ALA 



county seat, 73 s. w. by w. from Detroit, and 
502 N. w. by w. from W. C. 

Agamenticus Mountain, York, York co. 
Maine. 

Adriance, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 

Agawam, p-v. Hampden co. Mass. ; 2 miles 
s. w. Springfield. 

Agawam r. Mass. See Westfield river. 

Agnew's Mills, and post office, Venango 
CO. Pa. ; by post road 248 m. n. w. fromW. C. 

Ahosky Ridge, post office, northern part of 
Hertford co. N. C; by post road 121 miles n. 
E. by E. from Raleigh, and 240 very nearly 
due south from W. C. 

Ahpmoojeenee-Gamook, lake. Me. ; n. of 
Moosehead lake, empties St. John's river. 

Akron, p-v. Portage co. O. 

Alabama river, the great northeastern con- 
stituent of Mobile river, is formed by the 
confluent streams of Coosa and Tallapoosa 
rivers, and receives as a tributary, the Caha- 
ba from the north. Of the three constituents 
of Alabama, the Cahaba is the only one entire- 
ly in the state of Alabama. Rising between the 
vallies of Black Warrior and Coosa rivers, 
in the counties of Jefferson and St. Clair, the 
Cahaba assumes a course a little w. of s. and 
which it maintains over Shelby, Bibb, Perry 
and Dallas cos. falling into Mobile at the 
town of Cahaba in the latter county. The 
valley of Cahaba is about 120 miles in length 
with a mean breadth of 20, and with an area 
of 2400 square miles. 

Coosa or the main constituent of Alaba- 
ma, has it highest and most i emote source 
in Tennessee, interlocking sources with those 
of Hiwassee and Chattahooche. The most 
northern sources of Coosa are at n. lat. 35° 05', 
and are the most northern fountains, the water 
of which is finally discharged into the Gulf 
of Mexico E. from the Mississippi basin. 
There known by the name of Connessauga, 
it flows first west, but curving to s. s. w. 
about 70 miles receives from the east the 
Etowah. The latter rises in Georgia, be- 
tween the sources of Hiwassee and Chatta- 
hooche, and only separated about 15 miles 
from the Turoree branch of Savannah river, 
by spurs of the Blue Ridge. Issuing from this 
elevated region the Etowah, with a sweeping 
curve to the southward, pursues a general 
course of s. w. by w. 100 miles to its union 
with the Connessauga or Oostenalah. Hav- 
ing their fountains and channels in the com- 
paratively high Appalachian vallies, the supe- 
rior branches of Coosa are rapid mountain 
streams. Below the junction of Etowah and 
Connessauga, the united waters henceforth 
known as the Coosa flow 8 or 10 miles west- 
ward, when, leaving Georgia and entering 
Alabama, the now considerable volume by an 
elliptic curve inflects first to s. w. thence s. 
and finally s. s. E. to its junction with the Tal- 
lapoosa to form the Alabama, at Coosauda, n. 
lat. 32° 28', long. 9° 22' w. from W. C. The 
entire comparative course of the Coosa is 
about 240 miles, but by the bends may not 
fall much short of 400 miles. The valley it 



drains is about 200 miles in length with a 
mean breadth of 45 ; area 9000 square miles. 

Talapoosa, or eastern branch of Mobile, ri- 
ses between the vallies of Etowah and Chat, 
tahooche, and principally in Carroll county 
of Georgia, at n. lat. 34 nearly. — Flowing 
s. s. w. it enters Alabama, and continuing that 
course, 130 miles, turns abruptly to the west 
25 miles, unites with the superior volume of 
the Coosa as already noted. The valley of 
Talapoosa lies entirely between those of the 
Coosa and Chattahooche ; it is about 150 
miles in length with a mean width of 25, and 
area 3750 square miles. 

In one striking feature the Coosa and 
Talapoosa have strong resemblance to each 
other. In the lower part of their respective 
courses in Alabama, neither receive tributa- 
ries above the size of a large creek. 

Alabama, formed thus by the union of the 
Coosa and Talapoosa, assumes a general 
western course to the influx of Cahaba, and 
thence curving to the s. s. w. to its junction 
with Tombigbee to form the Mobile. By a 
comparative course from the mouth of Coo- 
sa to that of Tombigbee, the length of the Al- 
abama is 130 miles, but so tortuous is its 
channel that the navigating length fiiUs little 
if any under 250 miles. The valley of the 
Alabama proper is about 120 miles by 30» 
with an area of 3600 square miles. Combi- 
ning the area of all the sections of the Ala- 
bama valley we find it comprises 18,750 
square miles. 

From the great diti'erence of height between 
the sources and mouth of the assemblage of 
confluents, the streams of this valley are 
rapid. At times of flood they are all, how- 
ever, navigable for down stream vessels from 
near their sources. Schooners of 5 feet 
draught are navigated into Alabama and as 
far as the lower falls at Claiborne, 50 miles 
above the mouth. 

Alabama, one of the United States, boimd- 
ed W. by the state of Mississippi ; N. by the 
state of Tennessee ; E. by Georgia ; S. by 
Florida ; and S. W. by the Gulf of Mexico. 
This state has an outline in common : 

Miles. 

With the state of Mississippi . . . _ 330 

" " Tennessee . . . 153 

" " Georgia .... 306 

Along N. lat. 31°, and in common with 

Florida 150 

Down Perdido river, from N. lat. 31° 

to its mouth 60 

Along the Gulf of, Mexico to place of 

beginning 60 

Having an entire outline of . . 1059 
The area of Alabama, is 51,770 square 
miles, equal to 33,132,800 statute acres. 
Greatest length of the Gulf of Mexico to the 
Teimessee line 336 miles ; the mean breadth 
from E. to W. 154. Geographically, this 
state hes between N. lat. 30° 10', and 35°, 
and in long, between 8° 05', and 11° 30' W. 
from W. C. 



ALA 



13 



ALA 



This state lies, with the exceptions of its 
southeastern and southwestern angles, in the 
valley of Tennessee and basin of Mobile. If 
taken under a general view, it is subdivided 
into two unequal physical sections. The 
northern and smaller section is comprised in 
the valley of Tennessee. That river wind- 
ing by a general western course, but vnih a 
sweeping curve to the south, enters at the 
northeastern angle of the state, and issues 
from it at the southeastern. 

The southern, and by far the most exten- 
sive section, has a slope very nearly due 
south, and is drained by the main streams, 
and numerous confluents of Tombigbee, 
Black Warrior, Alabama, Mobile, Conecuh, 
Choctawhatchie and Chattahooche rivers. 

Northern, or the Tennessee river section 
of Alabama, contains the counties of: 





Square 


Population, 


Populatior 




miles. 


1820. 


1830. 


Franklin . . 


684 


4,988 


11,078 


Jackson . . 


1040 


8,751 


12,700 


Lauderdale 


672 


4,963 


11,781 


Lawrence 


816 




14,984 


Limestone 


600 


9,871 


14,807 


Madison, and 


648 


17,481 


27,990 


Morgan . . 


600 




9,062 



Amount . . 50(50 46,054 102,402 

The surface upon which resided the re- 
spective populations of 1820, and 1830, was 
nearly the same, we therefore find that north- 
ern Alabama gained in the 10 intermediate 
years 222 per cent. 

Passing the ridge which separates the 
sources of the southern creeks of Tennessee 
river, from those of Coosa, Black Warrior 
and Tombigbee, we are on the northern and 
higher border of the great southern slope of 
Alabama, down which spread the counties of: 

Square miles Popnlalion, Population, 
ill 1830. 1820. 1830. 



Autauga . . 


1080 


3,853 


11,874 


Baldwin . . 


2000 


1,713 


2,324 


Bibb . . . 


800 


3,676 


6,306 


Blount . . 


1650 


2,415 


4,233 


Butler . . . 


1000 


1,405 


5,650 


Cataco . . . 




5,263 




Clarke . . 


1200 


5,839 


7,595 


Conecuh . . 


1531 


5,713 


7,444 


Covington 


1004 




1,522 


Dale . . . 


IGOO 




2,031 


Dallas . . 


1064 


6,003 


14,017 


Fayette . . 


1250 




3,547 


Greene . . 


836 


4,554 


15,026 


Hemy . . 


1344 


2,638 


4,020 


Jetierson . . 


1040 




6,855 


Lowndes 






9,410 


Marengo . . 


960 


2,933 


7,700 


Marion . . 


1140 




4,058 


Mobile . . 


2250 


2,072 


6,267 


Monroe . . 


960 


8,838 


8,782 


Montgomery . 


1500 


6,004 


12,695 


Perry . . . 


966 




11,490 


Pickens . . 


648 




6,622 


Pike . . . 


1750 




7,108 


St. Clair . . 


720 


4,166 


5,975 


Shelby . . 


1100 


2,416 


5,704 


Tuscaloosa . 


853 


8,229 


13,646 


Walker . . 


1500 




2,202 


Washington . 


840 




3,474 


Wilccx . . 


1200 


2,917 


9,548 












33,451 


81,847 


207,125 


Add N. Alabam 


a 5060 


46,054 


102,402 



The preceding area of 38,511 square miles 
comprises that part of Alabama, yet pur- 
chased from the Indians, and organized into 
counties. But there is on the northeast- 
ern border a section of about 600 square 
miles still in the possession of the Chick- 
asaws. On the western border, and 
nearly opposite the middle of the state, 
there is a second tract, possessed by the 
Choctaws, which comprises about 1800 
square miles. Again, there is a region of 
about 11,000 square miles along the eastern 
and northeastern side of the state still pos- 
sessed by the Creeks and Cherokees. The 
President of the United States in his message 
to Congress, at the opening of the present 
session, informs that body that measures have 
been taken under the laws of the United 
States, " By which the whole of the state of 
Mississippi, and the western part of Alaba- 
ma, will be freed from Indian occupancy, and 
opened to a civilized population. The trea- 
ties with these tribes are in a course of exe- 
cution, and their removal, it is hoped, will be 
completed in the course of 1832." 

By the preceding elements we are shown 
that in the decennial period from 1820 to 1830, 
the population of Alabama had gained 234 
per cent. 

We may premise, that in the preceding 
physical division of Alabama, into northern 
and southern sections, we have not pursued 
the same limits of division, adopted in taking 
the recent census, but the difference is not 
material to any general result. The follow, 
ing tabular statements are from the census 
of 1830. 

Recapitulation, exhibiting the general ag- 
gregate amount of each description of per- 
sons in the northern district of Alabama. 

Free White Persons. 
Males unde 
" of 



Amount 



38,511 



309,527 



r 5 years of age 




9,459 


5 and under 10 years 


of age 


6,727 


10 " 15 


" 


5,221 


15 " 20 


" 


4,300 


20 " 30 


" 


7,036 


30 " 40 


" 


4,458 


40 " 50 


it 


2,5)6 


50 " 60 


'< 


1,501 


60 " 70 


It 


773 


70 " 80 


'< 


246 


80 " 90 


11 


63 


90 " 100 


i( 


11 


100 and upwards 




00 



42,311 
Free White Persons. 
Females under 5 years of age 8,964 

" of 5 and under 10 years of age 6,426 



10 " 15 ' 


4,927 


15 " SO ' 


4,404 


20 " 30 ' 


6,306 


30 " 40 ' 


3,665 


40 " 50 ' 


2,135 


50 " 60 ' 


1,186 


60 " 70 " 


575 


70 " 80 " 


182 


80 " 90 " 


69 


90 " 100 ' 


16 


100 and upwards 


7 




38,862 




42,311 



Total number of Free 'Wliite Persons 



81,173 



ALA 



14 



ALA 



V\ hite persons included in tlie foregoing who 
deaf and dumb. 
Under 14 years of age 

14 " and niider 23 

25 " and upwards 

Blind 

Foreigners not naturalized 

Slaves. 
Males under 10 years of age 8 

" of 10 and under 24 years of age 7 
" " 24 " 36 " 4 

" " 36 " 55 " 1, 

" " 55 " 100 " 

" " 100 and upwards 



Total males 



22,383 



Females under 10 years of age 7,974 

of 10 and under 24 years of age 7,152 

" 24 " 36 " 4,209 

" 36 " 55 " 1,897 

" 55 " 100 " 507 

" 100 and upwards 8 



Total Females 
Amount of Slaves 

Free Colored Persons. 
Males under 10 years of age 

" of 10 and under 24 years of age 
" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 «• 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total Males 
Females under 10 years of age 

" of 10 and under 24 years of age 

" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 " 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total Females 
Amount Free Colored 
Total aggregate population of Northern 
Alabama 125,725 

General aggregate amount of each descrip- 
tion of persons in Southern Alabama. 

Free White Persons. 
Males under 5 years of age 13,305 

' ige 8,755 
6,908 
5.209 
10;404 
6,941 
3,513 
2,092 
968 
345 
84 



21,747 
44,130 



54 
66 
39 
19 
00 

253 
54 
48 
31 
19 
16 
1 

169 
422 



" of 5 and 


under 10 


" " 10 


' 15 


" " 15 


20 


" " 20 


30 


" " 30 


40 


" " 40 


' 50 


" " 50 


' 00 


" " 60 


' 70 


" " 70 


80 


" " 80 


' 90 


" " 90 

" " 100 and 


100 



Total White males 
Females under 5 years of age 

" of 5 and under 10 years of age 



10 


' 15 


15 


' 20 


20 


' 30 


30 


' 40 


40 


' 50 


50 ' 


' 60 


60 


70 


70 


' 80 


80 


' 90 


90 


100 



" " 100 and upwards 

Total White Females 

Total number of Free White Persons 

Persons inchidrd in the foregoing, who are 

deaf and dumb, under 14 
Persons of 14 and under 25 
Persons of 25 and upwards 
Persons Blind 
Foreigners not naturalized 



58,535 

12,.376 

8,375 

6,165 

5,547 

8,151 

4,894 

2,560 

1,545 

744 

250 

75 

13 

3 



50,698 
109,233 



Slaves. 
Males under 10 years of age 
" of 10 and under 24 years of age 
" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 " 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total of Male Slaves 

Females under 10 years of age 

" of 10 and under 24 years of age 

" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 " 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total Female Slaves 

Total of Slaves 

Free Colored Persons. 
Males under 10 years of age 
" of 10 and under 24 years of age 

" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 " 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total Free colored Males 

Females under 10 years of age 

" of 10 and under 24 years of age 

" " 24 " 36 " 

" " 36 " 55 " 

" " 55 " 100 '• 

" " 100 and upwards 

Total of Free colored Females 

Total number of Free colored Persons 
Slaves and colored persons included in the 
foregoing who are deaf and dumb, under 

14 years of age 

" " " " of 14 and under 25 
" " " " of 25 and upwards 
" " " " blind . 



13,585 
12,235 
6,8.53 
3,201 
8,091 
22 

36,787 

13,412 
12,517 
6,879 
3,001 
805 
18 

36,632 

73,419 

200 

148 

112 

85 

37 

00 

501 

191 
161 
100 
65 
40 
2 

559 



5 

3 

5 

36 



Summary. 
Northern Alabama, whites 
Southern " " . 



Total Whites 
Slaves and Free colored 



44,552 
74,569 



81,173 
109,233 

190,406 



Total Slaves and Free colored 
Total Population of Alabama, 
by the Census of 1830 



119,121 

309,527 

Physical Features. — The surface of Ala- 
bama is divided into two very unequal sec 
tions, as we have shown under the head of 
population. The northern and smaller plain 
is a part of the valley of Tennessee River, 
the main volume of that stream entering at 
the northeastern, and leavingthe state at the 
northwestern angle, flowing in the interme- 
diate distance by a general course to the 
westward, but with a sweeping curve to the 
south. The Tennessee enters Alabama in a 
mountain valley immediately below the influx 
of Sequatche River, flows thence by compa- 
rative courses 60 miles in a direction to the 
s. w. ; thence abruptly inflecting to north, 
west by west 130 miles, passes a chain of the 
Appalachian system by the noted pass called 
the Muscle Shoals ; below which, curving 
gradually more to the northward, leaves the 
state at the influx of Bear Creek. In this 
distance of 190 miles, Termessee receives 
but one tributary stream deserving the name 
of a river ; that is Elk River which enters 



ALA 



ALA 



from the right ; but the confluent creeks are 
numerous on both sides. Northern Alabama 
is finely, indeedbeautifuUy variegated by hill, 
dale, and in some places by plain. It was 
the first part of the state inhabited by whites, 
if we except a few spots along Mobile and 
Tombigbee Rivers, above and below the town 
of Mobile ; and is yet far most densely 
settled ; the mean to the square mile being 
by the census of 1830, a small fraction above 
20, whilst that of Southern Alabama, did not 
amount but to a little above the one third, or 
not quite 7 to the square mile. 

The southern and much most extensive 
zone, or inclined plain, falls by a very gentle 
declivity from N. Lit. 34° 20' to the Gulf of 
Mexico, over something more than four de- 
grees of latitude. This slope is drained and 
finely variegated by the numerous branches 
of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba, Black 
Warrior, Tombigbee, and Alabama, all contri- 
buting to form the Mobile. The southeastern 
angle of the state declines to the southwest- 
ward and is drained in that direction by Choc- 
taw, Yellow Water, Conecuh rivers. A ve- 
ry narrow strip of the southeastern border, 
declines eastward, and is drained into and 
bounded by the Chattahooche river. 

The state is over both physical sections, 
very advantageously supplied with navigable 
rivers, though possessing within its own lim- 
its but one outlet to the Gulf of Mexico by 
Mobile Bay. The tides being moderate, 
not exceeding two and a half feet at a mean. 
The entrance of sea vessels of any draught, 
is arrested by rapids at Claiborne, in Alaba- 
ma, and St. Stephens, in Tombigbee river ; 
both places being about one hundred miles 
direct distance above the outlet of Mobile 
Bay, into the Gulf of Mexico. Li common 
winters, the rivers of even northern Alabama, 
are but little impeded by ice, but there do 
occur seasons, and that of 1831 — 32, is an 
example, when Tennessee river and its con- 
fluents are completely frozen. The streams 
flowing southwardly, towards the Gulf of 
Mexico, are still more rarely, and below N. 
lat. 33", perhaps never rendered unnaviga- 
ble by frosts. The excessive droughts of 
summer are, indeed, far more frequently the 
cause of impeding navigation in, not only the 
rivers of Alabama, but all the streams be- 
tween the Mississippi and the Atlantic ocean 
below N. lat. 35". 

The seasons at the extremes of Alabama, in 
regard to mean and extreme temperature dif- 
fer greatly. The border along the Gulf of Mex- 
ico may be called tropical when compared 
with the valley ofTennessee. Between lat. 30° 
10', and 31° 30', or below tide water, exces- 
sive frost or lying snows are rare ; but the 
temperature changes sensibly advancing to. 
wards and into the valley of Tennessee. No 
part, however, of the state reaches suffi- 
ciently to the southward to admit the profita- 
ble cultivation of sugar cane. Cotton is the 
general staple of the state. Indian corn 
or maize is the usual crop ; but in the mid- 



dle and northern part small grain succeeds 
well. 

The arable land of southern Alabama, lies 
mostly along or near the water courses, and 
is composed of two species. Alluvion, pro- 
perly so called, and Interval land. The latter 
a kind of intermediate soil between the allu- 
vial river bottoms and the open pine woods. 
The latter description of land, is sterile, and 
comprises the much greater part of the sur- 
face of the state, more comparatively exten- 
sive, however, on the southern than on the 
northern section. 

Constitution of Government, Judiciary. — 
The territory now constituting the state of 
Alabama was formerly included in the west- 
ern territory of Georgia, afterwards in the 
Mississippi territory. ( See Georgia and Mis- 
sissippi.) In March, 1817, the Mississippi 
territory was divided oy an Act of Congress, 
by which authority was given to form the 
western section into a state, and subsequent- 
ly the eastern part was formed into a territo- 
ry under the name of Alabama. The in- 
crease of population was so rapid as to enti- 
tle it to admission as a state government in 

1818, and application was made to Congress 
accordingly. A bill was brought in and a law 
passed, March, 1819, empowering the people 
of Alabama to form a Constitution ; under the 
authority of which, a Convention met at Hunts- 
ville in Northern Alabama, and on August 2, 

1819, adopted a Constitution of State Govern- 
ment, which was ratified by Congress Decern, 
ber 1819, and the state admitted into the Un- 
ion. 

The Constitution of Alabama provides: — 
that " The powers of the government of the 
state of Alabama shall be divided intJ three 
distinct departments; and each of them con- 
fided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit, 
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. No 
person, or collection of persons, being of one 
of those departments, shall exercise any pow- 
er properly belonging to either of the others, 
except in the instances hereinafter expressly 
directed or permitted." 

" The legislative power of this state shall 
be vested in two distinct branches : the one to 
be styled the Senate, the other the House of 
Representatives, and both together the Gene- 
ral Assembly of the state of Alabama. 

"The members of the House of Represen- 
tatives shall be chosen by the qualified elec- 
tors, and shall serve for the term of one year. 
No person shall be a representative unless he 
be a white man, a citizen of the United States, 
and shall have been an inhabitant of this 
state two years next preceding his election ; 
and the last year thereof, a resident of the 
county, city, or town, for which he shall be 
chosen, and shall have attained the age of 
twenty-one years. 

" Senators shall be chosen by the qualified 
electors, for the term of three years, at the 
same time, in the same manner, and at the 
same places, where they may vote for mem- 
bers of the House of Representatives ; and 



ALA 



16 



ALA 



no person shall be a Senator unless he be a 
white man, a citizen of the United States, and 
shall have been an inhabitant of this state 
two years next preceding his election, and 
the last year thereof a resident of the district 
for which he shall be chosen, and shall have 
attained to the age of twenty-seven years." 

" Every white male person of the age of 
twenty-one years, or upwards, who shall be 
a citizen of the United States, and shall have 
resided in this state one year next preceding 
an election, and the last three months within 
the county, city or town, in which he offers to 
vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector: 
Provided, that no soldier, seaman, or marine, 
in the regular army or navy of the United 
States, shall be entitled to vote at any elec- 
tion in this state." Electors protected from 
arrest in civil cases, going to, attendance at, 
or return from the places of election. 

Art. 4. — " The supreme Executive power 
of this state shall be vested in a chief magis- 
trate, who shall be styled the governor of the 
state of Alabama. The governor shall be 
elected by the qualified electors, at the time 
and places when they shall respectively vote 
for representatives. He shall hold his office 
for the term of two years, from the time of 
his installation, and until his successor shall 
be duly qualified ; but shall not be eligible for 
more than four years in any term of six years. 
He shall be atleast thirty years of age, shall 
be a native citizen of the United States, and 
shall have resided in this state, at least four 
years next preceding the day of his election." 

"The Judicial power of this state shall be 
vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit courts 
to be held in each county of the state, and such 
inferior courts of law and equity, to consist of 
not more than five members, as the general 
assembly may, from time to time, direct, or- 
dain, or establish. No person who shall have 
arrived at the age of seventy years, shall be 
appointed to, or continue in the office of Judge 
in this state." 

Education. — The following section is made 
part of the Constitution of Alabama. " Schools 
and the means of education, shall forever be 
encouraged in this state ; and the general as- 
sembly shall take measures to preserve, i'rom 
unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as 
are or hereafter may be granted by the Uni- 
ted States, for the use of schools, within each 
township in this state, and apply the funds 
which may be raised from such lands, in 
strict conformity to the object of such grant. 
The general assembly shall take like mea- 
sures, for the improvement of such lands as 
have been or may be hereafter granted by the 
United States to this state, for the support of 
a seminary of learning, and the monies which 
may be raised from such lands, by rent, lease 
or sale, or from any other quarter, for the pur- 
pose aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for 
the exclusive support of a state imiversity, for 
the promotion of the arts, literature, and the 
sciences ; and it shall be the duty of the gen- 
eral assembly, as early as may be, to provide 



effectual means for the improvement and per- 
manent security of the funds and endowments 
of such institution." 

The following provision is proof decisive 
of the progress of liberality and humanity :' — 
" In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of 
a higher grade than petty larceny, the gene- 
ral assembly shall have no power to deprive 
them of an impartial trial by a petit jury." 

The Constitution of Alabama may be 
amended or revised, whenever two thirds of 
each house of the general assembly propose 
such amendments or revision. The proposed 
changes duly published three months before 
the next general election, when and where 
the voice of the people is taken, and if " it 
shall appear that a majority of all the citizens 
of this state, voting for representatives, have 
voted in favor of such proposed amendments ; 
and two thirds of each house of the next gen- 
eral assembly, shall after such an election 
and before another ratify the same, they shall 
be vahd, to all intents and purposes, as parts 
of this constitution." 

History. — This state derives its name from 
that of one of the noble rivers which channel 
its surface. Early in the eighteenth century, 
the French, in founding the colony of Loui- 
siana, formed small settlements on Mobile 
river, and built a fort where the city of Mo- 
bile now stands, but a large share of what ia 
now Alabama remained in possession of the 
native Indians for about a century after the 
founding of Louisiana. The original charter 
of Georgia covered the whole zone from 31° 
to 35° N. ; of course four degrees wide of 
Alabama was included in Georgia. In 1802, 
a cession was made by Georgia to the United 
States, of all her western territory between 
Chattahooche and Mississippi rivers, as far 
up the former as near lat. 33°, and from thence 
to lat. 35°, by the existing line of demarca- 
tion between Georgia and Alabama. Alaba- 
ma continued apart of the Mississippi territo- 
ry until separated in the manner stated under 
the head of Constitution ; where also the ma- 
terial facts in the history of the state are also 
given. 

For seat of government see Tuscaloosa. 

Alabama, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. Pop. 783. 

Alachua co. Flor. ; bounded n. by Duvall 
CO. N. E. by St John's co. ; e. s. e. and 
s. by the country of the Seminole Indians, 
and w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Extending 
from south to north along the Gulf from n. lat. 
27° 28' at Sarazota Entrance, to N. lat. 29° 
24', at the mouth of Suwanne river ; and in 
long, from 5° 10' to 6° 20' w. from W. C. In 
length it is about equal to the difference of 
its extremes of lat. or about 140 miles ; the 
breadth varies greatly, but may be about a 
mean of 30 miles ; area, 4,200 square miles. 
The surface slopes westward, but the decliv- 
ity is slight, and discharges with no great ra- 
pidity of descent, Hillsboro', Anaclote, Ama- 
sura, and Suwanne rivers. It is generally 
flat, part marshy, some prairie. Soil mostly 
sterile. Court House at Dells. 



ALA 



17 



ALB 



Alachua Savanna, grassy plain in Alachua 
CO. Florida ; " lies about 4 miles above Or- 
ange lake ; its length is 7 miles, and its 
breadth 3 miles. The great body of water in 
this Savanna is represented as losing itself 
in a large sink, supposed to be at the northern 
side, and to discharge itself through a sub- 
terranean passage into Orange lake. What- 
ever may be the case, this Savanna exhibits 
but the appearance of a level, watery mea- 
dow, covered with a thick growth of aquatic 
grass, a circumstance which causes it to be 
called, in the idiom of the country, a grassy 
lake. Its outlet, the Chechale, which flows 
into Orange lake, is of rather small size. 
The Alachua Savanna is lined with ham- 
mocks, in which the live-oak and water-oak 
are predominating." 

Alapapaiia, a river of Geo. and Flor. tlic 
eastern branch of Suwanne river. Sec Su- 
wamie. 

Alaqua, a small but remarkable river of 



ly the course of Oconee s. s. e.- by compara- 
tive courses 90 miles, falls into the Atlantic 
ocean by one main and several smaller outlets, 
between St. Simon's and Sapeloo islands, and 
between Mcintosh and Glynn counties. The 
entire length of the basin of Alatamaha is 250 
miles, with a mean width of 50, and area 
12,500 square miles ; and lying between lat. 
31° 15' and 34° 28', and between long. 4° 22' 
and 7° 20' w. from W. C. The sources of Ala- 
tamaha interlock with those of St. Ilia, Cam- 
baliee,Ogeeche, and Savannah rivers, flowing 
into the Atlantic ocean, and with those of 
Chattahooche, Flint, and Suwanne, flowing 
into the Gulf of Mexico. ' 

As a navigable channel, Alatamaha has 14 
feet water on its bar. Boats of 30 tons are 
navigated to Milledgeville on the Oconee, and 
to an equal or greater distance up the Oak- 
mulgee. Down stream navigation is practi- 
cable on both rivers from near their sources. 

The climate of this basin difl'ers very much 



Flor. in Walton co. rises in a ridge of hills | between the extremes, from difference of lat- 
near the centre of the county, and in two I itude and of level. The lat. differs near 3^°, 
branches which unite to fbrni Alaqua, which, and the level not less than 1000 feet, giving 



assuming a southern course, falls into Choc 
taw bay. This stream admits the entrance of 
vessels drawing 5 feet water, for a distance 
of 15 miles to the margin of a fine body of 
fertile land, already extensively settled and 
cultivated. " Alaqua," says Williamson in 
his Florida, " is the largest stream that en- 
ters from the Ridge. The springs of the two 
eastern branches of this river rise gradually 
in cane patches, and flow through a beautiful 
imdulating coimtry of good land." 

Alaqua, p-v. and seat of justice for Walton 
CO. Flor. is situated on Alaqua river, 70 miles 
a little N. of E. from Pensacola, and by post 
road 161 miles a little n. of w. from Tallahas- 
se. N. lat. 30° 38' : long. 9° 20' w. from W. 
C. 

Alatamaha, a fine river of Georgia, drain- 
ing tlic central parts of that state, and the 
space between the branches of the Flint, 
Chattahooche, and Savannah rivers. The Oco- 
nee and Oakmulgee rivers, are the great con- 
stituent streams of the Alatamaha. The two 
former rising southeastward from the valley 
of the Chattahooche ; the Oconee in Hail, near 
Gainsville, and the Oakmulgee in Gwinnett 
and De Kalb counties. Both streams rise so 
near as from 10 to 15 miles from the main 
volume of Chattahooche, but both assuming a 



an entire diflerence of temperature, of up- 
wards of 5° of Fahrenheit's Thermometer. 
The vegetable productions, both natural and 
exotic, present a corresponding variety, with 
the extent of climate. On this basin, near the 
mouth of Alatamaha, the orange tree and 
sugar-cane arc cultivated, and on its higher 
branches, the apple, peach, and pear ; wheat, 
rye, oats and meadow grapes flourish. The 
staple vegetable, however, over the whole 
basin, which is most cultivated and valued, is 
Cotton. Tobacco, Indigo and rice, are also 
occasionally produced. 

Alba, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 

Albanv, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 miles n. w, 
of Paris. Pop. 387. 

Albany, p-t. Orleans CO. Vt. 6 miles square, 
34 miles n. Montpclier, contains several 
ponds, and part of Black river. The market 
road from Boston to Montreal passes through 
it. Pop. 683. 

Albany co. N. Y. bounded by Schenecta- 
dy and Saratoga counties n. ; Rensselaer e. ; 
Greene s. ; Schoharie w. ; 22 by 21 miles ; 462 
square miles ; n. lat. 42° 21', long. 20' e. and 
15' w. New York city, is w. of Hudson river, 
about 144 miles n. of New York ; contains 9 
townships. Albany is the chief town. Forma- 
tions, transition and secondary, on slate rock. 



nearly parallel course of s. s. e., about forty over which lies graywacke, especially in the 



miles asunder. The Oconee, or eastern 
branch, pursues the original course with but 
slight general inflections, 170 miles to its junc- 
tion with Oakmulgee, between Montgomery 
and Appling counties. The western, or Oak- 
mulgee branch, pursues the original course, 
160 miles, to near Jacksonville in Telfair co., 
where it curves round to n. e., 30 miles, to 
its union with Oconee, almost exactly on N. 
lat. 32°, and directly w. from the mouth of 
Savamiah river. Below the junction of Oco- 
nee and Oakmulgee rivers, the united waters 
form the Alatamaha, which, maintaining near- 



west and middle. There are also shell lime 
stone and sandstone. Loose primitive rocks 
lie on the surface ; and the minerals arc nu- 
merous. The soil is various, low and rich on 
Hudson river, sand plains in the interior, hilly 
w., rocky n., much land is uncultivated. Nor- 
man's, Cocyman's, Bethlehem and Ten Miles 
creeks are small mill streams. Catskill river 
rises in the s. 

The Erie and Champlain canals unite and 
terminate in this county, and the Mohawk and 
Hudson rail road (for which see Albany,') is 
entirely within it. One of the first settlements 



3 



ALB 



18 



ALB 



in the state was here. There is an agricul- 
tural society for the county ; at Watervliet on 
the canal, is the United States arsenal, the 
principal depot for amis in the northern States. 
Population, 1820, 38,116 ; 1830, 53,5G0. 

Albany, city, Albany co. N. Y. Capital 
of the state ; on the w. bank of Hudson riv- 
er, 144 miles n. of New-York, 1G5 w. of 
Boston, 230 s. of Montreal, 30 n. of Hud- 
son, 15 s. E. of Schenectady, is the second 
city in the state in population, trade, wealth 
and resources. It has been greatly increas- 
ed and enriched by the operation of the Erie 
and Champlain canals, which unite 8 miles 
north of the centre of the city, and terminate 
at the Basin, which is formed in Hudson riv- 
er by a pier 4,300 feet in length, along the 
upper part of the city, by which sloops, tow 
boats and canal boats are brought side by 
side, or have their cargoes exchanged over 
the pier. The amount of canal tolls received 
at Albany in 1830, was $212,056; 1831, 
$269,443. The whole amoimt received since 
the opening of the canals, $1,273,219 13. 

The Capitol, which stands on a fine square 
at the head of State street, facing e. is a large 
and spacious stone building, and has two spa- 
cious and richly furnished chambers for the 
Senate and Assembly. In it are also rooms 
for the Superior Court, the Chancellor's 
Court, an office for the Governor, Committee, 
Jurors, and other rooms. The City Hall, 
situated on the same square, and facing west, 
is a noble building of white marble, where 
are held the Courts of the U. S. Circuit, of 
Common Pleas, the Mayor's, &c. The build- 
ing is surmounted with a large dome, richly 
gilded, which marks its site to the traveller 
when many miles distant. This building, to- 
gether with the Academy which stands on 
the same square, and which is a beautiful 
structure of free-stone, are a just source of 
pride to the citizens, and are evidence of the 
taste, wealth and enterprise of the inhabit- 
ants. Here are a Female Seminary and an 
Academy, to which are apportioned, from 
the school fund, to the former, $115 50 
and to the latter, $360 68. There are 5 
Banks, 3 Insurance Offices, an Institute, Li- 
brary and AthenfEum. The number of trav- 
ellers passing through this city is very great, 
at all seasons. While the river is navigable, 
four elegant steamboats arrive here from N. 
York daily, and as many depart, transporting 
hundreds of passengers ; while the travelling 
is great in all other directions, by tow. 
boats, canals, staci;es, &c. A steam boat 
line is also to begin this year between New 
York and Troy. Steam tow-boats and sloops 
transport a vast amount of merchandize for 
and from the canals. The Mohaivk and Hud- 
son Rail Road, designed to avoid the locks 
and circuit of Erie canal, was partly in use 
in 1831, and is now completed. It ex- 
tends in a straight line from Albany to Sche- 
nectady, 14 miles, over an elevated sandy 
plain, with an inclined plane at each end. On 



to be placed 130 ft. above the canal : 2 of the 
3 sections are level ; the others slope very 
gently towards Albany. It is thought that 
600 passengers will pass on this road daily, 
and many more during the travelling season. 
The annual expenses are estimated at $14,- 
600. Rail-road routes have been surveyed 
from Albany to Boston, and it is proposed to 
construct one either by the 8th Mass. turnpike, 
through Blanford, or by the Pontoosuc turn- 
pike. Another is proposed, to West Stock- 
bridge, Mass. at an estimated expense of 
.^500,000, to connect part of the valley of 
Housatonic r., with Hudson r. A charter of 
a N. York city and Albany rail-road has been 
granted, to run e. of Hudson r. Pop. 26,000. 
Albemarle Sound, a deep bay of N. C. is 
the estuary of the Roanoke and Chowan riv- 
ers, extending 60 miles in length from east to 
west, along N. lat. 36° with a mean breadth 
of 8 miles, but protruding several deep minor 
bays. The Roanoke enters from the west 
and the Chowan from the northwest at the 
extreme interior of Albemarle, which spreads 
below the entrance of those rivers in a shallow 
expanse of water, with a level, or rather flat 
country along each shore. Every small inlet 
has its own comparative broad bay, by one of 
which the Pasquotank, a navigable inland 
communication by the Dismal Swamp canal, 
has been formed between Albemarle sound 
and Chesapeake bay. Albemarle sound is 
separated from the Atlantic ocean, by long, 
low, and narrow reefs of sand; but having 
two channels of connexion southward with 
Pamlico Sound, one on each side of the 
Roanoke Island, and on the northward an 
opening to the ocean by Ctirrituck Sound and 
inlet ; both rivers are navigable to near their 
sources. The climate of this basin differs 
very much between its extremes both from 
difference of latitude and of level. The lati- 
tude differs near 3\ degrees, and the level 
not less than 1000 feet, giving an entire dif- 
ference of temperature of upwards of 5 de- 
grees of latitude. The vegetable productions, 
both natural and exotic, have a corresponding 
variety with the extent of climate. On this 
basin, near the mouth, the orange and sug:ir 
cane are cultivated ; and on its higher branch- 
es, the apple, and wheat, rye, oats, and 
other cerealia. The staple vegetable, how- 
ever, both on the interior and islands contig- 
uous to this basin, is cotton, though admitting 
a very wide range of staple, such as tobacco, 
indigo, &c. Rice is extensively cultivated. 

Albemarle, one of the central counties of 
Va. bounded n. w. by the Blue Ridge which 
separates it from Augusta and Rockingham, 
on the N. e. by the western part of Orange, on 
the E. by Louisa and Fluvanna, on the s. by 
James River, wliicli separates it from Buck- 
ingham, and on the s. w. by Nelson. Length 
from s.w. to n. e. 35 miles, mean width 20, 
and area 700 square miles, N. lat. 38°, passes 
over very nearly the middle of the county, 
which is again nearly divided into two equal 



that near Schenectady, a stationary engine is { parts by long. 1° 30' w. from W. C. The 



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19 



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body of this comity is drained by the con- 
stituent creeks of Rivanna River, which 
uniting below Charlotte viile, pass through the 
south-west mquntain, and a few miles lower 
enter Fluvanna. The face of this county is 
elegantly diversified by hill and dale, whilst 
the Blue Ridge affords a fine north-western 
border, and the more humble ridges of the 
south-west mountain decorate the eastern 
part. The soil, of course, partakes of the 
variety of feature from mountain, rocky and 
sterile, to productive river alluvion. Chief 
towns, Charlotteville, Scotts-ville, and War- 
ren. Pop. 1820, 19,750, and in 1830, 22,G18. 

Albertsons, post office, Duplin Co. N. C. 
70 miles s. e. from Raleigh. 

Albiox, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669. 

Albion, p.v. and seat of justice, Edwards 
CO. Illinois, situated between Bon Pas and 
Little Wabash rivers, 44 miles s. w. from 
Vincennes, and by post road 733 miles west- 
ward from W. C. and 92 s. e. by e. from Van- 
dalia ; n. lat. 38° 23', and long. 1 1° 07' w. 
from W. C. 

Albrights, post-office. Orange co. N. C. 
70 miles n. w. from Raleigh. 

Alburg, p-t. and port of entry. Grand Isle 
CO. Vt. 33 m. N. Burlington, is of a triangular 
form, 10 ms. long, and on an average 3i wide, 
with Lower Canada line n. Missisque Bay 
E, and L. Champlain w., forming a point s. 
It was settled in 1782, by refugees who re- 
turned from Canada. The surface is very 
level, and there are no mountains or consid- 
erable streams. The soil is rich : timber, 
cedar, elm, beech and maple. There is a 
mineral spring, used in scrofulous cases 
Pop. 1,239. 

Alden, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 22 ms. e. Buffa- 
lo. Pop. 1,257. 

Aldie post-ofiice, Loudon co. Va7 by post 
road 39 miles westward from W. C. 

Alexander, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. ; 8 m 
S. s. w. Batavia, is crossed by Tonnewanta cr. 
with several branches, and has a gently vari- 
ed surface, with a soil yielding grain, grass, 
&c. beech, maple, elm, ash, &c. The village 
is on Tonnewanta cr. Pop. 2,331. 

Alexander t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. 
N. Machias. Pop. 334. 

Alexander, p-v. Athens co. O. by p-r. 79 
miles s-E. by e. from Columbus, and 350 n-w. 
by w. from W. C. 

Alexander p-v. southern part of Montgom 
ery co. O. by p-r. 73, s-w. by w. half west 
from Columbus, and 469 ms. n-w. by w. from 
W. C. 

Alexander's mills, p-o. Fleming co. Ky. ; 
by p-r. 86 miles estrd. from Frankfort. 

Alexandria t. Grafton co. N. H. 30 m. n. 
by w. Concord, 72 n. w. Portsmouth. On 
Smith's and Fowler's v'vers are 2000 acres of 
intervalland, good for flax, potatoes and grass. 
Wheat and maize grow well in other parts. 
The mountainous tracts are rocky. Pop. 
1,083. 

Alexandria, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. oppo- 
site the 1000 Isls. in St. Lawrence r. which 



belong to it. Ti».e shore, which extends 9 ms. 
is high, rocky a'lid varied, with many bays. 
The St. L. is 2 ms. wide. It contains Indian 
r. Mullet, Otter, Hyde, Plesses and Crooked 
creeks, with other mill streams ; and 12 
ponds, 3-4 to 3 ms. long. There are many 
falls, and numerous fish. At the falls on Ind. 
r. (6> ft.) is Theresa r. That r. is navigated 
by boats to Rossie. The timber is maple, 
beech, bass, elm, red and white oak, black 
and white ash, hemlock, pine, &c. It is 
crossed by the military road from Plattsburg 
to Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 1,523. 

Alexandria, p-t. Hunterdon co. N.J. n. w. 
Musconetcong r.; s. w. Delaware r. ; Mus- 
con mt. w. 

Alexandria city, s-p. p-t. and st. jus. for 
the CO. of the same name, D. C. situated on 
the right bank of the Potomac, 7 miles be- 
low the Capitol in Washington. The public 
buildings in Alexandria are several churches, 
Court-house, Academy, &c. The streets 
run at right angles to each other, and nearly 
so to the Potomac. This city is the centre of 
a considerable commerce, particularly in the 
article of flour. The harbor admits vessels 
of any draught, from ships of the line down- 
wards. The meridian of Washington pass- 
ing through the capitol leaves the central part 
of Alexandria, near 3 minutes to the e. lat. 
Alexandria 38° 48" n. 



Population 1810 — 
Free white males - 
Do. Females 



2525 
2378 



Total white pop. 1810 4903 

All persons except Indians not taxed 836 
Slaves .... - 1488 



In 1820— 
Free white males 

Do. Females - 
Foreigners not naturalized 



7227 



2667 

2948 

153 



Total white pop. 1820 5768 



Free colored males 
Do. Females 

Slaves, male, - 
Do. Female 



461 
707 
606 

829 



Total population in 1820 8371 

Engaged in Agriculture ... 22 

Do. Commerce . . - 331 

Do. Manufactures . - - 699 
Pop. 1830— See W. C— Table 2d. 

Alexandria co. D. C. comprising that 
part of the District ceded by Virginia and ly. 
ing s. w. from the Potomac. From s. e. to 
N. w. it is 10 miles in length widening from 
the lower part of the city of Alexandria where 
it is a mere point, to a width of 4 miles from 



ALL 



20 



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the little Falls of Potomac, area about 36 sq 
ms. The surface with but little exception 
hilly, and soil thin. It is connected with the 
city of Washington by a wooden bridge over 
the Potomac. See D. C. pop. 1830, ex- 
clusive of the city, 1345, and including the 
city, 9608. 

Alexandria p-v. and st. of jus. of Passide 
Parish, situated on the right bank of Red r. 
about half a mile below the lower Rapids in 
the bed of that stream, and by water 350 ms. 
above New.Urleans ; and by a similar means 
of conveyance 65 ms. below Natchitoches. 
The t. is mostly comprised in a single line of 
houses along the river. Pop. about 800. Lat. 
31° 18' N. long, from W. C. 15° 39' W. 

Alexandria p-v. Huntingdon co. Penn. on 
Frankstown branch of the Juniatta, 10 miles 
N. N. w. from Huntingdon and by p-r. 96 ms. 
N. w. by w. from Harrisburg. 

Alexa ,DRiA p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 86 
ms. N. E. from Nashville. 

Alexandria p-v. Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 
75 ms. N. E. from J^-ankfort. 

Alexandriana p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 15] ms. s. w. by w. from Raleigh. 

Alford, t. Berkshire co. Mass. I25ins. w. 
Boston, E. N. y. line, is watered by Green r. 
and another branch of llousatonic r. and 
crossed by a turnpike. It is on the E. decliv- 
ity of Tanghkannuck mts. Pop. 512. 

Alfordsville, p-v. Robeson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 109 ms. s. s. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Alfred, p-t. and half-shire, York co. Mc. 
24 ms. N. York. Pop. 1,453. 

Alfred, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. 
Angelica, W. Steuben co. is well watered by 
streams of Canacadeacr. Pop. ],4l6. 

Alleghany, important river of western 
Pennsylvania and New-York, and one of the 
constituents of the Ohio. In strictness of 
Physical Geography, the Alleghany is the 
Ohio, of which the Monongahela is only a 
branch. By the Indians of different tribes, 
the words Ohio and Alleghany, mean the 
same thing, clear or line river, of which native 
names, the French term Belle Riviere was 
a literal translation. By the Shawnese, the 
Alleghany was called Palawa Thepika. 

The remote sources of this stream are in 
McKean and Potter co. Pa., from whence, 
flowing northward, they unite and enter the 
state of New York, over which it curves 
40 miles in Cataraugus co., and re-enters 
Pennsylvania, within which, in Warren co., 
it receives a large branch, the Conewaiigo, 
from Chatauque co. N. Y., and assuming a 
s. w. direction to Venango, where the main 
stream is again augmented by a considerable 
branch, French Creek, from the n. w. Now 
a considerable stream, Alleghany by a large 
eastern curve flows 120 miles by comparative 
courses, to Pittsburg, where it receives the 
Monongahela, and forms the Ohio. Below 
the influx of French Creek, the Alleghany 
receives no further large branch from the 
right, but from the left it receives Clarion 
river, Red Bank and Mahoning creeks, and a 



still more important tributary, the Kiskiniin- 
itas. The entire length of the basin of the 
Alleghany, extends 173 miles, nearly along 
long. 2° w. from Washington. The higher 
sources of Stoney Creek, branch of the Kis- 
kiminitas, rise at n. lat. 42° 26'. The mean 
breadth of the basin, about 70 miles, area 
12,110 square miles. The position of this 
river is admirably calculated to render it a 
great navigable chain of intercommunication. 
The main volume is a boatable stream at 
Hamilton, in the state of New York, within 
25 ms. from the navigable water of Genesee 
r., at Angelica. French Creek becomes 
navigable atWaterford, with a portage of on- 
ly 14 ms. between that point to the navigable 
waters of lake Erie. These lines have al- 
ready become of commercial importance, but 
on the eastern side of the basin, the channel 
of the Kiskiminitas is becoming that of a part 
of the Pa. canal. The latter great work 
commences on the Conemaugh, at Johnstown, 
and follows that stream and its continuation, 
the Kiskiminitas to the Alleghany, which it 
crosses and following the right bank to the 
mouth, re-crosses, and passing through Pitts- 
burg, enters the Monongahela by Lukes run. 
A rail road has been designed to continue 
from the latter canal line at Johnstown, and 
crossing the main ridge of the Alleghany 
mountains, terminates at Frankstown on the 
Juniatta, from whence the chain of canal re- 
commences, and continues by the basins of 
the Susqueiianna and Schuylkill to the city 
of Philadelphia. — See Ohio basin. 

Alleghany, mountain of the Appalachian 
system. It is an unanswerable objection to 
giving the name of Alleghany to the whole 
system, that it has been appropriated to a par- 
ticular chain in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
Virginia. From the basin of the 'Kcnhawa, 
to that of the western branch of the Susque- 
hannah, through four degrees of latitude, 
the Alleghany is a dividing ridge between the 
waters flowing into the Atlantic, frotn those of 
the Ohio, giving source, estnl. to the branch- 
es of James r. and the Potomac, and on the 
other side, or wstrd. to those of the Kenhawa, 
Monongahela, Yonghioghany, and Kiskimini- 
tas. 'I'he ridjfes which form the particular 
chain of the Alleghany, are not very distinct- 
ly defined, though the entire chain constitutes 
so remarkable a feature in the geography of 
the United States. The length of the Alle- 
ghany is, from Monroe co. in Va. in the val- 
ley of the Kenhawa, to Centre co. in Pa. in 
the valley of Susquehannah, 300 miles. 
The height varies, but maybe stated at 2500 
feet, as a mean. Similar to all otiier chains 
of the Appalachian system, that of Alleghany 
does not rise into peaks, but stretches in paral- 
lel ridges, which, to the view from either 
side, presents gentle rounded, and swelling 
knolls, or elegantly defined lines, which bound 
the distant horizon. I'iie component materi- 
al of the Alleghany, is mostly graywake, 
though limestones and other rocks occasion- 
ally occur. This chain is rich in iron and bi- 



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31 



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taminous coal. Some ridges have naked 
summUs, but this feature is rare, the ridges 
generally being clothed with timber in all 
their height. A few mountain plains with 
tolerable soil for agriculture occur, but most- 
ly the soil is rocky and barren, and often 
marshy. Pine and oak the most abundant 
timber. — See Appalachian System. 

Alleghaivy CO. N. Y. in the w. part of the 
state, N. Pennsylvania line, 260 ms. w.Albany, 
bounded by Genesee and Livingston cos. n. 
Steuben e.. Pa. s., Cataraugus and Genesee 
w., 40 ms. by 28, has 1120 sq. ms. It contains 
13 towns, and is divided nearly equally by 
Genesee r. running n. with two falls 90 and 60 
feet. Much of the soil is good alluvion, and 
the rest a gently varied surface, generally 
better for grass than for grain. Iron is mined 
in the n. There is a good number of mills 
and manufactories 
26,218. 



537 feet, and following the U. S. road 9 miles 
to Frost town, the rise is 125.5 feet and is 26 
ms. to the highest simimit, 2289 feet. Bitu- 
minous coal abounds in the mountain bowels 
of this county, which, should one or both the 
Baltimore and Ohio rail road, and Chesapeake 
and Ohio canal be completed even to Cumber- 
land, must become of great importance. For 
lat. and long, see Cumberland. In 1820, pop. 
8,654, in 1830 it had risen to 10,609. 

Alleghany co. of Va., bounded by Monroe 
s. w. ; by the Alleghany mtn. or Green Briar 
N. w. ; Bath n. e; and Botetourt s. e. Length 
from N. E. to s. w. 28 ms. ; mean breadth, 18 
ms. area 500 sq. ms. This county occupies a 
high mountain valley, drained by some of the 
higher branches of James river. Dunlap's 
and Poll's creeks, rising in Monroe, flow 



into Alleghany, unite vvith Jackson's river 

Pop. 1820, 9,330 ; 1830, | near Covington, and form the main western 

branch of James river, which continuing n. 



Alleghany co. of Pennsylvania, having estrd, receives Cowpasture on the n. e. bor- 



Washington co. s. and s. w. ; Beaver n. w. ; 
Butler N. ; and Westmoreland e. Length 
from E. to w. 32 miles, mean breadth, 18, and 
area 575 sq. ms. The face of this county is 
in a peculiar manner diversified. Though 
not traversed by any mountain chain, the hills 
arc high and swelling. The soil is fertile to 
the highest summits, and in its natural state 
covered with a very dense forest. But it is the 
rivers and their variegated banks which form 
the true decoration of this fine county ; the 
Alleghany enters from the n. e., and the Mo- 
nongahela from the s. e., and uniting at Pitts. 
burg, form the Ohio ; the latter winding to 
the N. w. traverses 14 miles of the western 
part of the county. To the rivers may be 
added Chartiers and many other creeks which 
contribute to drain and fertilize the fine vales 
which spread over this beautiful country. 
For lat. and long, see Pittsburg. In 1820 
the population was, including Pittsburg, 34,- 
921, in 1830, pop. 50.552 including the city 
of Pittsburg, and exclusive of Pittsburg, 37,- 
984. 

Alleghany, extreme western county of 
Maryland, bounded by Washington in Md. e. 
west branch of the Potomac, or Hampshire 
and Hanay counties in Va. s., Randolph and 
Preston counties of Va. w., and Fayette, 
Somerset, and Bedford counties in Pa. n. 
Extreme length along the Pennsylvania line 
is 65 ms. but the breadth is very irregular, on 
Randolph and Preston counties, it is about 35 
ms.; at Cumberland about 7; the mean breadth 
123, superfices 800 sq. ms. This county is 
traversed by the main chain of the Alleghany 
which discharges the higher branches of the 
Youghioghany to the n. w. and those of the 
west branch of the Potomac to the s. e. The 
entire face of the country is excessively bro- 
ken and rocky, yet there is much excellent 
arable land, some tracts of good soil even on 
the mountain plains. The U. S. road com- 
mences at Cumberland, and the elevation of 
the country may be seen, by the fact that 
Cumberland stands elevated above tide water 



by p-r. 

16 ms. 

of Ky; 
Barren 



der of the county. Lying between lat. 37° 
35' and 38° n. and 3° w. from W. C. and ri- 
sing to a mean level exceeding 1000 feet above 
the ocean tides, the seasons of this county are 
essentially influenced by mountain exposure 
and by native height. Staples, grain, flour, 
&c. Chief town, Covington. Pop. 1830, 
2,816. 

Alleghany Bridge p-o. McKean co. Pa. 
by p-r. 210 ms. n. w. from Harrisburg. 

Allemance, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. 77 ms. 
N. w. from Raleigh. 

Allen, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 
276 ms. w. from Albany. Pop. 898. 

Allen, p-v. Cumberland co, Pa. ; 
from Harrisburg. 

Allen, southern and border co. 
bounded by Simpson w., Warren n,, 
x. E., Monroe e., and Jackson, in Ten. s. — 
Length from n. to s. 23 ms., mean width 17, 
and area about 400 sq. ms. Surface general- 
ly level ; soil middling. It is drained by the 
higher creeks of Big-Barren branch of Green 
river. Chief town, Scottsville, n. lat. 36" 45' 
and long. 8° 50' w. intersect in this co. Pop. 
1820, 5,327. 

Allen, p-o. Miami co. O., 66 ms. wstrd 
from Columbus. 

Allen's Creek, Genesee co. N. Y. 140 
ms. long, enters Genesee river in Wheat- 
land. It waters a fertile country, which it 
supplies with many mill seats. It was named 
after an Indian robber. 

Aw.en's Ferry, and p-o. Warren co. Ten. ; 
by p-r. 76 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. 

Allen's Fresh, p-o. Charles co. Md, by 
p-r. 43 ms. sthrd. from W. C. 

Allen's Settlement, p-o. Natchitoches 
parish, La. ; by p-r. 252 ms. n. w. from New 
Orleans. 

Allen's Store, p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 
by p-r. 78 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Allenstown, Merrimack co. N. H. e. 
Suncook r., 11 ms. s. e. Concord, 38 w. Ports- 
mouth, 58 n. n. w. Boston ; contains 12,225 
acres of ordinary land. The timber is oak 



ALT 



22 



AMH 



and pine, great quantities of which are sent 
to Boston. Bear brook furnishes mill seats. 
Catamount hill supplies building granite. — 
Pop. 484. 

Allenstown, v. w. corner of Upper Free- 
hold, Monmouth co, N.J. 11 ms. e. Tren- 
ton, or Doctor's creek, a branch of Croswick's 
creek. 

Allensville, p-o. Mifflin co. Pa. by p.r. 
76 ms. N.wstwrd. from Harrisburg. 

Allenton, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C. 
by p-r. 123 ms. s. w. by v/. from Raleigh. 

Allenton, p-v. in the s. part of Wilcox co. 
Ala. 19 ms. southwardly from Canton, the 
seat of justice, and by p-r. 132 ms. a little e. 
from Tuscaloosa, and 931 s. w. from W .C. 

Allenton, p-v. in the northern part of 
Greene co. Ky. 15 ms. northwardly from 
Greensburg, the st. jus. and by p-r. 75 ms. s. 
w. from Frankfort. 

Allentown, p-v. borough and st. jus. for 
Lehigh co. Pa. The proper legal name of 
this borough is Northampton, which see. 

Alligator, p-o. in the northern part of Al- 
achua co. Flor. by p.r. 110 ma. s. e. by e. 
from Tallahasse, and 851 s. s. w. from W. C. 

Allow ay's Creek, Salem co. N. J. empties 
into Delaware r. about 6 ms. s. of Salem. It 
rises in the satne co. 

Alloway's Creek, Lower t. Salem co. N. 
J, between AUoway and Slow creeks, n. e. 
Delaware r. is almost connected with low 
lands and swamps. 

Alloway's Creek, Upper p-t. Salem co. N. 
J. on the upper parts of Alloway's creek. 

Almirante p-o. Walton co. Flor. by' p-r. 
J.32 miles from Pensacola. 

Almond, p-t. Allegany co. N. Y. 12 m. n. e. 
Angelica, has pretty good land, with maple, 
beech, bass, elm, oak, ash and other timber. 
Canadea creek and branches furnish mill 
seats. Pop. 1804. 

Alna, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. n. Wis- 
casset. Pop. 1175. 

Alstain's p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 
52 ms. s. s. e. from W. C. 

Alstead, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 12 ms. 
s. E. Charlestown, 14 n. Keene, 50 w. Con- 
cord ; 24,756 acres ; has mill seats on Cold r. 
&c. Warren's and other ponds atlbrd many 
perch and pickerel. The soil is strong. There 
are 2 public libraries. Pop. 1559. 

Alton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 22 ms. n. e. 
Concord, 25 n. w. Dover, s. Wimiipisseogee 
lake and bay ; contains 23,843 acres. The 
soil is rough and rocky, but strong ; the tim. 
ber is oak, beech, maple, pine, &.c. It con- 
tains Mount Major and Prospect Hill, and 
part of Merrymeeting Bay, which receives 
Merrym r. Pop. 1993. 

Alum Bank, p-o. Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 
120 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. 

Amasura, Amazura, or Amaxura r. of Flor. 
rising in the Seminole country, interlocking 
sources with those of St. John's and Hills. 
borough rivers, N. lat, 28° 25', and flowing 
thence 45 ms. to the n. w. curves to the w. 
enters Alachua co, in which, after a course 



of 30 ms. it falls into the Gulf of Mexico. 
Amboy, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669. 
Amboy, (or Perth Amboy,) city and p-t. 
Middlesex co. N. J. has a good harbor, which 
is sometimes resorted to to avoid the port 
regulations of N. Y. It stands on a point at 
the junction of Raritan r. and Arthur Kill 
Sound, 35 ms. s. w, N. Y. 74 n. e. Phil. A 
rail road hence to Camden will soon be com- 
pleted, and afford an important route for 
travelling between N. Y. and Phil. (See 
Camden.) 

Amelia coTof Va. bounded n. w. by Cum- 
berland, or the Appomattox r. n. by the Ap- 
pomattox or Powhatan, n. e. by Appomattox 
or Chesterfield ; s. e. by Namazine creek or 
Dinwiddle ; s. by Nottoway, and w. by Prince 
Edward ; length from s. e. to n. w. 30 miles, 
with a mean width of 10, area 300 sq. ms. It 
is drained by various creeks flowing to the 
north estrd. into Appomattox. The surface 
is pleasantly diversified ; soil of middling 
quality. For lat. and long, see next article. 
Pop. in 1820, 11,106; in 1830, free whites, 
3293; slaves, 7518 ; free colored, 220 ; total, 
U,031. 

Amelia Court House and p-o. Amelia co. 
Va. 40 ms. s. w. l)y w. from Richmond. N. 
lat. 37° 13', long. 10° 11' w. from W. C. 

Amelia Island, of Flor. forming the east- 
ern part of the ro. of Nassau, and the north 
eastern of the Territory. It is 13 or 14 ms. 
long, with a mean breadtli of about 1 m ; 
surface low and sandy. The position of this 
narrow strip is a little inclining from n. and s. 
towards n. w. and s. e. extending from the 
aiouth of St. Mary's r. to that of Nassau. 
Chief town Fernandino. 

Amenia, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. w. Conn. 
24 ms. e. n. e. Poughkeepsie, 12 ms. by 4.^ ; 
contains Great Oblong, Kent and West mts. 
which arc of a poor soil. It has a number 
of mills, &c. Pop. 2,389. 

Ameriscoggin r. (See Androscoggin.) 
Amesbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 40 ms. n. e. 
Boston, 4 w. Newburyport, n. side of Merri- 
mac r. s. N. H. It is celebrated for tho ma- 
nufacture of flannel. Powow r. runs through 
the township, and affords excellent seats for 
manufactories. It is navigable to the falls, 
where ships of 300 tons have been built, and 
sent into Merrimac r. through a draw bridge 
at the mouth of the Powow r. Pop. 2,445. 

Amherst, p-t. and half shire, Hillsborough 
CO. N. H. 28 ms. s. Concord, 47 n. w. Boston, 
6j w. Portsmouth. Souhegan river passes 
through it, and furnishes mill seats. There 
are 3 ponds, called Babboosuck, Little do. 
and Jo English. The soil on Souhegan r. is 
excellent ; on the hills it is generally good. 
50 years ago iron ore was wrought here. 
The alluvion is sand, with loose masses of 
primitive rock on the surface ; the hills pri- 
mitive. Pop. 1657. 

Amherst, p-v. Hampshire co. Mass. 8 ms. 
N. E. Northampton, 85 w. Boston, 7 e. Conn, 
r. Is hilly, with a very good soil. Amherst 
College was founded in 1821, and incorpo- 



|i 



AMI 



23 



AMW 



rated in 1825. Rev. Heman Humphrey is 
president. The expences are from $93 to 
$118 a year to each student. There are 
two parallel courses of study, one embracing 
the ancient languages and literature, the 
other modern. There are 6 professors and 
2 tutors. The^ apparatus was obtained in 
Europe. Board costs $1 or $1 50 a week. 
Students in 1831-2, 195. Pop- 263j. 

The Amherst Academy and Mckmt Plea- 
sant Institutions are also in this town. The 
former, where youth are fitted for college, 
has a building 4U by 60 feet, 3 stories. The 
former, on the plan of a German gymnasium, 
has a building 2u0 feet long. 

Amherst, Erie co. N. Y. 7 ms. e. Buffalo, 
5 or 6 ms. by 17. Tonawanta creek is on 
the N. and its tributaries, Ellicott's, Cayuga, 
Conjocketa, Skyajocketa, Seneca and Caze- 
nove creeks run through the town. The soil 
is a gravelly loam, nearly level, bearing 
small oaks, and chesnuts, &c. with stony 
tracts. Limestone is found, with nodules of 
gun-flint. Williamsville v. 11m. n. e. Buf- 
falo v. has a toll bridge, 210 feet long, and 
many mills. On some reserved land s. w. 
are some Seneca Indians. Pop. 2489. 

Amherst co. of Virginia ; bounded by Bed- 
ford CO. or James river s. w. ; on the s. by 
James river, or Campbell co. ; s. e. by James 
river or Campbell and Buckingham counties ; 
E. and N. E. by Tye river, or Nelson co. ; and 
N. E. by Blue Ridge or Rockbridge county. 
The form of this county is that of a parallelo- 
gram, 22 by 19 ms. ; area 4l8 sq. ms. It is 
enclosed on 2 sides s. w. and s. e. by James 
river, and entirely drained by the confluents 
of that stream ; general slope of the county 
to the southward ; oceanic elevation, from 
500 to 800 feet ; with a tolerable fertile soil, 
the face of Amherst is beautifully variegated 
by a mountain, hill, and river scenery. For 
lat. and long, see next article. Pop. in 1820, 
10,483, in 1830, 12,071. 

Amherst Courthouse and p-o. Amherst co. 
Va. 102 ms. w. from Richmond, and 15 n. n. 
E. from Lynchburg, at n. lat. 37° 29' long. 2° 
12' w. from W.C. 

Amissville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 86 ms. 
s. w. from W. C. and 100 n. n. w. from 
Richmond. 

Amite river, of the states of Miss, and La. ; 
rises in the former, 40 ms. s. e by e. from 
Natchez, and in Franklin co. over which and 
Amite co. it flows sthrd. 35 ms. and enters 
La. ; continuing a southwardly course 50 ms. 
farther it receives the Iberville from the w. 
and turning abruptly to the East, falls into 
lake Maurepas, after an entire comparative 
course of 100 ms. Schooners drawing 5 feet 
water are navigated up this stream to Gal 
vezton, at the mouth of the Iberville. 

Amite, one of the southwestern counties 
of the state of Mississippi; bounded w. by 
Wilkinson; n. by Franklin ; e. by Pike; and 
s. by East Feliciana and St. Helena parishes 
in La. It is in form of a parallellogram, 30 
ms. from e. to w. and 24 from n. to a. area 720 



sq. ms. Surface moderately hilly, and though 
some good laud is found along and near the 
streams, the great body of the county is ste- 
rile and covered with fine timber. The Ho- 
nochitto river forms a few miles of its boun- 
dary on the N. w. and the Tangipa rises in its 
s. E. angles, but the central and far greater 
part of the surface is drained by the Amite r. 
Lat. 31° 15'n. long. 14° w. froniW. C. Pop. 
1820, 6,859, and in 1830, 7,934. 
Amitv, Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 872. 
Amity, p.v. of Washington co. Pa. on Bane's 
Fork of Ten Mile creek, 10 ms. s. from Wash- 
ington, the comity town, and 248 ms. wstrd. 
from Harrisburg. 

Amity tsp. of Berks co. Pa. Pop. 1810, 
1,090, in 1820, 1,279 and in 1830, 1,384. 

Amity p-v. in the s. w. part of Trumbull co. 
Ohio ; 10 ms. s. w. from Warren, the st. jus. 
and 147 by p-r. n. e. by e. from Columbus. 

Ammonoosuck, Lower or great r. chiefly in 
Grafton co. N. H. rises on the w. side of the 
White mts. with one of its soui'ces coming 
from near the summit of Mount Washington, 
within a few rods of the source of the Saco r.- 
which runs into the Atlantic. This stream 
has a s. w. course of about 50 ms. and after 
receiving the wild Ammonoosuck, 2 ms. from 
its mouth, enters Conn. r. between Bath and 
Haverhill. It has a clear current except in 
floods, and a valley half a m. wide. It has a 
fall of 40 feet 6i ms. from the notch in the mts. 
Ammonoosuck, Upper, or Little, Coos co. 
N. H. rises n. of the White mts. runs near to 
Androscoggin r. and after an irregular course 
of about 50 ms. through a romantic valley 7 
or 8 ms. wide, enters Conn. r. in Lancaster. 

Amoskea.g, p-v. Hillsboro co. N. H. 16 ms. 
Concord. 

Amoskeag Falls, Merrimack r. N. H. 48 
ft. 3 in. descent in 5 m. are dammed in several 
places, and have a canal of 1 m. with 9 locks. 
Cost $35,000. 

Amsterdam, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. n. 
Mohawk r. 6 ms. by 1-. Soil various, gen- 
erally fertile, with alluvion on the r. Here 
was fort Johnson. Chuctenanda cr. falls 120 
ft. in 100 rods from the Mohawk, at Amster- 
dam village. Pop. 3,354. 

Amsterdam, p-v. Botetourt co. Va. 5 ms. s. 
from Fincastle and by p-r. 2U4 w. from Rich- 
mond. 

Amwell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J. 16 ms. 
N. Trenton. Pop. 7,385. 

Amwell, tsp. Washington co. Pa. Pop. 
in 1810, 1,G73; in 1820, 1,825; and in 1830, 
1,733. 

Anastatia, isld. of Flor. on the Atlantic 
ocean, extending 18 miles from the harbor of 
St. Augustine, to Mantanzas Inlet, with a 
breadth not exceeding a mean of half a mile- 
It is a lov,', sandy, ocean beat reef, separated 
from the main land by one of the Rigolets so 
very common on the Atlantic and gulf coasts 
of the U. S. According to Tanners' U. S. 
the signal tower on the northern end of the 
island, is at N. lat. 29° 50', long. 4° 29' w. 
from W. C. 



AND 



24 



AND 



Ancocus (or Rancocus) cr. Burlington co. 
N. J. runs n. w. enters Delaware r. 6 ms. s. 
Burlington, and is navigable 16 ms. 

Ancram, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. 
E. Hudson, 51 s. Albany, formerly was inclu- 
ded in Livingston's Manor. Ancram cr. tra- 
verses it, and supplies mills, &.c. particularly 
Ancram Iron Works, the ore for which, is 
brought from Salisbury, Conn. The soil is 
various but generally good, and is held chiefly 
on life leases. Charlotte Pond empties into 
Dove cr. a branch of Ancrum or. Pop. 1,533. 
Andalusia, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 96 
ms. E. from Harrisburg. 

Anderson, one of the Western Districts of 
S. C. lying between the Savannah and Saluda 
T. having Picken's District, n. w. ; Grcnville, 
*N. E. ; Abberville, s. e. ; and Savannah r. or 
Elbert co. in Geo. s. w. ; in form of a rhomb 
of 28 ms. each perpendicular, and about 800 
sq. ms. The two new dists. of Anderson 
and Pickens, were formed from Pendleton 
which was abrogated. Though bounded by 
Saluda on the n. e. the far greater part of 
Anderson is drained by the confluents of Sa- 
vannah r. ; the slope sthrd. The centre of the 
dist. is at n. lat. 34i° very nearly, and w. 
long. 5° 40' from W. C. Chief t. Pendleton. 
Pop. in 1830, 17,169. 

Anderson co. of Ky. bounded by Mer- 
cer s. Spencer w. Shelly n. w. Franklin n. and 
Kentucky r. which separates it from Wood- 
ford E. Length 18 ms. mean breadth 10, and 
area 180 sq. ms. lying between lat. 37° 58' and 
38° 8' and long. 7° 46' and 8° 8' w. from W. C. 
Though bordering on Kentucky river, Ander- 
son is drained in most parts by the branches 
of Salt river, which flows wstwrd. Chief 
town, Lawrence. 

Anderson co. of Ten. bounded s. and s. w. 
by Roan co. w. by Morgan, n. e. by Campbell, 
and s. E. by Knox. The outline is very ir- 
regular, but from s. e. to n. w. the length is 30 
ms. and the mean breadth about 25 ; the area 
is 750 sq. ms. The surface is very rugged, 
though much of the soil is highly productive. 
It forms part of the valley between Cumber- 
land mountain and Copper Ridge, with the 
northern angle extending into the valley of 
Cumberland river. The main volume of 
Clinch r. passes Clinton, the st. jus. travers- 
ing the s. E. angle of the co. Pop. 1820, 
4,674, and in 1830, 5,310. 

Andersonborougii, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 37 ms. 
N. w. from Harrisburg. 

Anderson Court House, p-o. Anderson 
District, S. C. by p-r. 148 ms. n. w. by w. 
from Columbia. 

Anderson's p-o. Wilson co. Ten. 34 miles 
eastward from Nashville. 

Andersontown, (^or Andersonton,) p-v. and 
St. jus. Madison co. Ind. situated on White r. 
by p-r. 41 ms. n. e. from Indianapolis, n. lat. 
40° 7", long. 8° 42' w. from W. C. 

Andersonville, p-v. in the n. western an- 
fcle of Franklin co. Ind. 20 ms. n. w. from 
Brooksville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 50 ms. s. 
e. by E. from Indianapolis. 



Anderson's Store, and p-o. Morgan co. O. 
by p-r. 84 ms. eastward from Columbus. 

Anderson's Store, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. 
56 ms. N. w. from Raleigh. 

Andersonville, p-v. of Pickers District, S. 
C. situated on the point of junction of Trigaloo 
and Seneca rivers, on which the two latter 
streams unite to form the Savannah r. by p-r. 
152 ms. s. w, by w. from Columbia. 

Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. 
Delhi, 55 w. Kingston, 10 ms. by 15 ,is water- 
ed in the e. by Delaware r. which is naviga- 
ble in rafts to Philadelphia. Tremperskill r. 
and branches spread over much of the town, 
affording mill seats. There are also streama 
of the Little Delaware, and the Plattekill. 
The surface is hilly, and the soil rich, bearing 
maple, beech and hemlock. Pop. 1,860. 

Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 90 ms. s. 
w. Albany. 

Andover, p-t. Oxford co. Me. Gl ms. w. of 
Augusta, one of the most n. townships in the 
CO. named. It is mountainous, a little n. of 
Androscoggin r. and is crossed by one of its 
branches. There is but one tsp. between it 
and N. H. Pop. 399. 

Andover, West Surplus, t. Oxford co. Me. 
Pop. 119. 

Andover, North Surjdtis, Oxford co. Me. 
Pop. 76. 

Andover, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. !8ms. 
n. w. Concord, has Pemigewasset r. e. and 
Blackwater r. s. w. which, with their branch- 
es, supply many mill seats. There are also 
six ponds of pure water, with pleasant shores. 
The surface is very uneven, and in some pla- 
ces, rocky and barren, but generally of good 
soil. Ragged mountains are n. and Kear- 
scarge has its base in the western part. 
There is an academy, endowed with a legacy 
of $10,000 by the late Mr. Joseph Noyes. 
Pop. 1,324. 

Andover, t. Windsor co. Vt. 20 ms. s. w. 
Windsor, 68 s. Montpclier, 37 n. e. Benning- 
ton ; first settled 1768. Markham's mnt. and 
mt. Terrible w. It has only a few head 
streams of Williams r. Pop. 975. 

Andover, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 20 ms. n. 
Boston, 16 w. N. w. Salem, 20 s. w. Newbury- 
port, on the main p-r. from Boston to Haver- 
hill and Concord, s. e. Merrimack r. incorpo- 
rated 1646, is a beautiful town, hilly, general- 
ly with good soil and farms. There is a pond 
7 ms. round, whose outlet info Merrimack r. 
furnishes mill seats, as docs Shawsheen r. 
There is a bank, with woollen and cotton 
manufactories. Phillips Academy, founded in 
1778, by Samuel and John Phillips, contains 
about 130 students, in a building adjoining the 
Theological Academy, 40 feet by 80, and has 
funds to the amount of more than $.50,000. 
Franklin Academy is in the n. parish. 

The Theological Seminary here is the old- 
est in the U. S. estabhshed in 1807, chiefly 
by the donations of Wm. Bartlett, Mosea 
Brown, Phebe Phillips, John Phillips, Samu- 
el Abbot, John Norris, and his lady. It has 
a president, 4 professors, and 3 brick build- 



ANN 



25 



ANT 



ings on a commanding elevation. The pri- 
vate donations which support the Institution 
amount to about $400,000, from which the 
students are partly or wholly instructed. A 
class of 40 left this Institution in Sept. 1831. 
There is also a seminary for teachers here, 
established about 1830, for common and oth- 
er English Schools and practical men. The 
usual English branches may be pursued in it, 
with mathematical and natural sciences, mo- 
ral and intellectual philosophy, and even 
modern languages, apparatus, lectures on 
school keeping, &c. It has four terms in a 
year, at $5 to $8 for each branch per term, 
including vocal music. Boarders in com- 
mons work on the farm 2 -hours a day, which 
reduces the price to 77 cents a week. Pop. 
1830, 4,540. 

Andover, p-v. Tolland co. Conn. 17 ms. e. 
Hartford. 

Andover, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 252 ms. 
w. Albany. 

Andover, v. Byram, Sussex co. N. J. 30 ms. 
N. Trenton, 40 ms. w. n. w. N. Y. n. Mus- 
conetcong r. 

Andover, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 598. 

Androscoggin, r. (or Ameriscoggin,) Me. 
The outlet of lake Umbagog, rises in N. H. 
(one branch, Peabody's r. flowing from the 
White mts.) then passing into Me. runs e. 
then s. and joins Kennebec r. at Merrymeet- 
ing bay, 18 ms. from the sea. It falls 30 feet, 
near Lewistown. It flows between two moun- 
tainous ranges. 

Angelica, p-t. and cap. Alleghany co. N. Y. 
260 ms. w. Albany, 40 w. Bath, 9 ms. by 30, 
is divided n. and s. by Genesee r. whose 
branches supply mill sites, and is slightly 
undulated with a large share of good soils, 
of various descriptions, and many kinds of 
forest trees. Belvidere v. has a bridge over 
Genesee r. and Angelica v. contains the 
county buildings, 2 ms. e. of that r. Some 
iron ore is found here. Pop. 1830, 998. 

Anglinton, P-v. Gwinnet co. in Georgia, by 
p-r. 98 ms. n. w. from Milledgeville. 

Annapolis city, seat of government for 
Md. and of justice in and for Ann Arundel 
CO. is situated on the right bank of the Severn 
r. 3 ms. above its mouth into Chesapeake 
Bay, 37 ms. n. 76 e. from W. C. and 30 a 
little E. of s. from Baltimore. The seat of 
government was fixed in this city in 1699 and 
has remained there ever since. In 1820, the 
pop. amounted to 2260 ; in 1830, the number 
of inhabitants was 2623. N. lat. 38° 58', 
long, from W. C. O^ 31' e. 

St. John's College in Annapolis was found. 
ed and endowed in 1784, and is now in full 
operation, as appears from an advertisement 
of the President, A. C. Magruder, inserted in 
the National Intelligencer, March 24th, 1831. 

The charges in the regular college bills, as 
stated in the President's expose, are as fol- 
lows : — payable quarterly in advance. Eng- 
lish department, $24 per annum. Prepara- 
tory classes 40 do. Freshmen and Sopho- 
more classes, 40 do. >Senior and Junior 

4 



classes, 50 do. There is no commons in the 
college ; but good boarding, it is stated, can 
be procured in the city for $120 per annum. 
"An abatement of tlie college bills may be 
made to necessitous students ; and provision 
is secured for the gratuitous instruction of 
10 students who may bring the proper testi- 
monials for that purpose." 

Annapolis, p-v. Jefferson co. Ohio, 16 ms. 
N. w. by w. from Steubenville. 

Ann Arbour, p-t. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Mich, situated on Huron r. by p-r. 42 ms. 
w. from Detroit, n. lat. 42° 18', long. 6° 45' w. 
from W. C. 

Ann Arundel co. of Md. bounded by Cal- 
vert CO. s. Patuxent r. or Prince George's co. 
w. Patuxent r. or Montgomery co. n. w. Pa- 
tapsco r. or Baltimore co. n. and Chesapeake 
bay E. This coimty lies in form of a Cres- 
cent 60 ms. in length from Fish creek at 
the N. e. angle of Calvert, to where it 
touches Frederick co. at Poplar Spring ; 
mean breadth about 12, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Face of Ann Arundel is cither hilly or roll- 
ing ; the soil is varied, but in general rather 
of a middling quality. The eastern part on 
the Chesapeake is very much indented by 
small rivers and bays. Pop. in 1 820, 27,165 ; 
in 1830, 28,295. 

Annsburg, P-t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. 
N. w. Machias. 

Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1481. 

Annsville, p-v. Dinwiddle co. Va. by p-r. 
57 ms. southwardly from Richmond. 

Annville, p-v. Lebanon co. Pa. 17 ms. e. 
from Harrisburg. 

Anson, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 12 ms. n.w. 
Norridgewock, 40 Augusta. Pop. 1533. It 
lies w. Kennebeck r. and is crossed by 7 mile 
brook, in the s. part of the co. e. Saratoga co. 
N. Y. 

Anson, border co. of N. C. bounded by the 
CO. of Mecklenburg w. Rocky r. or Mont- 
gomery N. Yadkin r. or Richmond e. and by 
Chesterfield district in S. C. s. Length from 
E. to w. 33 ms. menu breadth 23, and area 
760 sq. ms. The slope of this county is fo 
the N. e. and estrd ; face of the country bro- 
ken. Chief town Sneadsborough. N. lat. 
35° and long 3° w. from W. C. intersect m 
the eastern part of the co. Pop. 1820, 12,534, 
and in 1830, 14,095. 

Anson gold mines and p-o. Anson co. N. C. 
about 140 ms. s. w. by w. from Raleigh. 

Anthony's Kill, a mill stream, running 
from Long and Round lakes into Hudson r. 
between Half moon and Stillwater. 

Anthony's Nose, mt. N. Y. There are 3 
or 4 hills or mts. by this name, in different 
parts of the state, which bear some rcaeni- 
blance to a human nose ; 2 in the Highlands, 
E. Hudson r. 1 hi Johnstown, n. JMohawk r. 

Anthony's Creek and po. north eastern 
part of Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 195 ms. 
n. w. by w. from Richmond. 
• Antietam Creek of Pa. and i\M. rises in 
Franklin co. of the former, and entering the 



APP 



26 



APP 



latter, flows sthrd. past Hagerstown in Wash- 
ington CO. falls into the Potomac. 

Antioch, p-o. Marengo co. Ala. about 80 
ms. a little w. of s. from Tuscaloosa. 

Antistown, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by 
p-r. 124 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. 

Antrim, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 30 ms. 
w. by s. Concord, 20 n. w. Amherst, 67 n. w. 
Boston ; contains 21,74.3 acres, w. Contoo- 
cook r. is hilly with much good land, espe- 
cially the river alluvion : n. branch supplies 
mill seats. The w. part is mountainous, but 
good pasturage. Greggs' Pond covers 200 
acres, and is 80 feet deep, with many perch 
and pike ; there are 5 others. The soil is 
generally gravelly loam, good for grass, corn, 
oats, flax, &c. apples, maple, beech, birch, 
ash, elm, hemlock, &c. with very little white 
pine. First settled 1768. Pop. 1309. 

Antrim, township of Franklin co. Pa. bor- 
dering on Washington co. Md. Pop. 1810, 
2864, in 1820, 4120, in 1830, 3831. 

Antwerp, p-t. Jefl^erson co. N. Y. 170 ms. 
N. w. Albany, 8 ms. by 13, has an uneven sur- 
face, with much good soil for grass and grain, 
well watered by Oswegatchie and Indian 
rivers. It contains 2 p-vs. Antwerp and Ox- 
bow. Pop. 2411. 

Aplington, p-v. and st. jus. Columbia co. 
Georgia, 21 ms. n. n. w. from Augusta, and 
70 ms. N. E. by e. from Milledgeville in Geo. 
N. lat. 33° 32', and long. w. from W. C. 
5° 20'. 

Apollo, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 222 
ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. 

Appalachee Bay. This term has been 
given to a rather undefined expanse of water 
spreading from Appalachiola bay and St. 
George's island, estrd. to the coast of Madi- 
son CO. in Flor. bounded inward by the Ock- 
lockonne and St. Mark's bays, and merging 
outwards by no assignable limit into the Gulf 
of Mexico. As a navigable inlet, Appalachee 
bay is of little consequence ; but it gains im- 
|)ortance as being the chtmnel of entrance to 
Tallahasse, and affording 7 feet water to St. 
Mark's. 

The wide and shoaly bank, which obstructs 
the coast from Esj)iritu Santo to Vassassa- 
ousa, continues uninterrupted to the bay of 
Appalache, where its breadth is reduced to 
about 3 ms. and a chainiel found to enter 
the river St. Mark. This channel is accessi- 
ble to vessels drawing 10 feet, and aflbrds to 
them a good anchorage 8 miles from St. Mark. 
Vessels drawing 8 feet, can, at high tide, 
reach St. Mark. The distance along the 
coast, from Vassasaousa bay, mouth of Su- 
wannee, to Appalache bay, mouth of St. 
Mark's r. is about 95 ms. ; and the latter bay 
ort'ers the only anchorage to be found from 
the bay of Espiritu Santo, that is to say, on an 
extent of coast of about 230 ms. — ( Vide Engi- 
neer's Report.^ 

Appalachee, small r. of Geo. and w. branch 
of Oconee, rises about n. lat. 34° in Jackson 
and Gwinnette counties, flows s. e. 50 ms. i 
and ialls ini-o the Oconee between Magan and j to the river. 
Green counties. 



Appalachicola Bay, or the estuary of Ap- 
palachicola r. This bay, properly speaking, 
is composed of two connected parts. St. 
George's Sound, and Appalachicola Bay pro- 
per. 

St George's Sound. The shoal which ex'^ 
tends all along and parallel with the coast, 
makes out abruptly at Ocklockony bay to the 
s. for a distance of about 12 ms. and projects 
from South Cape. West of this Cape, it re- 
assumes its parallel course to the coast, and 
may be considered as terminating at Cape 
San Bias : on this distance it forms the basin 
of the islands which cover St. George's 
Sound. These islands are three in number. 
To the n. e. towards Ocklockony, the first is 
Dog Island, 6 ms. long. Thence, stretching 
first s. w. by. w. and thence with a projection 
to n. w. extends to St. George's Island, 30 ms. 
in length. Continuing the course of the n. w. 
curve of St. George's Island, extends to St. 
Vincent's Island, 9 ms. long. The water dis- 
tance from the e. to the w. end of the Sound 
is about 50 ms. The width at its eastern ex- 
tremity, is about 4 ms. and n. from Cape St. 
George, about 9 ms. The Sound can be en- 
tered by any of the passes; one round the 
eastern point of Dog Island, the second be- 
tween this island and St. George's Island, the 
third between St. George's Island and St. 
Vincent's Island. The first, called the east- 
ern pass, oflTers a depth of 14 feet at low tide, 
and this depth is found on a width of 600 yards, 
on a bar which lies at about 2^ ms. from the 
Sound. The second or middle pass, has a 
least depth, at low tide, of 15 feet on the bar ; 
its channel is contracted between the shoals 
which make out of the two islands ; the width 
on the bar, for 15 feet water, is about 650 
yards ; the entrance is on Dog Island side. 
The distance between Dog and St. George's 
Islands is three miles. The third pass, called 
main pass, has a width, on the bar, of 300 
yardsj for a depth of 14 or 13 feet at low tide. 
The bar lies s. eastward of Flag Island, and 
about 2 ms. s. w. of the entrance into the 
Sound. 

Between St. Vincent's Island and the main 
shore, called the Western or Indian pass, the 
depth, it is said, admits only canoes. From 
the eastern to the middle pass, St George's 
Sound aftbrds from 9 to 18 feet water; but 
hence wstrd. to the main pass, it is so ob- 
structed by banks as to admit vessels of 6 
feet draught only. Mean rise of tide, 2i feet, 
as 15 days observation ; s. w. wind prevailing. 

Appalachicola Bay is the mere opening of 
the r. of that name into St. George's Sound. 
Its entrance into the sound is upwards of 5 
ms. wide. The distance in a s. w. direction, 
from tlie main pass between St. George's and 
St. Vincent's islands to the w. point on the 
bay, is about 12 ms., but intervening obstruc- 
tions compel vessels bound up or down, to 
curve estrdi' which increases the distance 6 
ms. Vessels drawing 10 feet can anchor in 
the bay, but only 7^ can be carried up and in- 



APP 



27 



APP 



Vessels drawing from 5 to 5^ feet, can be 
navigated between Appalachicola bay and 
Ocklockony bay, by keeping not far from the 
shore, and entering St. George's Channel at 
its eastern end. Except the Capes of St. 
George and St. Bias, the out shore of the 
islands covering the sound may be considered 
as bold, within a short distance from the land. 
( Vide Engineer's Report.) 

Appalachicola, r. and basin of the U. S. 
in Ala. Geo. and Flor. The r. is formed by 
the united streams of the Chattahoochee and 
Flint rivers. The Chattahoochee rises in 
Habersham co. of Geo. n. lat. 34° 50', and 
between long. 6° 7' w. from W. C. inter- 
locking sources with Savannah, Hiwassee, 
branch of the Temiessee, and Etowah branch 
of Coosa r. Flowing thence s. w. by compar- 
ative courses 200 ms. to n. lat. .33°, where it 
assumes a southern course of 200 ms. to its 
junction with Flint r. at n. lat. 30° 42'. It is 
a singular feature in the character of Chatta- 
hoochee valley that in a length of 320 ms. it 
is in no one place 50 miles wide, and does not 
average a width of more than 30 ms. giving 
to this lengthened valley only a superficies 
of 9,600 sq. ms. Flint r. rises in Coweta, 
Campbell, Fayette, and Henry counties of 
Georgia, between the main volume of Chatta- 
hoochee, and the sources of the Oakinulgee, 
and flowing thence s. s. e. by comparative 
courses, 120 ms. nearly parallel to the latter, 
thence inflects to s. s. w. 100 ms. to its junc- 
tion with Chattahoochee. Though compara- 
tively wider, the valley of Flint, like that 
of Chattahoochee, is narrow. In Derby and 
Lee counties of Geo. where, in n. lat. 32° 
the valley of Flint is widest, the breadth is 
only 65 ms. and the entire valley does not ex- 
ceed a mean of 35 ms. or about 7000 sq. ms. 

The Appalachicola is formed by the united 
waters of Chattahoochee and Flint, which. 



lets into the bay of the same name. The first, 
a straight channel, close to the right shore, 
and through which 5 feet only can be carried 
at low tide. Second, the main channel, 
which is very crooked, bends in a semicircle 
towards the e. and affords, up to the rivei", a 
depth of 7i feet. Thirdly, the swash, or 
N. E. channel, which comes into the main 
channel, 3 ms. from the bar, and presents a 
depth of 5 feet through. It must be remark- 
ed, that the tide makes earlier in the first 
channel than in the others. The mean rise 
of tide has been If feet for ten days observa- 
tion. 

The bay of Appalachicola cannot admit, at 
low tide, vessels drawing more than 10 feet. 
{Vide Engineer's Report.) 

Apple River, small stream rising in the 
N. W. Ter. flows southwardly into II. travers- 
es Joe Daviess co. and falls into the Missis- 
sippi, about 20 ms. below Galena. 

Apple River, p-v. on the river of the same 
name, Joe Daviess co. II. about 20 ms. s. e. 
by E. from Galena, and by p-r. 310 ms. n. n. 
w. from Vandalia, and 974 ms. from W. C. 

Appleton, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 35 ms. n. e. 
Wiscasset, 35 w. s. w. Augusta, between St. 
George's and Muscongus rivers, which pass 
Warren and Waldoboro' to the sea. Pop. 735. 

Appling co. of Geo. bounded s. by Ware, 
s. w. by Irwin, w. by Telfair, n. w. by Mont- 
gomery, on the Oakmulgee r. n. andN. e. 
by Tatnall, or the Altamaha r. and e. by 
Wayne. Length along the sthrn. boundary 
60, mean width 25, and area 1,500 sq. ms. 
The northern part is drained by small creeks 
flowing into the Oakmulgee or Altamaha riv- 
ers, but the central, southern, and more than 
half the whole area is watered by various 
branches of Santilla r. (For lat. and Ion. see 
Applingville.) Pop. in 1830, 1,468. 

Applington, (or Columbia Court House,) 



assuming a course of a little e. of s. receiving i p-v. and st. jus. Columbia co. Geo. 21 ms. n. 



from the n. w. the small river Chissola, and 
not even a large creek from the opposite 
slope, after flowing 70 ms. falls into Appa- 
lachicola bay by several channels at n. lat. 29° 
46' and exactly on long. 8° from W. C. The 
Mississippi and Appalachicola, are the only 
confluents of the Gulf of Mexico, in the U. S. 
which protrude deltas at their mouths, and 
the latter, compared with its length of course, 
of all rivers of the U. S. presents the greatest 
variety of climate. This basin stretches 
through 5^° of lat. and rising on a mountain- 
ous region, elevated at least 2000 feet above 
the surface of the Mexican gulf, or an equiv. 
alent in relative height to 5° of lat. the dif- 
ference of temperature, at the extremes, 
must equal near 10°. The entire superficies 
in the basin of Appalachicola, is 19,700 sq. ms. 
of a dry, and, except near the coast of the G. 
of Mexico, a broken, and near the superior 
sources, a mountainous country. Though 
less in volume than the Mobile, it is compara- 
tively a more navigable stream. Sea vessels 
ascend to the junction of the Flint and Chatta- 
hoochee. The Appalachicola r. has three out- 



w. by w. from Augusta, and by p-r. 81 ms. n. 
E. by E. from MiUedgeville ; n. lat. 32° 32', 
long. 5o20'w. from W. C. 

Applingville, (or Appling Court House,) 
now Holmcsville p-o. and st.jus. for Appling 
CO. Geo. N. lat. 31° 16', long. 5° 28' w. from 
W. C. in a direct line about 100 ms. s. w. by 
w. from Savannah, and 1 20 s. s. e. from Mil- 
ledgeville. Letters intended for this place, 
ought to be directed to Holmesburg, or Ap- 
pling Court House. 

Appomattox, r. of Va. rising in Bucking- 
ham and Prince Edward counties, and flow- 
ing thence by a very crooked channel, but by 
a general eastern course, with the counties 
of Prince Edward, Amelia, Dinwiddie, and 
Prince George on the right, and Buckingham, 
Cumberland, Powhatan, and Chesterfield on 
the left, falls into James r. after a compara- 
tive course of 90 ms. The tide ascends the 
Appomattox, to the falls of Petersburg, about 
20 ms. above the mouth, and thus far contains 
depth of water for large merchant vessels. 
This stream drains a very fine section of Vir- 
ginia, between lat. 37° 33' and 37° 26' n. 



ARK 



28 



ARK 



Appoquinimink, Binall r. or creek of New I windings, perhaps a thousand miles from its 
Castle CO. Del. rising in Kent and Coecil cob. source. The valley of the Canadian is in fact 
Md. interlocking sources with Sassafras r. of a part of a real North American desert. The 
Chesapeake bay, and ilowing thence east- Canadian drains the space eastward from the 
wardly, falls into Delaware bay, below Reedy sources of Rio Grande del Norte, and between 



island 

Aquackanock, p-v. Essex co. N. J. w. Pas- 
saic r., lU ni. N. Newark. Boat navigation 
extends to this place. 

Aquasco, p-v. Prince George's co. Md. situ- 
ated on the right bank of Patuxent r. 34 m. s, 
E. from Washington city. 

Aquia p-o. Staflord co. Va. on a small creek 
of the same name, by p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. from 
W.C. 

Ararat, p-o. Patrick co. Vd. by p-r. 31 1 ms. 
8. vv. by w. from W. C. 

Arbei-a, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 47 
ms. estrd. from llarrisburg. 

Arcadia, p-v. Wayne co. N.Y. Pop. 3,774. 

Arcadia, p-v. Morgan co. 111. by p-r. 122 
ms. N. w. from Vandalia. 

Arcola, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 82 
ms. 9. s. w. from Indianopolis. 

Ard's Bluff p-o. on Pearl r. Marion co 
Miss, about 120 ms. s. e. by e. from Natchez. 

Arqyle, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 32G. 

Argyle, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. 
Sandy hill, 44 n. Albany, e. Hudson r. has an 
undulated surface, pretty good soil, with se- 
veral ponds and mill streams, and 2 villages, 
Argyle and Fort Miller, where is a bridge over 
Hudson r. Pop. 3,459. 

Arkansas, r. of the U. S. and of the Mexi- 
can province of Texas, rises in the eastern 
vallies of the Rocky or Chippewayan mts. 
about N. lat. 42°, and long. 31° w. from W. C. 
interlocking sources with those of Lewis r. 
branch of Columbia, the main volume of Platte 
r. of Missouri, opposite to those of St. Buena- 
ventura, of the Pacific ocean, and the Rio 
Grande del Norte. Flowing 200 ms. s. e. near- 
ly parallel to the Rio Grande, the Arkansas as- 
sumes an easterly course of 400 ms. to its 
junction with the Negracke, and returns to 
the course of s. e. 250 ms. to the entrance of 
the great western confluent, the Canadian r. 
This r. is the great sotithwestern confluent of 
the Arkansas, and as laid down by Maj. Long, 
rises in the mountains of New Mexico, 27° of 
long. w. from W. C. and between n. lat. 33° 
and 37°. Rising in the eastern vallies of a 
rather elevated chain, the two main, and nu- 
merous minor branches of the Canadian pur- 
sue a general eastern course over 9° of long. 
the various branches first uniting into one 
stream, wliich joins the Arkansas at n. lat. 35°, 
and long. 18° \v. from W. C. The valley of 
the Canadian r. is in length about 500 ms. with 
a mean breadth of 100 or area 50,000 eq. ms. 

The far greater part of this physical section 
is an open, unwooded series of plains, or roll- 
ing prairie. The soil is sterile, and partakes 
much of the character of the steppes of north. 
em Asia. Maj. Long, in 1817, found the bed 
of this r. almost dry, and himself and party 
were exposed to great suffering from want of 
water on the bajiiis of a river, following its 



that of Arkansas and Red r. About one half 
of this valley is e. of the 100th deg. w. from 
Greenwich, of course in the U. S. Below 
their junction the united waters of the Arkan- 
sas and Canadian rivers pierce the Arkansas 
mts. and flow s. e. 250 ms. to their final union 
with the Mississippi, at n. lat. 33° 56', and 
long. 14° 10' w. from W. C. 

Of the confluents of the Arkansas, the first 
rank is due to the Canadian r. The latter, 
though long known by name, has been but re- 
cently sufliciently explored to enable geogra- 
phers to assign its due rank. As laid down 
from Maj. Long's discoveries, this river, by 
two great branches, rises in the mts. of New 
Mexico, as far wstrd. as 28° from W. C. and 
within 40 ms. from the main stream of the 
Rio del Norte, between the towns of Santa Fe 
and Taos, and between the sources of Arkan- 
sas proper and those of Red r. and between 
N. lat. 34° 30' and 37° 30'. From this moun- 
tainous origin, the Canadian by two branches, 
called relatively North and South Canadian 
rivers, flows over the wide central plains of 
North America by a course of e. a little s. the 
two streams generally at from 40 to 60 or 70 
ms. asunder, gradually approach each other, 
and finally unite, after a comparative course of 
upwards of 700 ms. Besides the two middle 
or principal branches of Canadian r. there are 
beside many smaller, one the s. e. Fork, a 
stream 300 ms. long, rising between the south- 
ern Canadian and the branches of Red r. and 
falling into the main Canadian below the junc- 
tion of its two great constituents. Below the 
union of all these confluents, the Canadian, 
after an easterly course of about 50 ms. joins 
the Arkansas at n. lat. 35°, and 18° w. from 
W. C. and directly on the western side of the 
Arkansas mts. Between the Kansas and 
Osage branches of Missouri, the Arkansas 
mts. and Arkansas r. a space of about 10,000 
sq. ms. is drained by Verdigris, Neoscheo and 
Illinois rivers, which flow southward uito Ar- 
kansas, which they join wstrd. from the Ar- 
kansas mts. The entire surface contained in 
the Arkansas valley, above the mountains, is 
at least 170.000 sq. ms. Below the mountain 
pass, the Arkansas valley, in a length of 250 
ms. does not average a width above 40 ms. or 
10,000 sq. ms. Combining the two sections, 
the entire surface drained by the Arkansas 
and all its confluents, amounts to 178,000 sq. 
ms. The geographic position of this valley 
is between lat. 34° and 42° n. In compara- 
tive geography, the river of Europe, which in 
course and extent most nearly approaches the 
Arkansas, is the Danube. By actual calcu- 
lation, the Arkansas flows s. 6.5° e. a fraction 
above 1,300 statute ms. in a direct line from 
source to mouth. The Danube flows s. 82°, 
E. within an inconsiderable fraction of 1,470 
ins. The subvallies of the Danube are some- 



ARK 



29 



ARK 



thing more extensive than those of Arkansas, jri and the higher Mississippi, and nearly si- 
but in a general view, if even the inflections multaneous with that of the Ohio. 



of those two great rivers are compared, the 
resemblance is very strong, and if White r. 
was included in Arkansas valley, as it might 



Arkansas Ter. of the U. S. bounded w. by 
the yet unorganized territory formerly a part 
of La. N. by the state of Mo. e. by th^ Miss. 



be without much violence to correct analogy, | r. and s. by the state of La. On Tanner's 
the two valleys would present features pecu- 1 map of the U. S. the ter. of Ark. is made 
liarly similar. But with the outline and gen- \ commensurate on the w. with the state of La. 
eral course of the main and minor volumes of lor 17° .30' w. long, from W. C. having out- 



the Danube and Arkansas, all resemblance 
between these rivers ceases. The latter, in- 
deed, in many essential physical features, 
bears a striking likeness to the Nile, though 
taken as a whole, the Arkansas stands alone 
among the rivers of the earth. Rising on a 
mountainous table land of probably 5,000 feet 
elevation, and entering the Mississippi where 
the river level does not exceed that of the 
ocean 150 feet, the actual depression of slope 
is equal to 12 degrees of lat. giving a differ- 
ence of temperature of 20 degrees. The far 
greater part of the inclined plane falling from 
the Chippewayan towards the Arkansas mts. 
is naked of timber and sterile, scarce of foun- 
tain water and presenting a perfect model of 
the central steppes of Asia. In the winter 
and spring, or in the rainy season, the streams 
bear down immense masses of water, whilst 
in Autumn and in the early part of winter, 
they are dwindled to mere rills where any 
stream continues ; but in the Canadian, even 
that feature ceases, and the bed of the river 
becomes in September, October, and Novem- 
ber, a lengthened line of dry sand, and in ma- 
ny places, miles intervene without even a re- 
m aining stagnant pond. 

Those harsh features are softened rather 
than changed, below the mountains marked 
in Tanner's maps as Ozark mts ; prairies still 
continue, though less extensive and less ster- 
ile than those more wstrd. Springs of fresh 
water also increase, approaching the inun- 
dated plains near the Mississippi, but in a 
general view, the entire valley of Arkansas 
may be regarded as naked and rather sterile. 
To this character, the most striking exception 
is afforded by the inundated border near the 
Mississippi. Without including minute bends, 
the Arkansas flows 300 ms. from the mouth of 
Canadian to its own influx into the Mississippi. 
This part of the valley does not exceed a 
mean breadth of 50 ms. the tlibutary streams 
are of course small ; prairies gradually cease, 
and approaching the great recipient, an annu- 
ally overflowed and deeply wooded plain, ter- 
minates the lengthened valley of Arkansas. 
The inundations of this great, though second- 
ary river, are as regular as those of the Mis- 
sissippi, but from the position of the valley, 
the discharge of the Arkansas is less in quan- 
tity in a given time, than might be expected. 
The water of the Missouri, a milky blue, and 
that of the Ohio, a blackish green, are very 
distinct from the ochreous red water of the 
Arkansas, which latter again differs from the 
brighter red volume of Red r. The great 
Arkansas flood reached Delta in May, and 
early in June preceding the tide from Missou- 



lincs in common with La. on n. lat. 33° of 190 
ms. on the Mexican province of Texas about 
40 ms. along the wstrn. ter. of the U. S. 210, 
in common with the state of Mo. along n. lat. 
36° 30', 266 ms. down St. Francis r. to N.lat. 
36°, 50 ms. along n. lat. 36° to the right bank 
of the Miss. r. 34 ms. down the right bank of 
the Miss, to the n. e. angle of La. 360 ms. en- 
tire outline 1140, lying between lat. 33° and 
36° 30' N. and between Ion. 12° 44' and 17° 
30' w. from W. C. The ter. within these out- 
lines embraces an area of 54,860 sq. ms. lying 
so very compact as to approach a sq. of 234 
ms. each side. Ark. is naturally divided into 
thr6e distinct sections. The e. section along 
the Miss. White, St. Francis, and Ark. rs. is 
mostly level, and in winter and spring, except 
the margin of the streams, liable to inundation. 
With some prairie, this e. section is covered 
with a dense forest. The soil, where arable, 
is very productive. The middle section wa- 
tered by the higher branches of White r. by 
the main volume of Ark. the higher branches 
of Ouachitta, and by Red r. is broken, in part, 
rather moimtainous, and presenting extensive 
prairies. The w. and n. w. section is moun- 
tainous, with extensive prairies. Though an 
interior region, Ark. is in a high degree sup- 
plied with navigable streams. Beside the 
Miss, which forms the eastern boundary, St. 
Francis rises in Mo. and flowing s. enters 
Ark. over which it flows 12,0 ms. falls into the 
Miss, about 60 ms. above the mouth of White 
r. The latter, a much more considerable 
stream, rises in the s. part of Mo. by two great 
branches. White r. proper and Black r. which, 
uniting in Ark. flows below the junction 120 
ms. and falls into the Miss. 15 ms. above the 
mouth of Arkansas r. Tliough impeded by 
shoals, the Ark. is a navigable r. far above 
the limits of the ter. to which it gives name. 
The Ouachitta rises by numerous branches in 
the Masserne mountains, between Ark. and 
Red rs. and is navigable at high water, with 
boats of considerable size, by the bends 200 
ms. within Arkansas. Red r. traverses the 
extreme s. w. angle of the ter. It mny be 
doubted whether in this large ter. there is one 
spot, 100 ms. from a navigable water course. 
The St. Francis, White, and Ark. rs. form 
navigable channels within the ter. into the 
Miss. ; whilst the Red r. and its confluent, the 
Ouachitta, leave the ter. traverse La. and fi- 
nally join the same great recipient. The 
mineral wealth of Ark. has been too imper- 
fectly developed to admit definite notice. The 
immense salt prairies or steppes of the inte- 
rior, give a brackish taste to the water of Ark. 
Numerous salt springs are scattered over the 



ARK 



30 



ART 



country. Indications of lead and iron are nu- 
merous. Some lead has been smelted but 
not in large quantity. As a whole, Ark. may 
be regarded as a barren country, though scat- 
tered over the entire extent, tracts of exu- 
berantly fertile soil occur. If we compare it 
with La. and from what I have seen of both 
these two regions they appear remarkably 
similar in the relative extent of arable to un- 
productive soil in each, respectively, the cul- 
tivate able surface would be about as one to 
four. The difference of lat. and elevation 
give lo the respective sections of Ark. a much 
greater range of temperature, than from its 
extent could be expected. Cotton can be cul- 
tivated to advantage on the s. and s. e. sec- 
tions ; but advancing up the streams and ris- 
ing to a much higher elevation, the tempera- 
ture falls, and small grain succeeds well. On 
the whole, the climate of Ark. may be con- 
sidered as excessively variable ; that of the 
s. resembles La. whilst towards the n. and w. 
the seasons approach those of Mo. Amongst 
the curiosities of Ark. may be particularly 
mentioned the Hot Springs. These fountains, 
with a temperature near that of boiling wa- 
ter, are 47 ms. s. w. by w. from Little Rock, 
on the Ark. and near the main stream ofWa- 
shitau. They became a place of resort for 
invalids about 1800, and have increased in 
reputation. The adjacent country is rocky, 
sterile and motmtainoiis, the water pure, and 
air elastic, affording a most delicious retreat 
from the summer and autumn temperature of 
La. and S. Ark. The Washitau is navigable 
with steam boats to within 30 ms. of the 
springs. Ark. being yet a ter. the govern- 
ment is therefore not permanently fixed, which 
precludes the propriety of inserting the exist- 
ing form in this place. 

For counties, their population and chief 
towns, see Appendix. 

Arkansas co. of the territory of the same 
name, lying on both sides of Ark. r. having 
Chicot CO. s. Clark w. Pulaski n. w. White r. 
or Philips co. n. e. and the Miss. r. e. Length 
from N. to s. GO ms. mean width 40, and area 
2,400 sq. ms. This co. is traversed obliquely 
from N. w. to s. e. by the Ark. r. and the 
White r. bounding it to the n. e. renders the 
lower part subject to annual overflows. The 
Bayou, Barthelany, and Boeuf rs. branches of 
the Washitau, rise in the s. part, flow s. over 
Chicot CO. enter La. The w. side rises into 
eminences, but the body of the county is 
level. (For lat. and long, see next article.) 

Arkansas, p-v. and st. jus. for Ark. co. 
Ark. Ter. This is the same village formerly 
called " The Post of Ark." and was founded 
l)y the French in 1685. It stands on the n. 
bank of Ark. r. at n. lat. 34°, long. w. from W. 
C. 14° 25'. The site is a high narrow bluff 
of poor soil, with the inundated flats of White 
r. in the rear. Distant about 100 ms. s. e. 
from Little Rock, and by the bends of the r. 
50 ms.from the Miss. 

Arkiopolis, p-v. and seat of government 
Ark. ter. (See Little Rock.) 

Arkport, p-v. Hornellsville, Steuben co. 



N. Y. 20 ms. s. Bath, 260 ms. w. by s. Alba- 
ny, on Canister r. 

ARKWRiGHT,Chautauque co.N.Y. Pop. 926. 

Arlington, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 12 ms. 
N. Bennington, 106 Montpelier, and 40 from 
Troy, Saratoga Spa, Whitehall and Rutland, 
was first settled 1763, and is watered by Roar- 
ing Branch, Mill Creek, Warm Creek and 
Gfreen r. as well as Battenkill r. of which 
they are branches. There is plenty of mill 
seats and much fine interval land. North 
and Red Mountains in the w. are divided by 
Battenkill r. and bear white, red and black 
oak, white and black birch, chesnut, walnut, 
&c. The soil is rich, and bears grain. Much 
white marblejs quarried here^for tombstones, 
&c. and lime-stone is burnt. There is a fer- 
rugineous spring and a curious cavern in this 
t. Pop. 1,207. 

Armagh, p-v. s. part of Indiana co. Pa. 
about 60 ms. e. from Pittsburgh, and 35 n. e. 
from Greensburg. 

Armstrong's p-o. Wabash co. Illi. by p-r. 
Ill ms. s. E. by e. from Vandalia. 

Armstrong co. of Pa. bounded e. by Jeffer- 
son CO. s. E. by Indiana, s. by Kiskiminitas r. 
or Westmoreland co. w. by Butler, and n. by 
Clarion r. or Venango co. Length 45, mean 
width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. The face of 
this county is delightfully diversified, with 
hill, dale, and river scenery. Alleghany r. 
enters at the n. w. angle, and sweeping over 
the country by an elliptical curve, leaves it at 
the s. w. angle receiving v/ithin the co. from 
the E. Clarion r. Red bank, Mahoming, and 
Crooked creeks, whilst the Kiskiminitas en- 
ters as a s. border, n. lat. 41° and long. 2° 30' 
v». from W. C. intersect a little n. of the centre 
of the CO. Chief t. Kittanning. Pop. 1820, 
10,524, in 1830, 17,695. The traverse sec- 
tion of the Penn. Canal, crosses Kiskiminitas 
at Warren t. and enters Armstrong from West- 
moreland CO. and thence follows the right 
bank of the Alleghany r. The canal is then 
carried overthe latter stream, and down its 
right bank to Freeport, where it leaves Arm- 
strong and enters Alleghany co. 

Arnold's, old place p-o. Fauquier's co. Va. 
by p.r. 56 ms. w. from W. C. 

Arnoldstown, p-v. Campbell co. Va. by 
p-r. 131 ms. s. w. from W. C. 

Arnold's p-o. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 50 ms. 
a little s. E. from Indianopolis. 

Aroostic, (or Aroostook) r. Me. rises near 
the w. bound of Penobscot co. which it cross- 
es N. E. in a devious course, receiving several 
branches, and falls into St. John's, in New- 
Brunswick. It passes through lands almost 
imsettled, but which will probably soon be- 
come valuable. Its head waters are 20 ms. 
from those of Penobscot r. and part of the in- 
tervening country is very hilly, with numer- 
ous ponds, the rest marshy. A road is ma- 
king from this r." t the Mattawankeag, a 
branch of Penobscoi £. which is to be extend- 
ed 60 ms. N. to Madawasca. This will facil- 
itate emigration. 

Arthursburg, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 77 
ms. s. E. Albany. 



ASH 31 

AsBURY, p-v. Warren co. N. J. 35 ms. n. 
Trenton n. w. Musconetcong r. 

Ascension, parish of La. bounded by As- 
sumption s. E. St. James e. Amite r. n. e. 
Ibberville n. w. and Atchafalaya r. vv. length 
from N. E. to s. w. 40 ms. mean width about 
10 and area 400 square ms. The face of this 
parish is one great plain and most part liable 
to annual submersion, similar to every other 
part of the delta. The bank of the Miss, is 
the highest part of the parish, and that wind- 
ing across it near the middle, contains the far 
greater part of the population. This parish 
is rendered remarkable from containing the 
outlet of the La Fourche. This stream is in 
fact a mouth of the Miss, from which it flows 
at Donaldsonville,(see La Fourche). What soil 
of Ascension is sufficiently elevated for culti- 
vation, is highly fertile. Staple, sugar and 
cotton. For lat. and Ion. see Donaldsonville. 
Pop. 1820, 3,728, in 1830. 5,426, chief town 
Donaldsonville. 

AscuTNEY, mt. Windsor co. Vt. between 
Windsor and Weathersfield, is 3,320 feet 
higher than tide water, and 3,116 above Conn 
r. at Windsor. It is nearly bare, except on 
the N. E. side, and consists of granite. The 
view from the summit is very fine. The 
ascent is performed in 2 and a 5 hours. From 
Windsor the route is 4 ms. to the base, half a 
mile up is a moderate ascent, after which it 
is steep. 

AsuBURNHAM, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 
ms. N. w. Boston, was granted to certain sol 
diers from Dorchester, in a Canada expedi- 
tion in ] 690. It is watered from ponds, by mill 
streams of Miller's r. which falls into Conn. 
r. and Nashua and Souhegan rs. which fall into 
Merrimack r. It is hilly, with a strong soil 
producing grass, fruit and forest trees. Two 
incorporated companies manufacture leather 
and soap stone in large quantities. ^500 
worth of chairs are made here weekly, and 
many nails, clapboards, &c. Pop. 1,402. 

Asiiiiv, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 50 ms. n. 
w. Boston, is handsomely varied with hill and 
vale, with good farms, producing grass and 
fruit, and has a fine mill stream, a branch of 
Nashua r. rising in it. Pop. 1,240. 

Ashe, northwestern co. of N. C. bounded 
by Surrey co. of the same state n. E.the main 
spine of Blue Ridge or Wilkes co. s. e. Bun- 
combe s. w. and Carter co. of Ten. w. Ashe 
CO. occupies part of the elevated valley 
between Bald mtn. and Blue Ridge, and from 
the courses of the rivers, must be the highest 
section of the valley, and at least 2500 feet 
above the Atlantic tides. 

The N. E. part of of the co. slopes towards 
Virginia, and is drained by the extreme sour- 
ces of Great Kenhawa whilst the discharge 
of the southwestern part is formed by the 
sources of the Watauga branch of Ilolston. 
The extreme length of Ashe, from n. e. to 
s. w. is 70 ms. with a mean breadth of 12 ms. 
area 840 sq. ms. The surface is broken and 
soil of middling quality. The climate is 
peculiarly line, air pure and bracing. In long, 
this CO. lies very nearly between 4° and 5° 



ASH 

w. from W. C. while the central part is about 
n. lat. 36° 20'. Pop. 1 820, 4,335, and in 1830, 
6987. Chief town, Jeffcrsonton. 

AsuFiELD, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 15 ms. 
N. w. Northampton, 105 w. Boston, is on high 
land between Deerfield and Westfield rs. to 
each of which it sends a tributary. It wag 
settled and garrisoned about 1754 and called 
Hmitstown, but abandoned in 1755, and re- 
settled in 1763. Pop. 1,732. 

AsHFORD, new v. Berkshire co. Mass. 

AsnFORu,p-t. Windham, co. Conn. 31 ms. e. 
Hartford, about 9 ms. long and 7 broad, 59 
sq. ms. is hilly, with a gravelly soil, but 
favorable for grazing, and raises many cattle. 
Still, Bigelow and Mount Hope rs. are small. 
Crystal pond, 1 m. by J m. is between this 
town and Pomfret. There are two small 
villages. First settled in 1700. Pop. 2,660. 

AsHFORD, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 282 
ms. w. by s. Albany. Pop. 631. 

Ashland, p-v. in the northern part of Rich- 
land CO. O. by p-r. 88 ms. northeastward from 
Columbus. 

Ashley's Mills, p-o. Telfair, co. Geo. 102 
ms. by p-r. sthrd. from Milledgeville. 

AsHPALAGA, p-t. village of .lackson co. 
Florida, on the Appalachicola r. by p-r. 35 
ms. westrd. from Tallahasse. 

Ashtabula, northeastern co. of O. bounded 
N. E. by Erie co. Pcnn. e. by Crawlbrd co, 
Pcnn. s. by Trumbull. O. w. by Geauga and 
N. by Lake Erie. Greatest length along 
Penn. 32 ms. on the western border the 
length is about 26 ms. mean length 29 and 
breadth 28, area 812 sq. ms. extending in 
lat. 41° 32' to 41° 58' and in long, from 3° 30* 
to 3° 58' w. from W. C. The southeastern 
angle of this co. slopes to the s. e. and gives 
source to the Shenango and other branches of 
Big Beaver. The western and central sec- 
tions have a norlhwestern declivity and are 
drained by the sources of Grand river of Lake 
Erie, while the northeastern part slopes 
northwardly and is watered by Conneaut anct 
Ashtabula rivers. From the preceding ele- 
ments we find this co. occupying a part of the 
table land between the vallies of Erie and O. 
Chief town Jelferson. Population 1830, 
14,584. 

Ashtabula, p-v. on the r. of the same name 
at its eflux into Lake Erie,northern part ofAsli- 
tabula CO. O. about 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Erie 
in Penn. and by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. from Co- 
lumbus. 

AsHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. for Buncombe co, 
N. C. stands on French Broad r. 40 ms. n. n. 
w. from Rutherfordton and by p-r. 273 ms. 
wstrd. from Raleigh n. lat. 35° 32', long. 5° 
28' w. from W. C. 

AsHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. Ala.- 
on Canoe creek (branch of the Coosa) by p-r. 
90 ms. N. E. from Tuscaloosa and about 70 s. 
wstrd. s. E. from Iluntsville, n. lat. 33° 48' 
long. 9° 21' w. from W. C. 

AsHUELOT r. Cheshire co. N. H. rises 
from a pond in Washington ; runs s. to Keene, 
then s. w. to Conn. r. 3 ms. from the line of 
Mass. To make it navigable for boats, from 



ASS 



32 



ASS 



Keene to the mouth, considerable exertions 
were made several years ago ; several places 
wore locked. 

AssiNiBOiN,large r. of North America partly 
in the U.S. and partly in the British territories. 
It is formed by two great branches, Assini- 
iioin proper and Red r. The Assiniboin rises 
by mmierous branches between lake Winni- 
pec and the northeastern curve of Missou- 
ri. Flowing s. E. upwards of 300 ms. it re- 
ceives from the sthrd. a remarkable confluent, 
Morse or Sourie r. The latter rises in the 
United States and, what is remarkable, with- 
in 1 m. of tlie main volume of the Mo. Be- 
low the influx of Morse r. the Assiniboin 
curves to the estrd. about 100 ms. to its 
junction with Red r. Red r. or the southern 
branch of Assiniboin, rises in the United 
States, on the marshy and extended plain 
which gives source to the higher confluents 
of Miss, but the extreme southern fountain 
of the former, as laid down by Tanner, is at 
N. lat. 45° 37', interlocking sources with St. 
Peter's r. and extending 1°39' of lat. south of 
the northern sou^pe of the Miss. Issuing from 
this elevated tabic land. Red r. assumes a 
general northern course, but with an elliptic 
curve to the westrd. receiving from the east- 
ern side descending, Otter Tail, Buff'alo, 
Wild Rice, Plum, Sand Hill, Red Fork, 
Swamp, Salt and several smaller streams. 
From the westrd. this r. is augmented also in 
descending, by Ipse, Thienne, Elve, Goose, 
Turtle, Saline, Park Tongue and Pembina 



which the sources of the Miss, and Assiniboin 
flow, is continued to the northeastward to 
within 900 miles of Hudson's Bay. Amongst 
the countless lakes scattered over this eleva- 
ted but comparatively flat space, there are 
two chains to the northwest of Lake Superior, 
which,after discharging their waters from one 
reservoir into another, converge and unite 
about N. lat. 48° 20' and long. 15° w. from 
W. C. Thus far the general course is westrd. 
but inflecting to the n. w. dilating into Stur- 
geon lake, again into a r. and thence once 
more opening into the large Lake Rain. 
From the southwestern margin of Lake Rain, 
issues a large navigable stream, the proper 
Rain Lake r. This stream, flowing a little 
north of wstrd. about 80 ms. by comparative 
course, falls into another considerable sheet 
of water called Lake of the Woods. From 
the source of the southern branch of Rainy 
Lake r. to the Lake of the Woods, the lakes 
and intermediate straits or rs. form the boun- 
dary between the United States and the 
British territories. The southern extremity 
of the Lake of the Woods is traversed by the 
49th degree of N. lat. and the lake and its 
discharge into Lake Winnipec, assuming a 
northwestern course, the residue of the val- 
ley of Rainy Lake r. is in the British ter- 
ritories. 

AssoNET, p-v. Berkley t. Bristol co. Mass. 
42 s. Boston. 

Assumption, or Assomption parish of La. 
bounded by the Miss. r. n. e. St. Johns Bap- 



rs. Immediately below the influx of the latter tist e. La Fourche interior s. E.ands. Atcha 
the main volume crosses n. lat. 49° enters the falya r. w. and n. w. by the parish of Ascen- 
British territories, inflects to tho northeast- sion. Similar to all other parts of the delta, As- 
ward and finally joins the Assiniboin very sumption is a plain slightly raised above the 



nearly on n. lat. 50°' and about 40 ms. above 
the influx of the latter, into the sthrn. extreme 
of Lake Winnipec. The direct length of Red 
r. is about 300 ms. but its comparative course 
no doubt exceeds 350. The valley of Red r. 
extends between those of Mo. and Miss, and 
it is remarkable, that the sources of streams 
flowing into Red r. from the wstrd. rise close 
u|)on the margin of Mo. near the Mandan 
villages, (see Pembina.) Red r. is rendered 
remarkable for another physical feature ; its 
source is the extreme southern extension of 
the great northern uiclined plain of the conti- 
tinentofN. Am. The following note inserted 
in Tanner's United States will serve to illus- 
trate the singular features of the region from 
which Red, Miss, and Rainy Lake rs. have 
their sources. The note alluded to, and 
quoted below, is inserted on the map between 
the extreme sources of Miss. Grand Fork of 
Rainy lake r. and Red lake, from which flows 
the Red Fork of Red r. " An uninterrupted 
water communication between the Grand 
Fork of Rainy Lake r. and Winnipec Lake, 
is said to exist at this place." 

Rainy Lake r. is another very singular 
water course, the drain of innumerable lakes 
between lakes Superior and Winnipec, which 
though entering the latter lake by a separate 
mouth from the Assiniboin may be correctly 
noticed under fhai head. The Plateau, from 



common level of the rs. The Miss, forma 
one of the borders, whilst La Fourche enter- 
ing from Ascension, winds in a direction from 
N. N. w. to s. s. E. dividing Assumption into 
two nearly equal parts. Length from s. w. 
to N. E. 40 ms. mean width 15 and area 600 
sq. ms. Most of the arable land is on the 
two above mentioned rs. as the surface falls 
gradually, from the La Fourche towards the 
Atchafalya, and the banks of the latter rise 
in very few places above annual overflow. 
Much of Assumption, is, indeed, open, untim- 
bered, and overflow marsh. The inhabitants 
reside in great part on the margin of the Miss. 
and La Fourche. The arable margin on the 
right bank of the Miss, at the eftlux of La 
Fourche, is continued, down the latter though 
narrower than along the former stream. The 
soil is of similar quality on both rs. and crops 
are specifically similar. Though cotton is 
the common staple, some sugar farms are 
scattered along the banks of La Fourche in 
Assumption. The orange tree also begins to 
flourish in this parish. N.lat.30°, and long. 14' 
w. from W. C. intersect in the northern part 
of Assumption. No town of note. Pop. 1820, 
3,576, in 1830, 5,669. 

Assumption, Court House, and p-o. on 
La Fourche, by p-r. 9t ms. from N. O. 

AssYLUM p-o. Bradford co. Penn. by p-r. 
184 ms. northward from Harrisburg. 



ATC 



33 



ATC 



Atacapas, large settlement of La. lying 
along both banks of Tcche r. and extending 
southeastward from Opelousas to the Gulf 
of Mexio. Under the French and Spanish 
governments, Atacapas was under the juris 
diction of a commandant ; it is now subdivi- 
ded into the parishes of St. Martin's and St. 
Mary's, which see. 

Atchafalaya, r. of La. and though a mouth 
of Miss, may be correctly regarded as the 
continuation of Red River. It is only about a 
m. and five tenths from the inlet of the Red 
River to the outletof Atchafalaya, the latter 
leaving the mainstream at n. lat. 31° almost 
exactly. Many erroneous opinions exist re- 
specting the Atchafalaya, and the quantity of its 
drain from the Miss, has been greatly overra- 
ted. It is only indeed at high water in the 
latter, that any current passes into the former. 
The writer of this article has been at the 
efflux of the Atchafalaya at almost every stage 
of weather, and has seen the current actually 
passing into the Miss. At its outlet, the 
Atchafalaya is only 1 1 1 yds. wide, but dilates 
below to a general breadth of about 200 yds. 
Leaving the Miss, the course is s. w. 2 ms. 
from whence with a very tortuous channel, 
but general course to the s. it flows 50 ms. 
then turns s. e. 1 ms. and thence e. 25 ms. to 
where it receives from the estrd. the Pla- 
quemine, another, though much smaller 
outlet of the Miss. Receiving the Plaque- 
mine, the Atchafalaya curves to the south- 
ward and continues in that direction 60 ms. 
into the Gulf of Mexico, having an entire 
comparative course of 147 ms. In its gene- 
ral appearance, the Atchafalaya is a miniature 
picture of the Miss, though very little soil on 
the banks of the former, is exempt from an- 
nual overflow. Except merely on the margin 
of the r. the adjacent country for many ms. is 
a congeries of bayous and lakes ; but to apply 
to this annually inundated tract the term of 
swamp, is a great misnomer. So far from 
being swamp the general surface when not 
flooded is excessively dry and hard. In 
reality, the basin of the Atchafalaya, if de- 
nuded of timber would appear, in season of 
high water, an immense irregular lake, with 
hues of land merely rising above the common 
surface. The whole surface is, however, 
except the lakes and streams, and near the 
sea coast, covered with a very dense forest. 
Timber along the Atchafalaya, cotton wood, 
willow, ash, red flowing maple, difl'erent 
species of oak, and hickory, &o. whilst in 
tlie remote recesses of the overflow, Cyprus 
and tupeloo, intermingle with the oaks and 
willows. When this region was surveyed by 
the writer of this article, in 1809 and 1810, 
the great raft in Atchafalaya commenced 2G 
ins. from the outlet, and continued down 
that river at broken intervals to within 5 
ms. above the entrance of the Teche. A 
small fragment of the lower part of the 
raft broke loose from the main body about 
1774, and again lodged immediately below 
the mouth of Courtableau. The raft is not a 



stationary mass ; I have myself seen large 
fragments break loose, and again lodge. This 
much misunderstood obstruction was formed 
in the first place by floating timber from the 
MiBsissippi, and is perpetuated by accessions 
from the same source. The current of the 
Atchafalaya, at its issue from the Mississippi, 
is excessively rapid, but deadens, falling to- 
wards the interior low lands, which circum- 
stance, taken in connexion with the very tor- 
tuous channel of the former, accounts for the 
original formation and perpetuity of the raft. 
The vulgar tales respecting the raft, deserve 
some notice. So lonely and so seldom visited 
is that region, that even at Opelousas, within 
15 miles direct from the spot, I have heard it 
asserted that so compact was the raft, that 
men and horses had passed it without know- 
ing a river was beneath. Myself and assis- 
tants did frequently, and in numerous places 
pass the river by the raft, but never without 
danger and difficulty. In fact, the timber, 
thrown together by accident, lies in all direc- 
tions, interlaced by roots and branches, but 
still with so much interval and so liable to 
partial removal, that accumulations of mud 
and young trees are prevented. The body of 
the raft rises and falls with the rise and fall 
of the river, and from the sediment fixed on the 
logs, is in autumn covered with a rank growth 
of weeds, which at a distance appears a 
flowery plain, but approached is found to be 
a very dimgerous and uneven surface to 
tread. In both the Atchafalaya and Courta- 
bleau, the raft impedes navigation. In the 
latter the people of Opelousas have effected 
a partial removal ; but still the direct line of in- 
tercommunication between New Orleans and 
the upper part of Opelousas, continues in some 
measure broken. The very near approach of 
the general plain of Louisiana to a level is 
shown by the tides in the Atchafalaya and its 
confluents. In season of high water in the Mis- 
sissippi, the tide from the higher parts of the 
basin overcomes the more feeble tide from 
the Gulf of Mexico ; but in Autumn, when 
the Mississippi falls far within its own chan- 
nel, the gulf tide not more than 2 feet at an 
average, penetrates the Atchafalaya above the 
lower raft, and into the Plaquemine to within 
4 miles by the channel from the Mississippi, 
and up the Couitableau to the prairies of Ope- 
lousas. The water of the Atchafalaya, usually 
turbid, becomes very highly pellucid, when 
the outlet from the Mississippi is interrupted 
for some weeks. (See articles Courtableau, 
Teche, Opelousas, and Atacapas.) A long 
expected change in the bed of the Mississip. 
pi above the outlet of Atchafalaya and influx 
of the Red river has taken place recently; 
and the Atchafalaya can no longer be regarded 
as an outlet of the Mississipjii. (See article 
Mississippi and Red River.) • 

Atchafalaya, bay of La. the estuary of the 
river of the same name, an elliptical sheet of 
water 25 ms. from n. w. to s. e. with a 
mean width of about 8 ms. Two long, nar- 
row and low points of land, Point Au Fer to 



ATH 



34 



ATL 



the s. E. and Point Chevreuil to the n. w. i ms. a little n. of w. from Huntsville, and 120 
distant from each other 7 or 8 ms, terminate ms. n. n. e. from Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 58', 
this bay. A bar with 9 feet water extends long. 10° 2' w. from W. C. 



from point to point, but within, and far in 
both rivers above the junction of Atchafalaya 
and Teche, a sufficient depth of water exists 
at all seasons for vessels of any tonnage. 
Bar of Atchafalaya bay is at n. lat. 29° 25', 
long. I4°40'w. fromW. C. The river en- 
ters the N. E. side of the bay. The whole 
adjacent country is a dead level, and grassy 
plain, interrupted with numerous lakes and 
interlocking water courses, and nearly desti- 
tute of timber. The surface so near that of 
the gulf, as to be flooded at every tide. The 
first arable land rises above diurnal tides 
about 5 ms. below the mouth of Teche. 

Athens, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 22 ms. 
N. E. Norridgewock, 45 Augusta, 50 n. Hal- 
lowel, is crossed by the branches of a small 
stream of Kennebeck r. Pop. 1200. 

Athens, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. s. 
Bellows' Falls, 25 n. e. Brattleborough ; con- 
tains 7628 acres, and was first settled 1779. 
It is imeven, with a good soil for grazing, 
and apple trees ; with a native growth of 
beech, birch, bass, maple, ash, hemlock, and 
spruce. A small stream affords mill sites. 
Pop. 415. 

Athens, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. w. side Hud- 
son r. opposite Hudson city, 5 ms. n. Cats- 
kill, 28 s. Albany, is watered by Potock, Cor- 
Icar's and Catskill creeks, has Hoogeberg, 
or High Hill w. but pretty good alluvial soil 
E. with some pine sands. 

Athens, v. extends IJ ms. on the Hudson 
r. and about the same distance w. The chan- 
nel is near the shore ; there is a flat in the r. 
through which a channel is kept open for the 
ferry boats. Pop. 2425. 

Athens, or Tioga Point, p-v. of Bradford 
CO. Pa. is most beautifully situated on the 
point above the junction of the Susquehannah 
and Tioga rs. The village extends in a sin- 
gle street up the peninsula ; the site an undu- 
lating plain, but environed by mountain and 
river scenery. Athens is but little improved, 
but from its proximity to two navigable rivers, 
the fertility of the river soil, and from the pic- 
turesque vicinity, nature has done her part in 
forming a, most inviting residence to man. 
Pop. of the township in 1820, 1108, in 1830, 
1249. Lat. 41° 56' n. 

Athens, p-v. st. jus. and of Franklin col- 
lege, Clarke co. Geo. is situated on the right 
bank of Oconee r. at n. lat. 33° 58', long. W. 
C. 6° 40' w. 85 ms. n. w. from Augusta. 
Franklin college was located here in 1803, 
with a faculty of a president, 4 professors, 
and two tutors, supported by a fund of 
$100,000 bank stock, and 50,000 acres of 
land ; $12,000 were appropriated to purchase 
a library and pliilosophical apparatus. The 
situation has been represented as in an emi- 
nent degree agreeable and healthy. 

Athens, p-v. Fayette co. Ken. by p-r. 33 
ms. from Frankfort. 

Athens, p-v. and st. jus. Limestone co. Ala 



Athens, p-o. Giles co. Vir. by p-r. 265 ms. 
a little s. of w. from Richmond. 

Athens, co. of O. bounded s. by Meigs, 
s. w. by Galia and Jackson, w. by Hocking, 
N. w. by Perry, n. e. by Morgan, e. by Wash- 
ington, and s. e. by O. r. separating it from 
Wood CO. of Vir. The longest line that can be 
drawn over this irregular formed county is di- 
agonal from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms. Mean breadth 
20 ms. and area 800 sq. ms. extending in lat. 
from 39° 5' to 39° 33', and in long, from 4° 44' 
to 5° 30' w. from W. C. The southern margin 
of this CO. declines to the sthrd. and gives 
source to some creeks flowing in that direc- 
tion into O. r. The central and rather most 
extensive section is watered by the Hocking 
r. and its confluents. The Hocking enters at 
the extreme northwestern angle, and flowing 
to the s. e. diagonally over the county falls into 
the O. r. at the extreme southwestern angle. 
The surface of Athens co. of O. is exces- 
sively hilly, but fertile. Chief town, Athens. 
(See Appendix, article Ohio.) 

Athens, p-t, and st. jus. Athens co. O. 
situated on Hocking r. near the centre of the 
CO. 41 ms. a little s. of w. from Marietta, 50 ms. 
e. from Chilicothe ; and by p-r. 73 ms. s. e . 
by E. from Columbus, n. lat. 39° 20', and 
long. 5° 6' w. from W. C. 

Athol, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 ms. n. 
Worcester, 70 w. Boston ; is uneven, with a 
strong soil, and is supplied with water power 
by Miller's r. Pop. 1325. 

Athol, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 18 ms. w. n. w. 
Caldwell, is mountainous, with a poor soil. 
Pop. 909. 

Atkins, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. from 
Phil, and 10 ms. s. w. from Trenton. 

Atkinson, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 79 ms. 
from Augusta. Pop. 418. 

Atkinson, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 4i 
ms. by 5, with 6839 acres, 30 ms. s. w. Ports- 
mouth, 32 s. E. Concord ; has an uneven sur- 
face, with very good soil. First settled 1727. 
Dr. Belknap says that a piece of ground, 7 
or 8 acres, in a meadow, floats when the mea- 
dow is flooded. There is an old and respec- 
table academy here. Pop. 554. 

Atkinson, p-o. Monroe co. Mich, by p-r. 
43 ms. s. w. from Detroit. 

Atlantic Ocean, that great expanse of 
water which separates Africa and Europe 
from America. Under this general term 
very different extremes north and south have 
been understood by writers on Geograhy. In 
the present article we include all the ocean 
surface comprised between a line drawn 
from the extreme southern point of America 
to the extreme southern point of Africa, and 
another line drawn from the western point of 
Nova Zembla, through the islands of Spitz- 
bergen to the coast of Greenland. Thus 
defined, the Atlantic mingles on the s. with the 
great Austral ocean, and to the north with the 
Frozen or Arctic Ocean. In extent, including 



is situated near the centre of the co. about 25 I its seas, the Atlantic spreads over above thirty 



ATL 



35 



ATL 



millions of sq. ms. The narrowest part be- j northern side of the Torrid Zone, is gradu- 
tween the coasts oT Norway and Greenland, ally carried into the Gulf of Mexico, and from 
exceeds one thousand ms. and the widest port i thence by its own weight, rushes towards 
on a line nearly at right angles to its general j the Atlantic between Cuba and Florida, but 
length, something less than five thousand, meeting part of the original stream flowing 
seven hundred ms. from the mouth of thejwestrd. along the northern shores of St Do. 
Senegal to that of Rio Grand del Norte. Itisjmingo and Cuba, the whole body is turned 



far the widest at the northern extreme of the 
two Oceanic connections between the Polar 
regions of the Earth, a circumstance most 
powerfully influential on the respective cli- 
mates of North America and Europe. 

The general phenomena, on the two oppo- 
sing sides of the Atlantic have great resem- 
blance. To the deep indenting of the Baltic 
is opposed the much more extensive Medi- 
terranean composed of Hudson's and Baffin's 
Bays. To the south, relative extent is re- 
versed. To the West Indian Mediterranean 
is opposed that most interesting Gulf between 
Europe and Africa, to which that descriptive 
name has been given, and which has been 
incorporated with the history and science of 
marikind in all ages. But departing from a 
general to a special view, in this article, we 
shall confine ourselves to the features and 
sections of the Atlantic connected with the 
United States. 

By actual calculation, a line drawn from 
the Point of Florida to the Straits of Belle 
Isle deflects from the Meridians of the Earth 
35° fifty-one minutes, say 56° extending 2654 
statute ms. Coast of Africa and Europe from 
Cape Verd of the former, to Cape North of 
the latter, deflects from the meridians 24° 
forty five minutes in a distance of 4232 statute 
ms. These two lines, opening upon each 
other within a small fraction of 11°, enclose 
the great body of the northern Atlantic, and 
if extended to strike the continent of Ameri- 
ca, will include, with the exception of the 
Gulf of Mexico, the sphere of action of that 
immense whirlpool called the Gulf Stream. 

The Earth moving around its axis with a 
maximum of rotation at the equator, and les 
sening, advancing along the meridians. It 
is very remarkable that the equator nearly 
coincides with the deep indenting of Africa 
on the east and the eastern protrusion of 
America on the west, and here, particles on 
the Earth's surface are moved with uniform 
motion estrd. at the hourly rate of 1042 ms. 
nearly. The distance is about 7700 ms. from 
where the equator intersects western Africa 
to the mouth of Rio Grande del Norte, and if 
we assume lOQi) ms. as the mean intermedi- 
ate motion, objects are borne through the in- 
termediate space in about 5 ^ hours. The 
vis iiiertice of matter produces a perpetual 
retardation, which efl^ects a current of rota 
- tion setting from Africa to America in oppo 
sition to the horary motion. This current 
striking the extreme eastern cape of South 
America is divided into two bodies. That to 
the south is wafted and dispersed over the 
Southern Ocean, but that to the north meeting 
the continent of America is deflected north- 
wardly and augmented by accessions from the 



northeastwardly along the coast of the United 
States ; flows thus towards the polar section 
of the Atlantic until again deflected by the 
northern currents, is swept down the coasts 
of Europe and Africa,into its original fountain. 
An opinion prevails, which was once shared 
by the author of this article, that the Gulf 
Stream exerts a great infltience on the cli- 
mate of the United States. Move extensive 
and accurate observation has modified that 
opinion in his individual case. Under the 
general head of United States, it may be seen 
that the wind over the United States, and 
that part of the Atlantic ocean between North 
America and Europe, blows with a uniformity 
from the western points, which vies in steadi- 
ness with those from the eastward within the 
tropics. If, therefore, we f cgard the atmos- 
phere over the Atlantic ocean nthrd. of the 
equator, to n. lat. 50°, we discover two pow- 
erful currents setting in opposite directions 
over the extremes ; and directing our atten- 
tion to the incumbent ocean, we find the 
aquatic current corresponding to the aerial. 
The effects of these phenomena on the cli- 
mate of both continents will be shown under 
the head of climate, under the general article 
United States. 

Commercially, or nautically, to speak in 
more generic terms, the combined effect of 
the Gulf Stream and prevalent western winds 
over the northern Atlantic has had, and as 
long as the present order of things endures, 
must have a most extensive agency in the af- 
fairs of mankind. The share exerted by the 
Gulf stream in the mean period of voyages 
over the Atlantic, has been overrated, whilst 
that of the wind has been in a corresponding 
degree overlooked. The Gulf of Mexico, sve 
have shown, is the great reservoir from, which 
the Gulf Stream is supplied, and the difference 
of level between that reservoir and the Atlan- 
tic ocean e. of the peninsula of Florida, has 
been determined at 3 or 4 feet, by the U. S. 
engineers; who observe in page 39 of their 
report, " should the surveys be perfectly ac- 
curate, the ^evel of low tide in the Gulf would 
be 2 65-100 feet above that of low tide in the 
Atlantic. On another hand it has been shown, 
in describing the surveys relating to the St. 
Mary's route, that the result of the levelling 
has given 3 55-100 for the difference of level 
between the Gulf and the Atlantic. We must 
therefore consider it as probable, that at low 
tide, the elevation of the Gulf at the mouth of 
the Suwannee, is not more than 3 or 4 feet 
above low tide at the entrance of the St. John's 
into the Atlantic, and that such might be the 
limit of the rise caused at this point of the 
Gulf, by the tropical trade wind." 
Such a rise, or double such height, could 



ATL 



36 



AUB, 



not sustain the actual current of the Gulf 
Stream in the Atlantic ocean, unless aided by 
other causes. Such a cause, however, does 
exist in the northern Trade winds. The lat- 
ter current operates so greatly on navigation, 
as to make the mean of voyages from Amer- 
ica to Europe, 23, whilst the mean of those in 
an opposite direction demand 40 days. Such 
is the steadiness and intensity of these west- 
em winds, that the orchards and forests of 
the U. S. are bent towards the Atlantic in the 
U. S. and from it along northwestern Europe. 
{See Art. U. States, head of Climate.) 

The Atlantic coast of the U. S. presents an 
elliptic curve, if taken in its entire extent, 
with three intermediate and similar curves. 
Advancing from south to north, the first par- 
tial curve has its axis from Cape Florida to 
Cape Hatteras, about 700 ms. with an ordinate 
or depth of near 200 ms. the chord deflecting 
from the meridians by an angle of 25°. Issu- 
ing from the Bahama chamiel, the Gulf stream 
flows towards cape Hatteras very nearly along 
the chord of the intermediate bay. 

The second, or middle bay, sweeps from 
cape Hatteras to the outer capes of Massachu- 
setts, 500 ms. with considerably less deflec- 
tion from the meridians, and less comparative 
depth from its chord. The Gulf stream, turn- 
ed from the coast by Cape Hatteras, has its 
axis beyond the capes of Mass, and, indeed, 
more estrd. than the general line of the coast. 
The third, or northern bay of the U. S. is, 
in fact, formed by the coasts of Massachu- 
setts, New Hampshire, Maine, New Bruns- 
wick and Nova Scotia ; therefore, only the 
southwestern part really appertains to the 
U.S. 

The respective coasts of these three phys- 
ical sections of that part of the U. S. border- 
ing on the Atlantic ocean, have each its ap 



where, and at all seasons of the year, exceeds 
the mean temperature of that in the l^nd bays. 
It is evident that the increased height of the 
tide advancing along the coast from south to 
north, arises from the decreased velocity, and 
wider dispersion of the Gulf Stream, as the 
magnitude of the two sets of phenomena is 
reverse to the extremes where they occur. — 
{See Articles Gulf Stream, United States, and 
Gulf of Mexico.) 

Atlas, p-v. in the s. w. part of Pike co. II. 
about 100 ms. following the land route, about 
N. N. w. from St. Louis, and by p-r. 148 ms. n. 
w.by w. from Vandalia. 

Atsion, v. Gloucester co. N. J. CO ms. s. e. 
Philadelphia. 

Attica, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. 
Batavia, 250 w. Albany, is watered by Tone- 
wanta cr. and branches. It has a pleasant v. 
on the cr. and much timber. Pop. 1830, 
2,492. 

Attica, p-v. in the n. part of Seneca co. O. 
by p-r. 92 ms. northwardly from Columbus. 

Attleborough, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 29 
ms. s. w. Boston, 9 n. Providence, has 3 p-vs. 
is furnished with water power by a branch of 
Pawtucket r. and has many manufactories. 
The Falls cotton factory was incorporated 
in 1813, cap. $100,000. This was an early 
settlement on the frontier of King Philip's 
country, and was exposed to much difficutly 
with the Indians, in his war. Pop. 1830, 
3,219. 

Attleborough, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. 
N. E. from Phil, and 10 ms. s. w. from Trenton. 
Atwater, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 137 
ms. N. E. from Columbus. 

Auburn, p-v. and cap. in the t. of Aurelius, 
Cayuga co. N. Y. on the outlet of Owasco 
lake, is very pleasant and flourishing; 175 
ms. w. Albany, 7 s. Erie Canal. It contains 



propriate and very distinct character. The the county buildings, and one of the state 



rivers of the southern bay flow geperally from 
N. w. to s. E. with narrow and shallow mouths, 
made in a low, flat, and inundated coast. The 
harbors are shallow, and tides moderate and 
not exceeding a mean of 5 feet. 

The rivers of the second bay mingle with 
the tides in wide sounds, and one, the Hudson, 
carries its tides inland beyond the Appalachi- 
an system of mts. The tides are along this 
coast of increased elevation, having an ave- 
rage of perhaps 7 feet. The solid land ceases, 
gradually, advancing northwardly, to be inun- 
dated by the Ocean tides or river floods, to 
any great extent. 

The third bay presents phenomena, in a 
very striking manner distinct. The coast be. 
comes more bold, and the general slope 
more abrupt. Though the tides so enor- 
mously increase in height as to exceed a 
mean of 25 feet, yet this great swell is arrest- 
ed within from 15 to 30 ms. from the coast. 

Opposite to the United States, the Atlantic 
ocean no where deepens very rapidly, but on 
the contrary, admits soundings in every place 
near the shores. From the course and origin 
«f the Gulf Stream, the ocean water every 



prisons, the wall of which is of hammered 
limestone and encloses 5 acres, on the bank of 
Owasco cr. whose water moves the machine- 
ry of the prison. Earnings, the year ending 
Sept. 30, 1831, $36,209 14 cts. Expendit- 
ures, $34,405 61. Balance in favor of the 
prison, $1,803 83. Receipts, .$43,762 81. 
Number of convicts, Dec. I, 1831, 646, 60 of 
whom were received from the Sing-Sing pris- 
on. Of 133 discharged that year, 95 had been 
intemperate. Of the number remaining, 209 
were grossly intemperate, 258 regular drink- 
ers, occasionally intoxicated, 132 temperate 
drinkers. Of these, 346 were imder the in- 
fluence of ardent spirits at the time of the 
commission of their crimes. The labor per- 
formed is on contracts, chiefly for the city of 
New-York. It has been occupied about 12 
years. Only 2 suicides have occurred. Ser- 
vice is performed in the chapel on the sab- 
bath, and a Sunday school is kept by the stu- 
dents of the theological seminary of the 
Presbyterian church, which is established at 
Auburn. Pop. 1830, 4,486. 

Auburn, p-v. in the s. w. part of Geauga co. 
O. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. from Columbus. 



AUG 



37 



AUR 



Auburn, p-v. Oakland co. Mich, byp-r. 30 
ins. N. w. from Detroit. 

Augusta, p-t. and cap. Kennebec co. RIe 
and cap. of the state ; 2 ms. n. Hallowell, 56 
N. E. Portland, the third in the state in Pop. 
(increase in 10 yrs. 61 pr. ct.) is divided by 
Kennebec r. 47 ms. from its mouth, across 
which is a bridge. The v. is on an elevated 
plain and a declivity near the r. and contains 
the state house, county buildings, 60 stores, 
3 churches, an academy, &c. Vessels of 100 
tons come up to this place, the head of sloop 
navigation. The state house, somewhat re 
semblcs that at Boston, but is smaller. It 
stands on Capitol Hill, e. front 150 feet, with 
2 wings of 33 feet, and 54 deep ; central part, 
84 feet and 56 deep. It is of granite — and 8 
Doric columns, also of granite, 21 feet high, 
weighing 10 tons each, form a portico of 89 
feet, one story. The dome is 54 feet square, 
with a cupola. Extreme height, 114 feet 2 
in. The back country is very extensive and 
fertile. Pop. 1830, 3,980. The Kennebec 
road, hence to Quebec, was travelled in 1831, 
in carriages, in 3 days. 

Augusta, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 17 ms. s. w. 
Utica, 6 ms. by 7. Oriskany, Oneida, and 
Shanando creeks, furnish mill-seats. The 
surface is gently swelling, with a pretty good 
soil for grain and grass. First settled, 1794. 
Pop. 1830, 3,058. 

Augusta, p-v. Frankford, Sussex co. N. J. 
79 ms. N. from Trenton. 

Augusta, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. by 
p-r. 57 ms. n. from Harrisburg. 

Augusta, city once seat of govt. Georgia, 
and St. jus. Richmond co. situated on the 
right bank of Savannah r. 120 ms. n. w. from 
the city of Savannah, n. lat. 33°, 28', long. 
w. from W. C. 4°, 58'. Pop. 1820, 4,000 ; 
1830, 6,690. 

Augusta co. Va. lying w. from the Blue 
Ridge, is bounded s. w. by Rockbridge, w. by 
Bath, N. w. by Pendleton, n. e. by Rocking- 
ham, and s. E. by the Blue Ridge, or Albe- 
marle and Nelson. It lies in form of a square 
of about jO ms. each side, of course, contains 
about 900 sq. ms. The surface is broken, 
and in part mountainous, and elevated at a 
mean of about 1200 ft. above the Atlantic 
ocean, n. lat. 38°, and long 2° w. from W. 
C. intersect in the s. e. part of this county. 
Though some of the higher creeks of James 
r. rise in and flow s. from Augusta, the body 
of the CO. is drained by the confluents of the 
Shenandoah. The soil is productive in small 
grain, and the principal staple is flour. Chief 
town, Staunton. Pop. 1820, 1 6,742 ; in 1830, 
19,926. 

Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Miss. 
situated on Leaf r. or the w. branch of Pas. 
eagoula, 160 ms. a little s. of e. from Natch- 
ez, and by p-r. 137 ms. s. e. from Jackson. 
N. lat. 31°, 12', long. 12°, 12' w. from W. C. 

Augusta, p-v. in the s. w. part of Columbia- 
na CO. O. by p-r. 141 ms. n. e. from Columbus. 

Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Bracken co. Ky. 
situated on Ohio r. on an elevated bank, af- 



fording a very pleasing site. n. lat. 38°, 45', 
long, from W. C. 7° w. Distant about 70 
ms. N. e. from Frankfort. 

Augusta Springs, p-o. Augusta co. Va. 17 
ms. N. N. w. from Staunton, and by p-r. l37 
ms. N. w. by w. from Richmond. 

Augustine, St., city of Flor. situated on the 
Atlantic shore of that ter. opposite the n. ex- 
tremity of the isl. of Anastasia, n. lat. 29° 48', 
long. w. from W. C. 4°, 31'. This is the old- 
est city of either the U. S. or Canada, having 
been founded by the Spaniards in 1565, up- 
wards of forty years before the establish- 
ment of the English at Jamestown. It is 
situated on a plain, resting on a limestone 
base, along a safe and commodious harbor^ 
with a depth of water from 28 to 30 feet, at 
low tide. The following notice appeared in 
the Nat. Intelligencer, Oct. 17, 1825, and 
from the importance of this city and harbor, 
is inserted entire in this Gazetteer. " The 
entrance is covered outside by sand banks 
and rocks, extending out more than one third 
of a league, between which, there are open- 
ings and passes which form the channel lead- 
ing to the interior of the harbor. The south 
channel is the one vessels generally enter. 
There is not less than from 20, 25, to 30 ft. of 
water at low tide ; but before you enter this 
channel you have to pass a bar, over which 
there is not more than 9 ft. water, at low tide. 
You can moor your ship outside the bar, and 
wait till the tide comes in. This pass can ea- 
sily be distinguished by the breaking of the 
sea on the rocks s. and n. and thereby plainly 
marking out the passage, which is at least 
300 fathoms wide. After passing the bar 
you find from 18 to 20 ft. water. You will 
range along the island oi Anastasia, within 2 
cables lengths ; you may anchor near the n. e. 
point, opposite a battery, in 26 ft. water, with- 
in one cable's length and a half of the land. 
You double the n. point of the island, and 
then come to anchor before the town. These 
passes and entrances into the harbor are very 
advantageously situated ; for all the vessels 
coming from Mexico. Louisiana, and Havan- 
na, are obliged to pass through the Bahama 
chaimel, at a short distance from St. Augus- 
tine, the port of which can be made with 
ease." Pop. 1830, 1,377. 

AuRELius, p-t. and cap. Cayuga co. N. Y. 
between Cayuga and Owasco lakes, 159 ms. 
w. Albany, contains no streams except the 
outlets of these lakes. Agriculture is pros- 
perous. There are 3 villages, Auburn, Cay- 
uga, and Union Springs. Pop. 1830, 2,767. 

Aurora, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
2,423 ; 171 ms. w. from Albany. 

Aurora, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
2,421. 

Aurora, p-v.Dearbon co. Ind. about 25 ms. 
wstrdly. from Cincinnati, and by p-r. 102 ms. 
a little e. of s. e. from Indianopolis. 

Aurora, p-v. in the northern part of Port- 
age CO. O. 15 m. N. N. w. from Ravenna, the 
St. jus. and by p-r. 131 ms. n. e. from Colum- 
bus. 



BAG 



38 



BAG 



Au-Sable, p-v. Essex co. N. Y. 167 ms. n. 
Albany. 

AusTERLiTZ, p.t. Columbia co. N. Y. 17 ms. 
E. Hudson, 130 e. s. e. Albany ; has a broken 
surface, with a moist, loamy soil, and is cross- 
ed by Klinekill and Green r. a branch of 
Housatonic r. It has two villages, Green 
River, and Spencertown. Pop. 1830, 2,245. 
AosTiNBURG, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. from 
Columbus. 

Autauga, one of the central counties of 
Ala. bounded e. by Coosa r. s. by Alabama r. 
w. by Dallas, Perry, and Bibb cos. and n. by 
Shelby. It approaches a square of 32 ms. each 
side, with an area exceeding 1000 sq. ms. 
Surface very varied and broken, with a soil as 
varied ; that along the rivers of first rate qual- 
ity, but deteriorating from thence to sterile 
ridges. Staple, cotton. Beside the two fine 
rivers which form the eastern and southern li- 
mits, this county is drained by the Autauga and 
other large creeks, mostly flowing sthrd. into 
the Alabama r. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 
1820, 3,853, in 1830, 11,784. Central lat. 
32° 35' N. long. w. from W. C. 9° 35'. 

AvENTSviLLE, p-v. Nash CO. N. C. by p-r. 
44 ms. estrd. from Raleigh. 

AvERiLL, t. Essex CO. Vt. has a broken sur- 
face and a very sterile soil. It is 6 ms. square, 
and is watered by a branch of Nolhegan r. 
with several streams which fall into Connect- 
icut r. and others flowing into Canada. 

AvERYSBOROUGH, p-v. Cumberland co. N. C. 
situated on the left bank of Cape Fear r. 25 
ms. N. N. E. from Fayetteville, and about 40 
ms. s. from Raleigh. 

Avery's Gore, Addison co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 
33. 

Avery's Gore, Franlilin co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 
22. 

Avon, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 35 ms. N. 
from Norrldgewock, 50 ms. n. n. w. from Au- 
gusta, on Sandy r- Pop. in 1830, 745. 

Avon, p-t. Hartford co. Comi. 10 ms. w. 
Hartford, w. Talcott mtn. has much good 
level land on the banks of Farmington r. 
Fop. 1830, 1,025. 

Avon, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. e. Ge- 
nesee, 21 w. Canandaigua, E. Genesee r. s. 
Honeyco creek, is well watered by these 
streams and their tributaries, and contains 
some of the best land in the state, as it in- 
cludes a tract of the alluvion on Genesee r. 
Boats go down to Rochester and the Erie 
canal, 20 ms. Pop. 1830, 2362. 

Avon, p-v. in the N. e. part of Lorraine co. 
O. by p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. from Columbus. 



Avoyelles, prairie and parish. La. bounded 
by Opelousas, e. by Atchafalaya, Mississip- 
pi, and Red r. n. by Red r. w. parish of Ra- 
pide, s. w. by part of Opelousas. The ex- 
treme length from the mouth of Bayou Rouge, 
to that of the Ouchitta r. is about 40 ms. The 
breadth from e. to w. a mean of 20 ms. hav- 
ing an area of 800 sq. ms. Avoyelles de- 
signates a district of country composed of two 
unequal and very different bodies of land. 
The western part is a plain, elevated 15 or 
20 feet above the highest flood of the adja- 
cent rivers. This comparative table land 
rises at once and on all sides, from the annu- 
ally inundated low lands, but is nevertheless 
an almost undeviating plain, of tolerable good 
soil, covered in part by forest, but in great 
part prairie. Below the prairie plain, ex- 
pands the uninhabitable overflow, forming 
more than two thirds of the whole parish. 
This overflowed tract is so uniform in its ge- 
neral features, as to admit little variety of 
description. We may therefore refer to arti- 
cle " Atchafalaya," for a view of the Avoyel- 
les overflow. 13ayou de Glaize, one of the 
outlets of Red r. flows to the estrd. passing 
the southern extremity of the Avoyelles table 
land, and by a very winding course, falls into 
the Atchafalaya. By the Bayou de Glaize, a 
belt of soil is carried across the deeper inun- 
dation, which, except at very high floods, 
admits a road from Avoyelles to Red r. This 
tortuous zone contributes in part to produce a 
phenomenon very remarkable, and yet very 
little known even in Louisiana. The far 
greater share of the amiual flood of Red r. 
is prevented by the banks of the de Glaize, 
from flowing sthrd. towards Opelousas, but is 
thus directed southeastward, into the outlet 
of the Atchafalaya, and again on the opposite 
side of the Mississippi, the incumbent water 
is in a similar manner turned wstrd. so that 
the entire body of flood brought down by both 
rivers is forced into a passage of at most 5 
miles wide. This accumulation of water 
above the Bayou de Glaize, however, contri- 
butes to render that part of Avoyelles in a 
particular manner exposed to suf/rnersion. 
On the habitable table land, the staple is cot- 
ton — the port of the settlement, Red r. Pop. 
in 1820, 2245, in 1830, 3484. n. lat. 31°, 
and w. long, i'rom W. C. 13°, intersect near 
the centre of this parish. 

Ayletts, p-o. King William co. Va. by p-r. 
about 36 ms. n. e. from Richmond. It is situ- 
ated near the right bank of Mattapony r. op- 
posite Dunkirk.' 



B. 



Bacheldor, t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. w. i and by p-r. 154 ms. n. w. by w. from Colum- 
Paris, E. New Hampshire, and" just south bia. 
Androscoggin r. has several mtns. but no 
streams. 

Bachelor's Retreat, p-v. Picken's dist. S. 
C. 90 ms. a little ». of w. from Pendleton, 



Back Creek Valley, p-o. Frederick co. 
Va. by p-r. 88 ms. wstrd. from W. C. 

Baggs, p-v. Mcintosh co. Geo. by p-r. 1 30 ms. 
s, E. from Milledgeville, and 35 from Darien. 



BAK 



39 



BAL 



Bahama Channel, a narrow sea or sound be- 
tween Florida and the Bahama Islands. This 
sound is usually considered as commencing to 
the sthrd. about n. lat. 24°, where the Florida 
and Santerim channels unite, and thence ex- 
tending due n. to Matinilla Reef, about N. lat. 
28°. The entire length 280 ms. with a ge- 
neral width of 60 ms. The Bahama channel 
is a great ocean river, formed by the Gulf 
Stream flowing estrd. between Cuba and 
Florida, and which meeting the current from 
the Santerim channel, the whole turns north- 
ward, and flows with a velocity from 2 to 5 
ms. per hour, between the Florida coast, and 
the numerous keys, islands and shoals, known 
under the general name of Bahama. When 
the winds are from any southern point, the 
navigation of Bahama channel is delightful, 
but on the contrary, when northern winds 
meet and contend with the powerful current 
of this sound, the waves of the sea are in a 
peculiar manner dreadful. 

Baileysburg, p-v. Surrey co. Va. by" p-r. 
72 ms. s. E. from Richmond. 

Bainbridge, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 
ms. s. Norwich, 110 w. Albany ; contains 
48,000 acres. It is crossed diagonally by 
Susquehaunah r. and has 3 post-offices. It 
has a good soil, well watered, and little waste 
land. Bainbridge v. w. Susquehaunah. r. is 
pleasant. Pop. in 1830, .3040. 

Bainbridge, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. situated 
on the left bank of Susquehannah r. opposite 
the mouth of the southern Conewago creek, 
18 ms. below Harrisburg, and about the same 
distance a little n. of w. from Lancaster, 

Bainbridge, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 
88 ms. northward from Miiledgeville. 

Bainbridge, p-v. situated on the left bank 
of Tennessee r. 5 ms. above, but on the con- 
trary side from Florence, and in the n. e an- 
gle of Franklin co. Ala. 100 ms. n. from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Baird's Forge, p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 
187 ms. w. from Raleigh. 

Bairds or Bairdstown, p-v. and st. jus. 
Nelson co. Ky. situated near the Buck Fork 
of Rolling r. 41 ms. s. s. e. from Louisville, 
and 47 ms. s. w. from Frankfort, n. lat. 37° 
48^ long. w. from W. C. 8° 25'. Pop. in 1820, 
about 600, in 1830, 1629. 

Baker's River, Grafton, co. N. H. unites 
with Pemigewasset r. near Plymouth v. 

Baker's Island, Essex co. Mass. of Salem 
harbor. 

Baker's Falls, on Hudson r. Sandy Hill t. 
Washington co. N. Y. about 100 ms. from the 
source of- the r. and 44 above tide. The de- 
scent, including the upper and lower Falls, 
and the rapids is here 70 feet in 100 rods. 
The dam nt Fort Edward has raised the water 
10 feet at the foot of the falls. 

Baker County, Geo. bounded w. by Early, 
N. w. by Randolph, n. by Lee, n. e. by Doo- 
ley, e. by Irwin and Thomas, and s. by Deca- 
tur. Length 43 ms. breadth 35. Area 1500 
sq. ms. Flint r. traverses Baker diagonally, 
from N. E. to s. w. It is a new, and in great 



part, unsettled tract, extending in lat. from 
31° 7' to 31° 43', and in long, from 7° 10' to 
7° 45' w. from W. C. Chief town, Byron. 
(For pop. see appendix, Georgia.) 

Bakersfield, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. 
N. E. Burlington, 38 n. n. w. Montpelier ; con- 
tains 26,000 acres, and was first settled about 
1789. It is hilly, with a productive soil, 
bearing much hard wood, and watered by 
Black creek and other streams of Missiscoui 
r. with few mill sites. Pop. in 1830, 1087. 

Bakerstown, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 ms. 
from Pittsburg on the Butler road. 

Bakerstown, p-v. Burke co. N.C. by p-r. 
220 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Balcony Falls and p-o. in the western part 
of Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 153 ms. w. 
from Richmond, and 210 s. w. by w. from 
W. C. 

Bald Eagle, chain of Appalachian system 
of mtns. in Pa. extends in'a direction nearly 
n.e. and s. w. between the main and west 
branch of Susquehannah r. separating Nor- 
thumberland and Columbia cos. from Lyco- 
ming, and stretching into Luzerne. 

Bald Eagle, large creek or river, of Cen- 
tre and Lycoming cos. Pa. rises by numerous 
branches in the former, which by a general 
course of n.e. imite, antl entering Lycoming, 
fall into the w. branch of the Susquehannah, 
at Dunnstown, after a comparative course of 
50 ms. 

Bald Eagle, p-v. Lycoming, co. Pa. by p-r. 
126 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Bald Head, cape, Me. in long. 70° 35', lat. 
43° N. 

Bald PIill, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 39 
ms. from Augusta. 

Baldridge's p-o. Buncombe co. N.C. by p-r. 
283 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Baldwin, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. 
N. w. Portland, 80 w. s. w. Augusta, w. Seba- 
go pond, N. Saco r. Pop. in 1830, 947. 
Baldwin, p-v. Tioga co. N. Y. 
Baldwin co. Geo. on both sides Oconee r. 
having Putnam and Hancock n. Hancock n. e. 
Washington s. e. Wilkinson s. and Jones w. 
Length from w. to e. 18 miles, mean breadth 
12, and area 216 sq. ms. The face of the 
country rolling, and soil second rate gene- 
rally, though some of first rate skirts the 
streams. Pop. in 1820, 5665, (for 1830, see 
appendix, Georgia.) n. lat. 33° traverses the 
southern extremity of this county, and the 
centre is about 6° 20' w. from W.C. Chief 
town, Milledgeville, the seat of government 
of the state of Georgia. 

Baldwin co. Ala. bounded by Perdido r. 
or Escambia co. in Flor. e. and s. e., by Co- 
necuhco, in Ala. n. e., by Munroe n., Ala- 
bama r. n. w.. Mobile r. and bay w., and s 
by the Gulf of Mexico. In a direction from 
N. to s. in Tanner's map of the U. S. this co. 
is 72 ms. in length, with a mean width of 28, 
and an area of 2,000 sq. ms. Along the riv. 
ers there is some good land, but taken as a 
whole, this county is sterile. The surface 
rises very gradually, from the sandy plain near 



BAL 



40 



BAL 



the Gulf of Mexico, to the interior pine ridg- 
es. Staple, Cotton. It oxtcncis from n. lat. 
30° 13' to 31° 16', and is traversed by long. 
11° w. from W. C. Chief town, Blakeloys. 
Pop. 1820, 1,713, and in 1830, 3,324. 

Baldwin's Cross Roads, p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md. on the road from W. C. to Annapolis, 
48 ms. from the former, and 12 from the lat- 
ter place. 

Baldwinsville, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 
59 ms. from Boston. 

Ballston, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
N. Albany, about 5 ms. square, is principally 
on an elevated, open, champaign country, 
with gentle swells — the soil a strong gravelly 
loam, and some sand and clay. It produces 
grass and grain, orchards, and numerous fo- 
rest trees. It has Ballston lake or Long pond, 
s. E. 4 ms. long, 90 rods wide. Tlie outlet 
and Mournkill are the principal streams, 
which supply a few mills. There is a small 
post-village, with an academy and a high 
school. This place was an early settlement, 
and was attacked and burnt by a party of In 
dians from Canada, during the Revolution. 
The Ballston Springs are not in this township, 
but in the neighboring one of Milton. Pop 
1830,2,113. 

Ballston Spa, p-v. t. of Milton, and cap. 
•Saratoga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Waterford, 
.7 s. w. Saratoga Springs, 15 n. Schenectady, 
26 N. by. w. from Albany. 

Ballard's Bridge, and p-o. in the northern 
;part of Chowan co. N. C. 16 ms. n. from Eden- 
'ton ; and by p-r. 268 ms. sthrd. from VV. C. 
and 155 ms. n. e. by e. from Raleigh. 

Ballardsville, p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. 
:390 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. 

Ballardsville, p-v. w. part of Oldham co. 
'Ky. 31 ms. n. by w. from Frankfort. 

Baltimore, t. AVindsor co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 
179. 

Baltimore co. Md. bounded by Chesapeake 
Bay, s. E., Patapsco r. separating it from Ann 
Arundel co. s. w., Frederick co. Md. w., 
York CO. Pa. n., and Harford co. Md. n. e. 
^Greatest length from s. e. to n. w. 36 ms. 
mean width, 25 ms. and area, 900 sq. ms. 
It extends in lat. from 39° 12' to 39° 42^' n. ; 
and in long, from 0° 7' w, to 0° 39' e. from 
W. C. 

This county contains two natural sections 
in itself, being very nearly commensurate I 
with the vallies of Gunpowder and Patapscoj 
rivers. The surface is finely varied ; no part, 
is mountainous, but the greater jiart is hilly. 
The great primitive ledge, which, except in 
the St. Lawrence and Hudson, arrests the At- 
lantic tides, traverses Baltimore county, leav- 
ing a minor section of sea-sand alluvionbe- 
tween the bays of Gunpowder and Patapsco. 
Though the section below the head of the 
tides is not very broken, it is far from level. 
Above the head of tide water the country 
rises, and the hills in many places are eleva- 
ted, and near the streams abrupt. The gene- 
ral surface at Reislerstown, 17 ms. n. w. from 
Baltimore, has gained a relative elevation of. 



500 feet, and at the sources of the Patapsco 
and Patuxent, along the southeastern foot of 
the dividing ridge between Baltimore and 
Frederick counties, the farms are about 800 
feet above tide water. This diftcrence of 
height produces a very sensible difference of 
temperature. At and near Baltimore, spring 
time and harvest are from a week to 10 days 
in advance of similar seasons at the western 
and northwestern parts of the county. This 
and the two adjacent coimties, P"'rederick and 
Ann Arundel, afford a very central example 
of the middle climate of the United States, on 
and near the Atlantic ocean. The great va- 
riety in the soil and sensible extremes of tem- 
perature arising from relative level, are pro- 
ductive of a corresponding diversity of vege- 
table genera and species. To enumerate the 
cultivated plants of Baltimore co. alone, would 
be to give a list of almost every vegetable 
reared in the middle climate of the United 
States. 

In commercial rank and importance, Balti- 
more county is a very interesting section of 
the U. S., and one that is rapidly increasing 
in wealth and population. Beside the rising 
city of Baltimore, the great Western rail-way 
now in progress, will pass along the whole 
southwestern margin of this county. This 
interesting work has been already extended 
to the city of Frederick, and Point of Rocks 
on Potomac river, 71 ms. But a recurrence 
to the census of the city and county of Balti- 
more, gives the most decisive evidence of 
the augmentation of both within the last ten 
years. Pop. 1820, exclusive of the city, 33,. 
463, and in 1830, 40,250. In 1820, aggregate 
of city and county, 96,201, but in 1830 it had 
risen to 120,870, and yielded an increase of 
126 per cent. The county now, 1832, no 
doubt contains 136 to the sq. m. 

Baltimore city, port of entry, p-t. and st. 
jus. Baltimore co. Maryland, is situated on 
the primitive ledge, and on a small creek or 
bay of Patapsco r. 14 ms. above its mouth in- 
to Chesapeake bay, 38 ms. n. e. from W. C. 
within a small fraction of 100 ms. sthrd. from 
Phil., and by p-r. 30 ms. a little w. ofN. from 
Annapolis. N. lat. 39° 17', long. 0° 26' e. 
from W. C. 

Baltimore, named from the title of the ori- 
ginal founder of Maryland, stands on an ad- 
mirably well chosen site, at the head of the 
tide. The city^ similar in that respect to 
Philadelphia, occupies in part the margin of 
primitive rock. The northern and most ele- 
vated part of the ground plan, is composed of 
rounded hills, rising to 80 or 100 feet above 
tide level. The slope from the alluvial sec- 
tion of the city, now the basin, is not regular, 
but is in no place very abrupt. The lower 
part rests on a real recent alluvion, around a 
basin into which only vessels of 200 tons can 
enter. Southward from the main body of the 
city, and over the bagin, rises a conical hill, 
on which stands Fort Mc'Henry, the citadel 
of Baltimore, and below which the harbor 
widens and deepens, so as to admit ships of 



BAL 



41 



BAN 



600 tons bnrthen to Foil's Point, or the lower 
and soutbonstern part of the city. 

Connected with the adjacent country by 
only tho ordinary roads, Baltimore is well 
situated for internal commerce. It is more 
contiguous to the valley of Ohio, to all western 
Maryland, and also to a large section of Pa. 
than is Phil, and having the advantage of a 
more southern climate, the harbor of tho 
former, is not so liable as that of the lat- 
ter to annual obstructions from ico. In ship- 
ping tonnage Baltimore is the third city in 
rank in tho the United States. The buildings, 
public and private, vie in elegance with those 
of Phil., New York, or Boston. There are 
within tho city between thirty and forty 
places of public worship ; an exchange, 
several splendid hotels, and two monuments. 
The battle monument, in N. Calvert street, is 
a chaste obelisk. Washington's monument 
rising in the intersection between N. Charles 
and Monument streets, is by far tho most 
magnificent cdilice in tho U. 8. of that class. 
It is surmounted by a colossal statue of the 
Father of his country. This imposing figure 
is visible from tho surrounding country, at 
an immense number of different points ; and 
is an honor to tho city. 

There are in Baltimore 10 banks, 4 market 
houses, a prison, the state penitentiary, 
museum, library, three theatres, a great 
number of private schools, and two colleges. 

Of the edifices and institutions of Baltimore 
those of the most decided utility, are those 
dedicated to education, and of these, the 
most remarkable are Baltimore, and St. 
Mary's colleges. In 1807, a medical col- 
lege was founded, but subsequently connect- 
ed with tho university of Maryland. All 
those institutions arc in activity. St. Mary's 
college belongs to tho Roman Catholics, 
and is in a flourishing state. The following 
notices of this school may be regarded as 
orticial, as they are extracts from an address 
to the public, dated the 3d March, 1831, and 
undersigned by Samuel Eccleston, the pres- 
ident. 

"In the month of January, 1805, this insti- 
tution was raised to the rank of ' University 
of Maryland,' and vested with power to hold 
public commencements and grant degrees." 

" St. Mary's college enjoys the advantage 
of a most healthful and pleasant situation, in 
the most northwestern part of the city of 
Baltimore. The buildings are sufiicient for 
the accommodation of one hundred and fifty 
boarders, and afford the facility of appropria- 
ting a separate room to each cla.ss of the 
various literary departments." 

"The system of instruction embraces the 
various arts and sciences usually taught in 
the most extensive colleges. Latin, Greek 
and the Mathematics, are considered as the 
ground work of general scholarship." 

From the residue of the address, too lengthy 
for insertion in this Gazetteer, it appears, that 
the means of a complete classical and liberal 



education, are all embraced in this College. 
Boarding is at f 140, for full and $70 for half 
boarders,annually. Tuition per annum, ^60, 
paid half yearly in advance. Day scholare $15 
per quarter ; and entrance fee $5. 

The manners of the people of Baltimore 
aro those of business and industry. Habits 
of mere pleasure or amusement, have gained 
but little force. In literary acquirement the 
people of this city are perhaps in the rear of 
some others of the large commercial capitals 
of the U. S., but certainly in advance of their 
modest claims. In solid prosperity, Balti- 
more has probably no second in the United 
States. The advance of this emporium ia 
best seen by a single glance on the following 
table of progressive population. 

In 1790 - . 13,503 

1800 - . - 26,514 
1810 - - 35,583 

1820 - - - 62,738 
1830 - - 80,625 

This table shows an increase of nearly 600 
per cent in 40 years, and if the ratio of in- 
crease in tho decennial period from 1820, to 
■1830, has been preserved, this city now (April 
1832) contains about 85,000. 

Baltimore, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. 
containing a population of 2176, by the cen- 
sus of 1830. 

Baltimore, a small village in the middle 
and eastern part of Fauquier co. Va. about 
50 m. a little s. of w. from W. C. 

Banesbridge, and p-o. in the northern part 
of Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 5 m. nthrd. 
rom Rockingham, the co. seat, and 108 ms. 
s. w. from Raleigh. 

Bangor, p-t. and cap. Penobscot co. Me. w. 
side Penobscot r. 35 m. N. Castine, 66 n. h. 
Augusta, 52 from Owl's Head point, a cape 
of Penobscot bay, is the most flourishing 
town in the state. The place was a wilder- 
ness 30 years since. It stands at the head of 
navigation, and is easily accessible except in 
the winter. The Maine charity school, a 
theological seminary, was established here 
in 1815, and prepares young men for the desk. 
The course of study embraces 4 years. There 
is also a mechanic association. Bangor is 
destined to be tho centre of business within 
the state, for more than half of Me., and it 
will command the trade of 9000 sq. ms. or 
more than i without competition. The 
water power in the vicinity is said to be 
superior to that of any other town in the U. S. 
Great expectations are entertained of the 
growth of this place. The increase of Pop. 
lietween 1820 and 1830, was about 130 per 
cent, and the surrounding regions have been 
rapidly peopled from different parts of the 
country, though the greater part of the Pe- 
nobscot valley is still unoccupied. When the 
lumber shall have been removed, the soil will 
be arable and valuable. The following re- 
capitulation, the exports of one year, will 
show the importance of this branch of busi- 
ness to 'he place- 



BAR 

Boards, plank tStjoiste, surveyed 23,473,180 ft. 
Do. Bhippod without survey, 3,354,000 

26,827,180 



' ^ BAR 

stone are found. The soil is hard and dry and 

gonernlly not good for tillage, except along 
the streams. The grazing is good, and con- 
eidarnble butter and choese are sent to mar- 
ket, as well as cattle and sheep. Oak, chest- 
nut, sugar, maple, beech, pine, &c. were 
formerly abundant, but have been destroyed 
partly by fire and wind. Still r. and another 
main branch of Farmington r. supply mill 
seats. First settled, 1744. Pop. 1830, 1715. 

Barksdale, p-v. in the western part of 
Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 246 ms. s. w. from W. 
C. and 156 s. w. by w. from Richmond. 

Barnard, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, 37 s. Montpelier, lies between 
Queechy and White rs. and has a pond of 100 
acres, near the centre. Locust cr. and oth- 
er streams afford mill seats. There is a 
small V. in the centre ; and in th6 e. part,a bog 
of marl. First settled, 1744. Pop. 1830, 1881. 

Barnard's Station, p-o. Buncombe co, N. 
C. about 200 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Barnegat, v. Poughkeepsic, Duchess co. 
N. Y. is remarkable for the large quantities 
of limestone which is burnt and transported 
to different parts of the U. S. 

Barnegat, bay and inlet, Monmouth co. N. 
J. N. lat. 39° 47' ; long. 74° 13' w. The bay 
is about 20 ms. long, separated from the 
ocean by a beach, and united with it by the 
Inlet. 

Barnes's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Geo. by 
p-r. 33 ms. w. from Milledgeville. 

Barnestown or Barnesville, p-v. in the 
northwestern part of Montgomery co. Md. on 
the road from W. C. to New Market, 15 ms. 
s. E. by E. from Frederick, and by p-r. 40 ms. 
n. n. w. from W. C. 

Barnesville, p-v. in the western part of 
Belmont co. O. 30 ms. s. w. by w. from Wheel- 
ing in Ohio co. Va. and by p-r. 297 ms. n. w. 
by w. a little w. from W. C. and 128 ms. e. 
from Columbus. Pop. 1830, 408. 

Barnet, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. w. Connect- 
icut r. opposite Lyman, N. H. 35 ms. e. Mont- 
pelier, 65 N. Windsor, contains 40 sq. ms. has 
Passumpsic and Stevens' rs. which supply 
mills, particularly Stevens' mills, where the 
fall is 100 feet in 10 rods. The 15 m. falls 
of Connecticut r. are in this town, and below 
them are 21 islands, one of which contains 90 
acres. The soil is generally rich, and good 
for grazing and tillage. There is much slate, 
and some iron ore. Boats come up Connect- 
icut r. to this place. There are 3 ponds, 1 of 
100 acres. Pop. 1830, 1,764. 

Barnett's Mills and p-o. Fauquier co. Va. 
by p-r. 56 ms. wstrd. from W. C. 

Barneysville, p-v. Bristol co. Mass. 43 
ms. from Boston. 

Barns' Mills and p-o. western part of Mo- 
nongalia CO. Va. by p-r. 233 ms. n. w. by w. a 
little w. from W. C. 

Barnstable co. Mass. is the easternmost 



This item, at $8,14 the thousand, amounts 
to $-218,471 ; besides which 4338 tons oftim- 
ber, at $2,75, 99,671 feet ranging timber at 
$•2,50, shingles, clapboards and laths to the 
value of ^96,0O0, and staves, oars, and other 
email lumber to the value of $7,000 more, 
make a total sum of $335,891. 

The transportation employs many vessels, 
their own, and from other districts also. 
Building goes on fast, but rents arc high. 
Above 3,000,000 bricks were made in 1831. 
Abridge crosses the Kenduskeag. 4 church- 
cs have been built in 3 years, and a jail and 
court h. are intended to bo built this season. 
Navigation in the summer, and sleighing in 
the winter, give great activity to the place. 
Pop. 1830, 2,867. 

Bangor, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 210 ms. 
from Albany, 6 ms. by 48, is but little settled, 
has a sandy loam,bearing beech, maples, bass,' 
elm, cherry and cedar. Little Salmon r. is 
the principal stream. Pop. 1830, 1,076. 

Banister, r. of Va. rising by numerous 
branches in Pittsylvania co. flows 25 ms. in a 
northeasterly direction, enters Halifax co. 
and inflects to the s. e. about 30 ms. and falls 
into Dan r. about 10 ms. above the junction of 
the latter, with Roanoke. Banister drains 
most part of the peninsula between Dan and 
Roanoke rs. below the e. boundary of Henry 
and Franklin cos. 

Banister, named in the post office list, 
Halifax C. H. p.v. and st. jus. Halifax co. Va. 
situated on Banister r. by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. 
by w. from Richmond, and 220 s. w. from W. 
C. N.lat. 36° 44', long. 1° 58', w. from W. C. 

Barbersville,p-o. Jefferson co, Ind, by p-r. 
95 ms. s. E. from Indianopolis. 

Barboursville, p-v. Orange co. Va. at the 
northwestern foot of south mtn. by p-r. 113 
ms. s. vv. from W. C. and 88 n. w. from Rich- 
mond. 

Barboursville, p-v. and st. jus. Cabell, co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of Great Guy- 
andot, 5 ms. above its entrance into the Ohio 
r. by p-r. 355 ms. s, w. by w. from W. C. and 
344 ms. a little n. of w. from Richmond, n. 
lat. 38° 24', long. 5° 12', w. from Washing- 
ton City. 

Barboursville, p-v and st. jus. Knox co. 
Ky. situated on the right bank of Cumberland 
r. by p-r. 122 ms. s e. from Frankfort, and 
533 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C n. lat. 36° 
55', long. 6° 47' w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 138. 

Barges, p-o. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 81 ms. 
sthrd. from Tuscaloosa. 

Baring, p-t. Washington co. Me. 209 ms. 
E. from Augusta. 

Bark Camp, p-o. Burke co. Geo. by p-r. 67ms. 
estrd. from Milledgeville. 

BARKHAMSTtiD, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 231 land in the state, and comprehends the penin 
ms. N. w. Hartford, contains about 32 sq. ms. sula of Cape Cod. It is bounded by Massa- 
5 ms. by 6 and a half, and is rough and stony, Ichusetls bay n. Buzzard's bay s, w. the ocean 
divided n. and s. by two high granite ridges [e.. and s. e. and Plymouth co. %v. connected 
which run far N. A little iron ore and free by a narrow neck, and is almost entirely sandy 



BAR 



43 



BAR 



and barren. The inhabitants are almost all 
fishermen. Barnstable is the chief t. Great 
quantities of salt are made here from sea wa- 
ter, by solar evaporation ; the water being 
pumped by wind into large vats exposed to the 
sun's heat, and covered with moveable roofs 
from dew and rain. Some parts of this county 
are like an Arabian desert. Pop. 1830, 28,- 
514. 

Barnstable, p-t. s-p. and cap. Barnstable 
CO. Ms. 66 ms. s. e. Boston. The township 
extends across Cape Cod, and is 9 ms. by 5, 
with a better soil than most of the Cape, chief, 
ly producing oak and yellow pine. The tide ri- 
ses from 8 to 14 ft. and supplies many salt vats. 



towns in the co. Ware r. passes through it. 
and there are here several of its branches. 
The ground is high, dividing the head waters 
of Ware, Biackstone, and Nashua rs. 

Barre, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. 
Batavia, 5 Montpellier, is on the mountain 
Ridge, and is watered by small branches of 
Oak, Orchard and Sandy creeks. Pop. 1830, 
2,503. 

Barren, Big and Little, the two southern 
confluents of Green r. Ky. Big Barren r. has 
its numerous sources in Jackson, Smith and 
Sumner cos. Ten. Flowing thence in a n. n. 
w. direction, it enters Ky. receiving conflu- 
ents from Barren, Monroe, Allen, Simpson 



The town is on a declivity, s. Barnstable bay, and Warren cos. they unite in one channel, 



with considerable shipping, and at the mouth 
of the port is a bar with 6 or 7 ft. water at low 
tide. Incorporated 1639. Fop. 1830, 3,974. 
Barnstead, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 36 ms. 
N. w. Portsmouth, 26 w. by n. Dover, 20 e. 
Concord ; has a swelling surface, good soil, 
bearing pine, oak, beech, maple, &c. Sun- 
cook, Brindle, and Halfmoon ponds are 
stocked with fish, and enter into Suncook r. 
Urst settled, 1767. It has asocial library. 
Pop. 1830, 2,047 

Barnwell, one of the southwestern dis- 
tricts of S. C. bounded by Edgefield dist. n. w. 
South Edisto r. separating it from Orange- 
burg Nf. and N. E., Colleton e., Beaufort s. e., 
and Savannah r. separating it from Scriven 
CO. of Geo. s. w. and from Burke co. w. Great- 
est length by a line along the general course 
of South Edisto, 60 ms. mean breadth 28, 
and area 1,680 sq. ms. E.xtending in lat. 
from 32° 50', to 33° 37' n. nnd in long, from 
3° 48' to 4° 60' w. Both the two rivers 
which bound this district on the southwest 
and northeastern sides, as well as the two 
Salkehatchies which rise within it, flow to 
the s. E. the general slope of the district is 
therefore in that direction. Soil in general of 
middling quality. Chief staple, cotton. Cliief 
t. Barnwell. Pop. of the dist. 1820, 14,750, 
and in 1830, 19,236. 

Barnwell, court house, and p-v. and st. 
jus. Barnwell dist. S. C. situated on Great 
Salkehatchie r. near the centre of the dist. 90 
ms. N. w. by w. from Charleston, and by ji-r. 
62 ms. s. s. w. from Columbia, and 562 ms. 
s. s. w. from W. C. n. lat. 33° 13', and long. 
4° 20' w. from W. C. 

Barre, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 50 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, contains 31 sq. ms. First settled 
1788. The soil is a dry, warm loam, without 
stones, with an uneven surface, and the peo- 
ple arc good farmers. Cobble and Millstone 
liills in the s. e. yield much granite for build- 
ing and mill stones. The latter are sent to 
diri'erent parts of the U. S. Spanish brown 
and alum are found. Stevens' and Jail branch, 
uniting and joining with Onion r. give excel- 
lent mill seats. There are 2 villages, and 14 
school districts. Pop. 1830,2,012. 

Barre, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 ms. w.i 
from Boston, named after Col. Barre, a dis-| 



in the latter, near Bowling Green. Assuming 
thence a n. w. course, Big Barren, now a navi- 
gable stream, joins Green r. on the border 
between Warren and Butler cos. The valley 
of Big Barren ia about 70 ms. in length, by a 
mean width of 30 ; area 2,100 sq. ms. Little 
Barren, a much inferior stream to the prece- 
ding, rises in the eastern part of Barren, and 
western of Adair counties, and flowing in a 
N. N. w. direction, first separates Barren from 
from Green, and thence Green from Hart cos. 
finally joining Green r. near Sirdiing Spring, 
after a comparative course of about 30 ms. 

Barren, one of the southern comities of Ky. 
bounded s. by Monroe, w. by Warren, n. by 
Hart, N. E. by Green, and e. by Adair. Length 
from E. to w. 30 ms. mean breadth 18, and 
area 540 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 36° 
52' to 37" 11' N. and in long, from 8° 30' to 9o 
02' w. from W. C. The eastern part of this 
CO. is drained by Little Barren, but the great- 
er part of the surface is drained by the sour- 
cos of Big Barren. Surface rather level and 
soil far more fertile than the ill-choSen name 
would induce the reader to suppose. Chief 
town, Glasgow. Pop. in 1820, 10,328, and 
in 1830, 15,079. 

Barren Creek Springs, p-o. in the extreme 
northern part of Somerset CO. Md. about 80 
ms. s. e. from Baltimore, and 80 s. e. by e. 
from W. C. 

Barren Hill, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by 
p-r. 93 ms. n. e. from W. C. 

Barrington, p-t. Strafl'ord co. N. H. 20 ms. 
N. w. Portsmouth, 30 e. Concord, 65 n. Boston, 
has a surface somewhat broken and rocky, 
with much gravelly loam. The oak ridges 
have a sandy loam, good for tillage. There 
are 13 ponds, whose streams furnish mill 
seats. The rocks are granite, &c. and there 
are bog iron ore, crystals, &c. The Devil's 
Den is a curious cavern. First settled, 1732, 
Pop. 1,);95. 

Barrington, p-t. Bristol co. R. I. 7 ms. s. 
E. Providence, s. Massachusetts, n. e. Narra- 
ganset r. is about 3 ms. by 3, with a surface 
nearly level, and a light sandy soil, good for 
grain. Sea weed is used as manure. A 
bridge crosses to Warren. There is plenty of 
fish, and some salt is made. Pop. 1830, 6l2. 
Bariungton, Great, p-t. Berkshire co. 



tingui.shed friend of America in the British [Mass. (Sec Great Barrington.) 
parliament, is one of the first agricultural Barrington, p-t. Steuben co. 



N. Y. E. 



BAT 



44 



BAT 



Crooked lake, 21 nis. n. k. Bath, 219 w. Al- 
bany, 6 ms. hy 5, has a good soil, nearly lovel, 
with chestnut, oak, walnut, and some pine. 
Pop. 1B30, 1,854. 

Barron's, p-o. Perry co. Ala. 52 ms. s. e. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Barryville, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 
Barryville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Stark CO. O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. from Co- 
lumbus, and 322 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. 
Bart, tep. and p-o. easlorn part of Lancas- 
ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 54 ms. southeastward from 
Harrisburg. Pop. 1820, 1,423, and in 1830, 
1,470. 

Bartholomew co. of Ind. bounded by John- 
son n.w., Shelby n.'e., (^Decatur e., Jennings 
s. E., Jackson e., and on the w. boundary 
not known. Length 24 ms. mean width 2U, 
and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
39° 03' to 390 21' N. and in long, from 8° 38' 
to 9° 08' w. from W. C. The slope of this co. 
is nearly southward. In it unite Clifty, Flat 
Rock, and Blue rs., confluents of Driftwood, 
fork of White r. 

Bartlett, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 45 ms. s. w. 
Lancaster, 75 n. by e. Concord, 85 n. by w. 
Portsmouth, lies at the s. base of the White 
mtns. and contains about 13,000 acres of 
rough land, but little cultivated, with some 
good, on Saco r. Named after Gov. B. Pop. 
644. 

Barton r. Orleans co. Vt. rises near the 
source of Lamoille r. and runs n. to lake 
Memphremagog, watering about 160 sq. ms. 
Barton, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. e. Montpelier, 
is crossed by Barton r. and has apartof Wil- 
loughby's r. a branch of it, with several ponds. 
Bellwater pond, a source of Barton r. has an 
outlet with mills, and a village. First settled, 
about 1796, from N. II. and R. I. Pop. 1830, 
729. 

Barton, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 
Barton's p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 
164 ms. northwardly from Tuscaloosa. 

Bascobel, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 85 
ms. a little w. of n. from Miliedgcville. 

Bason Harbor, p-v. Fcrrisburg t. Addison 
CO. Vt. is one of the best harbors on Lake 
Champlain. 

Basking Ridge, p-v. Bernard, Somerset co. 
N. J. near the head waters of Passaic r, 7 
ms. s. w. Morristown, is situated on elevated 
land, and is memorable for the capture of 
Gen. Lee by the British in the revolutionary 
war. Part of the house is still standing near 
the stage road. Stage coaches go daily for 
New York by 2 routes, except in winter. 

Batavia, p-t. and cap. Genesee co. N. Y. 
25G ms. w. Albany, 20 s. Erie canal, 36 e. 
Buffalo, is crossed by Tonawanta creek, and 
has small head streams of Oak, Orchard and 
Black creeks. It has level land, good for 
farms, and is on the road from Albany to 
Buffalo. The village is very neat. Here 
are the county buildmgs, and the house oi the 
agent of the Holland land comjiany. Pop. 
4264. 

Batavia, p-v. and .st. jus. Clermont co. O. 



situated on the e. branch of Little Miami r. 
24 ms. a little s. of e. from Cincinnati, and by 
p-r. 109 ms. s. w. from Columbus, and 496 w. 
from W. C. N. lat. 39° 2', long. 7° w. from 
W.C. 

Batesville, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 119 me. e. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Batesville, p-v. and st. jus. Independence 
CO. Ark. situated on the left bank of White r. 
87 ms. N. N. E. from Little Rock, and about 
250 ms. s. s. w. from St. Louis. By p-r. 1044 
ms. s."w. by w. from W. C. n. lat. 35° 44', 
long. 14° 18' w. from W. C. 

Bath, p-t. s-p. Lincoln co. Me. w. Kenne- 
bec r. 37 ms. Augusta 15 ms., ocean 14 ms. 
6. w. from Wiscasaet, 34 n. e. Portland, 153 
N e. Boston, is the highest place to which the 
r. is navigable in winter. It stands on an 
acclivity and is almost isolated by Bome of 
the numerous arms of the sea which pene- 
trate that part of the coast. Pop. in 1830, 
3773. 

Bath, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. e. Conn. r. 42 
ms. N. E. Dartmouth college, 81 n. n. vv. Con- 
cord, 148 ms. N. N. w. Boston, has some rich 
land, and is sheltered e. by the White mtns. 
and w. by the Green mtns. It has many good 
mill seals on Ammonoosuc r. and a bridge 
across it 350 feet. There is a majestic full 
in Conn. r. near this place. Perch pond, 100 
acres, is also here. Gardner's mtn. about 500 
feet high, which divides the t. consists of 
granite, slate, &c. and contains alum, pyrites, 
some iron and silver, and a stone which dis- 
solves in warm water. The hills have a red 
loam, or marl, with maple, beech, birch, oak, 
&c. The vallies alluvial, with white pine, 
hemlock, spruce, elm, &c. Pop. in 1830, 
1623. 

Bath, p-t. and cap. Steuben co. N. Y. 240 
ms. w. Albany, 41 s. s. w. Geneva, 41 e. An- 
gelica ; is crossed by Conhocton r. which 
winds through it for 30 ms. and its streams 
furnish mill seats. The soil is various and 
irregular. The village is on the e. side of 
Conhocton r. which is 75 feet wide. Poj). 
1830, 3387. 

Bath, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 10 ms. 
N. N. w. from Easton, and 8 a little vv. of n. 
from Bethlehem. 

Bath, one of the central cos. of Va. bound- 
ed by Alleghany co. s. and s. w. by Allegha- 
ny mm. separating it from Greenbrier on the 
w. and Pocahontas on the n. w. by Pendleton 
N. E. by the Great North mtn. separating it 
from Augusta on the e. and Rockbridge on 
the s. E. Length from n. e. to s. w. 36 ms. 
Mean breadth 21, and area 750 sq. ms. ex. 
tending m lat. from 37° 50' to 38° 25' n. and 
in long, from 2° 18' to 3° w. from W. C. Bath 
occupies part of a high mountain valley, 
with a slope to the southwcstward. The ex- 
treme northwestern constituents of James r. 
CoM'pasture and Jackson's rs. have their 
sources along the southwestern border of 
Pendleton, but llow into and traverse Bath in 
a southwestern direction. North r. another 



BAT 

branch of James r. itisuca from the eastern 
part of this co. and traversing Kockbridtre, 
joins its recipient at tlic western foot of the 
Bhie Ridge. The mean elevation of the cul- 
tivated surface of Bath, excceils 1200 feet, or 
an equivalent to 3° of lat. The face of the 
country is very broken and in part mountai- 
nous ; and with the latitude and elevation 
produces winters severe and lengthened. 
The cultivated vegetables also evince a cli- 
mate of nmch lower mean temperature than 
on like latitudes near the Atlantic coast. Soil 
in general sterile. Chief (own, Warm .Springs. 
Top. 1820, 5237, and in 1830, 1002. 

Bath, court house, or Warm Springs, p-v. 
Bath CO. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. n. n. w. from 
Richmond, and 22G s. w. from W. C. 

Bath, p-v. in the eastern part of Beaufort 
CO. N. C. situated on a small bay near the 
north shore of Pamlico r. IG ms. s. e. by e. 
from the port of Washington, and by p-r. 138 
ms. a little s. of e. from Raleigh. 

Bath, p-v. in the northeastern part of Me- 
dina CO. O. by p-r. n. e. from Columbus, and 
34'J ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. 

Bath, co. of Ky. bounded by Morgan s. e. 
Montgomery s. w. and w. Nicholas n. w. and 
Licking r. se[)arating it from Fleming n. and 
N. E. Length froms. e. to n. w. 25 ms. mean 
breadth 10, and area 250 sq. ms. Extending 
in hit. from 38° to 38° 17' n. and in long, from 
6° 30' to G° 50' w. from W. C. The slope oi 
this CO. is to the northwestward towards Lick- 
ing r. Chief towns, Owingsburg, and Sharps- 
burg. Pop. 1820, 79G1, and in 1830, 8799. 

Bath Iron ^VoK^is, and p-o. in the southern 
part of Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 1G7 ms.w. 
from Richmond, and 209 s. w. by w. from 
W.C. 



45 BAZ 

from W. C. This town was founded on the 
lower blulf or high land which reaches the 
bank of the Mississippi, and extends mostly 
in one street along the margin of tiie hill. The 
site of Baton Rouge is, however, only a hill 
comparatively, as it does not rise above high 
water mark more than 25 feet ; but contrasted 
with the uniform plain along the margin of the 
river, the apparent elevation of Baton Rouge 
is real and pleasing deception in vision. Pop. 
about 1000. 

Baton Rouge, West, parish of La. bound- 
ed by the parish of Iberville s. e. the Atchai- 
alaya r. sei)arating it from the parish St. Mar- 
tin's s. s. w. and w. and St. Landrc' or Oiie- 
lousas N. w. parish of Point Coupee n. and the 
Mississippi r. separating it from East Baton 
Rouge on the e. Length from e. to w. 35 
ms. mean breadth 20, and area 700 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 30° 12' to 30° 32' n. 
and in long, from 14° 15' to 14° 55' w. from 
W.C. The surface being a part of the delta 
of the Mississippi, is an almost undeviating 
plain, with a very slight southern declivity, 
and tiie far greater part liable to annual sub- 
mersion. The arable part lies along the 
streams, and the soil being invariably fertile, 
every spot which can be brouglit under the 
plough is highly productive. Cotton is the 
common staple ; sugar has been attempted, 
but the situation is a little too far n. for the 
sugar cane. In the post-odlce list of 1831, 
no post-office is named in this parish ; nor 
does it contain a village worthy of notice. 
The settlements border the streams, and are 
principally upon the Mississijipi. Pop. 182Q, 
233.), and in 1830, 3084. 

Battahatcha, r. of Ala. and Miss. lising 
in Marion co. of the i'ormer, havjjig inter- 
Baton Rouge, p-v. in the northern part of locking sources with Bear creek, branch of 



Chester dist. S.C. by p-r. GG ms. n. from 
Columbia. 

Baton Rouge, East, parish of I^a. bounded 
by the parish of Iberville s.e. the Mississip- 
pi r. separating it from the parish^of w. Baton 
Rouge on the s. and w. and from that of Point 
Coupee on the n. w., E. Felcciana n. and the 
Amite r. separating it from St. Helena e. 
Length from s. to n. 23 ms. mean width 15, 
and area 345 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 
30° 18' to 30° 37' N. and in long. 14° to 14° 
22' w. from W. C. This parish contains the 
first land which rises above the level of tiie 
delta, ascending the Mississippi. Immedi- 
ately above the efflux of the Iberville outlet, 
the surlacc begins to swell into eminences or 
hills of humble elevation. The soil of the 



Tennessee r. and with those of the north- 
western sources of Black Warrior r. and 
flowing thence southwcstwardly enters Mon- 
roe CO. Miss, falling into the Tombigbee after 
a comj)arative course of 70 ms. 

BATrisNKii.L, r. rising in Vt. and crossing 
Washington co. N. Y. joining Hudson r. hall 
a mile abijve Fish creek, is a good mill 
stream, 50 ma. long. 

Battlei'own, p-v. Frederick co. Va. situ- 
ated on Opcquhar creek, 6 ms. s. E. from 
Winchester, und by p-r. G8 ms. a little n. of w. 
from W.C. 

Battle Creek, and i)-o. southwcHtern an- 
gle of Marion co. Ten. by i)-r. 107 ms. south- 
eastward from iNashville. 

Bayou Chicot, p-o. in the northwestern 



parish, in a state of nature, was covered with part of the settlement of Opelousas or jjarish 
a very dense forest. The slope either way of St. Landre', La. about30 nis.N. w. from the 
is but slight, that eastward towards Amite r.| village of St. Landre', and by p-r. 1298 ms. 
is widest. Chief town. Baton Rouge. Pop. Is. w. by w. from W. C. 
1820, 5220, and in 1830, GG98. 

Baton Rouge, [Rod Stick,) [)-v. and st. jus 



for East Baton Rouge, parish of La. is situ- 
ated oil the left bank of the Misaissippi r. at 
N. lat. 30° 31', and long. 14° 18' w. from W.C. 
30 ms. above Doiialdsonville, niid 117 above 
New Orleans, and by p-r. 1237 ms. s. \v. by w. 



Bay Settlement, and p-o. along the Erie 
sfioro or eastern part of Monroe co. Mich. 
The settlement extends northwestward irom 
Manmee Bay, and by p-r. tho p-o. is 46 ms. 
s. w. from Detroit. 

Ba/.etta, p-v. in the western part of Trum- 
bull cd. O. 7 ms. N. w. from Warren, and by 



BEA 



46 



BEA 



p-r. 162 IDS. N. E. by e. from Columbus, and 
302 N. w. by w. Irom W. C. 

Beal's Island, Washington co. Maine. 
Pop. 35. 

Beallsville, p-v. on the U. S. road, south- 
eastern part of Washington co. Pa. 14 ms. 
from Washington, the co. seat, by p-r. 2 18 ms. 
N. w. by w. from W. C. and 300 ms. wstrd. 
from Phil. 

Beallsville, p-v. in the western part of 
Monroe co. O. lO ms. wstrd. from Woodsfield, 
and by p-r. 140 ms, a little s. of e. from Co- 
lumbus, and 294 ms. wstrd. a little n. from 
W. C. 

Bean's Station, p-o. Granger co. Ten. by 
P-r. 204 ms. cstrd. from Nashville. 

Bear Creek, a small confluent of Tennes- 
see r. rising in Marion and Franklin cos. Ala. 
flows thence westward into the state of Miss. 
in which it inflects to the nthrd. and falls 
into Tennesse r. after a comparative course 
of 70 ms. This small r. gains importance 
from forming the boundary on and near Ten- 
nessee r. between the states of Alabama and 
Mississippi, 

Bkard's Ferry, and p-o. western part of 
Morgan co. II. 7 ms. wstrd. from Jacksonville 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 140 ms, n. w. by w. 
Vandalia, 

Beard's Store and p-o. Anson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 102 ms. s. w. from Raleigh. 

Beatie's Bluff and p-o. southern part of 
Madison co. Mo. by p-r. 50 ms. s. from ,St. 
Louis, and 1085 s. w. by w. from W. C. 

Beatie's Ford, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C 
by P-r. 151 ms. estrd. from Raleigh. 

Beatty's Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 1 14 ms. southeastward from 
Raleigh. 

Beaucoiip, p-v. Washington co. II. No lo- 
cation given in p-o. list. 

Beaufort, co. N. C. on both sides of Pam- 
lico r. bounded by Pamlico Sound e.. Cra- 
ven CO. s. and s. w., Pitt w. and n. w., Mar- 
tin N. and Hyde n. e. Length 40 ms. mean 
breadth 17, and area 670 sq. ms. n. lat. 35° 
30' and the meridian of W. C. intersects in 
the western part of this < o. The whole sur- 
face is a plain, and liable to periodical sub- 
mersion. Staples, cotton, rice, &c. Chief 
towns, Washington, and Baths. Pop. 1820, 
yyOO, and in 1830, 10969. 

Beaufort, p-t., pt. ent. and st. jus. Beau- 
fort dist. S. C. situated on the western bank 
of Port Royal, r. 14 ms. n. from Port Royal 
Enlrnnce, by the land road 50 ms. n. e. from 
Savannah, 75 s. w. from Charleston, and by 
p-r. 148 ms. a little e. of s. from Columbia. 
N. lat. 32° 25, long. 3° 42' w. from W. C. The 
harbor of Beaufort is spacious, and of more 
than sufficient depth to admit the entrance of 
any vessel which can pass the bar of Port 
Royal Entrance. Steam and other vessels 
of small draught have an inland passage by 
Beaufort into Coosan r. The whole ot St. 
Helena parish in which this seaport is situa- 
ted, contained in 1830, a population of8788. 

Beaufort, extreme southern dist. of S. C. 



bounded by the Atlantic ocean s. e.. Sa- 
vannah r. which separates it from Scriven, 
Effingham, and Chatham co. Geo. s. w., Barn- 
well dist. N. w., and Cambahee r. separating 
it from Colleton dist. n. e. Greatest length 
in a direction from south to north, and from 
the outerside of Turtle Island to the s. e. 
botmdary of Barnwell dist. 61 ms, ; mean 
breadth 30, and area 1830 sq. ms. extending 
in lat. from 32° 03', to 3i° and in long. 3° 
30' to 4° 30' w. from W. C. The slope of this 
district is to the southeastward, but the de- 
clivity is very slight, being from the utmost 
extent inland a level plain, terminating to- 
wards the Atlantic ocean in numerous inter- 
locking streams enclosing, with many others 
ot lesser note, Hilton Head, Turtle, Hunting, 
Reynold's, St. Helena,and Port Royal Islands. - 

"Though no entrance into Beaufort is of 
great depth, it is remarkably well supplied 
with commercial inlets for vessels of mode- 
rate draught, of which the principal are Sa- 
vannah r, Callibogue Sound, Port Royal En- 
trance, and St. Helena Sound or the outlet of 
Cambahee river. Commercially, Savannah 
in Chatham co. Geo. is a port of Beaufort, ad- 
mitting vessels of 16 feet draught. Vessels 
drawing 14 feet are navigated to the port of 
Beaufort. Beside the two rs. which bound 
this dist. on the s. w. and n. e. sides, the 
central parts are drained by the Coosawhat- 
chie river, which, rising in Barnwell and 
entering Beaufort, flows southeastward 35 ins. 
to where it divides into two channels, whicli a 
few ms. lower, again separate. The north- 
ern channel under the name of Coosaw river 
flows estrd. into St. Helena Sound, whilst that 
of the south maintains the original direction 
to the southeastward, gradually widens into 
Broad r. and finally contributes to form Port 
Royal Entrance. The position of this dist. 
and its moderate elevation give it a climate 
which admits the culture of sugar, rice, cot- 
ton, and in some places the orange tree. 
Chief town Beaufort, though the seat of jus- 
tice is at Coosawhatchie, Pop. 1820, 32,199, 
and in 1830, 37,032. 

Beaufort, s-p. and p-t. Carteret co. N. C 
situated on the mainland at the head of Ons- 
low Bay, and opposite Old Topsail Inlet, about 
1 1 ms. N. w. from Cape Lookout, and by p-r. 
164 ms. s. E. from Raleigh, n. lat. 34° 47', long. 
0° 18' E. from W. C. This is one of the best 
ports of N. C. admittting vessels of 14 feet 
draught, and affording complete shelter. 
It is well situated to become a mart of con- 
siderable consequence. A canal has been 
proposed across the intermediate peninsula 
to unite Onslow Bay with Neuse r. and if 
such a work was executed Beaufort must be- 
come the southern of its depots. In tiie Cen- 
sus lists of 1830, the population of this place 
not given separate from Carteret co. 

BEAVERjBig r. of Pa. and O. is composed of 
two branches, the Mahoning and Shenango. 
The Mahoning rises by numerous branches 
in Columbiana, Portage and Trumbull cos. 
O. which, uniting in the latter co. bends 



BEA 



47 



BED 



from N. K. to s. E. and after an entire compar- 
ative course of 60 ms. enters Beaver co. Pa. 
in which it receives the Shenango from the 
N. The latter rising in Crawford and Mer- 
cer COS. Pa. flows by a general course of 
sixty ms. southwardly, to its junction with the 
Mahoning. Below the union of its main con- 
stituents, Beaver flows a little e. of s. 20 ms. 
receiving from the estrd. in the intermediate 
distance, the Conequenessing, and falls into 
the Ohio at the t. of Beaver, after an entire 
comparative course of 80 ms. This stream 
rises on a table land elevated from 800 to 
1200 feet, and is precipitated over a fall of 
about 44 feet entire descent, about 1^ ms. 
above its entrance into Ohio. The elevation 
of the farms near the mouth, is about 700 feet 
above the Atlantic tides. The valley of this 
river lies between lat 40° 44' and 41° 45', 
and comprises an area of 3850 sq. ms. The 
channel from the mouth to Warren, in Trum- 
bull CO. O. forms a part of the route along 
which a canal has been projected to unite the 
Ohio r. to lake Erie, or to unite with the Ohio 
canal. 

The valley of Beaver has that of the Alle- 
ghany r. to the N. E. ; that of Cayahoga to the 
N. w. and that of the Tuscarawas branch of 
Muskingum to the s. w. and w. To the n. it 
has interlocking sources with those of Con- 
neaut, Ashtabula and Grand rs. flowing into 
lake Erie. 

Beaver, co. of Pa. bounded by Mercer co. 
N., Butler E., Alleghany s. e., Washington 
s., Ohio CO. Va. s. w., and Columbiana co 
O. N. w. Greatest length along the state of 
Ohio 36 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 648 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 30' to 
41° 02' N. and in long, from 3° 06' to 3° 
30' w. fromW. C. The O. r. enters the south- 
eastern border and flowing thence n. n. w. 10 
ms. to the influx of Big Beaver,inflects thence 
to s. w. by w. leaving the co. below the mouth 
of Little Beaver, and dividing it into two un- 
equal sections. The smaller section com- 
prising about one third of the entire surface 
lies south of Ohio r. and slopes northwardly 
towards that stream. The northern section 
comprised in the vallies of Big and Little 
Beaver, has a southern declivity towards 
Ohio r. The surface of the whole co. on 
both sides of Ohio r. is very hilly, but the 
soil almost uniformly productive. Chief 
town, borough of Beaver. Pop. 1820, 13,340, 
and in l83i>, 24,183. 

Beaver, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Beaver 
CO. Pa. situated on the right bank of Ohio r. 
and on the point below the mouth of Big 
Beaver 30 ms. by water below Pittsburg ; 45 
a little w. of N. from Washington Pa. 35 ms. 
N. E. from Steubenville O. and by p-r. 251 ms. 
N. w. by w. from W. C. ; and 229 a little n. 
of w. from Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 44' n. long. 
3° 23' w. from W. C. Pop. of tsp. 1820, 351 ; 
of the borough alone in 1830, 914. 

Beaver, cr. N. Y. a mill stream, rises in 
Ulster and Sullivan cos. and runs through 



Delaware co. into a branch of Delaware r. . 2,750- 



Beaver Creek, p-o. Anderson co. Ky. 
about 15 ms. s. w. from Frankfort. 

Beaver Dam, p-v. in the central part of 
Erie co. Pa. 7 or 8 ms. southwardly from the 
borough of Erie, and by p-r. 325 ms. n. w. 
from W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 142, in 
1830, 443. 

Beaver Dam, p-o. Goochland co. Va. near 
the northern bank of James r. by p-r. 25 ms. 
above Richmond, and 139 s. s. w. from W. C. 

Beaver Dam, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Rutherford co. N. C. 1 9 ms. estrd. from 
Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 204 ms. a little e. 
of w. from Raleigh. 

Beaver Meadows, post office, in the nor- 
thern part of Northampton co. Pa. 21 ms. n. 
from Easton, and by p-r. 211 ms. n. e. from 
W. C. 

Beavertown, p-v. in the southern part of 
Union co. Pa. by p-r. 59 ms. a little w. of n. 
from Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. in 1830, 
2280. 
Becket, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 17 ms. s. e. 
Lenox, 110 w. Boston, is on high land of the 
Green mtn. range, and contains 4 ponds 
which give rise to branches of Westfield, 
Farmington and Housatonic rs. The inhabi- 
tants are chieily farmers. Pop. 1830, 1063. 

Beckhamsville, p-v.. Chester dist. S. C. 
situated on Catawba river, by p-r. 50 ms. n. 
from Columbia, and 479 s. s. w. from W. C. 

Beddington, t. Washington co. Me. 35 ms. 
N. w. Machias, is the fourth town from the 
coast, and is crossed by the upper parts of 
Pleasant, and Narraguasus rs. It adjoins 
Hancock co. 

Bedford, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. w. 
side Merrimack r. 8 ms. n. w. Amherst, 18 s. 
Concord, 52 n. w. Boston, contains 20,660 
acres. Merrimack and Piscataquoy rs. water 
the town. Piscataquoy v. is in the n. e. part. 
The w. part is uneven and stony, but warm. 
The E. is a pine plain, and some intervals. 
White, red, and black oak, walnut, chesnut, 
birch, pine and hemlock are the trees. Much 
white oak has been sent by the r. and Middle- 
sex canal, for ship timber. Hops have been 
raised here to a large amount. Cotton and 
woollen are manufactured. There is a brook 
which falls 200 feet. Iron ore, black lead, 
copper, pyrites, gneiss, &,c. are found. The 
t. was granted by Mass. in 1733, to officers, 
soldiers, &c. of Philip's War. First settled, 
1737. Pop. in 1830, 1563. 

Bedford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. 
N. w. Boston, s. w. Concord r. Shawshecn 
r. a good mill stream, rises here. It is a 
small town, and half shire. Pop. 1830, 685. 
Bedford, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 44 ms. 
N. New York, 130 s. Albany, s. e. Croton r. 
6 ms. square. Several small streams supply 
many mill sites. It is elevated land, with va- 
rious soils for farms, well watered, and pro- 
ducing much excellent rye. It belonged to 
Conn, till 1700. The village was burnt in 
the revolutionary war. Hon. John Jay lived 
here many years, and here died. Pop. 1830, 



BED 

Bedford co. Pa. bounded w. by Homorsct, 
N. w. by Alloghany mtn. eoparfiting it from 
Cambria co., n. e. by Huntingdon co., e. by 
Franklin, s. e. by Washington co. Md., and e. 
and s. w. by Alleghany c&. Md. Greatest 
length from the Maryland line io the northern 
angle, 52 ms., containing IGl^sq. ms. ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 12' to 40° :J0', and in 
long, from 0° 53' to 1° 44' w. from W. C. 
The surface of this largo co. is lined with 
chains of mtns. extending from s. s. w. to n. n. 
E. with very productive intervening valleys. 
In regard to the rivers, the central part is a 
table land, from which creeks flow eoutliward- 
ly into the Potomac r. The northern and 
larger section declines to n. n. e. and gives 
source to both the Raystown and Frankstown 
branches of.Tuniata. To travel over Bedford 
without giving other than a cursory glance, 
the country would appear a congeries of rocks 
and mountain ridges, yet the valley soil is 
generally good, and in many places very pro- 
ductive. Many of the mountain ridges have 
broad table lands of excellent quality on their 
summits. 

There is no part of Bedford co. which does 
not exceed an elevation of 500 feet above the 
Atlantic level, and the farms along the east- 
ern margin of the -\Ueghany mtn. to at least 
1700 feet. The mean height of the arable 
land is from 1200 to 1300 feet, or an equiva- 
lent to at least three degrees of latitude. The 
winters are long and severe, but the highly 
diversified features of this region render it a 
delightful summer residence. The mineral 
springs near the borough of Bedford are much 
frequented. The northern extreme of Bod- 
ford is traversed or rather touched by one of 
the rail-roads of Pa. a link in the great chain 
of internal improvement, advancing to com- 
pletion in that state. Staples of the coimty, 
grain, salted provision, live stock, &c. to 
which iron, and mineral coal of the bituminous 
species may be added. Cliief towns, Bed- 
ford and Mc'Coimellsburg. Pop. 1820, 20,- 
248, and in 1830, 24,502. 

Bedford, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Bedford 
CO. Pa., situated on one of the higher branch- 
es of Juniata r. 105 ms. s. w. by w. from Har- 
risburg, 200 ms. almost due w. from Phil., 
and by i)-r. 126 northwestward from W. C. 
According to Tanner's U. S. the borough 
stands exactly on n. lat. 40°, and very near 
on 1° 30' w. from W. C. This village had 
its origin in a fort, and was laid out as a 
town in 1771. The situation is truly roman- 
tic. The main body of the village stands on 
a globular swell in a beautiful iriountain val- 
ley. The scenery has great variety of fea- 
ture ; softness is blended with grandeur; 
there is nothing of sublime, but a pleasing 
boldness and richness strikes the eye on all 
sides. The village is, in summer, a place of 
fashionable resort by persons visiting the 
mineral waters in its vicinity. It does not, 
however, appear to gam rapidly in permanent 
Pop. In 1820 the inhabitants were 789, and 
only 869 by the census of 1830. 

Bbdiwikd CO. of Va. bounded e. and s. f. 



BEE 

l)y Campbell co., by Roanoke r. separating 
it from I'ittsylvania, s., Franklin, s. w., by 
Bluo Ridge separating it from Botetourt w. 
and N. w., and by James r. separating it from 
Amherst, N. e. Length between James and 
Roanoke rs. 30 ms. mean width 22, and area 
6fi0 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 37° to 37° 
32' N., and in long, from 2° 10' to 2° 50' w. 
from W. C. The declivity of this co. is to 
the southeastward ; the northern part contain- 
ing, in tho peaks of Otter, the highest eleva- 
tion of the Appalachian system, 4,250 feet, 
unless the White mtns. of N. H. are included. 
From this elevated part of Blue Ridge, Bed- 
ford elopes with the course of the great bound- 
ing rs. and with that of the two small inter- 
mediate streams, (Joose and Otter. Chief 
town, I-iberty. Pop. 1820, 19,305, and in 
1830,20,246. 

Bedford co. of Ten., bounded w. by Mau- 
ry, N. w. by Williamson, n. by Rutherford, 
^. E. by Warren, s. e. by Franklin, and s. by 
Lincoln. Length from e. to w. 40 ms, mean 
width 25, and area 1,000 sfj^. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 35° 20' to 35° 44' n., and in long, 
from 9° 02' to 9° 47' w. It is nearly com- 
mensurate with the higher part of the valley 
of Duck r. and with the general course of that 
stream, slo])es wstrd. Chief town Shelby- 
villc. Pop. 1830, 30,396. 

Bedford, p-v. in the northern part of Old- 
ham CO. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. from Westport, the 
St. jus. and by p-r. 53 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- 
fort. 

Bedford, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. 
Ind., situated on the right bank of tho east 
fork of White r. at and above the mouth 
of Salt cr., 60 ms. n. w. by w. from Louisville 
Ky., and by p-r. 73 ms. s. w. from Indianopo- 
lis, and 633 ms. wstrd. from W. C. n. lat. 
38° 52'. 

BuDFORDViLLE, p-v. Burke CO. N. C. by p-r. 
205 ms. w. Yrom Raleigh. 

]3edminsteh, t. Somerset co. N. J. 20 ms. n. 
w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 1,453. 

Beech Grove, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 
86 ms. N. N. e. from Ilarrisburg. 

Beeck Grove, i)-v. Bedford co. Ten. 48 ms. 
sthrd. from Nashville. 

Beech Hill, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. 47 ms. 
N. E. from Nashville. 

Beech Park, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 34 
ms. northwardly from Frankfort. 

Beekmam, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 12 ms. e. 
Poughkecpsie. The Clove is a fine valley 
between w. mtn. and Oswego ridge 1 or 2 
ms. by 6, with a warm gravelly loam, much 
improved by gypsuin, and watered by Clove- 
kill, flowing through it and turning mills. 
JJuslikill joins it, and they form Fishkill r. on 
which is Beekinan v. Great Pond covers 
about 300 acres, and empties into the r. as 
does Sprout cr. Many human bones found 
here, probably were left in some Indian fight. 

Beekmantown, p-t. Chiston co. N. Y. 6 ms. 
N. Platisburg, 165 n. Albany, w. Lake Cham- 
plain, has fertile land in the e. part, and 
most, of iis population farmers. Population 
2,:m. 



BEL 



49 



BEL 



Beelan's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 
P-r. 31 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Beeler's Station and p-o. in the southern 
part of Ohio co. Va. by p-r. 250 ms. n. w. by 
-w. something w. of VV. C. and 350 ms. n. w. 
by w. from Richmond. 

Belair, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. by p-r. 
81 ms. nthrd. from Columbus. 

Bejlbrook, or Bellbrook, p-v. in the south- 
western part of Greene co. 0. 9 ms. s. w. from 
Xenia, the st. jus. fortho co. and 40 n. n. e. 
from Cincinnati. 

Belchertown, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 
80 ms. w. from Boston, 12 e. Northampton, 
has hills of gentle declivity, with loam and 
gravel. The village is large, handsome and 
on high gromid. Pop. in 1830, 2,491. 

Belew's Creek and p-o. in the northeast, 
em part of Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 127 ms. 
N. w. by w. from Raleigh. 

Belfast, p-t. s-p. capital of Waldo co. Me. 
40 ms. e. Augusta, 9 w. Castine, from which 
it is separated by Penobscot r. which, although 
about 30 ms. from the sea, is very broad. A 
wide but short stream crosses the tsp. with 
several of its branches. It is 40 ms. n. e. 
Hallowell. The harbor has considerable ad- 
advantages, and the coasting trade is great. 
Pop. 1830, 1,743. 

Belfast, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 262 ms. 
w, Albany. Pop. 743. 

Belford, p-v. Nash co. N. C. by p-r. 50 ms. 
E. from Raleigh. 

Belgrade, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 10 ms. 
N. Augusta, is situated between 3 lakes, or 
large ponds. Pop. 1830, 1,375. 

Belgrade Mills, p-v. Kennebec co. Me. 16 
ms. N. from Augusta. 

Bellborouhg, p-v. Williamson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 32 ms. southwardly from Nashville, 

Bellefqntaine, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. 
O. 125 ms. N. N. E. from Cincinnati, and by 
P-r. 458 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. and 62 ms. 
N. w. from Columbus, n. lat. 40° 21' long. 6° 
43' w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 266. This 
place stands on the table land between the val- 
leys of Sciota and Great Miami rs. the water 
sources discharging from its vicinity like radii 
from a common centre. 

Bellefonte, borough, t. p-v. and st. jus. 
Centre co. Pa. situated on Spring creek, a 
branch of Bald Eagle r. 45 ms. s. w. from Wil- 
liamsport,35 ms. n. n. e. from Huntingdon, 
and by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. from Harrisburg, and 
192 N. N. w. from W. C. n. lat. 40° 55'. Pop. 
1820, 433, and in 1830,698. 

Bellefonte, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Ala. situated on Paint Rock r. 25 ms. a little 
s. ofE. from Huntsville, and by p-r. 171 ms. 
N. E. from Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 43', long. 9° 
20' w. from AV. C. 

Belle Haven, p-o. in the southeastern 
part of Accomac co. Va. 20 ms. s. of Drum- 
mondstown, and by p-r. 194 ms. s. s. e. from 
Annapolis, and 226 s. e. from W. C. 

Belle Isle, p-o. in the northern part of 
Matthews co. Va. by p-r. 98 ms. a little s. of e. 
from Richmond, and 182 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 



Belle Valley, p-o. in the northeastern 
part of Rockbridge, co. Va. by p-r. 147 
ms. w. from Richmond, and 188 ms. s. w. by 
w. from W. C. 

Belle View, p.v. in the northern part of 
Calhoun, co. II. by direct distance, about 100 
ms. but by p-r. 146 ms. n. w. by- w. a little w. 
of Vandalia, and 926 ms. w. from W. C. 

Belleville, p-v. Essex co. N. J. 3 ras. n. 
Newark, w. Passaic r. is in a pleasant situa- 
tion, and has a large printing, bleaching and 
dying factory, for cotton, woollen and silk. 
The principal building is of hewn stone, 263 
ft. long and of 3 stories. 

The bleaching and print works are now 
upon the largest scale, producing upwards of 
four thousand pieces weekly, of a variety of 
styles of goods. 

Belle Ville, p.v. on the western border 
of Mifflin CO. Pa. 20 ms. n. n. from Hunting- 
don, and by p-r. 77 ms. n. w. by w. from Har- 
risburg, and 169 ms. n. n. w. from W. C. 

Belle Ville, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio 
r. at the mouth of Lee's creek 30 ms. below 
Marietta, and by p-r. 314 ms. westwardly 
from W. C. 

Belle Ville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Conecuh co. Ala. 12 ms. northwardly from 
Sparta, the st. jus. and by p-r. 193 ms. a little 
E. of s. from Tuscaloosa, and 959 ms. s. w. 
by w. ofW. C. 

Belleville, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Roane co. Ten. 9 ms. estrd. from Kingston, 
and by p-r. 148 ms. a Httle s. of e. from Nash- 
ville, and 567 s. w. by w. from W. C. 

Belleville, p-v. in the southern part of 
Richland co. O. 10 ms. s. from Mansfield 
the St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ms. n. n. e. from 
Columbus, and 368 ms. n. w. by w. from 
W. C. 

Belleville, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. 
II. 15 ms. s. E. from St. Louis, Mo. and by p-r. 
71 ms. s. w. from Vandalia, and 843 ms. 
westwardly from W. C. 

Bellingham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 ms. 
s. w. Boston, n. R. I., is a manufacturing 
place. The Bellingham cotton and woollen 
factory, incorp. 1814, cap. $15,000, and 
Boston do. 1813, $400,000, are moved by the 
water of Charles r. The soil is sandy. Pop. 
1830, 1102. 

Bellona, Arsenabard p-o. on the right 
bank of James r. 14 ms. above and wstrd. from 
Richmond, but in Chesterfield co. Va. 

Bellows Falls, p.v. Westminster, Wind- 
ham CO. Vt. about 40 m. n. e. Bennington, 80 
s. Montpelier, is in a pleasant and picturesque 
situation at the place where Connecticut r. 
after flowing tranquilly through Charlestown 
meadows, with a current 350 ft. wide and 25 
deep, rushes down a fall of 44 feet in i a m. 
amongst rocks of hard gray granite, into 
which the water has worn deep holes. Ifi 
summer, the r. is here only 16 feet wide. 
Above the falls is a bridge ; and a canal ^ ms. 
long, was dug through the rocks, some years 
ago, at much expense, for the passage of flat 
bottomed boats and rafts. A steam boat has 



BEN 



50 



BEN 



once or twice gone through, and navigated 1 Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 566 ms. wcstrd. from 
the r. above. There is an ancient bed of the W. C. and 47 ms. n. w. Frankfort, 
river. \v. of the village. Bones and weapons Bennett's Branch, small or. and p-o. in 
of Indians are found here, and a rude speci-jthe northwestern part of Clearfield co. Pa. 

It was 



men of their art is seen on a rock 
once a great fishing place for salmon. 

Bell's Landing, and p-o. on Alabama r. in 
the northern part of Monroe co. Ala. by p-r. 
136 ms. R. from Tuscaloosa, and 935 s. w. by 
w. from W. C. 

Belmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 20 ms. w. 
Castine, 34 Augusta, is near the centre of the 
CO. Pop. 1830,3077. 

Belmont, one of the eastern counties of O. 
" bounded s. by Monroe, w. by Guernsey, n. 
w. by Harrison, n. e. by Jefferson, and e. by 
Ohio r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. 
Greatest lengtii along the northern border 30 
ms. the breadth 20, and mean length 26, tlic 
area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39 
52' to 40° 10' and in long, from 3° 40' to 4° 
14' w. from W. C. This co. is divided into 
two very nearly equal sections, by the divi- 
ding table land between the vallics of Oliio 
and Muskingum, from which flow estrd. 
small creeks into Ohio r. and issue wstrd. 
the sources of Will's and Stillwater bran- 
ches of Muskingum. The surface is a se- 
ries of hills, with deep and narrow interven- 
ing vallies. Soil almost uniformly fertile. 
Chief town, St. Clairville. Pop. 1820, 20,329 ; 
and in 1830, 28,412. 

Belmont, p-v. in the central part of Bel- 
mont CO. 0. 17 ms. w. from Wheeling in Va. 
and by p-r. 119 ms. e. from Columbus, and 
288 ms. N. w. by w. of W. C. Pop. 1830, 142. 
Bei.mont, p-v. in the eastern part of Wayne 
CO. Miss. 10 ms. eastwardly from Winches 
ter, the st. jus. and aboxit 180 ms 
Natchez. 



100 ma. N. E. from Pittsburg, and 120 n. w. 
from Harrisburg. 

Bennett's Store, and p-o. Halifax co. Va. 
by p-r. 131 ms. s. w. from Richmond. 

Bennettsville, p-v. and et. jus. Marlbo- 
rough dist. S. C. situated between the Lit- 
tle and Great Pedee, 25 ms. s. e. from 
Sneadsboro' in N. C. and by p-r. 406 ms. s. s, 
w. from W. C. and 102 n. e. by e. from Co- 
lumbus N., lat. 34° 36, long. 2° 40' w. from 
W. C. 

Bennettsville, p-v. in the northern part 
of St. Clair co. Ala. 13 ms. nthrdly. from 
Ashville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 735 ms. s. w. 
by w. from W. C. and 142 ms. n. e. from 
Tuscaloosa. 

Bennington, co. Vt. s.w. corner of the state 
is bounded by Rutland co. n., Windham co. 
E., Massachusetts s., and New York, w. 
It lies between 42° 44' and 43° 18' n. lat; 
and 3° 46' and 4° 10' r. long. ; it is 20 ms, 
by 39, and contains 010 sq. ms. a large part 
of it mountainous. Streams flow out on all 
sides, into Deerfield, Hoosac, Battenkill, and 
West rs. and Otter and Wood creeks, and 
give good mill sites. The low lands are good 
for tillage. A range of limestone crosses the 
CO. n. and s. and good marble, chiefly white & 
fine grained, is taken from several quarries. 
Some iron and lead ore, is also found. Ben- 
nington and Manchester are the shire and 
chief ts. This was the first co. settled in Vt. 
w. of the Green mtns. Most of the commit- 
tees of safety in the state, in the revolution- 
fromjary war, were held here. Pop. 1830, 17,468. 
Bennington, p-t. and i shire, Bennington 



Belpre, P-V. in the southern part of Wash- co. Vermont, 100 miles southwest Montpelier, 



ington CO. O. situated on the right bank of 
Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Little Kenhawa 
r. and the village of Parkersburg, AVood co. 
Va. 12 ms. below Marietta, and by p-r. Ill 
s. e. from Columbus, and 316 miles west 
from W. C. 

Belvernon, p-v. on the right bank of Mo- 
nongahela r. and in the extreme northwestern 
angle of Fayette co. Pa. 20 ms. a little 
w. of N. from Uniontown, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 194 ms. wcstrd. from Harrisburg, and 
217 ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. 

Belviiiere, t. Franklin co. Vt. 32 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, 32 n. Montpelier, on the west 
range of the Green mtns. contains 30,100 
acres, is watered by 2 branches of Lamoille 
r. but has much mountainouf land. Pop. 
1830, 185. 

Belvidere, P-t. and cap. Warren co. N. J. 
11 ms. N. E. Easton, 70 w. N. York, is on the 
E. side of Delaware r. at the mouth of Be- 
quest r. on a broad plain. 

Benedict, p-v. on the right bank of the Pa- 
tuxent,in the extreme eastern angle oiCharles 
CO. Md. by p-r. 49 ins. s. s. e. from W. C. 
and 54 s. from Annapolis. 

Benevola, p-v. in the riorihwestern part of 



110 west by north Boston, 33 n. e. Albany, 
160 N. New York city, 37.3 e. by n. W. O. 
was chartered by Gov. Beiming Wentworth, 
1749, and was first settled by separatists un- 
der Samuel Robinson, 1761, who first resist- 
ed the authority of New York. The l)atlle of 
Bennington, 1777, occurred near the line of 
this town in Washington co. N. Y. Iron ore, 
marble, &c. are found here in large quanti- 
ties. There are mills and factories, large 
iron works, &c. The village is on a hill, 
with a court house, academy, &c. Pop. 
1830,3419. 

Bennington, p-t. Genessee co. N. Y. !8 
nis. s. w. Batavia, 250. w. Albany, has Elli- 
cot's cr. on the n. Cayuga branch of Buffalo 
cr. s. w., Tonawanta, s. e. &lc. The land is 
nearly level, and pretty good. Pop. 1830,2224. 

Bennington, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Delaware co. O. situated between Big 
Walnut and Alum crs.41 nis. a little e. ofN. 
from Columbus, and 60 ms. n. w. from Zancs- 
ville. 

Bknsboro', p-v. Pitl CO. N. C. 1 15 ms. estrd. 
from Raleigh. 

Benson, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 57 ins. n. Ben- 
nington, 84 Montpelier, e. Lake Chaniplain, 



BER 

4 to 1^ ms. wide, contains 2.5,214 acres, is 
poorly watered, but has a pond, Ilubbardton 
f. &,c. A stream which flows from a swamp 
runs under a hill ^ a mile. First settled 
1783. Timber, chiefly pine, with hemlock, 
beech, mai)le, walnut, <&.c. Pop. 1830, 1493. 

Bi'.N'T Creek, and p-o. in the southwestern 
part oi' Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 19() ms. s. 
w. by w. from W. C. and 112 wstrd. from 
Richmond. 

BEXTLEYViLLiD, p-v. OH Pigeon creek, east- 
ern part of Washington CO. Pa. 13 ms. s. e. 
by E. from Washington, the co. seat, 9 ms. n. 
w. by w. from Brownsville, and by p-r. 222 
ms. N. w. by w. from W. C. 

Bexton, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. e. 
Canandaigua, w. Seneca lake, G ms. by 8, 
has the outlet of Crooked lake and Cushong 
creek, with mills, &.c. slightly varied surface, 
a warm, gravelly soil, producing fruit trees, 
and forests of oak, chesnut, maple, and beech 
The soil rests on argilaceoua lime and slate. 
It has Hopeton and Dresden villages, and 
part of Penn-Yan. Pop. 1830, 3,957. 

Benton, p-v. and st. jus. Yazoo co. Miss, by 
p-r. 45 ms. nthrd. from Jackson, and about 
120 N. N. E. from Natchex. 

Bexton, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Mo 
about 25 ms. isr. w. by w. from the mouth ofi 
Ohio r. and 40 ms. n. from New Madrid, on 
Mississippi r. n. lat. 37° 05', long. 12° 38' w. 
from W. C. 

Bent's p-o. in the extreme southwestern 
angle of Washington co. O. by p-r. 320 ms. 
wstrd. from W. C. and 107 s. e. from Colum- 
bus. 

Bergen, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 16 ms. e. 
N. E. Batavia, 240 Albany,58 s. Erie canal, bus 
H varied surface, and soil very favorable for 
fruit. Black creek sujiplies some mill seats. 
Fop. 1830, 1,508. 

Bergen, co. N. J. bounded by Orange co. 
N. Y. N., Hudson r. e., Pequannock and Pas- 
saic rs. s. vv., with Newark bay and Kill-van- 
Kuhl, s. e., and Essex co. n. w., is crossed 
by Hackensack, Saddle, and Ramapo rs. run- 
ning southwardly, and many small streams, 
with falls. The Short hills enter the co. near 
the middle, and the Pompton or Ramapo 
nitns*. cross it above. There are large marshy 
meadows in the s. E. Along the Iludsoii ex- 
tends a remarkable trap precipice, called the 
Pallisadoes. Tlie n. part is mountainous, 
with many iron mines and forges, some of 
which are not in operation. The lower part 
of the CO. is pleasantly situated opposite New 
York city, from which it derives much advan- 
tage, having communication by steamboats. 
9 townships. Pop. 1830, 22,412. 

Bergen, p-t. Bergen co. N. J. w. Hudson 
r. opposite and 3 ms. from N. York city, has 
a gently varied surface, with extensive mead- 
ows along the head of Newark bay;has a vil. 
lagc. The soil is pretty well cultivated, and 
supplying vegetables, &.c. to the city. It was 
settled from Holland, and the inhabitants still 
epeak Dutch. Pop. 1830, 4,651. 

Berger's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania co. 



51 BER 

Va. by p-r. 164 ms. s. w. by w. fiom Rich- 
mond. 

Beuivlev, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 35 ms. a. 
Boston, e. Taunton r. Pop. 1830, OiiT. 

Berkley, co. Va. bounded by Jefterson s. 
E., Frederick, s. w., Morgan, w. and n. w., 
and Potomac r. separating it from Washing, 
ton CO. Md. N. E. Greatest length from n. e. 
to s. w. 28ms., mean breadth, 14 ms. and area 
392 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 14' to 
39° 35' and long, from 1° 14' to 2° 11' w. from 
W. C. The slope of this co. is to the n. e. and it 
is drained in that direction by Back and Ope- 
quhan creeks. The mean elevation of the 
arable surface of the farms, from 500 to 700 
feet above tide water. Surface, broken and 
mountainous. Chief t. Martinsburg. Pop, 
1830, 10,528. 

Berkley Springs, otherwise called Bath, 
P-V. and St. jus. Morgan co. Va. situated 8 ms. 
s. s. w. from Hancockstown, Md. 45 ms. n. w. 
by w. from Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. 93 ms. 
n. vv. by w. from W. C. and 186 ms. n. n. w. 
from Richmond. 

Berks, co. Pa. bounded n. e. by Lehigh 
CO. e., by Montgomery, s. e by Chester, s. by 
Lancaster, s. w. by Lebanon, and w. and j*. 
w. by Kittatiimy nitn. separating it from 
Schuylkill. Breadth 30 ms. the northeastern 
and southwestern sides being parallel, mean 
length 34, and area 1,020 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 40° 09' to 40° 42' n., and in long, 
from 0° 30' to 1° 24' e. 

The face of this fine county is greatly di- 
versified ; bounded on the northwest by the 
Kittatinny, and s. e. by the s. e. chain of mtns. 
it contains a part of two mountain vallies. 
The general slope is to the southeastward, 
and it is traversed in that direction by the 
Schuylkill r. which breaks through the Blue 
Ridge at Reading. The latter chain travers- 
es Berks in a southwestern direction, dividing 
the CO. into two unequal valley sections. The 
lower and lesser, lies between the Blue 
Ridge and Southeast mtn. and widens from 
N. E. to s. w. from 3 to 15 ms. The section 
above Blue Ridge has a nearly equal breadth 
of 18 ms. something more than a third of 
which is on the great limestone strata which 
flanks the Blue Ridge on the northwestern 
side. The limestone tract is the most fertile, 
but the general character of the soil of the 
CO. is that of productiveness, and the staples 
are numerous and valuable. The mean level 
of the arable soil of Berks is about 300 feet 
above the level of tide water in Delaware r. 
The seasons of inflorescence, foliage, and of 
harvest, are sensibly diflerent above and be- 
low Blue Ridge. 

Under the head of canals and roads, the 
great improvements which traverse Berks 
are noticed. Chief t. Reading. Pop. 1820, 
37,327, in 1830, 53,152. 

Berkshire, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. N. 
w. Montpelier, 31 n. e. Burlington, has a va- 
riety of good soils, and is watered by Missis- 
que and Pike rs. and many brooks which sup- 
ply water power. The timber is beech and 



BER 



52 



BER 



maple. First settled, 1792. Fop. 1830, 1,308. 
Berkshire, co. Mass. the w. co., is bound- 
ed by Vt. N., Hampshire, Hampden and Frank- 
lin E., Connecticut s.. New York w. The 
people are engaged in agriculture, and a va- 
riety of manufactures ; Housatonic and Hoo- 
sic rs. are the principal streams, whose wa- 
ters are divided from those of Connecticut r. 
by the Green mtn. range. Much white mar- 
ble is obtained from the quarries. Lenox is 
the CO. town. Pop. 1830, 37,835. 

Berkshire, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. 
Oswego, 160 w. Albany, e. of w. branch of 
Oswego cr.. 8 ms. by 14, has a gently varied 
surface, with soil favorable for grain and 
grass, especially the meadows on the e. 
branch of Oswego cr. First settled, about 
1793, from Berkshire co. Mass. It is well 
watered, and the land is held in fee. Pop. 
1830, 1,883. 

Berkshire, p-v. towards the eastern side of 
Delaware co. O. 10 ms. e. from Delaware, 
the St. jus. and by p-r. 23 ms. n. from Colum- 
bus. Pop. of the tsp. of Berkshire, 1830, 
1,057. 

Berlin, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1830, 478. 
45 ms. N. w. Augusta. 

Berlin, t. Washington co. Vt. 4 ms. Mont- 
pelier, near the centre of the state, contains 
31,855 acres, much broken but good land, and 
is watered by Onion r., on n. line Dog r., and 
has a pond 2 ms. long. First settled, about 
1786. Pop. 1830, 1,6G4. 

Berlin, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms. w. 
from Boston. North brook furnishes mill 
seats. There is a quarry of building stone. 
Pop. 1830, 692. 

Berlin, p-t. Hartford co. Ct. 1 1 ms. s. Hart- 
ford, 23 N. New Haven, about 5 ms. by 8, with 
40 sq. ms., is uneven, with mtns. s. w. and vv. 
The rocks are clay, slate, and greenstone, of 
the range extending from Middlctown to 
Northfield Ms., and some coal, carb.lime, iron 
pyrites, silver, &c. have been found. The 
soil is generally a gravelly loam, and is very 
good for grass, grain, and orchards. Tin 
ware. — This manufacture was carried on for 
many years here, to a great extent, and the 
products sent to all parts of the U. S. and oth- 
er countries. It was introduced here, and 
into the U. S. by Edward Patterson, an Irish- 
man, about the time of the revolutionary war. 
The neighboring towns are now engaged in it, 
and manufacturers have gone to the southern 
states ; and the business is now carried on in 
almost all parts of the country. Other manu- 
factures are also carried on here. Pop. 1830, 
3,047. 

Berlin, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
E. Albany, 20 e. s. e. Troy, 7 ms. by 8, is 
hilly and partly mountainous, with much poor 
soil, many marshes and evergreen forests, 
and some fine vallies. It is watered by Little 
Hoosac cr. and some small streams. The 
soil is generally permanently leased by S. 
Van Rensselaer, Esq. for about 10 bushels of 
wheat for 100 acres. A few Germans settled 
herein 1764. Pop. 1830,2,019. 



Berlin, p-v. and borough of Somerset co. 
Pa. on the main road from Cumberland in Md. 
to the borough of Somerset, 25 ms. n. w. of 
the former, and 10 s. e. from the latter place, 
and by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. 

Berlin, p-v. Worcester co. Md. by p-r. 
150 ms. s. E. by e. from W. C. 

Berlin, p-v. in the eastern part of Maury 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of s. from 
Nashville. . 

Berlin, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Holmes co. O. 8 ms. a little n. of e. from Mil- 
lersburg, the co. seat, and by p-r. 333 ms n.w. 
by w. from W. C. and 88 ms. n. e. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Bermudian, p-v. York co. Pa. 18 ms. sthrd. 
from Harrisbiirg and 96 nthrd. W. C. 

Bernardston, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 96 
ms. N. w. Boston on high land between Green 
and Connecticut rs. is uneven, with pretty 
good soil. First settled 1746, and was at- 
tacked by Indians the same year. Pop. 1830, 
918. 

Bernard, p-t. Somerset co. N. J. watered 
by Raritan and Passaic rs. Pop. 1830, 2062. 
Berne, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. 
Albany, on the high lands between Albany 
and Schoharie cos. has some of the Helder- 
berg mtns., small streams, 2 ponds of 100 
acres, fine vallies of calc. loam, marshes 
and beds of clay, turf and marl. There are 
many marine petrifactions in the rocks. 
Pop. 1830, 3,607. 

Berrien, p-v. and st. jus. Dooley co. Geo. 
situated on the table land between Oakmul- 
gee, and Flint rs. by p-r. 739 ms. s. w. from 
W. C. and 97 ms. s. s. w. from Milledgeville, 
N. lat. 32° 03', long 6° 48 w. from W. C. 

Berrien, co. Mich, the position and boun- 
daries of which are uncertain. Chief town, 
Niles. 

Berry's p-o. Wayne co. Ky. 11 ms. sthrd. 
from Monticello, the co. seat, and by p-r. 121 
ms. a little e. of s. from Frankfort. 

Berrysville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Knox CO. Ind. 13 ms. nthrd. from Vincennes, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. from 
Indianopolis. 

Bertie, co. N. C. bounded n. w. by North, 
ampton, n. by Herford, e. by Chowan r. sep- 
arating it from Chowan co., and by Roanoke 
r. separating it from Washington s. e., Mar- 
tin s. and s. w., and Halifax w. Greatest 
length 40 ms. from Chowan point at the 
head of Albermarle sound and junction of 
Roanoke and Chowan rs. to the extreme 
northwestern angle on Roanoke r., mean 
breadth 25, and areajlnOO sq. ms., extending 
in lat. from 35° 40', to 36° l5' n., and in long, 
from 0° 20' e., to 0° 21' w. from W. C. 
The slope is to the southeastward. Surface 
generally level, and in part marshy ; staples, 
cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town Windsor. 
Population 1820, 10,805, and 12,262, in 
1830. 

Berwick, p-t. York co. Me. 16 ms. n. w. 
Portsmouth N. H. 103s.w.Augusta,on Salmon 
Fall r., contains an academy, and has consid- 



BET 



53 



BET 



erable trade in lumber, &c. Pop. 1831), 
3168. 

Berwick, South, p-t. York co. Me. 17 me. 
N. Portsmouth, 103 s. s. vv. Augusta, is situ- 
ated at the falls of Salmon Falls r. e. New 
Hampshire. 

Berwick, p-v. and borough of Columbia co. 
Pa. situated on the right bank, of Susquehan- 
na r. and on the extreme eastern border of 
the CO., 28 ms. below and s. w. from Wilkes, 
Barre, and by p-r. 86 ms. n. e. from Harris- 
burg, and 196 n. n. e. from W. C. Population, 
500. 

Bethania, p-v. Stokes co. N. C. 5 ms. 
sthrd. from Germantown, the co. seat, and 
122 ms. N. w. by w. from Raleigh, 

Bethanv, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 45 
ras. s. w. Hartford. 

Bethany, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. 
s. E. Batavia, 240 w. Albany, is on the highest 
ground between Black and Tonawanta crs. 
and has a surface favorable for farming. 
Pop. 1830, 2374. 

Bethany, p-v. borough and st. jus. Wayne 
CO. Pa. situated on Dyberry cr. a branch of 
Lackawaxen r. about 80 ms. a little w. of n. 
from Easton, 3 ms. n. from Honesdale on the 
Lackawaxen canal, and by p-r. 265 ms. n. 
N. E. from W. C. and 162 n. e. from Harris- 
burg. N. lat. 41° 37', long. 1° 42' e. from 
W. C. Pop. 1830, 327. 



mineral springs, and mtn. and bog iron ore, 

exist. First settled 1790. Pop. 1830, 673. 

Bethlehem, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. i m. s. 
w. Albany, w. Hudson r., contains 96 sq. ms. 
part of Vlamanskill, Norman's cr., Vlykill, 
and a part of Helderberg hills. There is 
much rich alluvial land near Hudson r. in- 
habited by descendants of early Dutch set- 
tlers. There are several caverns. The seat 
of Gen. Schuyler, distinguished in the revo- 
lutionary war, is near the r. New Scotland, 
and Rensselaer's mills, (mouth of Norman's 
creek) are villages. Population in 1830, 
6082. 

Bethlehem, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. Pop. 
1830, 2,032. 

Bethlehem, p-v. and borough, Northamp- 
ton CO. Pa. situated on a fine acclivity rising 
from the Lehigh r. below the mouth ofMa- 
nocasy cr. 48 ms. a little w. of n. Phil. 12 ms. 
s. w. by w. Easton, and by p-r. 184 ^ms. n. e. 
W. C. N. lat. 40° 37', long. 1° 46' e. from 
W. C. Bethlehem was founded on land pur- 
chased by the Unitas Fratrum, United Breth- 
ren, under Count Zinzendorf, 1741. The 
Moravians, as the United Brethren are usual- 
ly called, have retained the ownership, and 
have produced a very neat and flourishing 
borough and seat of female education. The 
body of the village extends up the acclivity 
from the Lehigh bridge. The houses are 



Bethany, p-v. Brooke co.Va. 26 ms. n. w. [neat, substantial, and though not splendid. 



from the borough of Washington, Pa. and 
282 ms. N. w. by w. of W. C, and 375 n. w. 
Richmond. 

Bethany Church, and p-o. western part of 
Iredell co. N. C. 6 ms. westrd. from States- 
ville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 402 ms. s. w. 
from W. C. and 152 w. from Raleigh. 

Bethel, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. w. 
Paris, 63 from Augusta, s. and e. Andros- 
coggin r. 

Bethel, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 30 ms. s. 
MontpeUer,30 n. w. Windsor ; contains 23,060 
acres, has a mountainous surface, but gener- 
ally a warm, and productive soil, watered by 
White r. and its second and third branches ; 
with 2 rs. e. and w. Fifst settled about 1780. 
Pop. 1830, 1240. 

Bethel, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 

Bethel, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 16 ms. w. 
Monticello, 10 ms. by 15, e. Delaware r. and 
Pa. has Collakoon and Mongaup crs. White 
lake, 1 m. long, with a p-o. mills, &c. at the 
outlet. Cochecton v. is on Delaware r. Pop. 
1830, 1203. 

Bethel, tsp. and p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 
80 ms. estrd. from Harrisburg. Pop. 1830, 
1491. 



have a fine appearance when seen from the 
vicinity. This village, from the date of its 
foundation, has been the seat of a female 
school, and in which many of the most ac- 
complished women of the middle states of the 
U. S. have received their education. There 
is but one house of public worship, in which 
divine service is performed in English and 
German. Though from having to contend 
with so many other respectable seminaries, 
that of Bethlehem has not maintained its rel- 
ative rank, still it may be safely asserted, 
that the solid and useful elements of female 
education can be obtained at this school witii 
a cheapness, and moral and bodily health, 
exceeded by but very few, if any others in the 
U. S. The manners of its inhabitants and the 
richly varied scenery of its neighborhood 
render Bethlehem a very pleasant place of 
visit to the traveller. 

Progressive population. — In 180O the v. 
contained 543, and the tsp. 1343. In 1810, 
the tsp. contained 1436; in 1820, thev had 
risen to 1860, and in 1830, to 2430. the v. 
alone contains about 1000 or 1200 inhabit- 
ants. 

The Lehigh canal passes along the river 



Bethel, p-v. in the southwestern part of bottom at the lower extreme of Bethlehem 

Hartford co. N. C. 14 ms. southwestward Bethlehem, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. and 

Winton, the co. seat, and by p-r. 254 ms. s. Great O. canal. Stark co. O. about 60 ma. 



from W. C. and 143 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Bethlehem, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 100 ms. 
N. from Concord, is crossed by Great Am- 
monoosuc r., contains 28,608 acres. Round 
and Peaked mtns. ; produces good crops of 
grain and grass, pine and sugar maple. Some 



N. w. by w. Steubenville, 60 ma. n. n. e. 
Zanesville, and by p-r. 329 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 114 n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Bethlehem, p-v. on the right bank of O. 
r. and eastern part of Clarke co. Ind. 26 ms, 
above Louisville, Ky. and by p-r. 592 ms. w. 



BIG 

W. C. and 101 s. s. e. from Indianopolis 
Bbtiilem, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 38 ms. 
w. s. w. Hartford, 33 a. w. N. Haven, 4 ins. 
by 4J, about 18 sq. ms., is hilly, with granite 
rocks, and a gravelly loam, good for grazing 
and grain, bearing oak, maple, nut-wood, &i.c. 
Branches of Pomperaug r. supply mill seats. 
Pop. 18311, 906, 

Bettsburg, p-v. Chenango co. N.Y. 120 
ms. w. Albany. 

Bevansvillk, p-o. in the eastern part of Al- 
leghany CO. Md. by p-r. 109 ms. n. w. W. C, 
and 142 n. w. by w. Annapolis. 

Beverly, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 17 ms. n. e. 
Boston, N. Salem harbor, connected with Sa- 
lem by a bridge 15;iO feet by 32, has excellent 
soil well cultivated, and is much engaged in 
fisheries. Pop. 1830, 4073. 

Beverly, p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Va. 
situated on Tygart's Valley r. or the eastern 
fork of Monongahcla r. about GO ms. very 
Dearly due s. from Morgantown, 45 s. e. 
Clarksburg, by p-r. 221 a little s. of w. W. 
C. and 210 n. w. by w. Richmond, n. lat. 38° 
50', long. 2° 55' w. from W. C, 

Bibb, co. of Geo. bounded by Tehocnnn or. 
separating it from Houston s. and part of 
Crawford s.w., by the northern part of Craw- 
ford w., Monroe n. w., Jones n. e., and the 
Ockmulgee r. separating it from Twiggs e. 
Length parallel to the general course of the 
Ockmulgee 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and 
area 450 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 32° 
35' to 33° N. and in long, from 6° 36' to 7° w. 
from W.C. The general slope is southeast- 
ward. The Ockmulgee r. enters at the ex- 
treme northern angle, and flowing within the 
CO. about 20 ms. becomes thence a boundary 
between it and Twiggs co. Chief town, Ma 
cun. Pop. 1830, 7154. 

Bibb, co.of Ala. bounded by Perry s. Tus- 
caloosa w. and N. w. Jefferson n. Shelby n. e 
and E. and Autaiiga s. e. Length 40 ms. 
mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 32° 46' to 33° 20', and in 
long, from 10° 3' to 10° 3U' w. from W. C. 
The general slope is s. southwestward, and 
is diiiined in that direction by Cahaba r. 
Chief town, Centreville. Pop. 1»20, 367G, 
and in 1830, 6306. 

Bii)DEi-oRD, p-t. York CO. Me. 38 ms. n. e. 
York, s. Saco r. It extends to the sea, and 
has Fletcher's neck, off the mouth of Saco 
r. and near Wood isl. with a revolving light. 
Pop. 1830, 1995. 

Big Black, or Chitteloosa r. of Miss. 
rises in the country of the Choctaw Indians, 
interlocking sources wish those of the Oak- 
noxabce, branch of Tombigbee, and with 
those of Pearl river, and flowing thence 
about 60 miles westward along north lat. 
33° 10' ; enters Yazoo co. inflects to s. w. 
and with a very tortuous channel continues 
that direction 100 ms. to its junction with the 
Mississippi between Warren and Claiborne 
COS. at N. lat. 32° 2', and long. 14° 7' w. from 
W.C. after a comparative course of 160 ms. 
The valley of Big Black lies between that of 



54 BI G 

Yazoo, and the higher part of that of 
Pearl. 

Big Bone Lick, p-v. Boone co. Ky. situated 
on a creek of the same name, in the southern 
part of the co. about 30 ms. s. s. w. from Cin- 
cinnati, and by p-r. 66 ms. nearly due n. from 
Frankfort. 

BiGBYviLLE, P-v. southem part of Maury co. 
Ten. 7 ms. southwardly from Columbia, the 
CO. seat, and by p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. Nash- 
ville. 

Big Creek, p-o. southeastern part of Logan 
CO. Va. about 70 ms. s. s. e. Charleston, on 
Great Kenhawa, by p-r. 396 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. and 338 a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Big Creek, a small branch of White r. 
Ark. rises in St. Francis co. and flowing 
sthrd. over Philip's falls into white r. about 
15 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The 
valley of Big Creek lies between those of 
White and Mississippi rs. 

Big Creek, p-o. on the last noted stream, 
by p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Little Rock, and 
1056 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Big Creek, p-o. on a small creek of the 
same name, northern part of Shelby co. Ten. 
by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, and 
918 ms. in a nearly similar direction from 
W. C. 

Big Darly, p-v. in the n. w. angle of Picka- 
way CO. O. 13 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Big Eagle, p-v. in the northeastern jiart of 
Scott CO. Ivy. by p-r. 34 ms. n. e. Frankfort. 

Big Flats, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. 
Elmira, 218 w. s. w. Albany, has rich alluvial 
lands on Cheming r. but the hills are sterile, 
bearing only pitch and white pine, and shrub 
oak. Pop. 1830, 1149, 

Big Hatchy, r. of Miss, and Ten. rises in 
the Chickasaw country, and northern part of 
the former, and flows thence n. into H.irdi- 
man co. Ten. and inflecting to northwestward, 
pursues that course over Hardiman and 
Wood into Tipton co. In the latter the chnnnel 
curves round to s. w. to its final disc^harge 
into the Miss, above the second Chickasaw 
Bluff; after an entire comparative course of 
something above 100 ms. The valley of Big 
Hatchy lies between those of Loosahatchie 
and Forked Deer rs. 

Big Horn, r. great southern branch of Yel- 
low stone r. has its remote sources in the 
Chippewayan or Rocky mtns. and as laid 
down by Tanner, has interlocking sources 
with those of Arkansas and Platte rs. on the 
sthrd. and with those of Yellow Stone north- 
ward. Its extreme southwestern fountains 
are the springs which feed Biddle lake, n. 
lat. 42° 20', long. 32° w. from W. C. From 
this elevated region Big Horn flows 150 ms. 
to the N. E. receives by the influx of Stinking- 
water r. from the wstrd. a large accession, 
and inflecting to a course of n. n. e. 200 ms. 
joins the Yellow Stone at Manuel's Fort, n. 
lat. 46°, after a comparative course of 450 
ms. The valley of Big Horn lies between 
those of Yellow Stone proper and Tongue 
rs. The country it drains is generally compo- 



BIG 



55 



BIR 



scd of open arid plains. (See Yellow Stone.) 
Big Island, tsp. and p-v. Marion co. O. 
By p-r. the p-o. is 51 ms. a little w. of n. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. 1830, 470. 

Big Lick, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Botetourt co. Va. 53 ms. a little s. of w. 
Lynchburg, 173 wstrd. from Richmond, and 
by p-r. 250 ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. 

Big Mills, and p-o. Dorchester co. Md. 14 
ms. from Cambridge, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
113 ms. s. E. by e. W. C. and 76 s. e. Anna- 
polls. 

Big Prairie, and p-v. in the southwestern 
part of Wayne co. O. by p-r. 77 ms. n. e. from 
C'olumbus, and 357 n. w. by w. from W. C. 

Big River Mills and p-o. in the eastern 
part of St. Francis co. Mo. about 70 ms. s. of 
St. Louis, 30 s. w. from St. Genevieve, and 
9 cstrd. from Farmington, the co. seat 

Big Sandy, r. ofVa. and Ky. having its 
most remote sources in the northwestern 
slopes of Clinch mtn. but receiving tributaries 
from a distance of 70 ms. along the upper 
parts of Russel, Tazewell and Logan cos. 
Va. The eastern or main branch rises in 
Logan and Tazewell, but the higher streams 
imiting, the main channel becomes for a dis. 
tance of 30 ms. a line of demarcation between 
those two cos. to where it passes Cumberland 
mtn. From the latter point to its influx into 
Ohio, the channel of Big Sandy separates 
Ky. from Va. flowing between Logan and 
Cabell of the latter, and Floyd, Lawrence, 
and Greenup of the former state. The main 
or eastern branch of Big Sandy has interlock, 
ing sources with those of Guyandot, Blue- 
stone, branch of Great Kenhawa, Clinch, 
branch of Tennessee, and its own West Fork. 
The West Fork of Sandy rises in Russel 
CO. Va. flows thence westward, traverses 
Cumberland mtn. and enters Pike co. Ky. 
Passing over Pike into Floyd in the original 
direction, the channel curves to nthrd. and 
unites with the eastern branch between Law- 
rence, of Ky. and Cabell of Va. The valley 
of Big Sandy is in its greatest length from s. 
s. E. to N. N. w. about 100 ms. with a mean 
breadth of about 30 ; area 3000 sq. ms. ; 
bounded to the wstrd. by the vallies of Ken- 
tucky and Licking rs. to the northeastward 
by that of Guyandot, and estrd. by that of New 
r. or the upper waters of Great Kenhawa. 
The main stream enters the Ohio at Catletts- 
burgh in Greenup co. Ky. and opposite to the 
extreme southern angle of the state of Ohio. 
N. lat. 38° 24' and long. 5° 33' w. W. C. 
Bio Sioux, r. (See Sioiix r.) 
Big South Fork, of Cumberland r. rises 
in Morgan co. of Ten. and flowing thence by 
a general course ahttle w. ofN. enters Wayne 
CO. Ky. which it traverses to its final influx 
into Cumberland r. having a comparative 
course of about 40 ms. 

Big South Fork, p.v. in the southern part 
of Wayne co. Ky. by p.r. 28 ms. s. e. Mon- 
ticello, the co. seat, and 138 ma. s. s. e. Frank- 
fort. 

Big SfRiNG, and p-o. western part of Giles 



CO. Va. 26 ms. wstrd. from tho court house or 
Parisburg, by p-r. 324 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 266 a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Bio Spring, p-v. in tho northwestern part 
of Hardin co. Ky. 17 ms. wstrd. Elizabeth- 
town, the CO. seat, 45 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, 
and by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. by w, Frankfort. 

Big Spring and p-o. in the western part of 
Montgomery co. Mo. about 80 ms. a little n. 
of w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 64 ms. n. e. by e. 
Jefferson, and 952 wstrd. W. C. 

Big Swamp, and p-o. northwestern part of 
Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. e. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Big Walnut r. one of the easterly branches 
of Sciota r. rises in Delaware co. O. and flow 
ing thence southwardly, traverses the eastern 
parts of Delaware and Franklin, and joins 
the Sciota in the northern side of Pickaway 
CO. after a comparative course of about 55 ms. 
Big Walnut has interlocking sources with 
those of White Womans r. a branch of Musk- 
ingum. 

Billerica, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ms. 
N. w. Boston, is supplied with mill sites by 
Concord and Shawsheen rs. and has a hand- 
some V. in the centre, on a fine eminence, 
with an academy. Pop. 1830, 1,374. 

Billsburg, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 224 ms. w. from W. 
C. and 240 n. w. by w. from Richmond. 

Bingham, t. Somerset co. Me. 26 ms. n. 
Norridgewock, 55 n. Augusta, e. Keimebec 
r. opposite Concord. It has a few brooks. 
Pop. 1830, 535. 

Bingham, formerly Rose's, p-v. in the north- 
western part of Potter co. Pa. 15 ms. from 
Cowdersport, and by p-r. 192 ms. n. w. Ilar- 
risburg, and 298 ms. n. n. w. from W. C. 

BiNGHAMTON, p-v. and cap. Broome co. N. 
Y. 40 ms. S. W. Norwich, at the junction of 
Chenango and Suscjuchannah rs. 

Birciiardsville, p-o. in the eastern part of 
Susquehannah co. Pa. about 9 ms. from Mon- 
trose the CO. seat, and by p-r. 172 ms. n. n. k. 
from Harrisburg. 

Birch Pond, p-o. in the western part of 
Fayette co. Ten. 12 ms. from Somcrville, the 
CO. seat, and by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w., Nash- 
ville and 885 ms. in the same general direc- 
tion from W. C. 

Birch River, and p-o. in the northern part 
of Nicholas co. Va. 17 ms. n. w. from the st. 
jus. of the CO. and by p-r. 327 ms. a little s. of 
w. W. C. 

Birdsall, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 240 ms. 
w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 543. 

BiRDSoNo's Bluff, and p-o. on the southern 
branch of Forked Deer r. and western part of 
Madison CO, Ten. 9 ms. wstrd. 'from .lackson, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 ms. s. w. by w. 
from Nashville. 

BiRDSviLLE, P-V. western part of Burke co. 
Geo. 16 ms. wstrd.' from Waynesboro', the 
St. jus. and e. Milledgeville. 

Birmingham, p-v. on the Little Juniata r. 
northwestern part of Huntingdon CO. Pa. 15 
nis. N. w. from the borough of Huntingdon, 



BLA 



56 



BLA 



and by p-r. 105 ras. n. w. by w. Harrisburg, 
and 163 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

BiscANE, bay of Florida on the eastern or 
Atlantic side of that peninsula. This ellipti- 
cal sheet of water opens from the Bahama 
channel, having at the extremes of its en 



Black r. N. Y. is the third r. in size which 
is wholly in the state. Rising near the sour- 
ces of Hudson r. e. Canada cr. after a crook- 
ed course and receiving many branches, it 
enters Black r. bay, an arm of Chaumontbay, 
near the outlet of lake Ontario. Long Falls 



trance, cape Florida n. and Ellis island s.l extend 14 ms. below Wilna, and High Falls, 
The small Paradise islands or Keys lie scat- at Turin, are 45 ms. below these. The water 



tered between the two capes. The centre of 
the bay is about n. lat. 25^ 35' and long. 3° 
20' w. from W. C. 

BisHOPSviLLE, p-v. near the extreme north- 
ern angle of Sumpter dist. S. C. about 20 ms. 
E. Camden, and by p-r. 67 ma. n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbia, and 477 s. s. w. Washington City. 

Bissell's, p-o. in the southwestern part of 
Geauga co. O. about 20 ms. s. s. w. Chardon, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus, and 333 n. av. by w. W. C. 

BiSTiNEAU, lake of La. in the valley of Red 
r. This very remarkable sheet of water is, 
however, only the most extensive of a series 
of similar reservoirs along both sides of the 
main channel of Red r. for a distance of 120 
ms. below its entrance into La. The author 
of this article surveyed the country on both 
sides, in the region of these lakes, and from 
actual observation came to the conclusion 
that the Cado, Coshatta, Spanish and Cassin 
lakes on the right, and Bodeau, Bistineau, 
Black, Saline, and Noix, on the left, are all of 
comparative recent formation, and formed 
by the operation of one general cause. Ta- 
king Bistineau as an example, since their 
features are common, it extends along a val- 
ley, between hills of considerable elevation, 
for a distance of about 35 ms. varying from 
half a mile to 3 miles wide. Into the head 
of this lengthened body of water Dacheet r. 
enters, and at the opposite or lower extreme 
it narrows into a river channel connecting it 
with Red r. It is completely evident that 
what is now a permanent lake, lies over 
what was formerly the valley and low lands, 
or bottom ground of Dacheet, but the alluvial 
deposit brought down by Red river, gradually 
formed bars between the base of the hills 
and effected natural dams. 

These lakes contribute most efficiently to 
mitigate the floods of Red r. over La. In the 
latter, summer, autumn, and early winter, as 
the streams become low, a considerable part 
of the water of Bistineau and similar lakes 
drains out, and extensive natural meadows 
skirt the margin of the contracted lakes. On 
the contrary, at the season of winter snows, 
thaws, rains, and spring flood, the lakes open 
immense depositories into which the surplus 
water of the main stream is poured. (See 
Ocatahoola, and delta. 



looks dark, and is deep and slow, and the 
land on the low part is good. It is 18 rods 
wide at Louville, 40 ms. from its mouth. 

Black r. of N. C. one of the eastern branch- 
es of Cape Fear r. rises in the northeastern 
part of Cumberland CO. between the valliesof 
Neuse and Cape Fear rivers. Flowing 
thence about s. s. eastwardly over Cumber- 
land, Sampson, Bladen and New Hanover 
counties, it falls into the main stream of Cape 
Fear r. between New Hanover and Bruns- 
wick counties, after a comparative course of 
90 ms. 

Black r. of S. C. the s. western branch of 
Great Pedee r. has its most remote source 
in Kershaw district, and flowing thence over 
Sumpter and Williamsburg, falls into Great 
Pedee 3 ras. above the harbor of Georgetown, 
in Georgetown district, after a course of 110 
ms. The higher confluents of this stream 
drain the greater part of Sumpter and Wil- 
liamsburg districts. 

Black Lake, and r. of La. The river ri- 
ses out of the pine forests of the parish of 
Claiborne, interlocking sources with those of 
the Terre Bonne branch of Washitau, and 
flowing thence sthrd. expands into a lake and 
again contracts to a river, which joins the 
Saline to form the Rigolet de Bondieu. The 
valley of Black lake andr. lies between those 
of Saline and Bistineau. 

Black r. of La. separating the parishes 
of Concordia and Rapides, though thus lo- 
cally designated, is in reality lower Washitau. 
Where the higher Washitau receives the Ten- 
sau from the n. e. and the Ocatahoola from 
the w. the united waters take the local name 
of Black r. which by a very tortuous channel 
unites with Red r. about 30 ms. above the 
junction of the latter with thie Mississippi. 
The soil along both banks of Black r. of La. 
is highly fertile, and yet rendered generally 
uncultivatable from annual overflow. The 
channel of Black r. is navigable except at 
very low water. 

Black r. of Mo. and Ark. rises by numer- 
ous branches in the former, interlocking sour- 
ces with those of St. Francis, Maramee and 
Gasconnade rs. and flowing thence by two 
main branches. Current r. to the w. and Black 
r. proper to the e. The latter winds, first s. s. 
E. but curving gradually to the s. w. enters Ar- 



BLACKr. Windsor CO. Vt. 35 ms. long, joins 'kansas, and unites with Current r. in Law- 
Connecticut r. at Springfield, after passing | rence co. after an entire comparative course 
through many ponds, and watering 160sq.|of 110 ms. After their junction, the name of 



Black r. Orleans co. Vt. runs 30 ms. n. m- 
!o the s. bay of lake Memphremagog, water- 
ing 150 sq. ms. 

Black Lake, (see Oswegatchie lake). 



Current r. is lost in the general term Black r. 
which, turning to s. s. w. and continuing in 
that direction by comparative courses 60 ms. 
in turn looses its name in that of White r. at 
their union in Independence co. It may be 



BLA 



57 



BLA 



remarked, that in the much greater part of 
its course, Black r. receives no tributary of 
consequence from the left. The channel 
seems to be a common recipient for numerous 
streams from the n. w. Of these tributaries, 
Eleven Points, Spring and Strawberry rs. en- 
ter l)c]o\v the influx of Current r. The val- 
ley of JJlack r. including all its confluents, ex- 
tends from lat. 35° 32' to 37° 40' n. and is 
about equal to a parallelogram of 150 by 60 
or with an area of 9000 sq. ms. very nearly 
traversed centrally by long. 14° w. from 
W.C. 

Blackbys, p-v. in the western part of Indi- 
ana CO. Pa. by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
170 a little n. of w. Harrisburg. 

Blackbyville,p-o. in the northern part of 
Wayne co. O. 8 ms. northwardly from Woos- 
tcr, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. Co- 
lumbus, and 3.5.') N.w. by w. from W. C. 

Black Horse, tavern and p-o. Chester co. 
Pa. 

Black Rock, Conn. (See Fairfield, Conn.) 
Black Rock, p-v. Buffalo, Erie co. N. Y. 2 
ms. N. Buffalo, has a large artificial harbor, 
made by a pier, intended as the canal harbor 
in lake Erie. A large amount of money was 
expended in constructing and repairing it, as 
it was repeatedly injured by storms, &.c. For 
a few years the village was very flourishing 
while it was expected to become an important 
place ; but the capital and business have since 
been chiefly transferred to Buffalo. Black 
Rock was burnt by the British during the 
last war, and but one house left standing. 
There is here a ferry to Waterloo, on the 
Canada side about | m. 

Blacks and Whites, p-o. Nottaway co. Va. 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Black's Bluff and p-o. on the right bank 
of Alabama r. about 105 ms. n. n. e. Mobile, 
and by p-r. 126 ms. s. from Tuscaloosa. 

Blacksburgh, p-v. in the northern part of 
Montgomery co. Va. 9 ms. northwardly from 
Christiansburg, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 290 
ms. s. w. by w. from W. C. and 215 ms. west- 
wardly from Richmond. 

Black Stocks, p-o. in the s. western part 
of Chester dist. S. C. by p-r. 46 ms.N . n. w. 
Columbia. 

Blackstone r. or Pawtucket, rises in Wor- 
cester CO. Mass. and after a s. w. course 
across the n. e. corner of R. I. enters Provi- 
dence r. on the line of Mass. It supplies a 
great number of factories and mills, and adds 
vastly to the wealth of the region through 
which it flows. The Blackstone canal lies 
very nearly along its course. 

Blackstone, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 41 
ms. s. w. Boston. 

Hlackstone Canal, Mass. and R. I. extends 
from Worcester, Mass. to Providence R. I. 
It was commenced about 1826, and was first 
navigated in 1829. It is 45 ms, long, and is 
supplied principally with water from Black- 
stone r. It is of great service in the trans- 
portation of raw cotton, foreign merchan- 
dize, &c. into the country, and of maliufac- 

s 



tured articles and produce to Providence. 
The cost has been ^700,000. 

Blackstone, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 41 
ms. s. w. Boston. 

Blacksville, p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by 
p-r. 243 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Black Walnut, p-o. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 
112 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Black Warrior, (Tuscaloosa) r.of Ala.is 
formed by two main branches, Locust Fork to 
the estrd. and Mulberry r. to the wstrd. 
Both of these constituent streams have their 
sources in the ridge of hills which separate 
the Mobile and Tennessee vaHies,and between 
the confluent streams of Coosa and Tombig- 
bee. The Locust Fork, or eastern branch, 
rises in Blount co. within 20 ms. from Coosa 
r. at the mouth of Will's cr. and about the same 
distance from the extreme southern bend Ten- 
nesse r. Flowing thence southwestwardly 
over Blount co. it unites with Mulberry r. in 
the western part of Jeflerson co. after a com- 
parative course of 80 ms. 

Mulberry r. though with a more contracted 
length of course than the Locust branch, is 
however the main stream. Deriving its nu- 
merous confluent crs. from Lawrence, Walk- 
er, and the western and central part of Blount 
COS. the general course of the Mulberry is 
from N. to s. ; comparative length 60 ms. Be- 
low the union of its two great constituents the 
Black Warrior receives no tributary worthy 
notice in a comparative course of SO ms. to 
its final junction with Tombigbee. The val- 
ley of this r. approaches the form of a trian- 
gle ; base 150 ms. from s. w. to n. e. and 
from the source of Locust r. to the mouth of 
the main stream ; greatest breadth 65, and 
area 4,875 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 
32° 32' to 34° 25', and in long, from 9° 15' to 
11° w. W. C. In this valley are contained 
all the COS. of Blount and Walker, great part 
of Jefferson, Tuscaloosa and Greene, with 
about one third of Fayette. It has the valley 
of Tombigbee w., Tennessee n., Coosa n. e. 
and Cahaba, s. e. 

Blackwater, r. Merrimack co. N.H. joins 
Contoocook r. in Hopkinton. 

Blackwater, r. of Va- has its extreme 
source in Prince George's co. and within 8 or 
10 ms. sthrd. from the influx of Appomattox 
into James r. Flowing thence southeastward 
over Surry and Sussex, inflects to the south- 
ward and separating Southampton on tho 
right from the isle of Wight and Nansemond 
on the left, falls into the Nottaway r. very 
nearly on the border between Va. and N. C. 
after a comparative course of 70 ms. 

Blackwell's isl. in the East r. opposite N. 
York city, near Hurl Gate, is occupied by the 
city prison or penitentiary, where about 200 
convicts are employed in hammering stone &.c. 
and the institution has become a source of 
profit to the corporation. 

Blackwell's Mill and p-o. Fauquier co. 
Va. by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 116 
.\. N. w. Richmond. 

Bladen, one of the southern cos. of N. C. 



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58 



BLO 



bounded n. w. by Cumberland, by Black r. 
separating it fr rni Sampson n. e., and from 
New Hanover e,, Brunswick s. e., by White 
Marsh cr. separating it from Columbus s. w., 
and by the eastern branch of Lumber r. sepa- 
rating it from Robison w. Length from s. e. 
to N. w. 40 ms. meanbreadth 30, and area 1200 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34"^ 14' to 34° 
4!2' and in long, from 1° 15' to 2° 04' w. W. C. 
The main volume of Cape Fear r. enters the 
northwestern border and winding southeast- 
ward divides Bladen into two not very une- 
qual sections. The general slope is sthrd. 
Much, indeed most of its surface is flat and 
marshy. Chief town, Elizabethtown. Pop. 
in 1820, 7,276, and in 1830, 7,814. 

Bladenscurg, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Prince George's co. Md. and on the bank 
of the E. branch of Potomac, 6 ms. n. e. from 
the general p-o. W. C. and 31 ms. w. Annapo- 
lis. It is a village extending chiefly in one 
street, along the main road from Baltimore 
to W. C. 

Blair, p-v. and st. jus. Harford co. Md. 23 
ms. N. E. Baltimore, n. lat. 39o 33', long. 0° 
40'E.W. C. 

Blair's Cross Roads, and p-o. Grainger co. 
Ten. by p-r. 101 ms. estrd. from Nashville. 

Blair's Ferry, and p-o. in the eastern part 
of Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 20 ms. from Kings- 
ton the CO. seat, 179 a little s. of e. Nashville, 
and 546 ms. s. w. by. w, W. C. 

Blair's Gap, and p-o. in the extreme west- 
ern part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 35 ms. n. from 
the borough of Bedford, and by p-r. 120 ms. 
wstrd. from Harrisburg, and 158 n. n. w. W. 
C. 

Blairsville, borough and p-v. on the right 
bank ofConemaugh r. southern part of Ind. 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 161 ms. a little n. of w. 
from Harrisburg, and 189 n. w. W. C. This 
borough stands on the Pa. canal, and is a 
flourishing village. Pop. 1830, 957. 

Blairsville, otherwise Bellville, p-o. in 
the southwestern part of York dist. S. C. 9 
ms. s. w. from Yorkville, the st. jus. of the co. 
and by p-r. 86 ms. a little w. of n. Columbia, 
and 441 ms. s. w. W.C. 

Blakelv, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 132 n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Blakely, p-v. and st. jus. Early co. Geo. 
situated between Flint and Chatiahooche rs. 
by p-r. 869 ms. s. w. W. C. and 227 ms. in a 
nearly similar direction from Milledgeville. 
N. lat. 31° 22', and long. 8° w. W. C. 

Blakely, p-v. port of entry, and st. jus. 
Baldwin co. Ala. situated on the left bank of 
Tensaw r. or eastern arm of Mobile r. 8 ms 
N. e. and on the opposite side from the city of 
Mobile, and by p-r. 228 ms. a little w. of s. 
Tuscaloosa, and 1,020 s. w. by w. W. C. n. 
lat. 30° 44', w. long. 11° 04'. By the returns 
of the census of 1830, the population of this 
place is not given separate from that of Bald- 
win CO. but is supposed about 500 

Blakesbtjrg, Plantation, Penobscot co. 
Me. 20 ms. N.Bangor, 90 n. n. e. Augusta, 



one tsp. 6. Piscataqua r. crossed by Dead 
creek, both branches of Penobscot r. Pop. 
1830, 403. 

Blakesburg, p-v. Putnam co. Ind. 19 ms. 
from Green Castle, the st. jus. and by p-r. 614 
ms. wstrd. W. C. and 54 wstrd. Indianopolis. 

Blanchard's Fork, the eastern constituent 
of the Au Glaize branch of Maumee r. O. 
The extreme source is in the central part of 
Hardin co. interlocking sources with those of 
Sciota and Sandusky, and flowing thence 
northwardly 30 ms. into the central part of 
Hancock co. where abruptly inflecting to the 
wstrd. it crosses Hancock into Putnam, and 
finally unites with Au Glaize, near the west- 
ern border of the latter co. 

Blanford, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 15 ms. 
w. Springfield, 116 s. w. Boston, s. w. West, 
field r. two branches of which rise here among 
hilly country, and are subject to sudden 
floods. It is a good farming town, and was 
principally settled from n. of Ireland. Pop. 
1830, 1,590. 

Blanding, p-v. Orangeburg dist. S. C, by 
p.r. 61 ms. southwardly from Columbia. 

Bledsoe, co. of Ten. bounded s. w. by Ma^ 
rion, by Cumberland mtn. separating it from 
Warren w., and White n. w., by Fentress n., 
Roane n. e., and by Walden's Ridge, separa- 
ting it from Rhea co, e. Length from s. w. to 
N. E. 40 ms. mean breadth 15, and area 600 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 25' to 36^ 
N. and in long, from 7° 48' to 8° 36' w. W. C. 
This CO. occupies part of the comparatively 
elevated valley between Cumberland mtn. 
and Walden's Ridge ; the central part being a 
table land from which flows southwestwardly 
the sources of Sequatchie, and northeast, 
wardly those of Emery's r. The surface 
hilly and in part mountainous. Chief town, 
Pikesville. Pop. 1830, 4,6 Iti. 

Blendon, p-v. and tsp. of Franklin co. O. 
The tsp. in 1830, contained a population of 
666. The p-o. is within a few ms. from Co- 
lumbus, the seatof government, but the exact 
distance is not given in the post office list. 

Blenheim, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 44 ms. 
w. Albany, 38 n. n. w. Catskill ; is supplied 
by Schoharie cr. and branches, with many 
fine mill seats, includes the w. part of the 
Catsberg hills, bears oak, walnut, beech, ma- 
ple, birch, &,c. Pop. 1830, 2,280. 

Blissfield, p-o. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r. 
67 s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Blockersville, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 64 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia, and 
553 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Block Island, or New Shoreham, isl. and 
t. Newport CO. R.I. lies in the Atlantic, 15 
ms. s. s. w. Point Judith, 12 s. of the nearest 
part of the continent, 3 ms. by 8, has an un- 
even surface, generally high, with a chain of 
ponds from n. to centre, has no forests and is 
devoted to tillage, though formerly to pasture. 
It is a heap of loose earth, with separate 
masses of granite, and is constantly washmg 
away by the sea. It has no harbor, and boats 
are secured only by bemg drawn upon shore. 



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59 



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Long. 71° 30' w., lat. 41° 8' n. It is proposed 
by the U. S. gov't, to form a harbor here. 

Blocklkv, tsp. along the right bank of 
Schuylkill r. Philadelphia co. Pa. 3 ms. Phil- 
adelphia. Pop. 1810, 1,618, 1820, 2,655, and 
in 1830, 3,401. 

Bloody Brook, p-v. Frnnklin co. Mass. 90 
ms. w. Boston, the scene of a battle in 1675. 

Bloody Run, p-v. Bedford co. Pa. on the left 
bank Juniata r. 8 ms. E. borough of Bedford, 
and by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Bloom, p-v. in the s. e. part of Seneca co. 
O. by p-r. 423 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 83 
northvs^ard of Columbus. 

Bloomfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 7 ms. n. 
K. Norridgewock, 33 n. Augusta, s. Kenne- 
bec r. at the bend. Has an academy. Pop. 
1830, 1,072. 

Bloomfield, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 13 ms. 
w. Canandaigua, 12 ms. by 6, has £in agreea. 
ble variety of surface, with a good and well 
cultivated soil, and is supplied with many 
mill seats by Honeoye outlet and Mud cr. It 
produces grain, grass, and plenty of apples, 
&c. East and West Bloomfield are p-vs. 
In the latter is an academy. Pop. 1830, 3,861. 

Bloomfield, p-t. Esse.^c co, N. J. 5 ms. N. 
w. Newark. Pop. 1830, 4,309. 

Bloomfield, p-v. and tsp. of Crawford co. 
Pa. 16 ms. wstrd. Meadville. 

Bloomfield, p-v. Loudon co, Va. by p-r. 51 
ms. N. w. by w, W. C. 

Bloomfield, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Nelson co. Ky. by p-r. 44 ms. s. w. Frank- 
fort, and 595 wstrd. W. C. Pop, 1830, 301. 

Bloomfield, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Oakland co. Mich. 19 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Bloomfield, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. 
Ind. situated on the west branch of White r. 
by p-r. 648 ms. w. W. C. and 76 below and s. 
vv. Indianopolis. n. lat, 39° 06' and long. 10° 
w, from W. C. 

Bloomfield, p-v. Edgar co. II by p-r. 120 
nis. N. e, Vandalia, and 689 ms. w. W. C. 

Bloomingbuiig, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 23 
ms. w. Nevs?burgh on Shawangunk cr, 

Bloomingburq, p-v. in the n. part of Fay- 
ette CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. e. w. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 100. 

Bloomingdale, p-v. in the w. part of Jef- 
ferson CO. O. 14 ms. from Steubenville, and 
by p-r. 274 n. w. by vv. W. C. and 135 n. e. by 
E, Columbus. 

Blooming Grove, p-t. Orange co. N, Y. 12 
ms. w. West Point, is broken by mountainous 
ranges of the Highlands, and watered by 
Murdner's or Murderer's creek. Skunne- 
munk mtn. has several commanding eminen- 
ces, s. e. Salisbury mills is a village and 2 
ms. w. of it Washingtonville. Craigsville and 
Oxford, are small villages. Pop. 1830, 2,099. 

Blooming Grove, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Tazewell co. II. by p-r. 772 n. w. by w. half 
w. W. C. and 169 northwardly Vandalia- 

Bloomington, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 
Ind. by p-r. 627 ms. w. W. C. and 51 s. w. In- 
dianopolis ; N. lat. 39° 12', long. 9° 34' w. 
from W. C. 



Bloomington, p-v. and st.jus. McLean co . 
II. Neither the co. or village is located by 
either Tanner's United States, or the post 
office list of 1831. 

Bloomingville, p-v. in the n. part of Huron 
CO. O. 15 ms. N. Norwalk, the co. seat, and 
by p-r. 415 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 108 a 
little e. of n. Columbus, 

Bloomsburg, p-v, situated on the right bank 
of the main or e. branch of Susquehannah r, 
and in the s. e. part of Columbia co. Pa, by 
p-r. 75 ms. above Harrisburg, and 196 a little 
E. ofN.W.C. 

Bloomsburg, p-v. in the southern part of 
Halifax CO. Va. 13 ms. s. Banister, the co, 
seat, and by p-r. 233 s, s. w, W, C, and 143 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Bloomville, p-v. Delaware co. N. Y. 70 
ms. s. w. Albany. 

Blount, co. of Ala. bounded by Jefferson s., 
Walker s. w. and w., Morgan n., the Chero. 
kee country n. e,, and St. Clair co. e. and s. 
E. Greatest length from e. to w. 55 ms, 
mean breadth 30, and area 1,650 sq, ms. 
Extending in lat, from 33° 45' to 34° 16', and 
in long, from 9° 14' to 10° 12' w. from W. C, 
The N, and n, e, boundaries of this co. are 
along the dividing ridge between the vallies 
of Tennessee, and Tombigbee branch of Mo- 
bile r. 

From this rather elevated tract, the higher 
sources of both branches of Black Warrior r. 
are poured southwardly, giving a general 
slope to the county in that direction. The 
surface is billy, and soil with some exceptions 
rather sterile. Chief t. Blountsville. Pop, 
1820, 2,415, 1830,4,233. 

Blount, co. of Ten. bounded by Tennessee 
r. separating it from the Cherokee country s. 
w., and Monroe co. of Tenn. w., by Holston 
r. separating Roane co. n. w., and Knox n., 
Sevier co. n. e. and e., and the Iron mtn, se- 
parating it from Haywood co. N. C. s. e. 
Length 48 ms, mean breadth 14, and area 672 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 28' to 36"' 
53', and in long, from 6° 24' to 7° 12'. The 
slope of this co. is n. wstrd. towards Holston r. 
The surface is broken, but soil good. It is 
among the most ancient settlements of Ten. 
by the whites. Chief t. Marysville. Pop. 
1820, 11,258, and in 18.30, 11,028. 

Blount Spring, p-o. in the s. part of Blount 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 90 ms n. e. from Tuscaloosa, 
and 789 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Blountsville, p.v. Jones co. Geo. 17 ms. 
w. Milledgeville. 

Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. 
Ala. situated on Locust branch of Black War- 
rior r. 56 ms. southward from Huntsville, 
and by p-r. 748 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
110 N. E. Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 34° 05', w. long. 
9° 35' from W. C. 

Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. 
Ten. 107 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by 
p-r. 409 s. w. by w. W. C. and 306 a little n. 
of e. Nashville, n. lat. 36° 32', long. 5° 18' 
w. W. C. 

Blue Hilj^, p-t. Hancock co. Me. IS ms. n.b. 



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60 



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Castine, 78 Augusta, on a large Bay — it has 
an academy. Pop. 1830, 1486. 

Blue House, p-v. in the southern part of 
Colleton liist. S. C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. Colum- 
bia, and 588 s. w. W. C. 

Blue Mountain. This undistinguishing 
term has been applied to several chains of 
the Appalachian system in the U. S. but more 
particularly to that one called by some tribes 
of Indians " Kaatatin Chunk," or Endless 
mountain. If we turn our atttention to the 
Appalachian chain we find them often only 
interrupted, where a cursory survey would 
lead us to place a termination. Whether the 
Kittatinny Chain or " Blue Mountain" could 
be detected eastward from the Hudson we 
are unprepared to determine, but westward 
of that river, this chain is found distinct in 
the Shawangunk, near Kingston, in Ulster co. 
N. Y. It thence ranges s. w. meets and 
turns Delaware r. at the extreme northern 
angle of N. J. and continues its original di- 
rection to the Del. Water Gap, where the 
mountain chain is traversed by the river, and 
the former curves more westward, enters 
Pennsylvania, over which it ranges about 150 
ms. to the northern angle of Franklin co. af- 
ter having been pierced by the Lehigh, 
Schuylkill, and Susquehannah, rivers. Be- 
tween Franklin and Bedford cos. the Kitta- 
tinny reassumes nearly its original direction 
in the state of N. Y. and though in some 
places confounded with the Alleghany, real- 
ly continues a distinct chain over Md. Va. 
N. C. and Ten. into Ala. s. w. of Susquehan- 
na, the Kittatinny rises, and extending first 
nearly w. between the coiifluents of Coredog. 
winet and Shoreman's rivers, is thence bro- 
ken into ridges bounding on the w. the valley 
of Conecocheague, gradually curves to the 
southward, and reaches Potomac, extend- 
ing very little w. of s. Rising again beyond 
the Potomac, between the Opequan and Black 
creeks, it runs nearly parallel with the Blue 
ridge, is passed by the North Fork of Shenan- 
doah, and extends thence between the two 
main branches of that river. Though scarce- 
ly appearing distinctly on our best maps, the 
chain of Kittatiimy is completely distinct and 
continues over Rockingham, Augusta, and 
Rockbridge cos. Va. into Botetourt, to where 
it is traversed by James river, below the 
mouth of Craig's creek. Rising again be- 
yond James r. the chain stretches along the 
higher sources of James and Roanoke rs. to 
the centre of Montgomery co. near Chris- 
tiansburg. Here it leaves the Atlantic slope, 
and merges into the valley of O. by entering 
the subvalley of New river or Upper Ken- 
hawa. 

Thus far, in all its range from the Hudson, 
the Kittatinny chain is broken into links by 
the higher sources of the Atlantic rivers, and 
similar to the Southeast mountain and Blue 
ridge, the base gradually rises, ascending 
the vast inclined plain obUquely, until it 
reaches the highest apex between the sour- 
ces of Roanoke and those of Little river 



branch of New river. In this region the 
lowest gap through which measurements 
luive been made for a projected canal, is 2049 
feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean. 
The base of the chain now commences to de- 
press and inflecting to a course considerably 
west of southwest, is traversed by New river 
or Upper Kenhaway. Beyond the htter 
stream, under the local name of Iron moun- 
tain, and discharging to the eastward the 
confluents of New river, and from the oppo- 
site flank those of the south branch of IIol- 
ston and Watauga, reaches the extreme north, 
eastern angle of Ten. At the latter point, the 
chain assumes a direction very nearly s. w. 
and under the various local names of Iron 
mountain. Bald mountain. Smoky mountain, 
and Unika mountain, is pierced in succession 
by Watauga, Doe, Nolechucky, French 
Broad, Big, Pigeon, Tennessee, Proper, and 
Hiwassee rs. & merges according to Tanner's 
map of the United States, into Blue ridge, in 
the northern part of Georgia, between the 
sources of Coosa and Hiwassee rivers. 

If the whole body of the Kittatinny and its 
mean elevation is compared with the body 
and elevation of Blue ridge, the former ex- 
ceeds in both respects, from the Hudson to 
their termination in Georgia, though at the 
High lands on the Hudson and in the Peaks 
of Otter, the Blue ridge rises to a superior el- 
evation from their respective bases. 

As a distinct and defined chain the Kitta- 
tinny is upwards of eight hundred miles in 
length. The height above the ocean varies 
from 800 to 2,500 feet. All the ridges in 
their natural state were wooded to their 
sunmiits, though the trees are goncrdl- 
ly stunted in growth at any considerable 
height. In the vallies along both flanks 
the timber is often very large and lofty ; par- 
ticularly the pines, oaks, hemlocks, and lirio- 
dendron. On some of the ridges good arable 
soil is found on the summits, but sterility is 
the general character of the soil. Amongst 
the peculiar features of this chain, one may 
be remarked, which gives it a very distinct 
character. In all its length, it is no where 
strictly a dividing limit between river sources. 
Without assuniing any connexion with the 
mountains eastward of the Hudson, the Kit- 
tatinny is pierced by the Delaware, Le- 
high, Schuylkill, Susquehannah, Potomac and 
James rivers, flowing into the Atlantic ocean, 
and by the Great Kenhawa, and various bran- 
ches of Tennessee flowing into the valley of 
Ohio, or basin of the Mississippi. 

Blue Ridge ; of the distinctive chains of 
the Appalachian system, and indeed of all the 
sections of this system, the Blue ridge stands 
most apart and prominent, though of much 
narrower base, and of less mean elevation 
than either the Kittatinny or Alleghany. On 
a colored map of Virginia the Blue ridge 
has a very striking appearance, arising from 
the fact of being a county hmit in all its range 
over that state. Without tracing a probable 
but hypothetical identity, between the moun- 



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61 



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tains of Mass. Conn, and Vt. with the Blue 
ridge, we first meet this chain distinct at 
West Point on the Hudson river. Thence 
it rises into brolccn but continuous ridges over 
N. Y. and N. J. to the Delaware, in a south- 
westerly direction. Traversed by the Dela- 
ware imntediately below the influx of Lehigh, 
and inflecting similar to the Kittatinny, to 
s. w. by w., it is pierced by the Schuylkill at 
Reading, by the Susquchannah below the 
mouth of Swatara, by the Potomac at Harp- 
er's Ferry, by James river, between Bed- 
ford and Amherst cos. Virginia, and by the 
Roanoke between Bedford and Franklin cos. 
in the same state. In its further progress 
s. w. from Roanoke, the Blue ridge becomes 
the limit of river source to its final extinc- 
tion in Ala. The length of this chain from 
the Hudson to Roanoke, 450 ms. and from 
Roanoke to where it ceases to be a distinct 
chain in Ala. 3.50 ms. having an entire length of 
800 ms. s. w. from the Hudson. The Hudson 
does not, however,terminate the Blue ridge to 
the N. eastward. Many river passages through 
mountains have been noticed and celebrated, 
and, amongst others, the passage of this 
chain by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry ; but 
it may be doubted whether from all the at- 
tendent circumstances, any similar phenome- 
non on earth combines so many very remark- 
able features as the tide stream of the 
Hudson through the two chains, the south- 
east mountain and Blue ridge. 

Profoundly deep, far below the utmost 
draught of the largest vessels of war, the 
flux and reflux of the tides rush along a nar- 
row and tortuous channel, on both sides 
bounded by enormous craggy and almost per- 
pendicular walls of rock, rising from one 
thousand to twelve or fifteen hundred feet 
above the water surface. Sailing along this 
astonishing gorge the mind involuntarily de- 
Tilands by what operation of nature has this 
complication of wonders been produced ? 
Again, what in an eminent degree enhances 
the surprise and admiration, is the fact, that 
this'*great river pass is made directly through 
a mountain nucleus. In all the chains of the 
Appalachian system, masses rise at different 
places, far above the ordinary height, and 
spreading much wider than the mean base of 
the chain in which they occur. The peaks 
of Otter — the peaks in the Catsbergs, in 
Windham, Green co. N. Y. several peaks of 
the Green mts. in Vt. and above all, the White 
mts. of N. H. are examples. The Highlands, 
pierced by the Hudson, and passed by the 
tide from the" ocean, are however, every thing 
considered, by much the most remarkable of 
these mountain peaks or groups to be found, 
not only in the U. States, but probably on this 
planet. Receding from the highlands, either 
to the s. w. or n. e. the chain depresses so 
much, that on our maps, the continuity in 
either direction, is generally not represented. 
There is, nevertheless, in the vicinity of the 
Hudson, no real interruption of either the s. e 
mtn.or Blue Ridge, along their lines of direc 



tion.The highest peaks being in the Blue ridge 
on both sides of the river. Of these peaks, 
the highest is Butter Hill, which rises 1,535 
feet above the ocean tides, and rising abrubt- 
ly from the water, affords a very fine and 
extended landscape to the n. w. and n. 

After leaving the Hudson, Blue Ridge con- 
tinues to N. E. about 20 ms. and then, similar 
to other chains of the same system on both 
sides of that river, rapidly inflects to a course 
a very little n. of e., a direction which it 
maintains above 250 ms. in the states of N. 
Y. Mass. and Vt. For the first 70 ms. of ita 
northerly course, the Blue Ridge discharges 
from its eastern flank numerous branches of 
Housatonic, and from the opposing slope, 
Fishkill, Wappingers, Jansen's or Ancram, 
and Kinderhook creeks, flowing wstrd. into 
the Hudson. With the sources of Housa- 
tonick and Hoosack rs. the features of Blue 
Ridge change ; hitherto from the Hudson, a 
line of river source, it now loses that charac 
ter, and is broken into innumerable ridges by 
the higher sources of Hoosack and Batten 
Kill, flowing into the Hudson, and thence by 
those of Paulet, Otter, Onion, La Moille, 
and Missisque rs. falling into lake Cham- 
plain. All these latter streams rise in the s. 
E. mountain, and flowing down a western 
slope pass the Blue Ridge. 

A hypothesis may be hazarded that what 
is designated Greenmountains in the southern 
part of Vt. and the ridge or series of ridges 
known by the same term in the northern part 
of the same state, are fragments of two sep- 
arate chains, though generally represented as 
the continuation of one & the same chain. Re- 
garding the great western chain e. of the 
Hudson, in the State ofN. Y., Mass. and Vt. 
as the continuation of Blue Ridge, the whole 
length of the chain in the U. S. exceeds 1,000 
ms. In relative elevation, the Blue Ridge is 
humble, though in one part, Bedford co. Va. 
the peaks of Otter rise to 4,200 feet above 
tide water. Generally, the ridges are from 
700 to 1,000 feet above their bases, and the 
base rising with the mountain, when the ridg- 
es are seen from the elevated table land, 
from which flow Roanoke, Kenhawa, Yadkin, 
and Tennessee, they are, in fact, less impo- 
sing than when seen from the Hudson, Dela- 
ware, Susquchannah, Potomac or James rs. 
though at the former region, the real ocean- 
ical elevation is more than double to what it 
is near the more northern rivers. 

From its prominence, and southwestward- 
ly from the Hudson, its isolation. Blue Ridge 
has been, though very erroneously, regarded 
and delineated as the extreme southeastern 
chain of the system ; in reality, however, it is 
the third distinct chain advanci'ig from the 
Atlantic ocean. (See art. Southeast mtn.) 

Blue Rock, p-v. in the western part of Musk- 
ingum CO. O. 12 ms. from Zanesville, and by 
p-r. 71 E. Columbus, and 348 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Blue Spring Grove, p-o. Barren co. Ky. 
12 ms. N. Glasgow, the st. jus. and by p-r. 126 
s. w. Frankfort. 



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62 



BOL 



Blue Stone, small r. of Va. in Tazewell 
and Giles cos. rises in the latter, interlocking 
sources with those of Clinch and Big Sandy, 
flows thence n. e. down a mountain valley 
into New r. which it enters about five miles 
above the influx of Green Brier r. 

Blue Stone, p-o. on the Blue Stone r. 
southeastern part of Tazewell co. Va. by p-r. 
279 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond, and 337 
e. w. by w. W. C. 

Blue Sulphur Spring, and p-o. Green Bri- 
er CO. Va. by p-r. 203 ms. w, Richmond, and 
264 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Bluffdale, p-o. in the w. part of Greene co. 
II. 10 ms. w. Carrollton, the st. jus. for the co. 
and by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. Vandalia, 
and897 w. W.C. 

Boalsburg, p-v. in the southern part of 
Centre co. Pa. 15 ms. s. Bellefonte, by p-r. 
81 N. w. Harrisburg, and 183 n. n. w. W. C. 

BoARDMAN, p-v. on Malioning r. and in the 
8. E. part of Trumbull co. O. 11 ms. s. e. and 
below Warren, the st. jus. and 161 ms. n. e. 
by E. Columbus. 

BoDCAU, r. of Ark. and La. The Bodcau 
rises in Hempstead co. of the former, and 
flowing thence s. over La Fayette, enters 
Claiborne parish, La. expands into a lake and 
again into a river which falls into Red r. op- 
posite the great raft. The valley of Bodcau 
lies between those of Bistineau and Red r. 
The lake of Bodcau is similar in its features 
to that of Bistineau, which see. 

BoEUF, large bayou or creek of La. Jias its 
source in the pine forests, of the parish of 
Rapide, 8 or 10 ms. s. w. from the village of 
Alexandria on Red r. This remarkable wa- 
ter course flows first to the n. e. towards Red 
r. and entering the alluvial tract near that 
stream, approaches within a few hundred 
yards of that arm of Red r. called the Rapide 
bayou, but the Boeuf retires to the s. e. about 
15 ms. where it divides into two streams, one 
of which, the left or eastern, winds eastward- 
ly and communicates with Red r. by an out- 
let from that stream ; again divides the right 
branch, forming the bayou de Glaize which 
unites with the Atchafalaya, 5 ms. below the 
outlet of the latter from the Mississippi. 

The main or right branch of the Boeuf, af- 
ter the division of its waters as noticed above, 
assumes a course of s. s. e. by direct distance 
thirty miles, but perhaps a third more follow. 
ing the windings to its junction with the Cro- 
codile, to form the Courtableau r. The lands 
along the Boeuf are exuberantly fertile. By 
its channel, at seasons of high flood, a naviga- 
ble connexion exists for small vessels, be- 
tween Red r. and the streams of Opelousas 
and Attacapas. The writer of this article 
made this navigation in a very large pirogue, 
built on lake Bistineau, brought down Red r. 
and through the intermediate bayou into the 
Boeuf, and down the Boeuf into the Courta- 
bleau to Lemelle's landing, 4 ms. from the 
village of St. Lardie in Opelousas. 

Boeuf, r. of Ark. and La. rises in the for- 
mer and in Arkansas co. and within 7 or 8 ms. 



from Arkansas r. Interlocking sources with 
those of the Barthelemy, and flowing at a 
mean distance of about 20 ms. from the Miss. 
r. over Ark. and Chicot cos. the Boeuf enters 
La. Bending to s. s. w. about 70 ms. and 
again curving to a little e. of s. joins the 
Washitau, twenty direct miles north of the 
junction of the latter with Ocatahoola and 
Tensaw. The entire comparative course of 
the Boeuf is 170 ms. The valley of Boeuf 
generally separates the pine forest land from 
the annually overflown tracts along the Mis- 
sissippi and Tensaw rs. 

A boatable channel could be easily formed 
to unite the Mississippi with the Washitau by 
means of the Boeuf, and by a canal from 
Grand lake immediately above the northern 
boundary of Louisiana. 

Bogle's, p-o. in the s. w. part of Iredell co. 
N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. w. from Raleigh. 

Bogle's, p-o. Perry co. Ala. by p-r. 50 ms. 
s. E.Tuscaloosa. 

Bogue Chitto, r. of the states of Miss, and 
La. is the s. w. branch of Pearl r. rising in 
Lawrence co. of the former, flows thence 
by a course a little e. of s. over Pike, and en- 
ters Washington parish. La. Inflecting to 
southeast 35 ms. over Washington, it thence 
bends still more e. and for a distance of 25 
ms. separates the latter from St. Tammany 
parish to its final influx into Pearl r. after an 
entire comparative course of about 90 ms. 
The Bogue Chitto has interlocking sources 
with those of Bayou Pierre, and Homochitto, 
but higher part of the valley of Bogue Chitto 
lies principally between that of Pearl and 
Tangipaha, and the lower part between that of 
Pearl and Chifunate. 

Bohemia, large cr. in the southern part of 
Coecil CO. Md. This cr. rises in Newcastle 
CO. Del. and flowing thence w. opens into a 
comparatively large bay, which communi- 
cates with the Elk r. between 4 and 5 ms. 
above the opening of the latter into Chesa- 
peake bay. The Bohemia heads with the 
Appoquinimink. 

Bolivar, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 265 ms. 
w. Albany. 

Bolivar, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 
189 ms. N. e. by w. W. C. and 166 w. Harris- 
burg. 

Bolivar, p-v. in the s. part of Robeson co. 
N. C. by p-r. 101 ms. a little w. of s. from 
Raleigh. 

Bolivar, p-v. Washington co. Miss, about 
100 ms. N. N. e. Natchez. 

Bolivar, p-o. and st. jus. Hardiman co. 
Ten. situated on Big Hatche r. 70 ms. a little 
N. of E. Memphis, on Mississippi r. and by p-r. 
849 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 158, in nearly a 
similar direction from Nashville, n. lat. 35® 
16' and long. 12° w. from W. C. 

Bolivar, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. in the north- 
ern angle of Tuscarawas co. O. 10 ms. above 
and north from New Phil, the st. jus. and by 
p-r. Ill ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 324 
N. w.by w. W. C. 

Bolivia, p-v. in the w. w. part of St. 



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63 



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Genevieve co. Mo. by p-r. 894 ma. a little b. 
ofw. W. C. and about 65 a little w. of s. St. 
Louis. 

Bolsters' Mills, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 
81 ms. from Augusta. 

Bolton, p-t. Chittenden co Vt. 17 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier, 17 s. e. Burlington, is very moun- 
tainous, and has but a small part habitable, 
on the w. range of the Green mtns. crossed 
by Onion r. and several branchea. Pop. 1830, 
452. 

Bolton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms. 
w. Boston, has a varied surface, with good 
soil, between Concord and Nashua rs. Pop. 
1830, 1258. 

Bolton, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 14 ms. e. 
Hartford, 3 ms. by 5, is on the granite range 
which divides the waters of Conn. & Thames 
rs., has a coarse gravelly loam, with very 
good grazing, with oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. 
It has a branch of Hop r. and one of Salmon 
r. Pop. 1830, 744. 

Bolton, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. 
Caldwell, 76 n. Albany, w. Lake George, e. 
Scaroon r. has a mountainous or hilly surface, 
with broad vallies. It yields wheat, rye, 
grass, &c. with fruit trees near the lake. 
Timber is carried down the lake on rafts. 
The people are chiefly from N. England. 
The t. hicludes Tongue mtn. n. w. Bay, and 
the Narrows of Lake George, which is spot- 
ted with innumerable islands, and offers the 
most romantic scenery on the lake. The 
steamboat Mountaineer plies from Caldwell 
to the bottom of the lake 14 ms. Pop. 1466. 
Bond, co. of II. bounded by Clinton s., 
Madison w., Montgomery n., and Lafayette 
E. Length 20, breadth 18, and area 360 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 44' to 39° 
02', and in long, from 12° 16', to 12° 36' w 
W. C. The slope is nearly due south, and 
in that direction is drained by Shual creek 
and other smaller streams flowing into Kas- 
kaskia r. Chief town, Grenville. Pop. 1830, 
3124. 

Bone, p-o. Hopkins co. Ky. by p-r. 210 ms. 
s. w. by w. P^ankfort. 

Bonnet Carre', (Square Bonnet,) remark- 
able bend of the Mississippi r. 

Bonnet Carre', p-o. on Bonnet Carre' Bend 
parish of St. Jolm Baptist, La., 36 ms. above 
New Orleans, and by p-r. 1241 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. 

- Bono, p-v. in the southern part of Lawrence 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 84 ms. a little w. of s. In- 
dianopolis, and 631 westward W. C. 

Bon Pas, p-v. on the right bank of Wa- 
bash r. in the extreme n. e. angle of White 
CO. II. 45 ms. s. w. Vincennes, and by p-r. 
106 ms. s. E. by e. Vandalia, and 747 West- 
ward W. C. 

Bon Secours. (See Mobile bay). 
Boone, p-v. in the w. part of Pickens co. 
Ala. 11 ms. w. Pickensville, the st. jus. and 
by p-r. 48 ms. w. Tuscaloosa, and 906 s. w. 
byw. W. C. 

Boone, one of the two extreme northern 
COS. of Ky. bounded by Grant s., the Ohio 
fiver below the mouth of Great Miami, eepa- 



tingfrom Switzerland co. Ind. w., and Dear- 
borne CO. Ind. N. w., by Ohio river above the 
mouth of Great Miami, separating it from 
Hamilton co. O, n., and by Campbell co. Ky. 
E. Length from south to north along the 
Ohio river, 25 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 
300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 47', 
to 39° 08' N., and in long, from 7° 35', to 7° 
51' w. from W. C. The slope is westward to- 
wards the Ohio r. surface very hilly, but soil 
productive. Chief towns, Burlington and 
Florence. Pop. 1820, 6582, 1830, 9075. 

BooNE, CO. of Ind. bounded s. by Hendricks, 
w. by Montgomery, n. by Wabash, e. by 
Hamilton, and s. e. by Marion. Length 26, 
breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 57', to 40° 13', and in long, 
from 9° 13', to 9° 42' w. from W. C. The 
slope is westward and drained in that direc- 
tion by Sugar and Raccoon crs. and other 
streams flowing into Wabash r. Thorntown, 
the St. jus. is situated in direct distance 35 
ms. southwestwardly from Indianopolis, but 
by p-r. 62, and 598 ms. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 
622. 

Boone, co. Miss, bounded on the n. w. by 
Howard, n. by Randolph, n. e. by Ralls, e. & 
s. e. by Callaway, and s'. and s. w. by Missou- 
ri r. separating it from Jefferson. Length 
from south to north 40 ms. ; mean breadth 
20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 38', to 39° 12' and in long, from 
15° 03', to 15° 32' w. W. C. It slopes a little 
w. of s. and is drained in that direction by 
Rock cr. Cedar cr. and other small streams 
falling into Missouri r. Chief town, Columbia, 
situated 24 ms. eastwardly from Franklin, 
and 130 west St. Louis. Population 1830, 
8839. 

Boonsboro', or Morganville, p-v. in the 
eastern part of Washington co. Md. 11 ms. 
s. s. E. Hagerstown, 16 n. w. by w. Freder- 
ick, and by p-r. 59 n. w. W. C. 

BooNESBORo', p-v. on the left bank of Ky. 
r. Madison co. Ky. 41 ms. s. e. Frankfort, 13 
s. s. E. Lexington, and by p-r. 526 a little s. 
of w. W. C. 

Boone's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co. Va. 
by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. Richmond, and 263 s. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Booneton, p-v. Boone co. Mo. by p-r. 57 
ms. northwardly from Jefferson, and 992 
ms. westwardly from W. C. 

Boonevile,p-v. and St. jus. Warrick co. Ind. 
situated between Pigeon and Cypress crs. 19 
ms. N. E. by E. Evansville, on Ohio r. 55 ms. 
s. s. E. Vincennes, and by p-r. 187 ms. s. s. w. 
from Indianopolis. 

BooNEViLLE, p-v. St. jus. Coopcr CO. Mo. 
situated on the right bank of Missouri r. op- 
posite to Franklin in Howard co. by p-r. 185 
ms. a little n. ofw. from St. Louis, and 5i n. 
w. by w. Jefferson. 

BooNviLLE, p-t.' Oneida co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. 
Utica, is hilly in some parts, is crossed by 
Black r. of L. Ontario, 10 ms. above High 
Falls. The v. is in the s. on the Black r. 
road. Pop. 1830, 2,746. 

BooTHBAY, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. s! e. 



BOS 



64 



BOS 



WisCasset, 39 from Augusta, w. Damariscot- 
ta r. which, with another arm of the sea w. 
almost insulate it. Pop. 1830, 2,286. 

BoRDENTowN, p-t. B+ullngton CO. N. J. 6 
ms. s. Trenton, '24 n. Phil., e. Delaware r. 
has a level surface, considerably elevated. 
By means of the river it has a ready commu- 
nication with the Phil, market. The seat of 
the Count de Survilliers, Joseph Bonaparte, 
is here, on the bank of the Del. 

BoRDENviLLE, p-0. Carteret co. N. C. by p-r. 
177 ms. s. E. Raleigh, and near the Atlantic 
coast, 

Boam.AY, p-v. in the western part of Union 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 753 ms. w. W. C, 21 5 a little 
s. of w. from Frankfort, and 10 w. from Mor- 
ganfield, the co. seat. 

BoRGNE, lake of, as usually denominated, 
is a bay, and the western extreme of Pasca- 
goula sound. The sheet of water particular, 
ly called lake Borgne, lies between the parish 
of Plaquemines in La. and Hancock co. Miss. 
It communicates on the n. e. with Pascagou- 
la sound by the pass of Christian, between 
Cat island and the main shore of Mississippi, 
on the E. with the gulf of Mexico by the pass 
of Marian, and to the n. w. with lake Pont- 
chartrain, by the two passes of Rigoletts and 
Chef Menteiir. From its position lake Borgne 
is important, as through it exists the inland or 
Pontchartrain entrance to New Orleans. (See 
Pascagola sound.) 

BoREDiiVo, p-v. in the n. w. part ofWayne 
CO. Mich, by p-r. 547 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 30 westwardly from Detroit. 

BoscAWEN, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 ms. 
N. N. w. Concord, 52 n. w. Portsmouth, e. Mer- 
rimack r. 7 ms. by 7, contains 32,230 acres, 
and is partly watered by Blackwater r. on 
which are fine meadows and mill sites, and 
it has Great and Long ponds. It has exten- 
sive meadows on Merrimack r. The hilly 
country (five sevenths of the t.) is fertile and 
bears oak, »fcc. It is remarkably healthy. 
First settled 1734, and the inhabitants lived 
in a garrison 22 years. Pop. 1830, 2,093. 

BosTic's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 411 ms. s. w. W. 
C. and 127 s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Boston Corner, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 
Pop. 1830, 64. 

Boston, s-p. capital of Mass. and st. jus. 
Suffolk CO. is the largest city in New England, 
and the fourth in the U. S. in population. It 
stands on an irfegular peninsula, at the bottom 
of Mass. bay, and is united s. v/. to the main 
land by a narrow neck, which formerly was 
overflowed by high tides. Length nearly 2| 
ms., original breadth 1 m. but by the addition 
of streets built out* upon the flats is now much 
wider ; so that including South Boston (which 
is not within the peninsula) the whole extent 
is about 3 sq. ms. It is distant from W. C. 
N. E. 436 ms. .300 n. e. Phil., 210 n. e. New 
York, 100 E. N. E. Hartford, 40 n. e. Provi- 
dence ; long. 70° 58' 53" w. lat. 42° 22' n. 
Pop. I76r>, 15,520, in 1790, 18,038, in 1800, 
24,937, in 1810, 33,250, in 1820, 43,298, and 



in 1830, 61,392. Its harbor is commodious f 
it might contain 500 ships, and is of depth 
sufficient for those of the largest size. It is 
protected from storms by numerous islands. 
On Governor's and Castle islands, are forts 
Warren and Independence, which defend the 
harbor, and in a good degree shelter it from 
the sea. The entrance is very narrow. 

Commerce. — The commerce of Boston has 
always been great. Many ships are owned 
and employed in their coasting and foreign 
trade ; imports about $14,000,000 and ex- 
ports about !^ 1 0,000,000 ; amount of revenue 
secured at the customhouse in 1831, t'j^5,299,- 
608. Aggregate tonnage of 3 lines regular 
coasting vessels to New York 19 JO, and 
their cargoes estimated at $6,000,000 per 
annum. There are also regular packets to 
Phil. Baltimore, Alexandria, Georgetown, 
Washington, Charleston, Hartford, Albany, 
Troy, &.C. Large investments have been 
made by the capitalists here, in the joint stock 
manufacturing establishments of Mass. in 
Lowell, "Waltham and many other towns ; 
and in N. H., R. I., Conn, and other states. 

The interior communication has been much 
improved. The Middlesex canal, which is 
29^ ms. long, breadth 30 feet, and depth 3 
feet, with an elevation of 104 feet, extends to 
Lowell from Boston harbor, and forms with 
Merrimack river a navigable channel to Con- 
cord, N. H. Large quantities of manufactured 
goods and the raw material, granite, timber, 
&c. are transported upon it. A rail road is 
now constructing to Lowell, and several oth- 
ers are projected ; from Boston to Albany, 
and Ogdensburg, N. Y. to Providence R. I. 
and Taunton ; and surveys were begun in 
1831 for one or more to the waters of Narra- 
ganset bay. 

Numbers of fine stage coaches run regu- 
larly on all the principal roads from Boston, 
and the travelling between that place and 
Providence is very great, while the steam 
boats ply on Long Island sound. By steam 
boats to Augusta, Me. and thence to Quebec 
by the Kennebec road, travellers have gone 
through in five days. 

Banks, Insurance Companies, ^-c. — There 
are 22 Banks, the aggregate capital of which 
is $15,600,000, including a branch of the U. 
S. bank, capital .$1,500,000, and the State 
bank, capital $1,800,000. In 1831 their divi- 
dends were $770,000. There are 13 Ma. 
rine Insurance companies, capital $3,375,000, 
and 10 Fire Insurance companies, capital $2,. 
8: 0,000 : the Mass. hospital and Life Insu- 
ranee company, capital, $500,000, and the 
Mass. Assurance, and Fishing Insurance 
companies. Seventeenof these companies, in 
1831, averaged more than 5 per cent, dividend. 
Bridges, <J-c.-^There are seven bridges 
connecting Boston with the neighboring coun. 
try. The oldest, Charles r. bridge, 1,503 
feet long, 42 wide, buih on 75 piers and ex- 
tending across Charles r. to Charlesto-wn ; i 
Warren, nearly parallel with the former, and i 
also running to Charlestown, 1,420 feet long, j 



BOS 



65 



BOS 



on piers, and macadamized, at the end ofjtures. Semi-annual sales of these articles 
which the Lowell rail road terminates ; Crai- lare held here. At the last, cotton and wool- 



gie's bridge, running in a n. w, direction to 
Lechmere point, standing on piers also, and 
macadamized ; Cambridge, or West Boston 
bridge, running nearly e. and w. 3,483 feet in 



len goods, amounting to $452,945, boots and 
shoes, $61,133, and furniture, $4,876 were 
sold. The Tremont house is the most ele- 
gant and commodious hotel in the U. S. Its 



length, and supported by 180 piers, extending I front is gray sienite, ornamented with a splen- 
to Cambridge port ; and the Western Avenue, did portico of the Doric order, with fluted pil- 



or Mill dam, so called, 8,000 feet long and 
50 wide, running a little s. of w. across to 
Roxbury. This latter is formed of solid earth, 
supported by stone walls on the sides ; with 
the addition of a cross dam, two large basins 
are formed which are alternately filled at ebb 
and flood tide, by means of which a perpetual 
water power is created for mills, and other 
machinery connected with it. These dams 
were built in 1823 — 4 and cost over $600,000. 
There is a branch from Craigie's bridge al- 
so, which runs to Charlestown point, near the 
Mass. state prison. The preceding are all 
toll bridges. South Boston bridge, running 
about s. s. E. from the Neck to South Boston, 
formerly a toll bridge, rendered unprofitable 
by the erection of the free bridge from Whee- 
ler's point, the s. extremity of the city, has 
been surrendered to the corporation and is 
now free. 

The wharves are numerous, generally spa- 
cious, and oflfer ample accommodation for ship- 
ping, and store houses for merchandize. Long 
wharf is 1,650 feet in length, and on central 
wharf, which is 1,240 feet long and 150 wide, 
is built a uniform range of brick stores, 4 
stories high, extending the whole length of 
the wharf. In the centre of these is a hall 
and observatory, where the telegraph office is 
kept, which is conducted on the most appro- 
ved semaphoric system. Here by means of 
intermediate stations on Rainsford island, and 
port Aldcrton at the mouth of the harbor, intel- 
ligence can be conveyed in 3 minutes to and 
from vessels 50 miles from the city. Com- 
mercial and India wharves, also, are very ex- 
tensive. 

Public Buildings, ^c. — Boston in the num- 
ber and extent of its public buildings, stores, 
&c. is not exceeded by any other city in the U. 
S. The state house stands on an eminence, 
the highest in the city, is built of brick, and 
from the summit of its dome presents a most 
extensive and beautiful view of the city and 
surrounding country. In a niche erected for 
the purpose, on the lower floor, stands Chan- 
try's statue of Washington, a fine specimen of 
sculpture, erected at an expense of $16,000 



lars. It cost upwards of $100,000. These, 
with the Tremont theatre, the Mass. general 
hospital, the masonic temple, Trinity church, 
built of stone in the Gothic style, at a cost of 
upwards of $160,000, and many others, are 
splendid specimens of architecture. Other 
public buildings are the county court house, 
which is built of stone, and cost $92,000 ; 
Faneuil hall, where town and political meet- 
ings are held; the customhouse; 41 church- 
es, some of which are very elegant ; a house 
of industry ; a house of correction; a county 
jail, and 10 public school houses. Of the 
churches 12 are occupied by Unitarians, 10 
Congregationalists, 4 Episcopalians, 4 Bap- 
tists, 3 Methodists, 3 Universalists, 2 Roman 
Catholics, 1 Freewill Baptists, 2 African, one 
of which is Baptist, and the other Methodist. 
The Swedenborgians also have a society. 

Literary, scievtific, and charitable institu. 
tiovs. — The medical branch of Harvard uni- 
versity is established in Boston, where the 
professors reside. The Boston Atheneum 
has two buildings, one containing a library of 



24,000 volumes ; the otfier has two hallri, one 
for the exhibition of paintings, &c. the other 
for public lectures ; there are also rooms for 
various scientific purposes. Of scientific in- 
stitutions there are the American academy of 
arts and sciences ; the Mass. historical socie- 
ty ; the Mass. medical society, and the mecha- 
nic institution, where an annual course of lee 
tures is delivered on the mechanic arte. This 
institution has a library of about 5000 volumes. 
Beside these, there are the humane society, 
the Boston dispensary, by which attendance 
and medicine are furnished to the poor free of 
expense; the asylum for indigent boys ; the 
female orphan asylum, and several others. 

Schools. — Boston takes an honorable sta- 
tion, at the head of American cities, in public 
schools. Among these are the Elliot, May- 
hew, Adams and fcJoylston for boys ; and Han- 
cock, Bowdoin, and Franklin for girls. There 
are a latin and grammar school, free to boys 
from 9 to 15 years of age ; 8 grammar and 
writing schools for boys and girls, in each of 
which is a master for each branch ; a high 
Faneuil hall market, said to be the most beau- 1 school, where are taught various mathemati- 
tiful building of the kind in the world, was ! cal branches, and a course of English educa- 
built in 1826. It stands near the principal tion; an African school, and about 60 primary 



wharves, in the centre of business ; it is built 
of granite, the centre about 60 feet square, 
surmounted by a dome ; thisre are 2 wings, 
having at each extremity 4 massy granite co- 
lumns, weighing about 25 tons each. Its ex- 
treme length is 540 feet, width 50, and is 2 



schools for children from 4 to 7 years of age, 
which are taught bj' females. These schools 
are supported at an annual expense of about 
$55,000. The African school is supported 
by the interest of a fund of $5000, given by 
Abiel Smith. The public schools are visited 



stories high; ihe upper one has a spacious annually by the ajdernien and school commit- 
hall, occupied by the New England society; tee, when medals are distributed; 3,9 13 
for the encouragement of domestic manufac- 1 children attended the primary schools in 1831 

9 



BOT 66^ 

There are numerous private schools also, 
highly creditable to their founders, and to the 
city 

The streets in the older parts of Boston are 
nattow and crooked, but the more recent 
ones are generally strait, many of them wide, 
and well built. Granite brought from the 
banks of the Merrimack and from Quincy, has 
been much used for many years pa&t, to the 
great improvement of public and private edi- 
fices. Among the latter are to be found ma- 
nf spacious and truly magnificent structures, 
unsurpassed, perhaps not to be equalled in 
our country. The wharves and several 
streets, are furnished with fine blocks of 
stores, among which those on each side of 
Faneuil hall market, and built of the same 
material, are in the first rank. These ranges 
of stores are four stories high, about 600 
feet long, and are uniformly built. 

The principal public square is the common, 
containing about 50 acres, sloping gradual, 
ly, yet undulating, from the state house. In 
the centre is a fine pond, and on two sides it 
has some of the most elegant buildings in the 
city. The Mall, extending around it, is a 
gravelled walk, shaded with many fine elms, 
and with the common is much admired by 
strangers 

A cemetery has been formed at Mount Au- 
burn, which is to be planted with shrubs, &c. 
on the plan of that of Pere la Chaise, near Pa- 
ris. It is in a secluded valley^ near a pond, 
. with serpentine walks, and is named after 
different trees and shrubs. 

There are seven daily newspapers pub- 
lished here, and numerous semi-weekly and 
weekly prints. There are also many other 
periodicals, conducted, many of them, with 
great ability, among which is the North 
American Reviev/. 

Boston was founded 1630, and the first 
church erected in 1632* This was the birth 
place of Franklin. 

Boston, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 23 ms. s. s. e. 



BOW 



ter, and Pattonsburg on James river in the 
northeastern part, 806 feet. The acclivity is 
rapid towards the western border on Potts' 
mtn. and the mean elevation of the arable 
soil may be assumed at 1250 feet. The 
great body of the county is drained by the 
confluents of James r. ; the southern angle is 
traversed by Roanoke. Both rivers are navi- 
gable to tide water. Chief towns, Fincastle 
and Salem. Pop. 1820, 13,590, and in 1830, 
16,354. 

Botetourt Springs, and p-v. Botetourt co. 
Va. by p-r. 11 ms. westward from Fincastle, 
the CO. seat, and 189 w. Richmond. 

Bottle Hill, p-v. Chatham, Morris co. 
N. J. 16 ms. N. w. Elizabethtown, 5 ms. s. w, 
Morristown, is agreeably variegated with 
pretty good soil and fine landscapes. It is 
the residence of several respectable French 
families. Stage coaches run daily on 2 lines 
to N. Y. 

BouauET, r. Essex co. N. Y. 35 ms. long, 
runs E. into lake Champlain, 23 ms. n. Crown 
point, and is beatable 2 ms. With its branch- 
es it afords many mill seats. An entrench- 
ment was thrown up here by General Bur- 
goyne. 

Bourbon, co. of Ky. bounded s. by Clark, 
s. w. and w. by Lafayette, n. w. by Harrison, 
N. and N. E. by Nicholas, and e. by Montgome- 
ry. Length 17 ms. mean breadth 15, and 
area 225 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 38° 
03' to 38° 22', and in long, from 6° 56' to 7° 
25'. This highly productive county slopes 
to a little w. of n. and is drained by various 
confluents of the south Fork of Licking r. 
Chief towns, Paris and Millersburg. Pop. 
1820, 17,664, in 1830, 18,436, or at the latter 
epoch, a fraction above 72 to the sq. m. Pa. 
ris, the st. jus. is by p-r. 43 ms. e. Frankfort. 

BoviNA, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 89 ms. s. 
w. Albany, 10 s. e. Delhi, is hilly, with good 
grazing, and contains Fish lake. Pop. 1830, 
1348. 

BouNDBROOK, p-v. Warren, Somerset co. 
Buffalo, 289 W.Albany, has an uneven, moist In. J. 7 ms. n. w. New Brunswick, has a 



loam, elevated, with streams of Canquaga cr 
bearing beech, maple, hemlock, linden, &c. 
best for grass. Pop. 1830, 1,521. 

Boswellsville, p-v. Louisa co. Va. about 
40 ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Botetourt, co. of Va. bounded s. w. by 
Montgomery and Giles, w. by Potts' mtns. 
separating it from Monroe, n. w. and n. by 
Potts mtns. separating it from Alleghany co., 
K. E. by Rockbridge co., e. by Blue Ridge 
separating it from Bedford, and s. e. by Blue 
Ridge separating it from Franklin. Length 
Si w. to N. Ei 40 ; mean breadth 25, and area 
1000 sq. msi Extending in lat. from 37° 08' 
to 37° 46' N. and in long, from 2° 28' to 3° 19' 
w. W. C. The mountainous country has two 
slopes, one eastward with the general courses 
of James and Roanoke rivers, and the other 
northeastward, down the mountain valley be- 
tween the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny mtns 



good level soil, n. Rarritan r. The farms 
are small, but pretty well cultivated. 

Bow, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 6 ms. s. e. 
Concord, contains about 16,000 acres, s. w. 
Merrimack r. has an uneven and hard soil, 
contains Turee pond, and Turkey r. In Mer- 
rimack r. are Turkey and Garven's Falls; 
Bow canal, 3 ms. from Concord, ^ m: long, 
surmounts a fall of 25 feet, cut through gra. 
nite ; cost $13,000. $2,000 of the 1st income 
were paid for clearing Turkey falls, &c. It 
is very healthy. Pop. 1830, 1,065. 

BowDoiN, p.t. Lincoln co. Me. 20 ms. s. s. 
w. Augusta, has no considerable streams. 
Pop. 1830, 2095. 

BowDOiNHAM, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 20 ms. s, 
by w. Augusta, w. Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 
2061. 

Bowers, p-v. in the southern part of South, 
ampton co. Va. by p-r. 91 ms. s. s. e. Rich- 



Salem, on the Roanoke, and in the southern mond. 

part of the county, is 1006 feet above tide wa- 1 Bowers' Store and p-o. in the northern 



BOX 



67 



BRA 



part of Ashe co. N. C. by p-r. 374 ms. s. by w. i ms. n. w. Boston, between Concord and Naah- 
W.C. |ua rs. is a small t. Pop. 474. 



BowERSviLLK, p-0. in the southern part of 
Geo. 10 ms. s. from Carnesville, the st. jus. 
and by p-r. 124 a little e. of n. from Milledge- 
villc. 

Bowler's, p-o. in the southern part of Es- 
sex CO. Va. by p-r. 62 ms. n. e. by e. Rich- 
mond. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Caroline 
CO. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. n. n. e. Richmond. 

Bowling Green, p-v. in the southern part of 
Oglethorpe co, Geo. by p-r. 62 ms. n. n. k. 
Milledgeville. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Warren 
CO. Ky. on Big Barren, a branch of Green r. 
by p-r. 142 ms. s. w. Frankfort, and 77 a little 
E. of n. Nashville. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co- 
Ind. on Eel r. a branch of the West Fork of 
White r. 69 ms. s. w. by w. from Indianopolis. 
Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. 
Mo. by p-r. 84 ms. n. w. from St. Louis, and 
132 nis. N. K. by e. from Jefferson. 

Bowman's Mills and p-o. in the n. w. part 
of Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 23 ms. n. n. 
w. from Harrissonburg, the st. jus. for the 
CO. and 145 n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Bowman's Mountain, or Bald Mountain, 
local name of that part of the Alleghany chain 
extending over Lycoming and Luzerne cos. 
Penn. between the two main branches of 
Susquehannah river. The general range of 
the Alleghany chain, including Bowman's 
mountain, until it merges into the great nu- 
cleus of the Catsbergs, is from the southwest 
by west, to northeast by east. Northeast- 
ward of the main branch of Susquehannah it 
is known as the Tunkhannoc mountain. The 
ordinary height above its base is about 1000 
feet, and resting on a plain, with a mean ele- 
vation of 500 feet. The actual oceanic 
elevation of Bowman's mountain is about 



BoxFORD, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 24 ms. n. e. 
Poston, is uneven and gravelly, with poor soil, 
but well cultivated and fruitful, and has a leg. 
acy of $2061 left for Latin & grammar schools 
by Hon. Aaron Wood. Rye straw bonnets are 
made here by females, in great numbers. In 
1830, many were sold in the cities at 10 and 
$l4 as imported, which cost about 2 or $3. 
Pop. 1830, 935. 

Boyd's, p-o. in tfee eastern part of Henry 
CO. Ind. by p-r,. 53 ms. a little n. of e. Indian- 
opolis. 

Boyd's Creek, and p-o. Sevier co. Ten. 
by p-r. 216 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. 

BoYDSTowN, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 
1830, 123. 

BoYDTON, p.v. and st. jus. Mecklenburg co. 
Va. near the centre of the co. 88 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. 

BoYERSTown, p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p.j. 68 
ms. eastward from Harrisburg. 

Boyle's Store, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Stoke co. N. C. by p-r. 156 ms. n. w. 
by w. from Raleigh. 

BoYLSTON, t. Worcester co. Mass. 7 ms. n. 
E. Worcester. Pop. 1830, 820, 

BoYLSTON, t. Oswego CO. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
388. 

BozRAH, p-t. New London co. Conn. 33 ms. 
w. s. w. Hartford, 14 n. by w. N. London, 
5 w. Norwich, 4 ms. by 4^ ; 18 sq. ms. is une- 
ven, with granite rocks, and rich gravelly 
soil, bearing oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. 
grass, grain and flax. It is watered by Yan- 
tic r. Pop. 1830, 1073. 

Braceville, p-o. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. 
by p-r. 155 n. e. by e. from Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 584. 

Bracken, co. Ky. bounded e. by Mason, 
s. e. by Nicholas, s. w. by Harrison, w, by 
Pendleton, and n. by Ohio r. separating it from 



1.500 feet. The naked and barren aspect ofl Clermont co. O. Extending in lat. from 38'' 



this ridge, has given it the term of Bald moun 
tain 

Bowman's Valley, drained by Bowman's 
and Bourn's crs. between Bowman's and Ma- 
hoopeny mountains, Luzerne co. Pa. The 
soil is general sterile. 

Bowyer's Bluff, precipice of limestone 
rock, forming the west point of Washington 
harbor, Green Bay lake, Michigan, and 
about 100 ms. s. w. from Fort Mackinaw. 

BowYER Fort was a small stockade water 
battery placed on the salient angle of Mobile 
point, Baldwin co. Ala. and erected to de- 
fend the entrance into Mobile bay. Here on 
the 5th of September, 1814, Major W. Law- 
rence, with a small garrison of 158 men re- 
pulsed an attack made by a British squadron, 
of which the Hermes of 28 guns was des- 
troyed. On the 8th of Feb. 1815, this feeble 
post was regularly invested by a land and 
naval force and surrendered to the British 
by Major Lawrence, but at the subsequent 
peace was restored to the U. S. I 



30' to 38° 47' and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 1 1' 
w. from W. C, Length 20, mean breadth 11 
ms. area 220 sq. ms. Though bordering on 
Ohio r. and of moderate extent. Bracken co. 
lies mostly on a table land, the southern part 
declining wstrd. and drained in that direction 
by the North Fork of Licking,. The northern 
section slopes nthrd.. towards Ohio r. Sur- 
face very broken, but soil productive. Chief 
t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 5,280, and in 1830, 
6,518. 

Bracken Cross Roads, p-o. in the southern 
part of Bracken co, Ky. by p-r. 62 ms. n. e. 
from Frankfort, 

Bracken's p-o. in the eastern pajt of Sum- 
ner CO. Ten. by p-r. 41 ms, northeastward 
from Nashville. 

Braddock's bay, on lake Ontario, N. Y. 
[See Greece.) 

Bradford, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H.28ma. 
w. Concord, midway between Connecticut 
and Merrimack rs. 31 ms. Amherst, 80 n. w. 
Boston, contains 19,000 acres, of which 500 



Boxborough, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass, 30 are in ponds, furnishing small mill stream*. 



BRA 



68 



BRA 



Todd's pond, the n. branch of Warner r. has | Braintrek, t. Orange co. Vt. 21 ms. s. 

floating islands. The t. is partly hilly, partly Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 1209. 

level, with various soils, and has quarries in i Bhaintree, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. s. of 

the K. part. Pop. 1830, 1,285. Boston, is the birth place of John Adams, 2d 

Bradford, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 7 ms. s. President of the U. S. ; is on Montiquot r. 

Newbury, 25 Montpelier, w. Connecticut r.iPop. 1830, 1758. 

Pop. 1830. 1,507. I3raintrem, p-v. in n. w. part of Luzerne co- 

Bradford, p-t. Essex CO. Mass. 30 ms. n. iPa. by p-r. 157 nas, from Harrisburg. Pop. 

Boston, 20 N. Salem, 10 w. Newburyport, s. 1830, 722. 

and E. Merrimack r. is uneven, with much Brakabeen, p-v. Schoharie co. N. Y. 

good soil. Johnson's cr. supplies mill sites, j Branch, co. of Mich, boundaries and posi- 

A bridge of 800 ft. crosses to Haverhill, on tion uncertain. Chief town, Bronson's prai- 

stone piers. Ship building has been carried rie. 

on. There are several villages and an acad- Brancutowh, p-v, Phil. co. Pa. 7 ms. from 

emy, and shoes are made iii great quantities. Phil. 



Pop. 1830, 1856 

Bradford, one of the northern cos. of Pa. 
bounded e. by Susqueharmah, s. e. by Lu- 
zerne, s. by the eastern part of Lycoming, w. 
by Tioga co. of Pa., and n. by Tioga co. of N. 
Y. Length from e. to w. 40, mean breadth 
30 ms. area 1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 41° 32' to 42° n. and in long, from 0° 2' 
w. to 0° 44' E. from W. C. This co. is tra- 
versed from N. w. to s. e. by the main volume 
of the Susqueharmah, which receives its large 
tributary, the Chemung or Tioga river on its 
northern border. The co. is formed by two 
elopes, the western declining rather e. of n. 
towards the Susquehannah, whilst the eastern 
slope falls also towards the Susquehannah. 
The face of this large co. is mountainous, 
though much excellent soil skirts the stream. 
It has a very diversified surface, as regards 
both land and water scenery. Near the north, 
ern border, the main Susquehannah receives 
the Chemung or Tioga from the northwest, 
and the united waters after a rugged and tor- 
tuous course, s. eastward, through mountain 
chains, leaves the southeastern angle of Brad, 
ford and enters Luzerne. Derived also from 



Brandenburg, p-v. and st. jus. Mead co. 
Ky. on Ohio r. by p-r. 108 ms. s. of w. Lou- 
isville. Pop. 1830, 331. 

Brandon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 40 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, 40 s. w. MontpeUer, C5 n. Benning- 
ton, is level, except near the Green mtns. in 
the E. with much light, fertile loam. On 
Otter cr. is fine alluvion ; but there is a large 
pine plain. Mill r,has good mill sites. First 
settled, 1775. White and yellow pine, white 
and red oak, cherry, hard and soft maple, 
ash and cedar, prevail. Bog iron ore, from 
a bed, yields 33 per cent of soft metal. Cop- 
peras is also found ; there are several mar- 
ble quarries, and 2 curious caverns. There 
is a circulating library and a Lyceum. Pop. 
1830, 1940, 

Brandon, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 316. 

Brandon, p-o. and st. jus. Rankin co. Miss. 
16 ms. N E. Jackson. 

Brandonville, p-v. Preston co, Va. 268 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Brandywine, a considerable creek of Pa. 
and Del. It rises in the Welch mountains, 
between Lancaster and Chester co. of the 



elevated sources, the Wyalusing pours down I former, flows thence s. e. by comparative 
from Susquehannah co. and on the opposite; courses 30 ms. and enters New Castle, co. of 
sides, Towanda and Sugar creeks fall ra.' Delaware. Continuing the original course 
pidly out of the vallies of Bowman's mountain. 1 10 ms, to Wilmington, it there receives the 
Bituminous coal is found on the Towanda [Christiana creek from the w. The latter an 
creek. The mountain vallies abound in ex-| inferior but navigable stream is formed by 
cellent timber, consisting of hemlock, oak, [Red clay, White clay, and Christiana proper, 
pine, cedar, sugar maple, beech, elm, &.c. ;|The united water forming the harbor of 



other staples, grain, flour, live stock, &.c. 
Chief towns, Towanda and Athens. Pop. 
1820, 11,554, and in 1830, 19,746. 

Bradford Springs, p-o. Sumpter dist. S. 
C, by p-r. 48 ms, e. Columbia. 

Bradleysburg, p-v. in the northern part of 
Louisa CO. Va. by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Bradley's Store and p-o. in the northern 
part of Northampton, co. N. Cby p-r. 87 ms. 
N. E. by E.Raleigh. 

Bradlevvale, t. Caledonia co. Vt. crossed 
by Moose r. is unsettled. Pop. 1830, 21. 

Bradleyville, p-v. Litchfield co. Coim. 30 
ms, w. Hartford 

Bradshaw, p-v. n. part Giles co. Ten. by 
p.r, 66 ms, s. w, Nashville. 

Bhailsoin's Mills, p.v. Washington co 
Ten. by p-r. 245 e. Nashville and 80 eastward 
from Knoxville 



Wilmington, admits vessels of considerable 
draft. Brandywine again deserves particu- 
lar notice for the number of manufactories it 
serves to move. Beside those of flour, nu- 
merous powder and paper mills, and cloth 
factories are in operation along this stream, 
which falls from a comparatively high co. to 
the tide level of the Del. 

Brandywine Manor, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 
by p-r. about 40 ms. westward from Phil. 

Brandywine Mills, and p-o. in the north- 
western part of Portage co. O. by p-r. 130 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Branford, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 10 
ms. e. N. Haven, 40 ms. s, Hartford, n. Long 
Island Sound, 5 ms. by 9, 45 sq. ms. is une- 
ven, with gravelly loam, with oak, elm, wal- 
nut, butternut, &c. and yields grain. The 
farms are good ; Branford river is small and 
navigable a short distance in vessels of 50 



BRI 



69 



BRI 



or 60 tons. A beautiful pond, called Salton-j Bretton Woods, Coos co. N. H. at the 
stall's lake, is on the w. boundary ; and 2 n. w. base of the White mtns. and adjoining 



clusters of islands. Thimble and Indian, in 
the Sound, belong to the t. Many of the peo- 
ple engage in fishing a part of the year. Pop. 
1830, 2332. 

Brantingiiam, t. Lewis co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 662. 

Brasher, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 828, 



ungranted lands ; it is almost uninhabited, is 
uneven, dreary, and contains 24,640 acres, 
with part of Pondicherry mtn. n., and Amo- 
noosuc and streams of John's and Israel's rs. 
Pop. 1830, 108. 

Brevard, p-o. Smith co. Tea; 54 ms. n. e. 
by E.Nashville. 

Brevardsville, p-o. Buncombe co. N C. 267 



Brasiierville, p-o. Perry co. Ky. by p-r. ms. w. from Raleigh. 
163 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. ' Brewer, p-t, Penobscot co. Me. 5 ms. s. e. 

Brattleborough, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 30 Bangor, 67 n. e. Augusta, e. Penobscot r. N. 



nis. E. Bennington, 60 n.e. Albany, 75 w. 
Boston, 80 N. Hartford, on w. bank Conn. r. 
chief town of the co. ; it was the first settle- 
ment in Vt. 1724, and called Fort Drummer. 
It has two villages, e. and w. parishes, an 
academy, 40 by 56 feet. Great and Little 
Round mountains, with a varied surface and 
soil, and two streams. West r. and White- 
stone branch. The e. village is large, active, 
and pleasant, with good mill seats on White- 
stone br. near its mouth. There a bridge 
crosses to Hinsdale, N. H. over Conn. r. 
which runs rapidly here at the " Swift wa- 
ter." A company has been formed to make a 
Rail road from the e. side of Brattleboro' to 
the w. side of Bennington or Pownal, across 
the state, to connect the Troy and Benning- 
ton rail-road with the Boston and Lowell 
rail-road reaching to Brattleborough. Pop. I 



1830, 2,141. 



Bratton's p-o. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 58 
ms. northeastward from Nashville. 

Brattonsville, p-o. York district, S. C. by 
p-r. 70 ms. n. Columbus. 

Breckenridge CO. of Ky. bounded N. w. by 
Ohio r. which separates it from Perry co. in 
Ind., Meade n. w., Hardin s. e., Rough creek 
branch of Green river which separates it 
from Grayson s. and by Hancock w. Length 
35,mean breadth 20 ms., area 700 sq. ms. sur- 



Hancock co. Pop. 1,078. 

Brewster, p-t. Barnstable eo. Mass. 88 
ms. s. e. Boston, 18 n. w. Plymouth, s. cape 
Cod bay, and beyond the elbow of the cape ; 
was named after elder Brewster, one of the 
first settlers of Plymouth, who died 1644. 
Pop. 1830, 418. 

Brickersville, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 
45 ms. estrd. from Harrisburg. 

Briceland's Cross Road, p-v. in the north- 
ern part of Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 233 ms. 
wstrd. from Harrisburg, 25 a little s. of w. 
Pittsburgh, and He. Steubenville. 

Brick Meeting House, and p-o. in the 
northern part of Cecil co. Md. 12 ms. N. w. 
from Elkton. 

Bricksville, p-v. in the s. w. part of Cay- 

ahoga CO. O. by p-r. 122 ras. n. e. Columbus. 

Brickville, p-o. formerly Town Creek.^ 

Mills, in the n. part of Lawrence co. Ala. by 



p-r. 128 ms. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. 

Bridgehampton, p-v. Southampton, Suf- 
folk CO. N. Y. 100 ms. e. New York. 

Bridgeport, p-t. and borough, Fairfield co. 
Conn. 3 ms. w. Stratford, 17 w. New Haven, 
51 s. w, Hartford, 62 n. e. New York, on the 
w. side Bridgeport harbor, which is 3 ms. 
long, from L.I. Sound, i to 2 ms. wide. Pe- 
quanock r. furnishes mill seats. The harbor 
is narrow, shoal except in the channel, with 



face not very broken ; soil generally fertile, a bar, having 13 feet at high water, is easy of 



(For lat. and long, see Hardinsburg, the co. st.) 
In 1820, pop. 7485, 1830, 7345. 

Bremen, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 45 ms. from 
Augusta. 

Brentoxsville, p-o. Owen co. Ind., about 
50 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Brents, p-o. Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 36 ms. n. 
w. from Frankfort. 

Brentsville, p-o. and c-h. Prince William 
CO. Va. 31 ms. s. w. from W. C. 
BRENTW00D,p-t. Rockingham co. N.H. 37 ms. 
s. E.Concord, with 10,465 acres, watered by 
Exeter r. and other streams, yields grass well. 
At Pick Pocket Falls, on Exeter r. are sever- 
al mills and factories. Iron ore and vitriol 
have been found. Pop. 1830, 770. 

Breton, two small islands of La. in the 
southwestern part of Chandeleur bay, about 
28 ms. nearly due n. from the main pass of 
Miss, and \\ ms. s. w. from the Grand Go 
rier. There is a channel with 12 feet water 
between Cape Breton and Grand Gozier, lat 
29° 26' N. long, on Tamier's U. S, map, 12° 
02'w. from W.C. 



access, and has a beacon of 40 ft. There is 
a lighthouse on Fairweather isl. and a toll 
and draw bridge at the head of the harbor. 
It is a thriving and pleasant town, with good 
soil. Banking capital, $305,500. Pop. 1830, 
2,800. 

Bridgeport, v. Junius, Seneca co. N. Y. 
called also W. Cayuga v. at w. end Cayuga 
bridge, 185 ms. w. Albany. The lake boata 
touch here. 

Bridgeport, p-v. Harrison co. Va. 10 ms. 
s. E. from Clarksburg. 

Bridgeport, borough of Fayette co. Pa. 
situated on the right banli of Monongahela r. 
separated from Brownsville by Dunlap's cr. 
The site of Bridgeport is a high bottom of the 
river. Pop. 1820, 624, 1830, 727. 

Bridgeport, p-v. Pease tsp. n. eastern part 
of Belmont co. O. 10 ms. from St. Clairsville, 
and by p-r. 134 ms. e. from Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 165. 

Bridgetown, Cumberland co. Me. 39 ms. 
N. w. Portland. It has an academy. Here 
begins the Cumberland and Oxford canal, at 



BRI 



70 



BRI 



Long pond, and extends (including Brandy 
and Sebago ponds and outlets, 27 ms.) to Port- 
laad, 50 ms. There are 24 locks. Tolls per 
mile, for planks, 6 cents per M. feet ; shin- 
gles, 2 cts. an M. ; wood 6 cts. a cord ; tim 
ber 6 cts. a ton ; goods in boats, 6 cts. a ton; 
boats, rafts, &c. 6 cts. additional for each 
lock. Pop. 1830, 1,541. 

Bridgetown, p-t. and cap. Cumberland co. 
N. J. 50 ms. s. E. Philadelphia, and 69 from 
Trenton, on Cohanzey cr. 20 from Delaware 
bay ; contains the co. buildings, and is access- 
ible to vessels of 100 tons. 

Bridgevillk, (or Bridgetown,) p-v. on, or 
near the right bank of Nanticoke r. Sussex 
CO. Del. 35 ms. a little w. of s. from Dover, and 
about 30 ms. nearly due e. from Easton Md 

Bridgeville, p-v. in the n. e. part Musk- 
ingum CO. O, by p-r. 68 ms. estrd. Columbus. 
Bridgewater, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 
ms. N. N. w. Concord, w. Pemigewasset r. e. 
Newfound pond; yields grass, with no large 
streams. First settlement 1766. Pop. 1830, 
784. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 45 ms. 
S. Montpelier, 17 n. w. Windsor, 60 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 7^ ms. by 8, with 46^ sq. ms. 
first settlement 1779 ; is watered by Queechy 
r- and branches, which supply mills, and is 
uneven, partly rough and stony, with primi- 
tive rocks, and a quarry of soap stone, which 
is manufactured. Iron ore is also found. Pop. 
1830, 2,320. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Plymouth co. Ms. 28 
ms. s. Boston, 18 ms. n. w. Plymouth, has 
tolerable soil, but a sandy tract begins here 
which goes through the s. part of the co. 
Arms were made here in the revolutionary 
war — first settled, 1651 — burnt in 1 676, by In 
dians. It contains 88 acres of tillage, 1,547 
mowing, and 4,904 pasturage. Pop. 1830, 
1,855. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 12 
ms. s. Utica, 6 ms. by 4, well watered by head 
streams of Unadilla r. It has a rich valley e. 
and is hilly w. Pop. 1830, 1,608. 

Bridgewater, Somerset co. N. J. 3ms.N. 
Boundbrook. It has a copper mine. Pop. 
18.30, 3,549. 

Bridi'ort, p-t. Addison co Vt. e. lake 
Champlain, opposite Crown Point, 8 ms. w. 
Middlebury, 35 s. Burlington, 41 s. w. Mont- 
peher, with 42 sq. ms. It is nearly level, 
with loam and slaty sandstone, bearing oak, 
white and Norway pine, on the lake — maple 
and beech e. It has few streams. The soil 
contains Epsom salts, which were formerly 
made from the water. There are wharves 
and landing places on the lake. First perma- 
nent settlement, 1768. Pop. 1830, 1,774. 

Brier Creek, p-o. Wilkes co.N. C. by p-r. 
194 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Brighton, t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 1830, 
722. 

Brighton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 ms. 
w. Boston, s. Charles r. has pleasant hills and 
vallies, good soil, well cultivated, with 200 
acres of marsh. The annual cattle Fair is 
the most important in N. England. It was 



commenced in the revolutionary war, and is 
now under the direction of the Mass. agricul- 
tural society, who have a neat building for 
the exhibition of various articles for which 
premiums are offered. In 1830, were sold, 
Beef cattle, 37,767 Sales $977,989 75 



Stores, 
Sheep, 
Swine, 



13,685 

132,697 

19,639 



154,564 00 

215,618 17 

70,970 50 

1,419,142 42. 



Whole number, 203,789 
Pop. 1830, 972. 

Brighton, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. e. Gene- 
see r. opposite Rochester, s. Lake Ontario, 66 
sq. ms. has a good soil, and a great amount 
of water power on Genessee r. with many 
flour mills, factories &c. Carthage v. or 
Clyde, 2i ms. n. Rochester, has considerable 
business as the landing place of lake vessels 
below the lower falls of Genessee r. The 
banks are 200 feet perpendicular, of rock in 
strata. A wooden bridge was thrown across 
some years ago, which soon after fell. Erie 
canal passes through the t. and receives a 
feeder from Genessee r. above the rapids. 
Pop. 1830, 6519. 

Brighton, p-v. Beaver co. Fa. about 20 ms. 
from Pittsburg. 

Brighton, tsp. and p-o. in the N. part Lo- 
raine co. O. by p-r. 116 ms. n. n. e. Colum- 
bus. 

Brightsville, p-v. in the n. part Marlbo- 
rough dist. S. C. by p-r. 102 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbia. 

Brimfield, p-t. Hampden CO. Mass. 19 ms. 
e. Springfield, 75 s. w. Boston, on e. side of 
the lime range of mtns. with hills and valleys, 
6 ms. by 5, and good farms. First settled 
1701, with Chickopee and Quinebaug rs. 
Gen. Eaton, formerly U. S. Consul at Tunis, 
was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,599. 

Brindletown, p-o. Burke co. N. C. 199 ms. 
w. Raleigh. 

Brinkleysville, p-v. in the w. part Halifax 
CO. N. C.byp-r. 83 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Bristol, p-t. Lincoln, co. Me. 13 ms. e. 
Wiscasset, 45 Augusta. Pop. 1830, 2450. 

Bristol, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 90 ms. n, 
w. Boston, 16 s. Plymouth, 30 n. Concord, is 
hilly, with good soil. It lies w. Peaigewasset 
r. contains 9000 acres land, besides several 
ponds of water, one, 2 or 3 ms. by 6, called 
Newfound pond, which empties by an outlet 
into Penig. r, a pleasant village stands at the 
junction. A toll bridge crosses to New 
Hampton. Black-lead is found here. Pop. 
1830, 779. 

Bristol Mills, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 42 
ms. from Augusta. 

Bristol, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 54 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 25 s. e. Burlington, 26,000 acres. 
First settled, at the close of the revolutionary 
war; J of the t. w. Green mtns. is quite level 
and rich, the rest broken and useless. A 
range of mtns. crosses n. and s. above New 
Haven r. it is called the Hog Back ; below, 
South mtn. Pop. 1247. 

Bristol co. Mass. bounded by Norfolk co. 
K., Flymonth co. the sea and R. I. e. aodR. I. 



BRO 



71 



BRO 



w. contains 19 towns, of which Taunton is the, ms, w. Albany, 6 n. Mohawk r., 5 ms. by 10, 
St. jus. and co. t. New Bedford is large and has a strong loam, yields grass, grain, &c. su. 



flourishing. It is divided by Taunton river ; 
whose streams supply mills and manufactories. 
Pop. 1830, 49,592. 

Bristol, co. R. I. bounded by Mass. n. e. 
and N. w.. Mount Hope bay s. e., Narragan- 
set bay s. w. 3 ms. by 8, with 25 sq. ms. be- 
tween two fine sheets of water, a pleasant 
situation, diversified surface, rich loam, with 
granite rocks, except n., where it is more 
level. The harbors are good, and much com- 
mercial enterprize has existed here, in pro- 
portion to the size of the towns. This was 
the country of the Indian King, Philip. There 
are few manufactories. A sealing company 
was formed here in 1831. Population 1830, 
5446. 

Bristol, p-t. s-p. and cf. t. Bristol, co. R. I. 
13 ms. N. Newport, 15 s. Providence, 2 ms. by 
5, 12 sq. ms. on a good harbor, e. side of Nar- 
ragansett bay, w. Mount Hope. It has an 
agreeable variety of surface, with Mount 
Hope, a tall eminence, s. e. the chief seat of 
Metacom, or King Philip, who made a de- 
structive war on the New England colonies, 
1675, and was killed here 1676. The land is 
Aveli cultivated. Many onions are exported. 
There are 4 banks, capital f 361,250. Part 
of the town was burnt in the revolutionary 
war. The trade is less than formerly, em- 
ploying 30 in foreign trade, and 12 coasters. 
A factory is building for patent wrought nails. 
There are 5 churches, Baptist, Episcopal, 
Methodist, Reformed Methodist, and Presby- 
terian. Pop. 1830, 3054. 

Bristol, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. w. 
by s. Hartford, 28 n. New Haven, 5 ms. by 5 
i, about 27 sq. ms., hilly, gravelly loam, good 
for grain and grass, bearing oak, chestnut, 
&c. The rocks are granite, with some iron, 
and copper ore, and the streams small bran- 
ches of Farmington r. The manufactories 
are various, including wooden clocks, 30,000 
of which were made in 1831. 800 persons 
are employed in making brass clocks. Pop. 
1830, 1707. 

Bristol, Ontario co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. w. 
Canandaigua, has an inferior soil, high, bro- 
ken land between Canandaigua and Honeoye 
lakes, which discharge e. and w. The 
source of Mud cr. gives a few mill seats. It 
has a burning spring. Pop. 1830, 2,952. 

Bristol, p-t. borough and port, Bucks co. 
Pa. situated on the right bank of Delaware r. 
20 ms. above Philadelphia, and 12 below 
Trenton. It is a neat and elegant village on 
a swelling bank, running chiefly in one street, 
along the river. Pop. 1830, 1,262. 

Bristol, tsp. s. e. part of Bucks co. Pa. ly- 
ing around the borough of Bristol. Pop. 1830, 
1,534, exclusive of the borough. 

Bristolville, tsp. andp-o. in the eastern 

part of Trumbull co. O. the p-o. is by p-r. 167 

ms. N. estrd. from Columbus. Pop. 1830, 526. 

Britton's Store, and p-o. Bertie co. N. C. 

by p-r. 1 10 N. of e. Raleigh. 

Broadalbin, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 38 



gar maple, beech, birch, &c. First settled 
1776; deserted in revolutionary war. Chucte- 
nunda, Fonda's, Hans, and Frenchman's crs. 
which give mill sites. The v. on w. line, is 
10 ms. from Johnstown. Pop. 1830, 2657. 

Broad, r. of N. and S. C. having its ex- 
treme source in the Blue Ridge, and in Burke 
CO. N. C. but draws most of its remote con- 
stituents from the valley of Rutherford co. 
Pursuing thence a southeastern course, the 
various branches unite and enter S. C. be- 
tween Yorke and Spartanburg dists. Incli- 
ning to a general course of s. s. e. receiving 
only large creeks from the left, but on the 
right, augmented by the comparatively con- 
siderable streams of Pacolet, Tyger, and En- 
noree rivers, it finally imites with the Saluda 
at Columbia, to form the Congaree. The 
valley of Broad r. including all its confluents, 
reaches from n. lat. 34° to 35° 30' interlock- 
ing sources with the Catawba, French, Broad 
and Saluda rivers, and draining a valley em- 
bracing 130 ms. by a mean breadth of 35 ms. 
or an area of 4,550 sq. ms. 

Broad, r. of Geo. one of the western 
branches of Savannah r. rises in Habersham, 
Hall, and Franklin cos. pursues thence a s. 
eastern course through Elbert, Madison, 
Oglethorpe and Wikes cos. and falls into Sa- 
vannah r. at the centre of the triangle, be- 
tween Petersburg, Vienna, and Lisbon, after • 
a comparative course of 70 ms. 

Broad river, S. C. is formed by the tide 
water part of Coosawatchie r. and is the lo- 
cal name of the inner part of Port Royal en- 
trance, Beaufort dist. The bay, for it is in 
fact such, called Broad river, inside of Hilton 
Head, extends in a n. western direction, 20 
ms. with a mean breadth of 2 ms. and opens 
to the ocean 22 ms. n. e. from the mouth of 
Savannah r. 

Broad creek, p-v. on the western shore of 
Kent Island, Queen Anne co. Md. nearly op. 
posite and 10 ms. distant from Annapolis, and 
47 ms. a little n. of e. from W. C. 

Broad mountain, one of the Appalachian 
chains in Northampton and Schuylkill co. Pa. 
It is the next chain, or rather ridge wstrd. 
from the Mauch Chunk mtns. and like the 
latter, contains much anthracite coal. It re- 
ceives its name from its width on the summit, 
which differs from 2 to 5 ms. {See Appala- 
chian system.') 

Broad mountain, p-o. on the Broad mtn. 
and N. eastern part of Schuylkill co. Pa. 71 
ms. N. E. from Harrisburg. 

Brock's gap, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. 
by p-r. 113 n. w. Richmond. 

Brockport, p-v. Sweden, Monroe co. N. Y. 
18 ms. w. Rochester on Erie canal, has grown 
to some importance in a few years. A rail 
road to Alleghany r. has been proposed, about 
85 ms. 

Brockville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
139 ms. N. w. from Harrisburg. 
Bbockwayville, p-o. in the s. eastern part 



BRO 



72 BRO 

forest. On the harbors and Long Island 
Sound, the soil is good. It comprehends se- 
veral important headlands in the Sound ; 
Crane Neck, Old Field Point, Strong's Point, 
and Mount Misery. A light house stands on 
Old Field Point. There is much salt meadow 
and sand on the Sound, and plenty of fish are 
taken. On the s. are many trout brooks and 
mill streams. Interior are pine plains, with 
plenty of good deer. n. are good small har- 



of Jefferson co. Pa. by p-r. 154 ms. n. w. by w. 
from Harrisburg. 

Bronson's Prairie, and p-v. Branch co. 
Mich, by p-r. 133 ms. from Detroit. 

Bronx cr. Westchester co. N. Y. runs 
from Rye pond to East r. about 28 ms. and 
supplies mills. It has been proposed to lead 
the water to N. York, to supply the city, to 
which it is supposed to be adequate. 

Brooke, n. w. co. of Va. bounded w. by 
Ohio r. which separates it from Jefferson co.lbors — Stony Brook, Setauket and Drowned 
Ohio, N. w. by Ohio r. which separates it from Meadow ; s. is South Bay. Population, 6095. 
Columbiana CO. O., e. by Beaver and Wash-| Setauket, v. 58 ms. e. N.Y. is the oldest. 



ington COS. Pa. It is a mere slip, 30 ms. by 5 
ms. and area 150 sq. ms. Surface very hilly, 
but highly fertile soil. Buffalo, Cross, Har- 
man's, and other creeks rising in Pa. traverse 
Brooke in their way to Ohio r. The staples 
are grain ; and its products some iron, and 
bituminous coal. Chief t. Wellsburg. Pop. 
1820, 6,611, in 1830, 7,041. 

Brookeville p-v. on a small branch of the 
Patuxent, Montgomery co. Md. 22 ms. almost 
due N. from W. C. and 28 ms. s. w. from Bal- 
timore. In this village is an academy in 
active operation, in which are taught the 
Latin and Greek languages, with the various 
branches of an English education. 

Brookfield, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 17 ms. s. 
Montpelier, 40 n. w. Windsor, nearly on the 
height of land between White and Onion rs. 
is generally good grass land, with the se- 
cond branch of White r. and several large 
ponds. Lime is made here from marl. First 
settled, 1779. Pop. 1830, 1677. 

Brookfield, Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1830, 
671. 

Brookfield, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 
ms. w. Worcester, 64 s. w. Boston, is beauti- 
fully varied, has good soil, with two large 
and beautiful fish ponds, and three handsome 
villages. Quaboag r. flows into Chickapee r. 
Iron ore is found. This was one of the ear- 
liest white settlements of Mass. and most 
suffering: began 1660, burnt by Indians 
1675, and deserted for several years. Pop. 
1830, 2342. 

Brookfield, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 33 w. 
N. Haven, 50 s. w. Hartford, s. w. Ousatonick 
r. contains 17 sq. ms. It is crossed by Still r. 
Ousatonic r. has a bridge, and affords fish, par- 
ticularly shad. It yields wheat and rye, oak, 
hickory, maple, chestnut, &-c. The rocks 
are limestone, and afford marble. Pop. 1830, 
1261. 

Brookfield, p-t. Madison co. N.Y. 22 ms 



and was once inhabited by a tribe of Indians. 
There are also the villages of Stony Brook, 
Drowned Meadow, Old Man's, Miller's Place, 
Wading r. Coram, Patchogue, Blue Point 
(celebrated for oysters,) Fireplace, Mastic, 
the Forge and Morriches. The last 4 are on 
S. Bay, which extends from Hempstead, 
Queen's co. to Southampton, Suffolk co. 
nearly 100 ms. and from 2 to 5 ms. wide. It 
affords fine fish, and clams ; and much pine 
is carried to N. Y. for fuel. It has been pro- 
posed to cut a canal through the w. shore to 
open it more directly to navigation. Stage 
coaches run regularly from Patchogue, &c. 
to Brooklyn. Ronconcoma pond, 3 ms. round, 
on the w. line, is the centre of Long Island. 
Pop. 1830, 6098. 

, Brookline, t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 45 ms. 
from Concord, 7 Amherst, 43 n. w. Boston, 
contains 12,664 acres, 240 of them water ; 
Nisitissit r. runs into Potanipo pond, in the 
centre, and thence to Nashua r. in Pepper- 
ell. Pop. 1830, 627. 

Brookline, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 5 ms. s. 
w. Boston, has an agreeably diversified sur- 
face, adorned with many well tilled farms, 
and country seats belonging chiefly to city 
gentlemen. Pop 1830, 1043. 

Brooklyn, t. Windham co. Vt. 40 ms. s. 
Windsor, 2 ms. by 8. First settled 1777. 
Grassy cr. runs through a valley in the cen- 
tre. Here is a bed of porcelain clay. Pop. 
1830, 376. 

Brooklyn, p-t. and st. jus. Windham co. 
Conn. 14 ms. n. Norwich harbor, 30 e. Hart- 
ford, 44 w. Providence, 6 ms. by 8, with 46 
sq. ms., has a good soil and is hilly, with 
primitive rocks, and a quarry of building 
stone near the c-h. It yields a variety of 
produce, and walnut, oak,chestnut &c. Willi- 
mantic and Nachaug rs. unite and form 
Shetucket r. and with branches give mill sites, 
and fish. First settled, 1686. It has 2 soci- 



s. by w. Utica, 90 w. Albany ; is hilly and fer-|eties. Pop. 1830, 1451. 

tile, and well watered, with lime rocks of pet-j Brooklyn, p-t. Kings co. N. Y. on the w. 

rified shells. Pop. 1830, 4367. [end of Long Island, opposite N.Y. city, of 

Brookfield, one of the northern tsps. of j which it in fact forms a suburb, is the 3d 
Tioga CO. Penn. the p-o. by p-r. 185 ms. N.itown in the state in population. The village, 
Harrisburg. Pop. 1830, 328. 1 which is incorporated, and the largest in the 

Brookfield, tsp. and p-v. Trumbull co. O.j state stands on an acchvity rising from the 
by p-r. 170 ms. n. e. Columbia. Pop. of the' East r. and an extent of high land above, so 
tsp. 1830, 874. jthat some of the houses overlook the me- 

Brookhaven, t. Sufiblk co. N. Y. crosses, tropolis. The lower streets are narrow and 
Long Island ; 20 ms. long, with 300 sq. ms.' crooked, but the higher strait and agreeable, 
has various soils, few inhabitants, and muchj There are 7 churches, 2 Presbyterians, 2 



BRO 



Baptist, 1 Dutch Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 1 
Catholic. 

Banking cap. ,$300,000. It has two mark- 
ets, court-house, several good private schools, 
manufactories of different kinds, extensive 
store houses, &-c. A navy yard of the U. 
S. is a little n. of the village, s. of Wallabout 
bay, where the largest ships are built, launch- 
ed, and repaired in security. There are two 
large buildings for constructing frigates and 
larger ships, under shelter ; the house of the 
commandant, barracks for marines, and a 
small village adjacent ; 3 steam ferries con- 
nect Brooklyn with N. Y. and many mer- 
ciiants reside in the village. Aug. 26, 1776, 
the British gained a battle near Brooklyn, by 
which they obtained possession of N. Y. 
Pop. 1820, 7175, 1830, 15,396. 

Brooklyn, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 101 
ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Brooklyn, p-v. Conecuh co. Ala. by p-r. 176 
ms. E. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Brooklyn, t-s. and p-v. in the northern part 
of Cuyahoga co. O. by p-r. 149 ms. n. e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop, 1830, 646. 

Brookneal, p-v. in the s. w. part Campbell 
CO. Va. by p-r. 162 ms. s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Brooks, p-t. Waldo CO. Me. 51 ms. from 
Augusta. 

Brooksvjlle, p-v. Montgomery co. Ten. by 
p-r. 54 ms. n. w. Nashville 

Brookville, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 8 ms 
from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1089. 

Brookville, p-v. in the s. w. part of Albe 
marie co. Va. 20 ms. s. w. Charlotteville, and 
by p-r. 101 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Brookville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Pa. by p-r. 165 ms. n. of w. Harrisburg. 

Brookville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Ind. on White Water r. 30 ms. n. w. from 
Cincinnati, and 70 s. e. by e. from Indianop- 
olis. 

Broome co. N. Y. bounded by Cortlandt 
a!id Chenango cos. n., Delaware co. e., lat 42°, 
and Pennsylvania s., Tioga co. w. contains 8 
townships and about 700 sq. ms. It is wa- 
tered by Susquchannali r. and some of its 
branches ; has many hills, with a hard pan 
soil, but large and rich vallies, with gravelly 
loam. Susquehannah r. is boatable, and falls 
are Numerous. First settled, from w. Mas- 
sachusetts, about 1790. It is healthy and 
yields fruit, as well as other productions. 
Pop. 1830, 17,759. 

Broome, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 35 ms. 
s. w. Albany, e. Schorie cr. includes part of 
Catskill mts. with good alluvial vallies w. 
Different streams supply fine mill seats. 
Most of the land is leased. Livingstonville, 
p-o. is in s. E. part. Pop. 1831, 3161. 

BrotHrrtown, Indian v. Paris, N. Y. 8 
ms. s. w. Utica, was granted by the Oneida 
Indians to the remnant of the Stockbridge and 
other tribes of N. England. They resided 
here in considerable numbers, with a church, 
a missionary, fcc. but many of them have re- 
cently gone to Green Bay. 

10 



73 BRO 

Brower, p-o. Berks co. Ten. by p-r- 74 njB. 

E. Harrisburg. 

Brower's Mills, and p-o. in the s. w. part 
Randolph co. N. C. by p-r. 76 ms. westward 
Raleigh. 
Brown University. (See Providence, R. I.) 
Brown, one of the southern cos. of Ohio, 
bounded by Ohio r. separating it from Mason 
and Bracken cos. of Ky. s., by Clermont co. 
O. w., Clinton n. w.. Highland n. and n. e., & 
Adams e. Length from b. to n. 30, mean 
breadth 17, and area 512 sq. ms., extending 
in lat. from 38° 44' to 39° 17', and in long, 
from 6° 40' to 6° 58' w. from W. C. The 
northwestern part between Clermont and 
Highland cos. slopes to s. E. and ie drained 
by the east Fork of Little Miami. The south- 
ern and larger section declines towards Ohio 
r. and is drained by White Oak and several 
smaller crs. The surface of the whole co. is 
broken, but soil excellent. Chief town, 
Georgetown. Population 1820, 13,356, 1830, 
17,867. 

Brown, co. of Mich, around and contigu. 
ous to Green Bay, embracing the few settle, 
ments westward of lake Michigan and Green 
Bay. Boundaries uncertain. On the p-o. 
list 1831, Menomonie is named as st. jus. 
Brown, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 
Brown, p-o. in the e. part of Stark co. O. 
by p-r. 130 ms.N. e. Columbus. 

Brownfielu, P-t. Oxford co. Me. on Saco 
r 28 ms. s. w. Paris, 8 1 Augusta. Pop. 936. 
Brownfield, p.o. in the northern part of 
Belmont, co. O. by p-r. 152 ms. E.Columbus. 
Browniielm, p-o. in the northern part of 
Lorainc co. O. by p-r. 139 ms. n. n. e. from 
Columbus. 

Browningtown, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 95 ms. 
N. Windsor, 45 n. e. Montpelier, 57 e. Bur- 
lington, has 16,750 acres, with mill sites on 
Willoughby's r. and branches, which empty 
N. into lake Memphremagog. Pop. 1830, 
412. 

Brown's p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. by p-r. 
23 ms. northwardly from Columbia. 

Brownsboro', p-o. in the s. part of Mont- 
gomery co. Md. 9 ms. from W. C. 

Brownsboro' p-v. in the n. part of Madison 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 10 ms. from Huntsville, the st. 
of jus. 

Brownsboro', p-v. in the western part of 
Oldham co. Ky. by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Frank- 
fort. 

Brownsburg, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 27 
ms. N. Phil. 

Prownsburg, p-v. on Hays' creek in the n. 
part of Rockbridge, co. Va. by p-r. 143 ms. a 
little N. of w. Richmond. 

Brown's Cove, and p-o. in the n. part of 
Albermarle co. Virg. by p-r. 109 ms. n. w. 
Richmond. 

Brown's Cove, and p-o. in Jackson co. Ala 
by p-r. l81 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Brown's Creek, and p-o. in the e. part of 
Union dist. S. C. 10 ms. e. Unionvillc and by 
p-r. 66 ms. n. n. w. Cokimbia. 

Brown's P'erry and p-o. Limestone co. 



BRU 



74 



BRU 



Ala. by p-r. 129 me. a littlo k. of n. Tusca- 
loosa. 

BnowN's Mh,L8, nndp-o. Mifflin co. Pa. by 
p-r. 60 ms. northweetwaril Horrisburg. 

Brown's Mills and p-o. in the n. w, pari 
ofWashington CO. O. I8 ms. iv. w. Marietta. 
Brown's Store, and p-o. Caswell co. N. 
C by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Brown's Tavern, and p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md. 4(i ms. n. w. Annapolis. 

Brownstown p-v. and st. jus. Jackson cO. 
Ind. situated on Driftwood Fork of the E. 
branch of White r. by p-r. 69 ms. a littlo e. of 
s. Indianopolis, and 50 n. w. from Louisville, 
in Ky. 

Brownstown, p-v. in the southeastern part 
of Wayne co. Mich. I8ms. s. s. w. from De- 
troit, and by p-r. 508 ms. n. w. by w. from 
W.C. 

Brownsville, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 40 
ms. i4. Bangor, 97. n. n. w. Augusta, n. Pis- 
cataway r. and on Pleasant r. one of its bran- 
ches, with a large pond e. Pop. 1830, 402. 
Brownsville, p-v. and borough of Fayette 
CO. Pa. founded on a rapid acclivity rising from 
the Monongahela r. where stood formerly 
Red Stone Fort. The U. S. road passes 
along the main street, upon which the bulk of 
the houses arc situated. It is separated from 
Bridgeport by Dunlap's cr. and stands 12 ms. 
K. w. from Union, the co. st. 35 ms. a little e. 
ofs. Pittsburg. Pop. borough, 1830, 1222, 

Brownsville, p-o. Frederick co. Md. by 
p-r. 65 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the n. part of Gran- 
ville county, North Carolina, by p-r. 58 miles 
N. Raleigh. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the s. part of Marlbo- 
rough dist. S. C. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbia. 

Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood 
CO. Ten. situated near the centre of the co. 
by p-r. 175 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville, 
and 891 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. N. lat. 35° 35', 
and 12° 20' w. from W. C. 

Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Edmonson 
CO. Ky. by. p-r. 138 ms. s. w. by w. from 
Frankfort, and 678 wstrd. W. C. Pop. 1830, 
229. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the n. e. part Licking 
CO. O. by ])-r. 49 ins. n. e. by e. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 155. 

Brownsville, p-o. Union co. Ind. by p-r. 
76 ms. e. Indianopolis. 

Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
II. situated on Muddy Creek by p-r. 833 ms. 
wstrd. W. C, 127 s. Vandalia. 

Brownville, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. at 
the mouth of Black r. n. side, s. e. L. Ontario 
and Griffin's bay, Cms. by 15, has a marly 
loam, with much limestone, bearing beech, 
maple, bass, elm, &c. The v. is 3 ms. from 
the mouth of Black r. on its shore, at the 
head of navigation, and the lower rapids, 
with some manufactories. Pop. 1830, 2038. 
Brucetown, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 7 ms. 
WBtrd. Winchester. 

Bruceville, or Hendricks' Mills, p-o. on 



Pipe cr. Frederick co. Md. 18 ms. n. e. the' 
city of J"'rcderick. 

Bruington, p-v. in the n. part of King and 
Queen co. Va. by p-r. 36 n. e. Richmond. 

Brunel's p-o. Davidson co. N. C. by p-r. 100 
ms. w. Raleigh. 

Brujifielbville, p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r, 
9 rhs. w. Reading. 

Brunson's p-o. Stewart co. Ten. 14 ms„ 
wstrd. Dover, the st.jus. 

Brunswick, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 55 ms. w. e 
Montpelier, 23 sq. ms. w. Conn. r. First 
settlement 1780, watered by w. branch of 
Nulhegan r. Wheeler's and Paul's streams 
cross tho town and afford mill sites. A 
mineral spring flows from the bank of Conn, 
r. near a poSd. Pop. 1830, IGO. 

Brunswick, p-t. Cumberland co. Mo. 30 
ms. E. Portland, s. w. Androscoggin r. at the 
falls, which supply excellent mill sites. Bow- 
doin college, incorporated 1794, was en- 
dowed by the Mass. legislature wifh 5 town- 
ships of land, and $'3000 per annum. This 
sum was continued by the legislature of M&. 
James Bowdoin, its chief benefactor, gave 
the college f 10,000. It has a president, 6 
professors in languages, natural philosophy, 
chemistry, mineralogy, rhetoric and oratory/ 
intellectual and moral philosophy, with lec- 
tureships in sacred literature and politicaj 
economy. 

The course of instruction resembles thaS 
of most other colleges in the United States. 
Students in 1831, 226. A medical academy 
is attached to it, with 92 students. Pop. 1831, 
3587. 

Brunswick, t. Rensellaerco. N.Y. 5 ms. e. 
Troy, N. Sand lake, is high and broken n. w. 
The land w. is handsome. Poestenkill cr. 
furnishes good mill sites ; there are also Tam- 
hanoc and Wynant's crs. The soil is leased 
at low rates. Pop. 1830,:2570. 

Brunswick, one of the souliiern cos. of Va. 
bounded by Mecklenburg w., Lunenburg n. 
and N., Notlaway river, separating it from 
Dinwiddle n. e., Greensville e., Northampton 
CO. in N. C. s., and Warren county North 
Carolina, southwest. It is nearly a square; 
26 ms. each side ; area 676 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 36° 32', to 36° 56' n. and 
in long, from 0° 39', to 1° 04' w. from W. C. 
The southwestern angle touches tho Roa- 
noke, and a small section is drained south- 
wardly into that stream ; but the body of the 
county is comprised in the vallies of Meher. 
in and Nottaway rivers, and declines east- 
ward. Chief town, Lawrenceville. Pop. 
1C20, 16,687, and in 1830, 15,767. 

Brunswick, extreme southern co. of N. C. 
bounded by White Marsh creek separating it 
from Columbus co. of the same state w., by 
Bladen n. w., by Cape Fear river separating it 
from New Hanover on the n. e., and e. by the 
Atlantic ocean s., and by Ilony dist. S. C. s. 
w. Length from the border of S. C. to the 
Forks of Cape Fear river, 48 ms., mean 
breadth 28, and area, 1344 sq. ms. Extend. 
ing in lat. from 33° 53', to 34° 32', and in long. . 



BUG 



75 



BUG 



from 1° to 1° 46' w. from W. C. The- slope 
of this county is nearly southward ; the sur- 
face generally flat, marshy and sterile. Ghief 

town, Smithville. Pop. 1820, 5480, and in inis. n. Philadelphia. 
1830, 6516. 2,132 

Brunswick, p-v. and et. jus. Glynn co. Geo. 
by p-r. 733 ms- s. s. w. from W. C. and 200 
s. E. from Milledgeville. n. lat. 31° 12', long. 
4° 40' w. from W. G. It is a seaport, and 
situated on Turtle river about 10 ms, nearly 
due w. from the opening between St. Simon's 
and Jekyll islands. 

Brunswick, p.v. and tsp. in the northern 
part of Medina co. Ohio. The p-o. is about 
35 ms. s. w. from Cleaveland, on lake Eric, 
and by p-r. 356 ms. n. w. by w. from W. G. and 
118 N. E. from Golumbus. In 1830, the tsp. 
contained a pop. of 449. 

Brushy hill, p-o. in the w. part St. Glair 
CO. II., by p-r. 84 ms. n. of New Vandalia. 

Brutus, p-t. Gayuga co. N. Y. 5 ms. n. 
Auburn, 153 ms. w. Albany, on Erie canal, s. 
Seneca r. 5 to 6^ ms. by 10, is uneven, with 
many gravel hills, but very fertile and well 
watered, and affords gypsum and good lime- 
stone for building. Weeds Port, on the ca- 
nal, 7 ms. N. Auburn, 4 e. Bucksville, 9 e. 
Montezuma, has a large basin. Pop. 1831, 
1,827. 

Bryan, co. of Geo. bounded s. e. by the At- 
lantic, Liberty co. s. w., Bullock n. w. and n., 
and the Great Ogeechee r. separating it from 
Effingham and Chatham, n. e. Length from 
s. E. to N. w. 40 ms. ; mean breadth 12, and 
area, 480 sq. ms.< Extending in lat. from 31° 
43' to 32° 12', and in long, from 4° 08' to 4° 
46' w. from W. G. Ghief town, Hardwick. 
Pop. 1820, 3,021, 1830, 3,139. This co. in- 
cludes the sea coast of Ossabaw isl. from St. 
Gaiharine's sound, to that of Ossabaw or 
niouth of Great Ogeechee r. 

Bryan's, p-o. in the w. part of Hardiman 
CO. Ten. 12 ms. westward from Bolivar, the 
St. jus. for the co. 

Bryantown, p-v. Gharles co. Md. 32 ms. s. 
W. G. and 10 n. e. Port Tobacco. 

Bryant's, p-v. in the s. e. part of Fayette 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 178 ms. s. w. by w. Harris- 
burg. 

Brydie's Store, and p-o. in the n. part of 
Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 91 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Buchannon, p-v. in the n. part of Lewis co. 
Va. by p-r. 266 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Buck, p-o. in the e. part of Lancaster co 
Pa. by p-r. 54 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

BucKSEYTowx, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by 
p-r. 49 ms. n. w. W. G. 

BucKFiELD, p-t. Oxford CO. Me. 6 ms. s. 
Paris, 34 Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,514 ; has 
a mtn. s. w. and is crossed by a stream of wa- 
ter. 

BucKHEAD, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. G. 35 ms. 
N. Golunibia. 

Buckiiead, p-o. Morgan co. Geo. by p-r. 
50 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 

BucKHORN, p-o. Golunibia co. Pa. by p.r. 79 
TOS. N. Harrisburg. 



Bi/CKHORN Falls, and p-o. Ghatham co. N. 
G. by p-r. 28 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Buckingham, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 27 
Pop. oftsp.of B. 1830, 



Buckingham, co. Va. bounded by Appo- 
mattox r. separating it from Prince Edward, 
s. w. by Gampbell, w. by James r. separating 
it from Amherst, n. w. by James r. separating 
it from Nelson, n. by James r. separating it 
from Albemarle, n. e. by James r. separating 
it from Fluvanna, and e. by Gumberland. 
Length 34, mean breadth 24, ms. ; area 816 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 13' to 37° 
45' N. and in long, from 1° 12' to 1° 55' w, 
from W. G. Though from the southern part 
of this CO. the Appomattox rises and flows 
eastward, the body of the co. declines north- 
wardly towards James r. which latter stream 
forms about one half the entire outline. 
Ghief town, Maysville. Pop. 1820, 17,582, 
1830, 18,351. 

Buckingham, C. H. and p-o. (See Mays- 
ville.) 

Buckland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. 
w. N. w. Boston, 12 w. Greenfield, s. Deer- 
field r. Pop. 1830, 1,039. 

Buckland, p-v. in the n. w. part Prince 
William co. Va. 5 ms. s. w. from Hay Market. 

Bucklin, p-v. Wayne co. Mich. 16 ms. from 
Detroit. 

Bucks, co. of Pa. bounded by Phil. co. s., 
Montgomery s. w., Lehigh and Northampton 
cos. n. w., Delaware r. separating it from 
Hunterdon co. N. J. n. e. and e., and Burling- 
ton CO. N. J. s. E. Greatest length (from op. 
posite Bordentovvn to the borders of North- 
ampton and Lehigh), 42 ms. mean breadth 
13, area 546 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
40° 04' to 40° 36', and in long, from 1° 35' 
to 2° 22' E. from W. G. The general decliv- 
ity is eastward and obliquely towards the De- 
laware r. To this the n. w. angle is an ex- 
ception ; it slopes southwardly, and is drained 
by the sources of Perkiouien cr. The soil of 
Bucks is diversified, and moderately fertile, 
some parts highly productive, and is amongst 
the best cultivated cos. of Pa. The surface 
is pleasantly broken into hill and dale, and 
the northwestern border formed by one of 
the minor chains of the Appalachian system. 
Of the large creeks which rise and terminate 
in this CO. the principal are the Neshamany 
in the southern, and Tohicken in the north- 
ern part. A canal is completed, or nearly so, 
along the Bucks co. bank of Delaware river, 
from Bristol, to be extended to form a chain 
with the Lehigh navigation at Easton. The 
staples of Bucks co. are composed of nearly 
every species of produce brought to the Phil, 
market, and which the climate will admit. 
Ghief towns, Doyelstown st. jus. and Bristol. 
Pop. 1820, 37,842, 1830, 45,745. 

Bi'CKsroRT, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 25 ms. e. 
Gastine, 61 Augusta, e. Penobscot r. and just 
above Orphan island. Pop. 1830, 2,237. 

Buck's Store, and p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 
by p-r. 32 ms, from Tuscaloosa. 



BUF 



76 



BUN 



BucKsvii^.E, V. Mentz, Cayugiico. N. Y. 8 
ms. N. Auburn, on Erie canal. 

Bucviius, tsp. p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. 
O. on the table land, between the sources of 
Sandusky and Sciota rs. by p-r. G9 ms. n. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. 1830, V. 308, tsp. exclusive of 
the V. 362. 

Buffalo, small r. of Miss, rises in Amite 
CO. between the n. sources of Amite r. and 
the southern of Homochitto, and flowing 
thence westwardly over Willvinson co, falls 
into the Miss, above Loftiis heights, after a 
course of 80 ms. over a very broken but high- 
ly productive country. 

Buffalo, p-t. portof entry, st. jus. Erie co. 
N. Y. E. end of lake Erie, at the head of Ni- 
agara r. and of the Erie canal, on the n. k. 
side, and at the mouth of Buffalo or. It i 
very advantageously situated, and has rapidly 
increased since the completion of the canal. 
It was burnt by British troops, 1814, except 
one house. The creek affords mill sites of 
great importance, and a canal has been lately 
formed from the falls to the town, on which 
are important hydraulic works. Near its 
mouth the creek forms a good harbor, with 
12 or 14 feet water for a mile. On account of 
a sand bar, a pier has been built into the lake 
1000 feet ; there is a light house. Steam 
boats depart often for the principal ports on 
the lake, and Detroit ; and an excursion or 
more is made annually to Green Bay. A 
vast and increasing amount of produce is 
brought hither from the lake shores, and oth- 
er articles by canal. There were shipped 
east in 1829, 3,640, 1830, 149,2 19, and in 1831, 
186,148 bushels of wheat; in 1829,4,335, 
1830, 31,810, and in 1831, 62,968 barrels of 
flour; received during the same period, 1829, 
05,435, 1830, 75,370, 1831, 74,064 barrels 
salt. Canal arrivals and clearances, in 1829, 
1,068, 18.30, 2,083, 1831,2,425. Canal tolls, 
1829, $25,873 48, 1830, $48,953 02, 1 831, 
$65,980 71. The other waters. are Tona 
wanla cr. Ellicot's, with branches, and seve- 
ral streams of the lake. Soil and surface va- 
rious. The V. is large, flourishing, and very 
pleasantly situated, on an elevation overlook- 
ing the lake, with regular streets, a square, 
fine public houses,' and stores. The v. of 
Black Rock is in this t. (see Black Rock), 
and a tract of ihe reserve lands of the Sene- 
ca Indians. There Red Jacket lately died. 
The great road from Albany ends here. Pop. 
1820,2,U95, 1830,8,668. 

Buffalo, p-v. and tsp. of Washington co. 
Pa. 13 ms. w. from the borough of Washing- 
ton. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,519. 

Buffalo, p-v. on the right bank of Great 
Kenhawa, s. e. part of Mason co. Va. about 
50 ms. s. E. Mount Pleasant. 

Buffalo, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. Iii7 
ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Buffalo Forge, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Rockbridge co. Va. 8 ms. w. Lexington, the 
CO. scat. 

Buffalo Springs, and p-o. w. part of Am- 
herst CO. Va. by p-r. 147 w. Richmond. 



Bui'orel's Bridge, and p-o. on Salke- 
hatchie r. s. part of Barnwell dist. S. C. 14 
ms. s. E. Barnwell. 

Bull Creek, p-o. Wood co. Va'. by p-r. 299 
ms. w. W. C. 

BuLLiT, CO. Ky. bounded by Jefferson n., 
Spencer e., Nelson s. e.. Salt r. sci)arating 
it from Hardin and Meade cos. s. w., and by 
a very narrow point on the Ohio r. above the 
mouth of Salt r. and opposite Harrison co. 
Iiid. Length from e. to w. 25, mean breadth 
10 ms. and area 250 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 37° 47' to 38° 03', and long, from 
8° 30' to 8° 55' w. from W. C. One of the 
main confluent streams of Salt r. enters the 
E. border, and traverses Bullit co. in a s. w. 
by w. direction, and uniting with Rolling Fork, 
assumes a course n. w. and falls into Ohio r. 
at the extreme western angle of the county. 
Similar to most cos. which border on Ohio, 
the features are hilly, and soil productive. 
Chief t. Shepherdsville. Pop. 1820, 5,381, 
and in 1830, 5,632. 

Bullock, co. Geo. bounded by Bryan s. e. 
the Cannouchee r. separating it from Tatnall 
s. w. Emanuel n. w. and Great Ogeechee r. 
separating it from Scriven n. e. and from Ef- 
fingham E. Greatest length from s. e. to n. 
w. 40 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. 
ms. Extending in hit. from 32° 6', to 32° 43', 
and in long, from 4° 28' to 5° 10' w. W. C. 
Enclosed between two rivers, which both 
flow to the s. estrd., the general slope of the 
CO. is in that direction. The soil is general- 
ly sterile; staple, cotton. Chief town, States- 
boro. Pop. 1820, 2,578, in 1830, 2,587. 

BuLLPASTURE, r. and p-o. in the n. eastern 
part of Bath co. Va. by p-r. 164 ms. n. w. by 
w. from Richmond. BuUpasture is the local 
name of the higher part of Cowpasture r. or 
the middle constituent of James r. 

BuLLTOWN, p-v. on Little Kenhawa r. Lew- 
is CO. Va. 30 ms. w. of s. Clarksburg. 

Buncombe co. of N. C. bounded by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Greenville 
and Pickens dist. S. C. on the s. by a moun- 
tain chain, which separates it from Haywood 
CO. N. C. on the w. by the main chain of Kittn- 
tinny, which separates it from Greene, Wash, 
ington and Carter cos. of Toil n. ^v. by Ashe 
CO. of N. C. on the n. e. and by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from L'urke and 
Rutherford cos. N. C. on the e. Greatest 
lengtli from s. w. to ^. e. along the IJIue 
Ridge, 100 ms.; mean breadth 20, and area 
2,000 sq. ms. extending in lat. irom 35° 3', to 
36° 8' N. and in long, from 4° 41', to 5° 51' \\ . 
W. C. Buncombe occupies a part of the 
great valley between the Blue Ridge and tlie 
Kittatinny. The latter chain, where it sepa- 
rates N. C. from Tennessee, is called by the 
local names of Bald inounlain, or Iron moun- 
tain. Within this valley, and as far south as 
N. lat. 3.'>°5' rises the French liroad r. which, 
receiving tributary creeks from both chains 
flows in a northwardly direction, with a curve 
to the E. 55 ms. to its passage through the 
Bald mountain, after having drained the south- 



BUR 



77 



BUR 



eni part of Buncombe. Similar to the French- 1 30 ms. and area 1,200 sq. ms. Beside Sa- 



Broad, the Nolachucky rises also in Bun- 
combe, and draining the northern part ot the 
CO. by confluent streams from both chains, 
bends to n. vv. and enters the state of Ten. 
between the Bald and Iron mountains. Bun- 
combe co. comprises the s. e. section of the 
basin of the Mississippi ; the French Broad 
interlocking sources with those of Santee and 
Savannah rs. as the Nolachucky does with 
those of the Catawba. 

Buncombe is an elevated region, the lowest 
point perhaps exceeding 1,00.J feet above tide 
water, and the farms varying from that height 
to 1,400, or 1,500 feet, which, with a north, 
western exposure gives to Buncombe a win- 
ter as intense, if not more so, as that of south- 
ern Maryland. The surface is excessively 
broken, and soil as greatly varied. The air 
and water are, however, as fine as that of 
any other section of the earth. Chief town, 
Ashville. Pop. 1820, 10,542, and in 1830, 
16,281. 

BuNDYSBURO, p-v. in the northern part of 
Geauga co. O. by p-r. 13 ms. northwardly 
from Chardon. 

Burgess' Store, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Northumberland co. Va. by p-r. 101 ms. a 
little N. of E. Richmond. 

BuRGETTSTowN, Small p-v. in the n. w.part 
of Washington co. Pa. 

Burke, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 40 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, 37 N. Newbury First settled, 
1790, — has Passumpsick r. with many mill 
sites, and Burke mtn. 3,500 ft. s. e. It is 
uneven, with good soil, and hard wood, and 
evergreen trees. Magog oil-stones are 
brought from an island in Memphramagog 
lake, and manufactured here. Pop. 1830, 
866. 

Burke, co. N. C. bounded by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Buncombe n. 
w., by Wilkes n. e., Iredell e., Catawba r. 
which separates it from Lincoln s. e., and by 
Rutherford and the western part of Lincoln 
s. This county is commensurate with the 
upper valley of Catawba, enclosed on three 
sides by Montague hills, Blue Ridge, and 
Brushy mtn. The various creeks rising in 
these mtns. and flowing towards the interior 
of the county to form Catawba, which, flow, 
ing estrd. to the western border of Iredell, 
then turns abruptly to the s. and continues 
that course to its tinal issue from N. C. In 
lat. Burke co. reaches from 35° 32' to 36° 08' 
N. and in long, from 4° 12' to 5° 15' w. from 
W. C. Greatest length n. e. to s. w. in the 
general direction of the Catawba valley, 65 
ms. mean breadth 25 ms. and area 1625 sq. 
ms. Similar to most mountain valleys, the 
soil is of every quality. The elevation ren- 
ders it a grain district. Pop. 1820, 13,411, 
in 1830, 17,888. Chief ts. Morgantown and 
Mackeysville. 

Burke, co. of Geo. bounded by Scrive 
s. E., Great Ogeechce r. or Emanuel co. s. Jef- 
ferson w., Richmond n., and Savannah r. 
which separates it from Barnwell dist. S. C. 



vannah and Great Ogeechee, which bound 
this county, it is watered by Brier cr. which, 
entering its western border, traverses the co. 
in a s. E. direction, n. lat. 33° and long. 5° w. 
from W. C. intersect near the centre of 
Burke. Chief t. Waynesboro. Pop. 1820, 
11,574. 

Burkes Garden, and'p-o. Tazewell co. Va. 
20 ms. N. N. w. Evansham. 

BuRKEsviLLE, p.v. in the northern part of 
Prince Edward co. Va. by p.r. 66 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

BuRKEsviLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Cumberland 
CO. Ky. on the right bank of Cumberland r. 
by p-r. 152 ms. a little w. of s. from Frankfort. 

BuRKETSviLLE, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 

Burlington, p-t. and port of entry, and st. 
jus. Chittenden co. Vt. 38 ms. Montpelier, 22 
s. E. Plattsburgh, 97 s. Montreal, 75 N.White- 
hall, has a fine and advantageous situation, 
E. lake Champlain, and is large and flourish, 
ing. The v. is on a slope of 1 m. to a fine 
harbor. On the top of the hill is the college, 
and many of the private houses are in beauti. 
ful taste, with large gardens, &c. It has the 
county buildings, an academy, bank, ($150,- 
000 capital) &c. Many of the vessels on the 
lake belong to this village. A manufacturing 
village is at the falls of Onion r. 5 ms. from 
its mouth, IJ m. n. e. Burlington. First set- 
tled just before the revolution, which inter- 
rupted it. It is agreeably uneven, with a 
soil not very good : hard timber s. w., pine 
plains N. E. Below the falls is a fine alluvial 
tract. Limestone abounds, and some iron ore 
is found. The Champlain glass company 
here make excellent glass. Very good stage 
coaches travel by day light to Boston, through 
Middlebury, Rutland, Keene, and in other di- 
rections. A branch of the U. S. bank is lo- 
cated here. Burlington college is J m. e. of 
the village, overlooking it and much of the 
lake. Two steam boats which ply between 
Whitehall, and St. John's L. Canada, touch 
here, and another runs to Plattsburgh, 25 ms. 
The road to Rutland is quite level, with fine 
scenery. Pop. 1830, 3,525. 

Burlington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 12 
ms. n. w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 446. 

Burlington, p-t. Hartford co.Ct. 16 ms. w. 
Hartford, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. is irregular, 
with a gravelly loam on granite rocks, yield- 
ing grain, &c. and is watered by Farmington 
r. and branches of Poquaback r. Pop. 1830, 
1,301. 

Burlington, city, port of entry and st. jus. 
Burlington co. N. J. on e. bank Delaware r. 
11 ms, s. Trenton, 17 n. e. Phil., is a very 
pleasant place, with green banks on the rivtjr 
and some fine country seats, principally of 
Phil, gentlemen. The co. buildings, a bank, 
and an academy, are here. The large steam 
boats touch here several times every day. 
The soil is good, level, well cultivated, 
and inhabited by industrious people. It is 
opposite Bristol, Pa. Pop. 1830, 2670. 
Burlington, co. N. J. nearly triangular. 



on the N. E. Length 40 ms. mean breadth bounded by Hunterdpn, Middlesex and Men- 



BUR 



78 



BUT 



mouth COS. N., Little Egg Harbor s. e., Glou- 
cester CO. s., Delaware r. w. It has Ranco- 
cus and Croswicks crs. with Assompink or. 
N. and Little Egg Harbor or. s. Burlington is 
the CO. town, and it contains also Borden- 
town, Mount HoUey &c. The land n^ar the 
Delaware, is level, fertile, well cultivated and 
sends supplies to Phil, but much of the re- 
mainder is poor. The steam boat navigation 
of Delaware river is important to the co. and 
one of the great routes of travelling between 
Philadelphia and New York is by Borden- 
town, where the Rail-road is to strike the 
Delaware from Amboy, and whence it is to 
extend to Camden. Pop. 1830, 31,107. 

Burlington, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
w. Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany, is hilly, arable, 
productive, and well supplied with mill sites, 
by Butternuts and Otsego creeks, which have 
rapid descents. The trees are maple, beech, 
birch, elm, &c. Pop. 1830, 2459. 

Burlington, p-v. in the southeastern part 
of Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 162 ms. e. of n. 
Harrisburg. 

Burlington, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. about 
16(1 ms.N. n. w. W. C. 

. Burlington, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, 8 ms. 
westward from Chester, the co. seat. 

Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. 
O. situated on Ohio r.in the extreme southern 
point of the state, nearly opposite the mouth 
of Great Sandy r. by p-r. 135 ms. s. s. e. Co- 
lumbus, Pop. 163U, 149. 

Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Boone co. Ky. 
12 ms. s. w. Cincinnati. Pop. 1830, 276. 

Burnham's, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 37 ms. s. 
Augusta. Pop. 1830, 803. 

Burning Spring, p-v. in the n. w. corner 
Floyd CO. Ky. by ])-r. 126 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Burnt Coat, Island, Hancock co. Me. ofl' 
Blue-hill bay and Union r. Pop. 1830, 2.54. 

Burns, town Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 702. 

LiuRNT Corn, p-v. in the s. part of Monroe 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 183 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Burnt Cabins, p-v. Bedford co. Penn. by 
p-r. 70 ms. s. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Burnt Prairie, p-v. in the s. part White 
CO. U. 15 ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for 
the CO. 

Burnt Tavern, p-o. in the s. part of Gar- 
rard CO. Ky. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. e. from Frank- 
fort. 

BuRRiLLViLLE, p-t. Providcncc CO. R. I. 24 
ms. N. w. Providence, is a new t. e. Conn, 
line, 5 ms. by 12, with 60 sq. ms. rough, with 
pretty good timber and grazing land, on pri- 
mitive soil, watered by the outlet of AUum 
pond. It is a manufacturing town. Pop. 
18.30,2196. 

Burrow's Old Store and p-o. in the n. part 
of Madison co. Ala. l)y p-r. 15 ms. from 
Hnntsville, the st. jus. 

Burrsville, p-v. Caroline co. Md. by p-r. 
87 ms. E. W. C. and 50 from Annapolis. 

Burton, t. StraH'urd co. N. H. 7.3 ms. n. e. 
Concord, 45 Guilford, 75 Portsmouth, 5 ms. 
by 12, with 36,700 acres, supplied by Swift r. 



a branch of Saco r. and other streams, with 
mill sites. They once were stocked with 
otter and beaver. There are high, granite 
mtns. Chocorna, &c. The soil is generally 
good, with maple, birch, ash, pine, &c. Pop. 
1830, 325. 

Burton, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of 
Geauga co. O. 9 ms. s. E. Chardon. Pop. of 
tsp. 1830, 646. 

BuRTONsviLLE, p-0. E. part of Orange co. 
Va. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

BusiiKiLL, p-v. on Del. r. at the mouth of 
Bushkill cr. Pike co. Penn. 90 ms. e. of n. 
Phil. 

BusiiKiLL, the name of two creeks of Penn. 
one rising near the centre of Pike co. in 
three branches which rise and fall into the 
Del. at the village of the same name ; the 
second rises in the Blue or Kittatinny mtns. 
Northampton co. and falls into Del. r. at 
Easton. 

BusHviLLE, p-v. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 
116 ms. nthrd. Milledgeville. 

BusHwicK, t. King's co. N. Y. on Long 
Island, E. East r. opposite N. Y. is hilly, 
with a light, fertile loam, with Bushwick 
and Williamsburgh v. At the latter is a 
steam ferry boat to N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1020. 

Buskirk's Bridge, p-v. Cambridge, Wash- 
ington CO. N. Y. 

BusTi, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 334 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1830, 1680. 

Butler, t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1764. 

BusTLETOWN, p-v. Phil. CO. Penn. 11 ma. n. 
K. Phil. 

Butler, co. of Penn. bounded by Alleghany 
s., Beaver w., Mercer n. w., Venango n., and 
Armstrong e. Length 35, mean breadth 23 ; 
and area 800 sq. ms. extending from n. lat. 
40° 42 'to 41° 11', and in long, from 2° 48' to 
3° 14' w. from W. C. Alleghany r. merely 
touches the n. e. angle of Butler, from which 
it then recedes, and again touches the s. e. 
angle at Freeport. The body of the county 
is drained by the Slippery Rock, and other 
branches of Connequenessing, flowing wtrd. 
into this r. Surface very hilly, but soil ex- 
cellent for grain, fruit, and pasturage. Chief 
town, Butler. Pop. 1820, 10,251, 1830, 
14,683. 

Butler, p-v. borough and st.jus. Butler co. 
Penn. on the Connequenessing, 32 ms. e. of n. 
Pittsburg, and by p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. Harris- 
burg. Pop. 1830, 567. 

Butler, co. Ky. bounded by O. co. n. w., 
Grayson n. e., Warren s. e., Logan s. w. and 
Muhlenburg w. Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 
ms. mean breadth 15, and area, 570 sq. ms. ex- 
tending from n. lat. 37° to 37° 23', and in long, 
from 9° 25' to 10° 2' w. Green r. receives 
its great tributary. Big Barren, on the s. e. 
margin of this county, and the united waters 
in a n. w. direction, flow across the county, 
and then turning s. w. form a common boun- 
dary between it and O. co. to the eastern an- 
gle of Muhlenburg co. Thus though Butler 
may be considered an inland co. a line navi 



CAB 



79 



CAB 



gable channel untites it to O. r. Chief town, In. w. Saco, 40 n. York, 71 s. s. w. Augusta, 



Morgantown. Pop. 1820, 3083, 1830, 3058 

Butler, co. Ala. bounded w. by Monroe 
and Wilcox, n. by Montgomery, e. by Pike, 
s. by Covington and Conecuh. Length 33, 
mean breadth 30, and area 1000 sq. ms. ex- 
tending from n. lat. 31° 30' to 31° 57', and in 
long, from 9° 38' to 10° 2' w. from W. C. 
Surface undulating, and soil generally thin 
and sterile. It is a table land from which 
flow many creeks towards Ala. r. but the body 
of country slopes southwardly, giving source 
to Patsligala, Pigeon and Supulga, branches 
of Conecuh r. Staple, cotton. Chief town, 
Greenville. Pop. 1820, 1405, in 1830, 5650. 
Butler's, p-o. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 28 
ms. nthrd. Millcdgeville. 

Butler's Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. N. 
C. by p-r. 100 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Butler's Ferry and p-o. Jackson co. Ten. 
by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. by e. from Nashville. 

BuTTAHATCHE, r. rises in the wstrn. part of 
Marion co. Ala. and flowing s. s. w. enters and 
traverses Monroe co. Miss, falls intoTombig- 
bee 12 or 13 ms. above Columbus, after a 
comparative course of 70 ms. This stream 
has interlocking sources with Bear creek, 
flowing into Ten. with the Black Warrior. 

Buttermilk Channel, the channel between 
Governor's Island and Long Island in New 
York harbor. 

Butternuts, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 21 ms. 
s. w. Cooperstown, 87 w. Albany, bears grain 
and grass ; maple, beech, birch, elm, &c 
watered by Unadilla creek, and other 
streams ; contains Louisville v. Gilbertsville 
V. and Gilbert's v. p-o. Pop, 1830, 3991. 

Butts, co. Geo. bounded by Monroe s., Pike 
w., Henry n. w. and Oakmulgee r. separating 
it from Newton n. e., Jasper e. and Jones s. e. 
Length 28 ms. breadth 15, and area 420 sq. 
ms. extending in lat. from 33° 5' to 33° 28', 
and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 13' w. from W. 
C. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 1830, 4944. 
Butztown, p-v. Northampton co. Penn. by 
p-r. 103 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Buxton, p-t. York co. Me. e. Saco r. 8 ms. ' 



bordering n. e. on Cumberland co. Here is a 
large manufactory on Saco r. at a fall of 79 
feet ; 7 ms. by 40. Pop. 1830, 2856. 

BuvGONSviLLE, p-v. castem part of De 
Kalb CO. Geo. by p-r. 92 ms. n* w. Millcdge- 
ville. 

Buzzard's Bay, on s. coast Mass. 7 ms. by 
40, with Plymouth co. n., Barnstable co. e., 
Bristol CO. w. and Atlantic Ocean s. It ex. 
tends within 3^ ms. of Cape Cod Bay, 2^ 
Barnstable, to which a canal has been pro- 
posed for coasters through Sandwich^ It re- 
ceives a number of small streams ; Elizabeth 
islands are off the mouth. Seakonet is the 
w. Point. 

Byberry, tsp. and p-o. Phil. co. Penn. by 
p-r. 11 ms. n. e. Phil. 

Byfield, p-v. and parish, Rowley and New^ 
bury, Essex co. Mass. 6 ms. s. w. Newbury, 
port, has a good soil, well cultivated. Parker 
r. falls 40 feet in 1 m, of tide, with many mill 
sites, on one of which was the first woollen 
factory in New England, perhaps in America* 
Boats go to the ocean. Here is Dummer's 
academy, founded 1756, by Lt. Governor 

D. with a fine farm, for a Latin and 

grammar school; opened 1763; the first 
academy established in Mass. 

Byon, p-v. and st. jus. Baker co. Geo. on 
Flint r. at the Falls, by p-r. 150 ms. s. w. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Byrasi, r. on the s. w. bound, of Conn, be- 
tween it and N. Y. is small, and runs into 
Long Island Sound. 

Byram, t. Sussex co. N.J. has a part of the 
range of Schooley's mtn. verges upon Morris 
canal s. with Hop Pond on the e. Pop. 1830, 
958. 

Byran's p-o. Pike co, Geo. by p-r. 68 ms. w. 
Milledgeville. 

Byron, p-t. Genesee co. N, Y, 10 ms. e. 
N. E. Batavia, 5 ms. by 6, has level and good 
land, watered by Black, Bigelow and Spring 
creeks, with some mill seats. Pop, 1830, 
1936. 



c. 



Cabarras,co, of N.C. bounded s.w. by Meck- 
lenburg, N. w. by Iredell, n. by Rowan, and 
s. E. by Montgomery. It is in form of a tri- 
angle, base from e. to w. along Montgomery 
and Iredell 30 ms. and salient point sthrd. 
between Montgomery and Mecklenburg with 
a perpendicular of 20 ms. which yields 300 
sq. ms. Cabarras occupies a mountain valley 
drained by the higher sources of Rocky river. 
These streams with a general southern course 
unite in the southern part of the co. and leav- 
ing it at the extreme s. point turn thence 
eastward, separating Montgomery and Anson 
CO. fall into the Yadkin. The face of Ca- 
barras is broken and in part mountainous, 
though much of the soil is productive. Lat. 
from 35° 13', to 35° 30' n. and long, from 3° 



21', to 3° 52' w, W. C Chief town, Concord. 
Pop. 1820, 7228, 1830,8810. 

Cabell, co. of Va. bounded by Mason co. n. 
E., Kenhawa e., Logan s. e., Sandy r. which 
separates it from Lloyd, Lawrence, and 
Greenwich co. of Ky. w., and by O. r. which 
separates it from Galia and Lawrence co. O, 
N. Greatest length from s. w. to n. e. 50 ms. 
mean width about 20, and area of 1000 sq. ms. 
Extending from 37° 55', to 38° 40' n. and in 
long, from 4° 45', to 5° 34' w. from W. C. 
Beside this and Sandy rivers which form part 
of the boundaries of Cabell, it is subdivided 
into two not very unequal parts, by th^ Great 
Guyandot, which rises in Logan, enters Ca- 
bell, over which in a northwestern direction, 
it reaches the Ohio, r. below Barboursville, 



CAI 



80 



CAL 



The face ofCabell is very broken and in part 
mountainous. The soil, except a minor 
part, rocky and sterile. Chief town, Bar- 
boursville. By the census of 1820, Cabell, then 
including about one third of what is now com- 
prised in Logan, contained a pop. of 4789, in 
1€30, Cabell, as then restricted, contained 
5834. 

Cabell, court house, p-o. and st. jus. Ca- 
bell CO. Va. [See Barboursville, Cabell co, 
Va.) 

Cabin Poipo-, p-v. almost on the meridian 
of W. C. and in the w. part of Surry co. Va. 
49 ms. s. E. Richmond. 

Cabin Creek, p-o. , in the southern part of 
Lewis CO. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. n. e. by e. Frank- 
fort. 

Cabot, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, 65 n. Windsor, 6 ms. sq. on the 
head waters of Onion r. First settlement, 
1785. The plain is on the height between 
Conn, and Onion rivers. The soil is hard 
and uneven. Zerah Colburn was born 
here. Pop. 1830, 1304. 

Cackley's, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 
202 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ohio, 
27 ms. s. w. by w. Steubenville, and by p-r. 
124 N. E. by e. Columbus. It is a very neat, 
thriving village. Pop. 1820, 537, 1830, 818. 

Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Trigg co. Ky. on 
Little r. a small branch of Cumberland r 
about 100 ms. n. w. Nashville, Ten. and by 
.p-r. 218 ms. s. w. from Frankfort. 

Caddo, p-v. Clarke co. Ark. by p-r. 75 
southward from Little Rock. 

Cadwallader, p-v. in the e. part of Tusca- 
rawas CO. O. by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. 

Cahaba, r. Ala. rises in Jefferson and St. 
Clair cos. flowing s. w. by w. over Bibb, 
Shelby, Perry, and Dallas cos. falls into 
Ala. r. at the town of Cahaba, after a course 
of 120 ms. 

Cahaba, p-v. and st. jus. Dallas, co. Ala. on 
the right bank of Alabama river, immediately 
below the mouth of Cahaba r. 77 ms. s. s. e. 
Tuscaloosa, and about 14o ms. n. n. e. Mo- 
bile. 

Cahokia, p-v. on the left bank of the Miss. 
r. St. Clair co. II. 5 ms. s. e. St. Louis. 

Cahoos Falls, N. Y. 3 ms. from the 
mouth of Mohawk river, is one of the greatest 
cataracts in the U. S. The Mohawk falls 
very abruptly about 70 feet over a broken 
precipice of slaty rock, in one sheet of foam, 
at high wafer. The banks below are nearly 
100 feet high, rocky and perpendicular. Fish 
abound in the basin. Erie canal, on the s. 
bank, surmounts the fall by locks, and cros- 
ses the river on an aqueduct, a little above. 
A bridge crosses about 1 mile below, and 
Champlain canal by a ferry. 

Cain's p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 64 ms. east- 
ward Harrisburg. 

Cainsville, p-v. Wilson co. Ten. by p-r. 
48 ms. eastward from Nashville, and 700 s. 
w. by vv. from W. C. 



Ca Ira, (pronounced Sa Era) small p-v. on 
Willis river, in the w. part Cumberland co. 
Va. 62 ms. a little s. of w, Richmond and 45 
ms. N. e. by e. Lynchburg, 

Calahan's, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by p-r. 
189 ms. w. Richmond. 

Cairo, p-t. Green co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. 
Catskill, ] 1 w. Athens v. 40 s. Albany, baa 
the summits of Catskill mts. on s. bound, 
nearly 7^ ms. sq., is hilly, with alluvial levels 
on Catskill creek, and 2 branches, which also 
supply iron works, mills, &,c. Pop. 1830, 
2912. 

Calais, p-t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. 
N.w. Eastport, 204 e. Augusta; below the falls 
of St. Croix r. it is accessible to navigation 
through Passamaquoddy bay. It stands a lit- 
tle above and nearly opposite St. Andrews in 
New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 1686. 

Calais, t. Washington co. Vt. 37 ms. e. 
Burlington, 12 Montpeher. Population 1830, 
1539. 

Calcasiu r. of Louisiana, rises in the par- 
ish of Natchitoches, between Red and Sa- 
bine rivers. Flowing thence in a nearly gen- 
eral southern course, but curving to the east 
ward, with a remarkable compliance to the 
course of lower Sabine. From the source of 
the former to the head of Calcasiu lake, the 
two rivers maintain a nearly regular distanc-e 
of about 35 ms. asunder. The Calcasiu rises 
in a forest of pines, which continues to be the 
prevailing tree on all its tributaries to where 
all forest ceases ; and is followed by the 
prarics of Opelousas. Issuing from this great 
body of woods, the Calcasiu similar to the 
Sabine, expands into a lake, of from 1 to 10 ms, 
wide, and 30 long, and again contracting into 
a river falls into the Gulf of Mexico at n. lat. 
29° 28,' long. 16° 20' w. from W. C. Though 
the tide flows up this river above the head of 
its lake, it can scarce be called navigable, as 
there is not more than 3 feet water at it« 
mouth and not much more in the lake. The 
soil it waters both in woods & prarie is mostly 
thin and sterile, though in the former section 
supplied with abundance of pure and limpid 
spring water. 

Caldwell, p-t. and cap. Warren co. N. Y, 
62 ms. N. Albany, at the head of lake George, 
7 ms. in extent, is very hilly and picturesque, 
the scenery on this lake being more admired 
than almost any other in the U. S. The head 
of the lake is in the centre of the township, 
and towards it slopes a high ridge 2 or 3 ms. 
s. French mln. nearly e. and Rattlesnake 
mtn. 1^ ms. w. leaving little arable land. 
Part of Scaroon creek, the e. branch of Hud- 
son r. touches the w. bound. 

Caldwell village, near the head of lake 
George w. containing the co. buildings, is 
pleasant, with a fine view down, and over the 
sites of Fort George and Wm. Henry. 
There is a hotel for about 200 persons look. 
ing upon a basin and the lake, for hundreds 
of visiters who resort here every summer. 
Near it is the line of approaches of Gen. 
Montcalm, who captured Fort Wm. Henry 



CAL 



81 



CAM 



1757, and allowed the prisoners to bo massa- 
cred by Indians. A steamboat plies hence to 
the bottom of the lake in the warm season, 
and the excursion surpasses all others of the 
kind in the country for beauty of scenery. 
Gen. Johnson was attacked, 1765, where 
Fort George was built, bv Gen. Dieskau, who 
was defeated. Pop. 1830, 797. 

Caldwell, p-t. Essex co. N. J. a Httle s. 
Morris canal, and s. Passaic r. has. Short 
Hills in the e. part. Pop. 1830, 2,004. 

Caldwell, co. of Ky. bounded s. w. by 
Tennessee r. which separates it from Calla- 
way and McCracken cos., n. w. by Livings- 
ton, N. E. by Tradewater r. which separates 
it from Hopkins co., and n. e. by Trigg. 
Length 32 ms. breadth 22, and area 700 
sq. ms. Cumberland r. enters the s. e. border, 
and by a very winding channel, passes over 
the s. w. part, leaving a strip of 1 to 8 ms. 
wide between the latter r. and Ten. r. Sur- 
face mostly level, and soil productive. Chief 
towns, Eddyville and Princeton, n. lat. 37°, 
and long. 10° w. intersect in this co. Pop. 
1820, 9,022, 1830, 6,324. 

Caldwell's p-o. Washitau parish, La. by 
p-r. 201 ms. n. w. N.Orleans. 

CaledOi\l\, CO. Vt. w. Connecticut r. 700 
sq. ms. is crossed in w. part by the height of 
lands on e. range of Green mtns. between 
which and Conn. r. is fine country, with Pas- 
sumpsic r. &c. w. of it, forms Onion r. Lime- 
stone, granite, &c. abound, and sulphur 
springs. Chief and county t. Danville. In- 
corporated 1792. Pop. 1830, 20,967. 

Caledonlv, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 31 ms. 
w. Canandaigua, 12 n. Genesee, 1 7 above 
Rochester, w. Genesee r. which is very 
crooked, but affords navigation to Erie canal ; 
it has excellent wheat land. 2^ ms. by 8. 
Pop. 1830, 1,618. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the s. w, part Moore co. 
N. C. 20 ms. sthrd. from Carthage, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the w. part Henry co. 
Ten. by p-r. 123 ms. a little n. of w. Nash- 
ville. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the southern part Jeffer- 
son CO. Ind. by p-r. 97 ms. 9. s. e. Indianopo- 
lis. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the western part Wash- 
ington CO. Mo., 15 ms. wstrd. from Potosi, the 
St. jus. 

Calhoun's, p-v. and st. jus. McMinn co. 
Ten. on Iliwassee river, 78 ms. s. w. Knox- 
ville, and by p-r. 159 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Calhoun's Mills, and p-o. Abbeville dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Calibogue Sound, aninlet of S. C. between 
Dawfuskee and Hilton Head islands. It 
opens a little e. of n. 7 ms. from Savannah r. 
entrance, and extending inland is lost in a 
maze of interlocking inlets, enclosing the nu- 
merous islands which chequer the ocean bor- 
der of Beaufort dist. between Broad and Sa- 
vannah rivers. 

Calland'3, p-o. Pittsylvcuiu CO. Va. by p-r. 
136 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

11 



Callaway's Mill, and p-o. Franklm co. 
Va.by p-r. 190 ms. b. w. by w. Richmond. 

Callinsburo, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by 
p-r. 248 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Calloway, co. of Ky. bounded by Graves 
w., McCracken n., Tennesse r. separating it 
from Caldwell n. e., Trigg e., Stewart co. 
Ten. s. E., and Henry co. Ten. s. Length 30, 
mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 56' n., and 
in long, from 11° 11' to 11° 35'. The eastern 
margin of this county declines n. e. towards 
Tennessee r. but the body of it is drained by 
Clarke's r. flowing n. into Ohio. Chief t. 
Wadesborough. Pop. 1830, 5,164. 

Calvert, co. Md. bounded n. by Ann Arun- 
del CO., E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. s. w. and 
w. by Patuxent r. which separates it from St. 
Mary's, Charles, and Prince George's cos. 
Length 33 ms., mean width 8, and area 264 
sq. ms. Rolling surface, rather than level 
or hilly. For lat. and long, see article Prince 
Fredcricktown. Pop. 1820, 8,073, 1830, 
8,900. 

Calvert, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 

Cambria, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 7 ms. n. 
w. Lockport, 13 e. Lewiston v. is crossed e, 
and w. by the mtn. ridge, and Erie canal, 
with small streams of Howell's, Cayuga, and 
18 m. creeks. The soil is pretty good, ill 
watered, and greatly diversified. Lockport, 
a very important v. is in this t. (See Lock- 
port.) Pop. 1830, 1,712. 

Cambria, co. Pa. bounded e. by the Allegha- 
ny chain which separates it from Bedford and 
Huntingdon, n. by Clearfield, w. by Laurel 
Hill, separating it from Ind. and Westmore- 
land, and s. by Somerset. Length from s. to 
N. 36 ms., mean breadth between the two 
chains of mountains, 20 ms., and area 720 sq 
ms. Cambria occupies part of the elevated 
mountain valley, from which the streams 
flow, like radii from a common centre. The 
southern part is drained by numerous creeks 
of Conemaugh river, whilst the northern sec. 
tion gives source to the extreme heads of the 
w. branch of Susquehannah. By the surveys 
made on the route of the Pennsylvania canal, 
it appears that Johnstown, at the forks of Co- 
nemaugh in this county, is elevated 1154 feet 
above the tide water, in Delaware r. This 
point is at least 150 feet below the common 
level of the county, which may be assumed 
at 1300 feet. The surface of the county is 
hilly, rocky, and in part mountainous, with a 
soil of middling quality. In lat. it extends 
from 40° 15' to 40° 40' n. and in long, from 1° 
22' to 2° w. from W. C. Pop. 1820, 3,287, 
in 1830, 7,076. The canal and rail way route, 
designated the Pennsylvania canal, passes 
over the southern paii of Cambria. 

Cambridge, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, 22 n. k. Burlington, 28,533 
acres, first settled 1783. Lamoille r. runs 12 
ms. in it, with branches and mill sites. 
It is uneven, but fertile, with 3 villages. Pop. 
1830, 1,613. 

Camuriugk, p-t. .Middleac.K co. Mass, Sins- 



CAM 



82 



CAM 



N. w. Boston, was first settled 1G31. It has 

3 principal divisions ; Cambridge, containing 
the university, an arsenal, and several 
churches, is pleasantly situated on a beauti- 
ful plain, extending from Charles r. It is a 
handsome village, and contains the residen- 
ces of several officers of the university. 
Cambridge port, p-v. is a village of conside- 
rable business, containing several churches, 
connected by w. Boston bridge with the city ; 
and East Cambridge, p-v. on Lechmere point, 
is also a flourishing village, where are vari- 
ous manufactories, among them the largest 
of glass in the U. S., a court house, jail, and 

4 churches. This point is connected with 
Boston by Craigie's bridge. 

Harvard University, the oldest institution 
of the kind in the U. S. was founded in 1638, 
and derives its name from Rev. John Har- 
vard, who made the first large donation to it. 
It was designed to be a nursery for the 
churches. The buildings are University Hall, 
an elegant granite edifice, 140 feet bv 50, and 
42 high ; Hollis, Massachusetts, Stoughton 
and Holworthy Halls ; Holden Chapel, of 
brick, containing a chemical laboratory, ana- 
tomical museum, and other lecture rooms, 
and Divinity Hall, a commodious building, ap- 
propriated to theological students. The li- 
brary is the largest in the U. S. containing 
35,000 volumes, exclusive of that for the stu- 
dents, of nearly 5,000. There is also a min- 
eralogical cabinet, and a botanic garden of 
8 acres. Connected with the University are 
also a law and medical schools, and a theolo- 
gical seminary. By large donations from the 
state, and individuals also, this institution is 
more richly endowed than any other in the 
U. S. Several professorships have thus been 
established. The president's house, and the 
medical college in Boston, containing a library 
of 4,000 vols, belong to the institution. Pres- 
idents, as inducted, — Dunster, 1640, Chaun- 
cey, '54, Hoar, '72, Oaks, '75, Rogers, '82, 
Mather, '85, Willard, 1701, Leveret, '08, 
Wadsworth, '25, Holyoke, '37, Locke, '70, 
Langdon, '74, Willard, '81, Webber, 1806, 
Kirtland, '10, and Quincy, 1828. Under- 
graduates, 1830 — 31,248 — medical students, 
91 — law 31. Commencement is on the last 
Wednesday in August. 

The first printing press in America was 
located here, and was used by Steplicn Day, 
who printed " The Freeman's Oath." The 
American army encamped here in 1776, du- 
ring the siege of Boston, and some of their 
entrenchments remain. On Copp's hill is a 
monument bearing date 1625. Pop. 1830,6072. 

Cambridge, Washington co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
s. Salem, 35 n. e. Albany. It is in part, hilly, 
has good farms, on a warm deep gravel. 
Streams — White creek, with few mill scats. 
Pop. 1830, 2,319. 

Cambridge, p-v. and st. jus. Dorchester co. 
Md. on s. side of Choptankbay, about 12 ms. 
above its mouth, 36 ms. s. e. Annapolis in a di- 
rect line, but by p-r. 53. 

Cambridge, p-v. in the e. part of Abbeville 
dist. S. C. by p-r, 81 ms. a little v. of w. 



Columbia. Population 1820, about 350. 

Cambridge, p-v. and st. jus. Guernsey co. 
O. on Wilts creek, 53 ms. w. from Wheeling, 
and by p-r. 83 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 518. 

Camden, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 12 ms. n. e. 
Thomaston, 59 s. e. Augusta, on Penobscot 
bay. Pop. 1830, 674. 

Camden, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. 
w. Rome, 6 ms. by 12, has many mill sites on 
Fish creek — is uneven, with a fertile, sandy 
loam, good for grain, bearing beech, maple, 
bass, and hemlock. Camden and Taberg iron 
works, arc villages. Pop. 1830, 1,945. 

Camden, p-v, Newton, Gloucester co. N. 
J. e. Delaware r. opposite Philadelphia, with 
a ferry. Here commences the Camden and 
Amboy rail road, designed to transport travel- 
lers and merchandize between New York and 
Philadelphia. (See Rail Roads and Canals.) 

Camden, co. of N. C. bounded by Nanse- 
mond and Norfolk counties, Va. ^., by Curi- 
tuck CO. N. C. n. e., Albemarle sound s. and- 
Pasquotank r. and co. w. Greatest length 
from s, e. to N. w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 6, 
and area 228 sq. ms. ; n. lat. 36° 15', long. 
38' e. from W. C. Surface level, and in part 
marshy. Pop. 1820, 6,305, 1830, 6,733. 

Camden, C.H. and p-o. Camden co. N, C, 
by p-r. 199 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Camden, p-v. in the eastern part of Kent co. 
Del. by p-r. 3 ms. from Dover, and 117 a little 
N. ofE. from W. C. 

Camden, p-t, and st.jus, Kershaw dist. S. 
C. near the left bank of Wateree r. 31 ms. n. 
E. Columbia, and 123 ms. n. n. w. Charleston. 
Wateree r. is thus far navigable for boats of 
70 tons, which gives to Camden considerable 
trade. Pop. 1820, about 1,000. It contains 
an academy, and several places of public wor- 
ship. 

Camden, s. eastern co. of Geo. bounded by 
St. Mary's r. s. and s. w., Warren co- w., Wayne 
CO. n. w. Scilla r. or Glynn n.e. and the At- 
lantic Ocean e. without including a long nar- 
row strip in the s. western part of this co. and 
in the great bend of St. Mary's r.; the body is a 
parallelogram of 35 by 25, and the whole 
area about 1,000 sq. ms. Lat. from 30° 21', to 
31° 10', and long, from 4° 36', to 5° 24. The 
surface is in great part a plain, with Cumber- 
land isl. stretching along nearly its whole 
front. The Santilla r. enters it from Wayne's 
CO. and flowing s. 20 ms. turns abruptly e. 
pursues the latter course 30 ms. into St. An- 
drew's sound. The river St. Mary's aflbrds 
the deepest entrance on the Atlantic coast of 
U.S. s. of Chesapeake bay, a depth suffi. 
cient for ships of war of the first class. Chief 
towns, St. Mary's and Jefferson. Pop. 1820, 
3,402, in 1830, 4,578. 

Camel's Back, or Hump, mtn. Huntington, 
Chittenden co. Vt. one of the highest of the 
Green mtns. 4,188 ft. above tide, 3,960 above 
Montpelier state house. 17 ms. w, Montp., 
2.') N. e. Middlebury, 20 s. e. Burlington. It 
aflbrds a fine view, and is seen from lake 
Champlain. 

Cameron, t. Steuben co- N Y. 8 ms. s. of 



CAM 



83 



CAN 



Bath, watered by Canisteo and Conliocton 
creeks, has broken land, with some alluvion, 
and i)ine, hemlock, maple, beech, &c. Pop. 
1830, 924. 

Camillus, p-t. Onondago co. N. Y. 10 ms. 
N. w. Onondago, 160 w. Albany, is supplied 
by Seneca r. with navigation and mills seats, 
and has 3 villages, Camillus on Otisco cr., 
Elbridge on Skeneatcles cr., and Jodan on 
Erie canal, which crosses the town. There 
are remains of two large works, supposed to 
be ancient fortifications, 4 ms. from Seneca r. 
one is of 3 acres on a hill, with a ditch and 
earth wall, with gate ways. There is also a 
well. Gypsum is found on Otisco cr. Pop. 
1830,2,518. 

Campbell, CO. ofVa. bounded by Stanton 
and Roanoke rs. s., separating it from Halifax 
and Pittsylvania cos., by Bedford w., James 
r. N., separating it from Amherst, by Buck- 
ingham N. E., and by Prince Edward and Char- 
lotte E. Campbell is a rude advance to a sq. 
of 24 ms. each side, with an area of 576 
sq. ms., extending in lat. from 37° to 37° 26', 
and in long, from 1° 46' to 2° 22' w. from W. 
C. Surface much broken, but soil productive 
in grain, fruits, tobacco, pasturage, &c. 
Chief town, Lynchburg. Pop. 1820, 16,570 ; 
1830, 20,350, including the t. of Lynchburg. 
Both the bounding rivers of this county are 
navigable for boats far above its limits, afford 
ing an opening by water to Chesapeake bay 
and Albemarle sound. 

Campuell, CO. Geo. bounded e. and n. e. by 
De Kalb, s. by Lafayette and Coweta, s. w. by 
Carroll, and n. w. by Chattahooche river. 
Length 30, mean breadth 10; area 300 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 37' to 33° 56', and 
in long, from 7° 30' to 7° 53'. The southern, a 
parallelogram from e. to w. and the northern 
stretching a triangle up the Chattahooche. 
General slope s. wstrd. towards Coweta and 
Carroll cos. Pop. 1830, 3,323. 

Campbell, C. II. and p-o., Campbell co. Va. 
1 1 ms. s. s. E. Lynchburg. 

Campbell, co. of Ten. bounded s. by a chain 
of mtns. called Chesnut Ridge, which sepa- 
rates it from Knox, s. w. by Clinch r. which 
separates it from Anderson, w. by Anderson 
and Morgan, n. by Wayne, Whiteley, and 
Knox cos. Ky., and e, by Claiborne and 
Grainger counties. Ten. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 07' to 36° 35', and in long, from 6° 
36' to 7° 17' w. from W. C. Length from s. 
to N. 32, mean width 21, and 672 sq. ms. in 
area. Powell's r. enters the eastern border 
and traversing an angle of this co. falls into 
Clinch r. at Grant's corners. The n. e. part 
is traversed by Cumberland mtn., from the n. 
w. side of which the creeks are discharged 
into the state of Ky. and thence into Cumber. 
land r. Campbell co. therefore is a table land 
between the vallies of Cumberland and Ten., 
and has a mean elevation above the Atlantic 
of at least 800 feet. Chief town, Jackson- 
boro'. Population 1820, 4,244 ; 1830, 5,120. 
Campbell co. of Ky. bounded by Ohio r. 
which separates it from Hamilton co. O. on 



the N., and Clermont co. O. on the k., s. by 
Pendleton, and w. by Boone cos. Ky. Length 
20, mean width 12, and area 240 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 49' to 39° 07', and 
in long, from 7° 12' to 7° 32' w. from W. C. 
Similar to other cos. of Ky. near O. r. the 
features of Campbell are hilly, but soil fertile; 
placed directly opposite Cincinnati, and tra- 
versed in its greatest length by Licking r., it 
is well situated for trade and commerce. 
Though bordering on Ohio along two sides, 
the body of the co. is in the valley of Licking, 
and slopes with the course of that stream to 
s. s. w. Chief towns, Newport and Coving- 
ton. Pop. 1820, 9,022 ; 1830, 9,883, 
Campbell's Mills, and p-o. in the wstrn. part 
of Abbeville dist. S. C. 8 ms. from Abbeville 
Court House and by p-r. 108 ms. wstrd. Co- 
lumbia. 

Campbell's Station, and p-o. in the s. w. 
partof Knox CO. Ten. on the road from Knox- 
ville to Nashville, 14 ms. wstrd. from the for- 
mer, and 184 ms. a little s. of e. from the 
latter place. 

Campbellsville, p-v. Giles county, Ten- 
nessee, by p-r. 66 ms. a little w. of s. from 
Nashville. 

Campbellsville, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Greene co. Ky. 12 ms. s. e. Greenburg, the 
St. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 78 ms. s. s. w. 
from Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 122. 

Campbellton, p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. 
Geo. situated on Chattahooche r. by p-r. 134 
ms. N. w. by w. from Milledgeville. 

Campbellton, p-v. in the wstrn. part of 
.Tackson co. Flor. by p-r. 96 ms. wstrd. from 
Tallahasse. 

Camp Creek, and p-o. Livingston county, 
Kentucky. 

Campbelltown, p-v. in the s. w.partof Le- 
banon co. Pa. 15 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Campti, p-o. in the northern part of Natchi- 
toches parish. La. by p-r. 7 ms. nrthd. from 
the village of Natchitoches. 

Campton, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 27,892 
acres, 50 ms. n. n. w. Concord, 75 n. w, 
Portsmouth, is uneven, with mtns. and rocks. 
It has Pemigewasset and its branches. Mad 
and Beebee rs., also W. Branch r. and Bog 
Branch. There is good soil in the vallies, 
white oak, pitch pine, iron ore, and many 
orchards. First settled 1765. Pop. 1830, 
1,314. 

Camptown, p-v. Orange, Essex co. N. J. 

Canaan, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 10 ms. e. 
Norridgewock, 34 n. by e. Augusta, e. Ken- 
ncbeck r., bordering on Kennebeck co. Pop. 
1830. 1,076. 

Canaan, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n. vr. 
Concord, 16 e. Dartmouth college, on the 
high land between Conn, and Merrimack 
rs. It has several ponds and small streams. 
Heart pond, on high ground, has formed a 
low bank of earth nearly round its circumfer- 
ence, by the motion of the ice in breaking up 
in the spring. The soil is pretty good, yield- 
ing grain, flax, &c. First settled 1766 or 7. 
Pop. 1830, 1,428. 



CAN 



84 



CAN 



Canaan, p-t. Essex co. Vt. Pop. 1830, 
373. 

CanaaiJ, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 16 me. n. 
N. w. Litchfield, 41 n. w. Hartford, s. Mass., 
E. Ousatonick r., C nis. by 9, with 50 sq. ms. 
is on granite mtns. with fine valliea. Lime 
stone is quarried, iron ore is mined, and there 
are several forges, &c. The soil and timber 
are various. Branches of Ousatonick r. give 
many mill scats. Pop. 1830, 2,301. 

Canaan, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 ms. e. 
E. Albany, 22 n. e. Hudson, has Willianis- 
town mtns. e. with hills and vales e. w. Gyp- 
sum has done much for the soil, much of 
which is very good. It has generally pure I 
water, some bog iron; Whitney's pond and 
outlet, Klein kill, &c. and a bed of marl. i 

Canaan, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part] 
of Wayne co. O. The p-o. by p-r. 97 ms. n. 
K. E. from Columbus, and 358 ms. n. w. by w. 
fromW.C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,030. 

Canada creek, east, runs 30 ms. into the 
Mohawk, 9 ms. below Little Falls. 

Canada creek, WEST, the largest branch of 
Mohawk r. 60 ms. long, rises near the head 
waters of Black r, and enters at the German 
Flats, 6 ms. above Little Falls. The nume- 
rous rapids and cascades make this a beauti- 
ful stream, with its lofty banks of dark lime- 
stone rock, full of marine petrifactions. It is 
an important point in the tour of travellers 
through the state. Two unfortunate visiters 
have been drovmed here Mdthin 4 or 5 years. 
There is a public house near, and pains have 
been taken to make the difficult passes acces- 
sible. Utica is the proper place to proceed 
from, to pay a visit to this interesting vicin- 
ity- 

Canada creek, Oneida co. N. Y. 10 or 12 
ms. long. n. branch. Wood cr. 

Canadaway creek, N. Y. 15 ms. long, with 
many falls. Formerly there was a portage of 
6 ms. between this and the Cordaga waters, 
to Alleghany r, 

Canadian river, ( See Arkansas r.) 

Canajoharie, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. 
Mohawk r. at Bowman's cr. The N. Y. Cen- 
tral asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is on the 
cr. 6 ms. s. of the canal, and 7 n. Cherry Val- 
ley. The building is of brick, and there are; 
two boarding houses for the male and female 
pupils, at $80 a year. 15 ms. s. w. Johns-] 
town, 69 w. Albany, The ground is uneven, 
the crop chiefly wheat, and there are mill! 
seats on Canajoharie an- Plattekill crs. &c.i 
The people are German. The Nose (a hill,) 
has a large cave. A rail road is projected to 
Catskill, 75 ms. Pop. 1830, 4,348. 

Canal, Dover, p-v. in the northern part of 
Tuscarawas co. O. by p-r. 110 ms. n. E.by e. 
Columbus. 

Canal, Fulton, p-v, in the northwest part 
of Stark co. O.by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus. 

Canandaigua, p-t, and capital Ontario co, 
N. Y, 108 ms, E. Niagara falls, 208 ms. w. 
Albany, 88 e. Buffalo, on the great road to 
Buflalo, 6 ms. by 12, contains 8 ms. of the n. 



I part of Canandaigua lake, and part of the out- 
I let, and has fine hills and vallies, with good 
soil and much wealth. First settled 1790, 
The village or borough is large, and has a 
number of fine houses, stores, churches, 
county buildings, a bank, &c. on a strait, 
i broad street, 1 mile long, on the ascent and 
summit of a high, gentle hill, gradually rising 
from the N, end of the lake. There is a 
flourishing female seminary, where some of 
the higher branches are taught, in which arc 
about 100 pupils. There is also an academy 
iwith a department for the instruction of 
school teachers, from Aug. 8th, 6 weeks. 
Pop. 1830, 1,830. 

Canandaigua LAKE, Ontario co. N. Y.. 14 
ms. N. and s. and about 1 m. wide, empties by 
an outlet n. into Seneca r. The land is hand- 
somely varied on the shores, in some parts 
high, and near the head well cultivated. 

Canandaigua creek, or outlet, Ontario co, 
N. Y, flows from the bottom of Canandaigua 
lake, to Seneca r. which it enters in Wayne 
CO. 50 ms. long, after receiving Mud and 
Flint crs. &c. It is navigable from Seneca r. 
to the block house in Clyde, 12 ms, 

Canasauga, p-v, near Hiwassee r. in Amoi 
dist, of tliat part of the Cherokee territory ad- 
jacent to McMimi CO, Ten, by p-r. 186 ms. n.k. 
by E. from Nashville. 

Canaveral. {See Cannaveral.) 

Canaseraga, cr. N, Y, a branch of Chitte- 
ningo cr. Another is a branch of Genesee r, 
which it enters 3 ms, n, Geneseo, 

Candia, p-t. Rockingham co. N, H. 16 ms. 
s. E. Concord, 4 ms. by 6, with 15,360 acres, 
has a hard but well cultivated soil, and a high 
situation, in view of White Hills, and the 
lights on Plum Island on the coast. It is very 
healthy. First settled 1748. Pop. 1830, 
],3G0. 

Candor, p-t. Tioga co, N. Y. 8 ms, n. Owe- 
go ; has streams of Owego, Pipe, and Mud crs. 
with mill sites. First settled 1796 ; has pret- 
ty good land. Pop. 1830, 2,653. 

Caneadea, p-t. Alleghany co, N. Y. 6 ms. s. 
w. Angelica, 6 ma. by 12, is supplied with a 
few mill seats. Genesee r. is in n. e. The 
soil is pretty good, and bog iron ore is found. 
Pop. 1830, 780, 

Candice, t, Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1386. 

Cane Creek, p-o. Chatham co. N. C, by 
p-r, 52 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Cane Creek, p-o. in the northwestern part 
of Lincoln co. Ten. 62 ms. s. from Nashville, 
and 721 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Cane Hill, p-o. Washington co. Ark. by 
p-r. 203 ms. n. w. Little Rock. 

Canestola, p-v. Lenox, Madison co. N. Y. 
on Erie canal, 25 ms. w. Utica, was a wilder- 
ness, 1819, 

Canesus, t, Livingston co, N, Y. Pop, 
1830, 1690, 

Canesus, lake, Livingston co. N. Y. 9 ms. 
by 1 and 1^, 6 ms, E. Genesee r. into which 
it empties, in Avon, by an outlet of nifte 
miles. 



CAN 



85 



CAP 



Caney Spring, p o. Bedford co. Ten. s. s. e. 1 
from Nashville. 

Canfield, p-v. and tep. in the southern part 
of Trumbull co. O. 18 ms. sthrd. from War- 
ren, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 n. e. by e. 
Cohunbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1249. 

Canisteo, t. Steuben co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
s. w. Bath, 2G0 w. Albany ; has Canisteo r. 
which is boatable, with rich flats for grass 
and grain. Pop. 1830, 620. 

Cannaveral, Cape of Flor. on the Atlantic 
ocean, being the salient point of a long, nar- 
row, and low sandy island between Indian r. 
and the ocean. On Tanner's U. S. it is 
placed at n. lat. 28° 18', and at long. 3° 23' 
w. from W. C. 

Cannonscurg, borough and p-v. Washing- 
ton CO. Pa. on the road from the borough of 
Washington, the co. seat to Pittsburg, 7 ms. 
a little E. of N. from the former, and 18 s. w. 
from the latter, by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. from 
Harrisburg, and 23G n. w. from W. C. It is 
situated on Chartiers creek, and on a rather 
bold acclivity from the valley. Here is loca- 
ted Jeflerson college, formerly an academy. 
The faculty is composed of a president and 
two professors. It contains a respectable li- 
brary and philosophical apparatus. Pop. of 
the borough, 1830, 673. n. lat. 40° 17', and 
long. 3° 18' w. from W. C. 

Cannon's Ferry and p-o. in the s. w. part 
of Sussex CO. Del. 23 ms. s. w. by w. George- 
town, the st. jus. for the co. 

Cannonsville, p-v. Del. co. N. Y. 94 ms. 
s. w. Albany. 

Cannouche, r. of Geo. tho western and 
largest confluent of Great Ogcechee ; rises in 
Emanuel co. and flowing s. e. falls into Great 
Ogeechee in Bryan co. about 12 ms. s.w. from 
the city of Savannah. Tho valley of Can- 
nouchee lies between those of Ogeechee and 
Altamaha. Length 90, mean breadth 10, and 
area 900 sq. ms. 

Canoe Creek, and p-o. in the n. w. part of 
Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. wstrd. from 
the borough of Huntingdon. 

Canonicut, isl. Narragansetbay, R. I. 
Canterbury, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 
ms. N. Concord, e. Merrimack r. tineven, 
with grass, small mill streams, and 2 bridges 
over Merrimac r. Contains 26,345 acres. 
Shaker's v. s.e. has good gardens, and some 
manufactures. Pop. 1830, 1663. 

Canterbury, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 
ms. e. Hartford, 12 n. Norwich, 4J ms. by 8, 
36 sq. ms. is uneven, with rich gravelly loam, 
yielding rye, maize, oats, &c. Quinebaug r. 
enriches its banks by spring floods ; yields 
shad, and affords valuable mill sites. Bates's 
pond is stocked with flsh. Pop. 1 830, 1881 

Canterbury, p-v. on tho head of Mother 
Kill creek, Kent co. Del. by p-r. 8 ms. a little 
w. of s. Dover. 

Canton, p-t. Oxford co. Mo. 32 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 1830, 746. 

Canton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 ma. s. 
Boston, flat, 200 feet above tide, with littl 
•arable land ; 2 ponds give rise to two branches 



of Neponset r. Steep Brook cotton factory 
here, was incorporated 1815 ; can. ^50,000. 
Pop. 1830, 1515. 

Canton, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 15 ms, 
N.w. Hartford, 4 ms. by 8; 19,000 acres. 
The soil is gravelly, chiefly yielding oak, 
grass, rye, corn, oats, and fine orchards, and 
is crossed by Farmington r. Pop. 1830, 
1437, including Collinsville, which see. 

Canton, p-t. St, Lawrence co. N, Y, Pop, 
1830, 2440. 

Canton, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r, 137 
ms. nrthd. from Harrisburg. 

Canton, p-v. and st. jus, Wilcox co, Ala, 
situated on the left bank of Ala. r. by p-r, 
113 ms, a little e. of s, Tuscaloosa, and by 
the common road, 120 ms, n. n. e. Mobile. 

Canton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Trigg 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. sthrdly. from Cadiz, the 
St. jus. far the co. and 235 s. w. by w. from 
Frankfort. 

Canton, p-v. and st. jus. Stark co. Ohio, 
situated on Nemishillen creek, a branch of 
Tuscarawas r. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus, and about 60 ms. a little e. of s. Cleave- 
land. Pop, 1830, 1257, This is one of the 
finest towns of interior O, There are three 
or four fine bridges over the Nemishillen in 
the vicinity ; and the adjacent country is well 
cultivated and populous. 

Cantonment Gibson, p-o, as laid down on 
Tanner's map of the U, S, is situated on the 
left bank of Ark, r. on the point below the 
mouth of Grand r, n, lat. 35° 47'. long. 18° 
9' w. from W. C, In the p-o. list it is stated 
to be 208 ms, from Little Rock, and is 1359 
ms, s. w. by w. from W. C. 

Cantonment, Jessup, military station and 
p-o. in the n. w. part of Louisiana, and on Sa- 
bine r, N. lat, 31° 30', long, 16° 42' w, from 
W. C, and by p-r, 379 ms, n, w, from New 
Orleans and 1353 ms. s, w, W, C, 

Cantonment, Leavenswortii, on the Mis- 
souri r. Clay co. Mo. by p-r. 354 ms. above, 
and a little n. of w. St. Louis, 220 from Jef- 
ferson City, and 1172 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Cantwell's Bridge, and p-o. on the Ap- 
poquinimink creek in the southwestern part o! 
New Castle co. Del. by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. e. 
from Dover. 

Cape Cod, a peninsula forming part of 
Barnstable co. Mass. s. side Massachusetts 
bay, is in shape like a man's arm bent inwards 
at the wrist and elbow. Length 60 ms. va- 
rying from 1 to 20 ms. in width. A large 
proportion is sandy and barren, without vege- 
tation, yet partly populated. The men arc 
employed at sea, and the boys are put on 
board the fishing boats. Violent e. winds 
are gradually wearing it away. Lon, 70° 
14', w, lat. 420 4' N, 

Cape Elizabeth, t. Cumberland co. Me, 
6 ms, s, w, Portland. Pop. 1830, 1696. 

Cape Fear, a remarkable point of N. C, 
between Long bay and Onslow bay. The 
term is extended to the whole cape near the 
mouth of Cape Fear r. but correctly cape Fear 
is the extreme southern point of Smith's Isle, 



CAR 



86 



CAR 



and on Tanner's U. S. map, is laid down at 
N. lat. 33° 55' and 1° 03' w. from W. C. 

Cape Fear, river of N. C. rising between 
the Yadkin and Uan rivers, in Stoke, Rock- 
ingham, and Guilford cos. flows thence 200 
ms. in a s. e. direction, receiving numerous 
smaller tributaries and is lost in the Atlantic 
ocean, by two mouths, one on each side of 
Smith's island. The basin of cape Fear r. 
is 200 by 40 ms. mean width, 800 sq. ms. be 
tween lat. 34° and 36° 2'n. and in long, be 
tween 1° 30', and 2° 18' w. from W. C. 

Cape Girardeau, co. of Mo. bounded by 
Scott CO. s. E., Stoddard s., Wayne s. w 
Madison w., Perry n. and the Mississippi r. se- 
parating it from Union and Alexander cos. of 
II. E. Length e. to w. 38 ms. mean breadth 
30, and area 1140 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 37° 11', to 37° 36' n., and in long. 
from 12° 30', to 13° 10' west from W. C. 
Though bordered on the e. by the Mississippi 
r. the grcatestpart of the surface of this co. 
is drained to the southward by the sources of 
White water or eastern branch of St. Francis 
r. Chief town, Jackson. 

Cape Henry, opposite and bearing a little 
w. of s. from cape Charles, is the southeast 
point of the mouth of Chesapeake bay ; on 
Tanner's U. S. cape Henry is laid down at n. 
lat. 36° 56', and in long. 1° 02' e. from 
W.C. 

Cape May, co. N. J. bounded by Glouces- 
ter co. N., Atlantic ocean e. and s., Delaware 
bay and Cumberland co. w. It forms the 
south point of the state, terminating in cape 
May, the n. cape of Delaware ba}% on which 
is a light house. The east coast is lined by 
sand beaches, dangerous to navigation. — 
Within it is a stretch of marshy lands, with 
ponds, iidcts and creeks. It contains 4 town- 
ships. Fop. 1830, 4936. 

Cape Neddoce, York co. Me. 95 ms. s. s. 
w. Augusta, a rocky, barren, head land, 
stretching into the Atlantic from a hard and 
almost uninhabited shore. A few huts shel- 
ter a small number of fishermen. It is called 
in derision the city of Cape Ncddock. 

Capeville, p-v. Eastern shore, Va. North- 
ampton CO. near cape Charles, 176 ms. from 
Richmond. 

Cape Vincent, p-v. Lyme, Jefferson co. 
N. Y. at the foot of lake Ontario, 21 ms. from 
Brownville, 8 from Kingston. It is on a 
broad gravelly point, between St. Lawrence 
r. and Chaumont bay, with Grenadier and 
Fox isles off the extremity. The St. Law- 
rence is here ferried by steam. 

Captain's Islands, Conn. In Long Island 
Sound off Horse Neck. On one of them is a 
light house. 

C/'aptina, p-v. on Captina cr. s. w. part Bel- 
mont CO. Ohio, 20 ms. s. w. Wheeling. i 

Carrondale, a very flourishing villnge on 
Lackawana cr. at the western base of Moosic 
mtn. on the n. e. margin of Luzerne co. Pa. 
35 nis. N. e. Wilkesbarre, and 130 due n. from 
Phil. The site of the village is 874 ft. above 
tidewater. It has 150 houses and log huts, 



I stores, iims, &c. and owes its existence to the 
Lackawana coal strata, which here is 26 feet 
in depth. The coal bed is in an area sur- 
rounded by forests, and is opened in about 
20 places. The coal is conveyed by stationa- 
ry steam engines — first a distance of 4 ms. 
with an ascent of 855 feet, and thence over a 
level of 8,300 feet to the head of 3 inclined 
planes, down which in cars it proceeds to 
Honesdale, at the head of the canal. The 
whole length of the rail road and planes ia 
91,000 ft. or about 17i ms. Total ascent 
from Carbondale to Rix's Gap, the height of 
land, 855 ft. and total descent thence to Hones, 
dale 912i ft. 

Caroline, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 13 ms. 
s. e. Utica, 170 w. by s. Albany ; Owego, Six 
Mile cr., and a branch of Mud cr. supply mill 
seats. Pop. 1830, 2,633. 

Caroline, co. Md. bounded by Queen Ann 
N. and N. w., by Dorchester co. s., Rutland and 
Sussex COS. Del. e., and w. by Talbot co. and 
Tuckahoe r. Length from s. to n. 30, mean 
breadth 8 and area 240 sq. ms. Surface un- 
dulating. The main branch of Choptank r. 
rises in Kent co. Del., but flows s. s. w. into 
Caroline, over which it meanders to its junc- 
tion with Tuckahoe. In lat. from 38° 40* 
to 39° 10' and long, from 1° 03' to 1° 18' e. 
Chief town, Denton, pop. 1820, 10,108 ; 1830, 
9,070. 

Caroline, co. Va. botmded by Rappahannock 
r. which separates it n. from Strafford, and 
N. E. from King George, e. by Essex, s. e. by 
King and Queen, and King William, s.w.by N. 
Anna r. which separates it from Hanover, and 
N. w. by Spottsylvania, It lies very nearly in 
form of a parallelogram, 30 ms. from s. w. to 
N. e. with a breadth of 20 ms. area 600 sq. ms. 
Extending from lat. 37° 47' to 38° 16' n. and 
in Ion. from 0° 02' to 0° 43' w. from W. C. 
Surface very much broken by hills, with a soil 
of great variety ; staples, grain, flour, tobacco, 
&c. Chief town, Bowling Green. Pop. 1820, 
18,008 ; 1830, 17,760. 

Carolus, p-v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 697 
ms. wstrd. from W. C. and 136 ms. n. e. from 
Vandalia. 

Car(5^delet, canal of, extends from Bayou 
St. John about 2 ms. By this channel, 
vessels drawing 5 ft. water are navigated 
from lake Pontchartrain into the city of New 
Orleans. 

Carondelet, p-v. on the right bank of Mo. 
r. 6 ms. below St. Louis. 

Carpenter's mills and p-o. Lycoming co. 
Pa. by p-r 97 ms. northwardly from Harris. 
burg. 

Carritunk, p-v. Somerset co. Me. 

Carroll, p-t. Chautauque co. N. Y. 336 
ms. w Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,015. 

Carroll, co. of Geo. bounded n. e. by Camp- 
bell CO. ; E. and s. e. by Chattahoochee r. 
which separates it from Coweta co., s. by 
Troup CO. ; w. by the state of Alabama, and 
N. by the Cherokee nation. Length from s. 
to N. 40 ms. mean breadth about 20, and area 
800 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 33° 15' to 33° 



CAR 



87 



CAS 



52' N. and in long, from 7° 52' to 8" 30' from 
W. C. The extreme Bources of both branches 
of the Talapoosa r. rise in the Cherokee coun- 
try, but little distance above Carroll co. 
which they enter and traverse in a s. w. di- 
rection. It is a high, dry and broken coimty. 
For down-stream vessels, the Chattahoochee 
is navigable above Carroll. Chief town, Car- 
rolton. Pop. 1830, 3,419. 

Carroll, co. W. Tennessee, bounded n. w. 
by Weakly ; n. by Henry ; e. by Humphries 
and Perry; s. by Henderson, s. w. by Madi- 
son, and w. by Gibson. Length from e. to w. 
30, breadth 24, and area9G0 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing from lat. 35° 49' to 3Go 08' and in long. 
from 1 1° 15' to 11° 50' w. fromW. C. This 
county occupies part of the table land be- 
tween Tennessee and Miss, rivers ; Sandy 
creek, a small branch of the latter, rises in 
the eastern part of the county, and flows n. n. 
E. into Henry, whilst the central and western 
parts are drained by the head branches of 
Ohio r. flowing wstrd. towards the Miss. Chief 
town, Huntingdon. Pop. 1830, 9,397. 

Carrolton, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Geo. 
situated near the centre of the co. on the s. 
Fork of Tallapoosa r., byp-r. 151 ms. n. w. by 
w. from Milledgeville, n. lat. 33° 35', long. 8° 
10' w. from W. C. 

Carroll, p-v. in the southwestern part of 
Washington co. O., by p-r. 96 ms. s. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Carrolton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Fairfield 
co.O., 20 ms. s. E. from Columbus. 

Carrollton, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. II., 
by p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 60 
ms. a little w. of n. St. Louis. 

Carrollville, p-v. Wayne co. Ten., by p-r. 
97 ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Carson\'ille, p-v. Ashe co. N. C, by p-r. 
238 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Carter, extreme eastern co. of Ten. bound- 
ed N. e. by Washington co. Va., e. by Ashe co. 
N. C, w. by Washington co. "Ten., and n. w. 
by Sullivan. Length, along the Iron mtn., 
which separates it from Ashe co. 45 ms., mean 
breadth 12 ms., and area 540 sq. ms. The 
whole CO. is a mountain valley, drained by and 
commensurate with the main branches of Wa- 
tauga r. which flow from this co. northwest- 
wardly into the middle fork of Holston. The 
surface is mountainous and rocky, extending 
from N. lat. 36° 05' to 36° 35' and in long, from 
4° 40' to 5° 15' w. from W. C. The elevation 
of this part of Ten. above the surface of the 
Atlantic, must be at least 2000 feet. Pop. 
1820,4,835 ;1830, 6,414. 

Carter's store and p-o. in the southwestern 
part of Prince Edward co. Va. 81 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Carter's store and p-o. in the s. e. part of 
Nicholas co. Kentucky, by p-r. 65 ms. e 
Frankfort. 

Cartersville, p-v. on the right bank of 
James r. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 44 ms. 
wstrd. Richmond. 

Carteret co. of N.C, bounded by Onslow j 
CO. or Whitiock r. w., by Joues and Craven 



N., by Pamlico sound n. e., and by the Atlan- 
tic s. E., s. and s. w. Length from s. s. w. to 
N. N. E. 60 ms,, mean breadth 10 ms. and area 
600 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from Cape Look- 
out 36° 56' N. and in long, from 0° 15' w. to 1° 
E. from W. C. It is a long and sandy, and in 
part marshy strip, with sandy isles or reefs in 
front. Chief town, Beaufort. Pop. 1820, 
5,609 ; 1830, 6,597. 

Carthage, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 46 n. w. 
Augusta, Pop. 1830, 333. 

Carthage, p-v. Wilna, .Tefferson co. N. Y. 
16 ins. E. Watertown, 160 from Albany ; con- 
tains extensive iron works, e. side Long falls, 
on Black r. 

Carthage, v. Brighton, Monroe co. N. Y. 
2i ms. N. Rochester, at Lower falls of Gen- 
nesee r. and 5 ms. s, lake Ontario. [See 
Brighton.) Pop. 1830, 333. 

Carthage, p-v. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 17 ms. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Carthage, p-v. in the southern part of 
Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 79 ms. n. e. Franli- 
fort. 

Carthage, p-v. in Mill Creek tsp. Hamilton 
CO. O. 7 ms. from Cincinnati. 

Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Moore co. N. C. 
55 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and 42 n. w. 
Fayetteville. 

Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Smith Co. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Cumberland r. 
directly opposite the mouth of Carey Fork, 
47 ms. a little n, of e, Nashville. 

CARVER,p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 ms. s. e. 
Boston, 8 E. Plymouth, is thinly populated, 
with 642 acres tillage, 361 mowing and 1939 
of pasturage ; soil not very good. Iron ore 
is found and wrought. Pop. 1830, 970. 

Casco Bay, Cumberland co. Me. between 
Capes Elizabeth s. w. and Small Point, 40 
miles apart. It has fine anchorage, and 
islands, popularly reported as many as there 
are days in the year. Portland harbor is on 
the N. w. corner. 

Casdaga Lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. con- 
nected with Conewango lake by Casdaga r. 
which is 40 ms. long. 

Casdaga, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 340 
ms. w. Albany. 

Casey, co. Ky. bounded by Estille s., by 
Adair s. w. and w., Mercer n., Lincoln e., 
and Pulaski s. e ; length from s. to n. 32 ms. 
mean breath 14 and area 448 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° 08', to 37° 35', and in 
long, from 7° 34' to 7° 58'. The slope of this 
CO. is to the westrd. From the northern sec- 
tion rise the extreme sources of Salt r. and 
from the southern those of Green r. The 
surface is high and broken. Chief town, 
Liberty. Pop, 1830, 4342. 

Cashville, P-V. Spartansburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r, 110 ms, N. w, Columbia. 

Cass, co. Mich, boundaries imcertain. This 
county embraces a region on both sides St. 
Joseph's r. of lake Mich. Besides at Edwards- 
burg, the St. jus. It had in 1831, a p-o. at La 
Grange and Pocagon. The body of the co. 
lies a little s. of w. of Detroit about 170 ms. 
iind Edwardsburg 169. 



CAS f 

Castana, p-v. in tho southom part of Sene- 
ca CO. Ohio, by p-r. 97 me. northwardly from 
Columbus. 

Castile, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 30 nis. 
s. E. Batavia, has pretty good land, is crossed 
by Genesee r. and contains Gardeau Reser- 
vation. Pop. 1830, 2269. 

Castine, sea port, p-t. and cap. Hancock 
CO. Mc. 122 ms. e. n. e. Portland, 78 Augus- 
ta, on a promontory, near the head of Penob- 
scot bay, with a good harbor for large vessels, 
open at all seasons. A narrow isthmus might 
easily be cut through, and made a powerful 
fortress, to command tho coimtry to St. Croix. 
Long. 68° 4G' w., lat. 44° 24' n. Pop. 1830, 
1148. 

CASTLEMANS,r. a N.E. branch of Youghaghany 
river rises in Alleghany co. Md. and Somer- 
set CO. Pa. the higher branches uniting in the 
latter, flows n. w. 12 ms., and thence s. w. 25 
ms. to its junction with Youghaghany, the 
eastern side of Laurel Hill. It is a real mtn. 
torrent, having a fall of upwards of 1000 feet 
in a comparative course of 60 ms. The val- 
ley of this stream is intended as part of the 
route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. 

Castlemans, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 
48 ms. N. Frankfort. 

Castleton, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 10 ms. w. 
Rutland, 36 sq. ms., first settled 1769, It is 
crossed by Castleton r. which here receives 
the waters of lake Bombazine, 8 ms. long, 
chiefly in this t. containing an island. Tho 
land is good, with oak on the hills, and pine 
in the vallies, and supplied with mill sites. 
The Vermont acadejmj of medicine is in Cas- 
tleton, incorporated I8l8, degrees being re- 
ceived at Middlebury college. There are 
two buildings, one of which is 50 feet by 30, 
2 stories high, with a dissecting room, and 
rooms for lectures, the library, chemical la- 
boratory, and anatomical museum. Five 
courses of lectures are delivered annually, 
commencing on the first Tuesday in Septem- 
ber. The buildings aro large, and plea- 
santly situated. The Rutland co. Grammar 
school, was incorporated 1805. Pop. 1830, 
1,783. 

Castleton, r. Rutland co. Vt. rises in 
Pittsford, runs s. and then w. and joins Poult- 
ney r. It is 20 ms. long. 

Castletown, p-t. Richmond co. N. Y. n. e. 
corner of Staten isl., s. N. Y. bay, is hilly, 
with arable land, high and agreeably varied, 
but lately subject to fever and ague. The 
V. is near tho water, looking e. upon the 
quarantine ground, and Long isl. and contains 
the Lazaretto, or quarantine hospital, a fever 
hospital, the Sailor's Snug harbor, and Marine 
hospital of New York city. A steamboat 
runs to New York 5 or G times daily; dis- 
tance 5J ms. The t. contains Clove hills, 
and others fortified by the British in the revo- 
lution. Pop. 1830, 2,201. 

Caswell, co. of N.C. bounded by Person 
e.. Orange s., Rockingham \v., and Pittsylva- 
nia CO. of Va. N. It is a square of 20 ms. each 
side, extending from lat. 36« I.''.' to 36° 02' 



3 CAT 

and in long, from a*' 11' to 2° 33' w. from W, 
C. The slope of this co. is to the n. e. and 
its waters flow in that direction into Dan r. 
which stream, already navigable, winds estrd. 
along the northern border of the county. The 
soil is productive and climate agreeable. 
Chief t. Leesburg. Pop. 1820, 13,253, 1830, 
15,185. 

Caswell, C. H. p-o. and st. jus. Caswell 
CO. N. C. on Lime cr. a branch of Dan r. 

Casville, p-v. Iowa co. Mich. 

Catahoola, or Ocatahoola, parish of La, 
bounded by tho parish of Washitau n. w. and n. 
Tensas r. or the parish of Concordia e., Cata- 
hooche r. and lake s., and Litttle r. w. Length 
from s. w. to n. e, 75 ms., mean width 28, and 
area 2100 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 31° 
29' to 32° 20' and in long, from 14° 24' to 15° 
24' from W. C. The face of this large parish 
differs materially in difi'erent parts. The 
Washitau re-enters it from the n. winding 
over it in a southern direction, and receiving 
near its centre the Boeuf, from the tj. b. 
Northward from tho Ocatahoola r, and be- 
tvveen tho Washitau and Little rs. the country 
rises into hills, covered generally with pine 
timber, and watered by clear, perennial 
creeks, but soil sterile, except in confined 
spots near streams. The entire eastern part 
of the parish lies within the overflow of the 
Miss, and except some few strips along the 
rivers, or on Sicily island, is liable to annual 
inundation. When the soil of the alluvial 
part of Ocatahoola is sufficiently elevated for 
cultivatioh, it is very productive. Staples, 
cotton, live stock, and lumber. Chief town, 
Harrisonburg. Pop. 1820, 2,287, in 1830, 
2,581. 

Catahoola, r. and lake of La. The r. rises 
in Clairborne, Natchitoches, and Washitau 
parishes, flows in a general course s. s. e. 
about 80 ms. to the extreme s. w. angle of the 
parish of Ocatahoola, where, at seasons of 
high water of the AVashitau and Mississippi 
rivers, it expands into a lake of 18 ms. long, 
and from 2 to 5 wide. At the head of the 
lake the river turns abruptly to n. e. by e. 
continues in that direction through the lake, 
and again contracting to a river of about 80 
yards wide, flows 15 ms. to where it joins the 
Washitau to form Black r. Ocatahoola lake 
is one of those depressions in the great 
plain of Louisiana which operate to form re- 
servoirs, filled and emptied annually. The 
bottom of the lake is below that of even the 
common inundated lands, and when the Wa- 
shitau and Miss, are rising, receives a sur- 
charge of water by the chaimel of Ocatahoola. 
Tho reverse takes place when the great 
streams aro falling ; then the current flows 
rapidly from the lake, which is finally drain- 
ed, and in aruumn and early winter, becomes 
a vast meadow covered with herbage, with 
the river meandering over its surface. Simi- 
lar features aro presented by Black lake, 
Natchitoches lake, Spanish lake, Bristineau, 
Bodeau, >Scc. 



CAR 



89 



CAT 



Cardtngton, p-v. in s. part Marion co. O. 

by p-r. 42 ms. n. Columbus. 

Cari.eton, Isl. and p-v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 
in the St. Lawrence, has n good harbor, and 
much trade. 10 ms. s. e. Kingston, 30 n. 
Sacket's harbor. 

Carlintille, p-v. and si. jus. Macaupin co. 
II. by p-r. 95 ms. from Vandalia. 

Carlisle, t. Middlesex co. Massachusetts 
20 miles n. w. Boston. Population 1830, 
56G. 

Carlisle, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 40 ms. 
w. Albany, 8 w. Schoharie, 7 ms. by 8, pro- 
duces grass and grain. Limestone, sulp. 
baryfes, white pine, maple, beech, &c. Pop. 
Ifi30, 1,748. 

Carlisle, p-v. borough and sf. jus. Cumber- 
land CO. Pa, about a mile from the right bank 
of Conedogwinetr., 18 ms.w. Harrisburg and 
by p-r. 103 ms. a little w. of n. from W. C. n. 
lat. 40° 12' and long. U° 13' w. from W. C. 
Cumberland was made a co. separate from 
Lancaster, Jan. 1749-50, and Carlisle made 
the St. jus. It is situated on an undulating 
plain, amid a very fertile and well cultivated 
country. The houses are generally of brick 
or lime-stone. The latter material is easily 
procured, as the town rests on a soil incum- 
bent over a mass of blue limestone. The 
streets are at right angles, and the buildings 
generally commodious. In 1783 a college 
was established at Carlisle and named in 
honor of John Dickinson. This seminary, 
after a long period of languishment, was re- 
vived in 1820 by private and legislative dona- 
tion and is now, 1830, in active operation. 
Fop. of the borough in 1820 about 3,000, in 
1830, 3,707. 

Carlisle, p-v. and st. jus. Nicholas co. Ky. 
56 ms. a little n. of e. Frankfort and 38 ms. 
N. E. Lexington. 

Carlisle, p-o. in the s. part of Sullivan co 



Ind. 12 ms. s. e. from Merom, the co. seat and 
by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. from Indianoplis. 

Carlto.v, t. Orleans CO. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
168. 

Carlton's store, and p-o. King and Queen 
CO. Va. by p-r. 44 ms. e. Richmond. 

Carlyle, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. II. on 
Kaskaskias r. by p-r. 30 ms. below, and s. s. 
w. Vandalia and 49 e. St. Louis. 

Carlo, p-v, Hopkins CO. Ky. by p-r. 172 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Carmel, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 15 ms. w. 
Bangor, 71 n. e. Augusta, has ponds and 
streams runing e. to Penobscot. Pop. 1830, 
257. 

Carmel, p-t. and st. jus. Putnam co. N. Y. 
11 ms. E. West Point, contains the county 
buildings, is hilly, yields grass and contains 
Mahopack pond, Croton cr. and other ponds 
emptying into Peekskill cr. with many mill 
seats. 

Carmel Hill, and p-o. Che.ster dist. S. C. 



Carman's, p-o. Harford co. Md. 32 ms. n. 

e. Baltimore. 
Carmel, p-o. in the CheTokce nation, Geo. 

by p-r. 224 ms. from Milledgeville. 

Carmichakls, p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p. r. 
190 ms. w. from Harrisburg. 

Carnesville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Geo. by p-r. 110 ms., almost due n. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Cataraugus, CO. N. Y. hounded by Cata. 
raugus cr. n. or Erie and Genesee cos., Alle- 
ghany CO. E., Pennsylvania s., Chatauque co. 
w., about 34 by 38 ms. 1292 sq. ms., has Al- 
leghany r. winding through s. part, and 
streams of Genesee and lake Erie, above 
which it is 500 to 1,200 feet with high hills. 
There are white pine tracts and marshes s. 
but the land is generally firm, with maple, 
beech, bass, nut, and oak. Grass and grain 
grow best n. This co. was purchased by the 
Holland companv, 19 townships. Pop. 1820, 
4,090, 18.30, 16,726. 

Cataraugus Reservation, N. Y. 6 ms. by 
12, on Cataraugus cr. was reserved by the 
Seneca Indians, who here enjoy christian 
worship, schools, «fec. with good habits. 

Catherine, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. 
Auburn, 200 w. Albany, 12 ms. sq. gives rise 
to the inlet of Seneca lake, Newtown cr. &c. 
It has good land n. with oak and pine, and in 
other parts beech, maple, bass, elm, &oc. 
Limestone and iron ore are found, and a pig- 
ment like Spanish brown. Pop. 1830, 2,064. 
Catawba, r. of N. and S. C. called Wateree 
in the lower part of its course, rises in the 
Blue Ridge by numerous branches, which flow 
generally eastward over Burke co. unite at 
Morgantown, and continuing eastward 25 ms. 
still over Burke, turns abruptly s. s. e. be- 
tween Iredell and Lincoln. This higher val- 
ley of Catawba is about 65 ms. long, with a 
mean breadth of 20, and nearly commensurate 



with Burke co. Leaving the latter the Ca- 
tawba, in a general course of s. s .e. flows 50 
ms. in N. C. and 100 in S. C, finally unites 
with the Congaree to form the Santee. The 
Catawba is remarkable for the narrowness 
of its valley, which in a distance of 215 ms. 
is in no place 60 ms. wide, and at a mean un- 
der 20. In length of course it exceeds the 
Congaree, but in volume the latter is greatly 
the superior stream. 

Catawissa, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. situated 
on the left bank of the East Branch of Sus- 
quehannah r. and at the mouth of a creek of the 
same name. 

Catfish, p-o. on a creek of the same name, 
Marion dist. S. C. by p-r. 138 ms. eastward 
Columbus. 

Cathey's creek, and p-o. Buncombe co. N. 
C. by p-r. 267 ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Catlettsburg, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Ohio r. at and below the mouth of Great San- 
dy r. Greenup co. Ky. It is the extreme n. 
e. village of the state, by p-r. 159 ms. a little 



by p-r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. 

Carmi, p. v. and et.jus. White co. II, by p-r. |n. of e. from Frankfort 
94 ms. s. e. from Vandalia and 75 ms. s. s. w. j Catlin, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ins. n 
from Vincennes, Ind. i Elmira. Pop. 18.30, '2,' !l5. 

12 



CAY 



90 



CEN 



Cato, p-t, Cayuga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Au- Ibounded by lake Ontario, Oswego, Ononda- 
burn, 155 w. Albany, n. Erie canal and Sene- [ ga and Cortlandt cos. e., Tompkins co. s., Sen- 
ca r. has a variety of soil, and swamps and leca co. w. It is E. Seneca lake. 23^ by 55 



ponds. Cross and Otter lakes, and Parker's 
pond. Pop. I!i30, 1,782. 

Catonsville, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 
44 ms. N. E. from W. C. and 36 n. from An- 
napolis. 

Catskill, p-t. and st. jus. Greene co. N. 
Y. 36 ms. s. Albany, 5 s. w. Hudson, w. Hud- 
son r. hasjgentle hills e. with pretty good soil, 
Catskill mtns. w. and a high plain and sand 
and clay n. It is watered by Catskill creek 
and Keaterskill creek, its branch ; with rich 
meadows, and mill sites ; it has 3 villages 
and 2 banks, capital $250,000. The post v. 
is the St. jus. I mile w. Hudson river, with a 
pier, where the large steam boats touch a 
ferry ; and the co. buildings. A company 
has been incorporated to make a rail road 



from here to Schoharie. Pop. 1830,4861, 

TAe Pine OrcAarfZ, on Catskill mountain, is I ms. n. w. Owego, on Cayuta creek, 
favorite resort of travellers in the warm 1830, 042 



ms. are its greatest dimensions, with about 
545 sq. ms. It has a spur of Alleghany hills 
parallel with Cayuga lake, good soil and 
very good farms. There is much lime rock, 
with petrifactions, &c. It is watered by Sen- 
eca r. Fall, Salmon, Owasco crs. &:.c. Owas- 
co lake, and parts of Ontario, Cayuga, Skene- 
ateles and Cross lakes. Erie canal crosses 
the CO. Clay slate, limestone, gypsum, and 
hydraulic lime are found, and argilaceous ox- 
ide of iron is abundant. 19 tsps. Pop. 1820, 
38,897, 1830,47,947. 

Cayuga, or E. Cayuoa, p-v. Aurelius, Cay- 
uga CO. N. Y. 165 ms. w. Albany, at the 
bridge and w. side of Cayuga lake. 

Cayuga, p-v. Claiborne co. Miss, by p-r. 60 
ms. N. N. E. Natchez. 

Cayuta, v. Newfield, Tioga co. N. Y. 20 

Pop. 



months. A fine hotel has been erected there 
several years, on the brow of a rock, at a 
great elevation above Hudson river, with a 
view embracing about 70 ms. from n. to s. on 
the valley of Hudson river, and the hilly 
country e. including a number of peaks of 
the Green mountain range in Mass. and Vt. 
Thunder storms are often seen below the 
■ spectator, and the air is generally cool. Two 
ponds in the rear of the house, unite their 
streams, and the water falls 175 feet, and 
soon after 85 feet, into an immense ravine 
between 2 ridges of mtns. A limestone range 
begins a little w. of Catskill v. reaching 4 
ms., w. of which is sand-stone, then gray- 
wacke slate, the peaks being pudding stone, 
conglomerate, &c. Stage coaches take visi- 
tors to Pine Orchard ; the last part of the 
road is steep and rough. 
Caughnawaga, p-v. Johnstown, Montgomery 
CO. N. Y. 39 ms. w. Albany, n. Mohawk r. 
once the residence of the Mohawk Indians. 
(See Johnstown.) 

Cavendish, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. lOms. s. 
w. Windsor, 60 s. Montpelier. First settle- 
ment 1769. It has a fertile soil, with Black 
r. and 20 mile stream. Black r. at the falls, 
has itE'channel worn down 100 ft. Button's 
village has an academy, and Proctorsville has 
another. Serpentine iron ore, and primitive 
limestone are found near it. Pop. 1830. 1,498. 
Cave Mills, p-o. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 
74 ms. s. E. Nashville. 

Cavesville, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 94 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Cavetown, p-v. Washington co. Md. 
Cayuga, lake, N. Y. between Cayuga, 
Tompkins & Seneca cos. from 1 to 4 ms. wide, 
38 long, N. and s., 35 ms. s. lake Ontario, re- 
ceives Seneca r. near the outlet, which runs 
N. The shores rise gradually, 100 or 150 ft. 
but in some places are precipitous. It has 
J'all, 6 miles, and Main Inlet crs. s. and other 
fine mill streams, and has several villages on 
its shores. 



Cazenovia, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 113 ms, 
w. Albany, 11 w. Morrisville, 5 ms. by 12, 
has Canaseraga lake, of 44 ms., and Chitte- 
ningo and Limestone creeks. It is level, 
high land, rich loam for grass and grain. 
First settled, 1793. The village is at the s. 
end of the l»ke, and is flourishing. Pop. 
1830, 4344. 

Cecelius, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 290 
w. Albany. 

Cecil, or Coecil, n. e. co. of Md. bounded 
9. by Kent co,, s. w. by Chesapeake bay, w. 
by the Susquehannah r., n. w. by Lancaster, 
N. e. by Chester co. Pa., and e. by New 
Castle CO. Del. Length from s. to n. 22 ms. 
mean breadth 12, and area 204 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending from N. lat. 39° 22' to 39° 42', and in 
long, from 0° 50' to 1° 18' e. from W. C. The 
surface of Cecil is undulating, and soil of 
middling quality. It is in a peculiar manner 
favorably placed, commercially. To the Sus- 
quehannah r. and Chesapeake bay may be 
added Elk r. and the Chesapeake and Del. 
canal. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. 1820, 
16,048, 1830, 15,432, 

Cecilton, p-v, Cecil co. Md. This place 
was formerly called Savingston. 

Cedar Creek, one of the w, branches of 
the N, Fork of Shenandoah r. and separating 
Shenandoah and Frederick cos. 

Cedar Creek and p-o. in the nthrn. part of 
Shelby co. Ala, by p-r. 97 ms. n. e. by e. Tus- 
caloosa. 

Cedar Spring and p-o. in the estrn. part of 
Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 101 ms. n. n. w. Harris- 
burg. 

Cedarsville, p-v. in Perry co. O. by p-r. 
101 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Cedar Spring, Spartanburg dist. S. C. 5 
ms. s. e. Spartanburg, the st. jus. 90 ms. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Cei.ina, p-v. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 85 
ms. N. N. E. Nashville. 

Centre co. Penn. bounded n. and n. e. by 
Lycoming, w. branch of Susquehannah, 



Cayuga, co. N. Y. 170 ms. w. Albany, [which separates it from Clearfield and Ly- 



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coming w. and n. w., by Huntingdon and 
Mifflin 8. and by Union k. Length 8 nis. 
mean breadth 2b, and iirea 15C0 sq. nis. Ex- 
tending from n. lat. 40° 43' to 41° 16', and in 
long, trom 0° 12' to 1° 23' w. from W. C. 
Bald Eagle and Peun's creek rise in this co. 
and with the Susquehannah afford some 
good soil, though the body of the co. is moun- 
tainous and rocky. Staples, grain, flour, live 
stock, lumber, iron, &c. Chief town, Belle- 
fonte. Pop. 1820, 13,786, in 1830, 18,295. 

Centre, pv. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 77 
ms. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Centre Harbor, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 
48 ms. N. Concord, 70n.w. Portsmouth, 110 
N. w. Boston, N. E. corner Winnipiseogee lake. 
7550 acres ; contains part of Squam and 
Measley lakes, with part of Winnipiseogee 
lake ; has a varied surface, and some good 
Boil. Pop. 1830, 577. 

Centres Minot, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 
42 ms. from Augusta. 

Centreville, p-o. Kent co. R. I. 11 ms. 
from Providence. 

Centreville, p.t. Allgehany co. N. Y. 16 
ms. N. w. Angelica, 6 ms. square, has small 
streams of Genesee r. Bog iron ore abounds. 
The soil, alight loam, with few stones, bear- 
ing maple, basa, beech, &,c. Pop. 1830, 
1,195. 

Centre Moreland, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. 
by p-r. 133 ms. Harrrisburg. 

Centre Point, Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 
96 ms. Harrisburg. 

Centre Ville, p-v. Crawford co. Pa. about 
100 ms. a little e. of N.Pittsburg. 

Centre, p-v. Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 
ms. n. Columbus. 

Ckntre, p-v. Farmington tsp. Trumbull 
CO. O. by p-r. 167 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Ccntreton, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 
139 ms. s. w. by w. from Richmond. 

Centrkville, p-v. in the s. part of Mont- 
gomery CO. O. by p-r. 41 ms. n. n. e. Cincin- 
nati. 

Centreville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. 
Ind. on a branch of White Water r. about 70 
ms. N. w. from Cincinnati, O. by p-r. G3 e. 
from Indianopolis. 

Centreville, p-v. in the s. part of Wabash 
CO. II. 115 ms. s. E. by e. from Vandalia. 

Centreville, P-V. in the n. part of New- 
castle CO. Del. 10 ms. n. n. e. from Wilming- 
ton. 

Centreville, Queen Ann co. Md. situated 
on Casica creek, 36 ms. s. e. by e. from Bal 
timore, and 31 ms. a little n. of e. from An- 
napolis. It is the seat of an academy. 

Centreville, p-v. in the w. part of Fairfa.\ 
CO. Va. 27 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Centreville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Lau- 
rens Dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Columbia. 
Centreville, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo. by p-r. 
81 ms. N. E. from Milledgeville. 

Centreville, p-v. and st-jus. Bibbco. Ala. 

situated on the right bank of Cahaba r. 32 ms. 

s. e. from Tuscaloosa. . 

Centreville, p-v. Livingston co. Ky. 20 



ms. N. E. by E. from Smithland, at the mouth 
of Cumberland r. by p-r. 275 ms. s. w. by w. 
from Frankfort. 

Centreville, p-v. Hickman co. Ten. by 
p-r. 81 ms. s. w. from Nashville. 

Centreville, p-v. Amite co. Miss, about 
45 ms. s. e. from Natchez. 

Cerestown, p-v. on Oswago cr. a branch 
of Alleghany r. in the n. k. part of Mc Kean 
CO. Pa. 20 ms. s. e. from Hamilton, 165 n. w. 
Harrisburg. 

Cerulean Springs, and p-o. Trigg co. Ky. 
5 ms. N. E. from Cadiz, the st. jus. and by p-r. 
221 ms. s. w. by w. from Frankfort. 

Chactaws, nation of Indians. (See Choc- 
taws.) 

Chagrin, r. p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. angle of 
Cayahoga co. O. The p-v. is near the shore 
of lake Erie, 16 ms. e. from Cleaveland. In 
1830, the tsp. contained 1,275 inhabitants. 

Chalk Level, p-v. in the w. part of Hum- 
phrey CO. Ten. by p-r. 70 ms. w. from Nash- 
ville. 

Chalk Level, p-o. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 133 ms. s. w. from Richmond. 

Chambersburg, p.t. and St. jus. Franklin co. 
Pa. situated on both sides of Conecocheague 
creek, 82 ms. s. w.from Harrisburg. It is a 
very thriving borough, situated in a fertile 
limestone region. Pop. 1830, 2,783. 

Chambersburg, p-v. in the e. part of Foun- 
tain CO. Ind. by p-r. 66 ms. n. w. by w. Indian- 
opolis. 

Champaign, co. O. bounded by Clarke s., 
Miami s. w., Shelby n. w , Logan n., Union 
N. e., and Madison s. e. Length 29, breadth 
16, and area 464 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 
39° 58', to 40° 15', and in long, from 6° 52', to 
7° w. W. C. Though the extreme sources of 
Darby's creek, a branch of Sciota r. flows 
from the eastern border, and some fountains 
of creeks flowing into the Great Miami, issue 
from the wstrd. the great body of this co. 
slopes sthrd. and is included in the valley of 
Mad r. Chief town, Urbana. Pop. 1820, 
8,479, 1830, 12,131. 

Champion, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
E. Watertown, at the Long Falls of Black r. 
contains 26,000 acres, with rich loam and 
sand ; first settled from Conn. Pop. 1830, 
2,342. 

Champlain Lake, between Vt. and N. Y. 
extends from Whitehall, N. Y. a little beyond 
the Canada line, 140 ms. nearly n. and s. 
generally narrow and deep, 12 ms. in the 
widest part. That part of it from Whitehall 
to Mount Independence, opposite Fort Ti- 
conderoga, was formerly considered a part of 
Wood creek. The principal islands are N. 
and S. Hero, Lamotte, Valcour and Schuy- 
ler's. It is navigated by many vessels of 80 
and 90 tons, which are generally built to pass 
the canal ; an active trade is carried on from 
the numerous towns and villages on the 
shores. Large and elegant steamboats ply 
daily between Whitehall and St. John's, Low- 
er Canada, which touch at the principal 
places ; and multitudes of travellers for 



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pleasure every season pass this route. Thai length. The soil is a chocolate colored sandy 
shores are varied and pleasant, generally cul- 1 loam or red clay, supported by limestone, 
tivated in farms near the water, and rising to- j The timber, a mixture of oak, pine, hickory, 
wards the mountains which appear in various land dogwood, lilled up with cane. Corn, cot- 
directions. The principal eminences of the ; ton, and sugar are the most important staples. 
Green mountains are fine features in the land- 1 Cuardon, p-v. and st. jus. Geauga co. O., 
scape. The outlet of Lake George enters at i by p-r. 28 ms. in. e. by e. Cleaveland, on Lake 
Ticonderoga, and Chazy, Saranac, Sable and Erie, and 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
Bouquet rs. w. Wood creek s. and Otter, ; 1830, 88L 

Onion, Lamoille and Missisquo rs. e. The j Chariton, r. of Mo. rises about n. lat. 40*' 
largest bay is South bay, and Cumberland 'between the vallies of the Ravine des Moines 
the principal head land. Ticonderoga and I and Grand r., and flowing thence by a general 
Crown p-t. N. Y. at two important bends of | sthrn. course 130 ms. falls into Mo. r. between 
the lake, were formerly great fortresses, both I Howard and Chariton cos. 
used in the French wars, and abandoned at Chariton, co. of Mo. bounded e. by Ran- 
the close of the revolution. Large remains j dolph, s. e. by Howard, s. by Mo. r. separating 
of the works are seen. The lake was dis-jit from Sabine co., w. by Grand r., N.bounda- 
covered 1608, abounds in salmon, trout, stur-.| ries uncertain. Length 32 ms. mean breadth 
geon, pickerel, «Slc. ; freezes deep for sever-}26, and area 832 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 



al months, and is usually travelled with land 
vehicles from Dec. 10th, to March 15th or 
20th. Several new villages have recently 
grownup on the banks, particularly near iron 
mines, &c. 

Champlain, p-t. and port of entry, Clinton 
CO. N. Y. 21 ms. n. Pittsburgh, ] 88 n. Alba- 
ny, on Lake Champlain. Great Chazy r. 
afTords mill sites at the v. It contains Pointe- 
au-fer, and has level land on the lake, gener- 
ally strong loam or clay, bearing apples, 
pears, plums. Rouse's Point has lately been 
taken from this town, and added to Canada. 
Pop. 1830, 2456. 

Champlain Canal. {See Rail Roads and 
Canals.) 

Chanceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 35 ms. s. e. 
the borough of York, and 30 a little w. of s. 
from Lancaster ; the two tsps. of Chanceford, 
Upper and Lower, contained a Pop. in 1830, 
of 2213. 

Chancellorsville, p-0. Spottsylvania co. 
Va. by p-r. 75 ms. from Richmond. 

Chandlersville, t. Somerset co. Me. 39 
ms.N. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 172. 

CnAPiNviLLE, p-v. Litchfield co. Conn., 50 
ms. w. Hartford. 

Chaplin, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 32 ms. e. 
Hartford, recently formed of a part of Mans- 
field, Tolland co. It is divided by Natchaug 
r., a branch of Shetucket r., and is a hilly, 
grazing country. Pop. 1830, 807. 

Chapmajn's Mills, and p-o. Giles co. Va. 
by p-r. 225 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond 



from 39° 11' to 39° 40' n., and in long, from 
15° 39' to 16° 16' w. from W. C. The slope 
of this CO. is to the sthrd. with the general 
courses of Grand and Chariton rs. Chief 
town, Chariton. 

Chariton, p-v. and st. jus. Chariton co. Mo. 
by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. from Jefferson co., and 
2 13 m. N. w. by w. St. Louis. It is on the left 
bank of Mo. r., at the mouth of Chariton r. 
Long. 15° 48' w. from W. C. 

Charlemont, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 14 
ms. w. Greenfield, 107 n. n. w. Boston, is wa- 
tered by Deerfield r., and contained 3 garri- 
sons, erected 1754, against the French and 
Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,065. 

Charles r. Mass., rises nearR. I. and flows 
through Norfolk and Middlesex cos., between 
which it forms part of the boundary, and joins 
Mystic r. in Boston harbor. 

Charles, co. of Md. bounded by Potomac 
r. s. s, w. and w., Prince George's n., Swanson 
cr., Patuxent r., St. Mary's co., and Wernico 
r. E. Length 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and 
area 450 sq. ms. Extending froniN. lat. 38° 
15' to 38° 40', and in long, from 14' w. to 19' 
E. from W. C. Surface broken, and soil of 
middling quality. Chief town. Port Tobacco. 
Pop. 1B20, 16,500, 1830, 17,769. 

Charles City, co. of Va., bounded by James 
r., which separates it from Prince George's s., 
Henrico, n. w., Chickahoming r., which sepa- 
rates it from New Kent, N., and by the latter 
r. which separates it from James City, e. 
Length 26 ms. mean breadth 8 and area 208 



Chapmans, p. v. Union co. Pa., by p-r. 53jsq. ms. Extending from n. lat 37° 09' to 37° 



ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 



28' and in long, from 5' e. to 22' w. from W. 



Chapola, r. of Flor. and Ala., rises in Hen-iC. Surface rolling. Pop. 1820, 5,255 ; 1830, 
ry CO., of the latter, enters Jackson, of the 15,500. 

former by several creeks, which uniting, pass- j Charles city, C. H. and p-o. near the centre 
68 under a natural bridge, about 15 ms. within j of the co. 31ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 
Florida. Issuing thence, it flows about 30 ! Charleston, dist. of S. C. bounded s. w. 
ms. nearly parallel, and fromlO to 20 ms. dis-[ by Colleton dist., n. w. by Orangeburgh, n. 
tant from the Appalachicola r. and is finally | and n. e. by Santee river, which separares it 
merged in Horts lake, after an entire course from Sumpter, Williamsburg and George 



of 45 ms., in a direction s. s. e. by 3. "On 
its margin," says Williams, "is some of the 
best land in the country." The most exten- 
sive settlements are on its western border, ex. 



town, and s. e. by the Atlantic ocean. The 
greatest length along the Atlantic coast 68 
miles, and inland at nearly right angles to 
the coast, 55 miles. Mean breadth about 33, 



tending from 1 to 5 ms. in width, and 30 in; and area 2,244 sq. ms. The surface of this 



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93 



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district is in great part an inundated plain near- 
ly coiniuensurate witli tho basin of Ashley and 
Cooper rivers. The part towards the Athm- 
tic presents a net work of interlocking 
streams and islands. The soil where of suf- 
ficient elevation for cultivation is highly pro- 
ductive. Staples — cotton and rice. As a com- 
mercial section, Charleston dist. is favorably 
situated, since beside the harbor of Charleston 
city, there are many inferior inlets. A canal has 
been constructed to unite Cooper r. with the 
Santee opposite Black Oak island. Length '21 
ms. embracing in lat. from 32'^ 32' to 3!>° 28', 
and in long, from 2° 20' to 3° 32' w. from 
VV. C. Charleston is in itself a considerable 
physical section. From observations made 
from 1750 to 1789 inclusive, and from 1791 
to 1824 inclusive, the mean annual tempera- 
ture of the city of Charleston n. lat. 32° 44' 
is within an inconsiderable fraction of 60° 
Fahrenheit. This is a temperature higher 
considerably than that on similar lat. hi the 
valley of the Mississippi. Chief t. Charles- 
ton. Pop. 1820, 80,212 ; 1830, 10(i,70(i. 

Charleston, city, and s-p. Charleston dis. 
S. C. situated on the point between Ashley 
and Cooper rs. 6 ms. from the open Atlantic 
ocean, 113 ms. s. s. e. Columbia, and by p-r. 
539 ms. s. s. w. from \V. C, n. lat. 32° 44', 
long, as marked on Tanner's U. S. 3° w. from 
W. C. The bay formed by Ashley and Coop- 
er rs. is about 2 ms. wide, and extending from 
city point a little s. of e. There are two en- 
trances, the deepest of which admits vessels 
of 16 ft. draught, but the channel coming 
close upon the s. w.. end of Sullivan's Island, 
gives a safe means of defence, which was 
reduced to certainty in the revolutionary war, 
when on June 28th, 1776, a British tlcet under 
Sir Peter Parker was repulsed and shattered 
by the camion of Fort Moultrie, a mere 
stockade battery. On the w. the harbor of 
Charleston is united to Stono r. by Wappoo 
creek, and by the channel of Cooper r. and 
a canal of 20 ms. it is connected with Santee 
r. 50 ms. a little w. of n. from the city. Ash- 
ley, Cooper and Wando rs. are all navigable 
for small vessels above the harbor. The 
whole adjacent country, being a plain, but 
little elevated above tide water, the city 
is liable to occasional inundation from ocean 
swells. It is nevertheless a line commercial 
mart, well built and prosperous. Every spot 
in the vicinity capable of improvement is de- 
corated with plantations in a high state of 
cultivation. Within the city exist all those 
institutions which mark a wealthy communi- 
ty. The most noted public edifices are the 
Exchange, City Hall, 6 Banking Houses, a 
a Guard House, an Arsenal, 2 College build- 
ings, academical and medical, a large fire 
proof building, erected for the greater security 
of public documents, at an expense of$60,000. 
Court House, numerous places of public wor- 
ship, among which are some of the most an- 
cient in the U. S., 2 markets, one of which 
is very extensive, St. Andrew's Hall, an 
Alms House, an Orphan Asylum, and many 



other charitable institutions, richly endowed, 
among which are the St. Andrew's, South 
Carolina, and Fellowship societies. The 
Orphan Asylum, in which 150 children are 
protected, supported and educated, is an 
honor to the state. The public Library con- 
tains 15 to 20,000 volumes. 

Charleston ofl'ers a delightful residence to 
the planters, who are widely scattered through 
the surrounding country, many of whom have 
tine residences in the city. It is one of the 
gayest cities of the U. S., and its society is ex- 
cellent. The progressive population ofCharles- 
ton is as follows: in 1790, 16,35'J; 1800, 18,711; 
1810, white persons, 11,568, slaves and free 
blacks, 13,143, total 24,711; 1820, whites, 
10,653, slaves and free blacks, 14, 127, total 
24,780 ; 1830, whites, 12,928, slaves and free 
blacks, 17,361, total 30,289. 

Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Va. 10 ms. s. w. by w. Harper's Ferry and 
63 N. w. from W. C. 

Charleston, p-v. Cecil co. Md. 10 ms. s. 
w. by w. Elkton, and about 60 ms. n. e. Balti- 
more. 

Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Kenhawa co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of the Great 
Kenhawa r. and on the point above the mouth 
of Elk r. about 50 nis. by land above the 
mouth of Great Kenhawa, and by p-r. 304 
N. w. by w. from Richmond. 

Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. 
Ind. by p-r. 105 ms. s. s. e. from Indianopo- 
lis, 14 n. n. w. from Louisville in Ky. It is 
situated on the bank of Ohio river. 

Charleston, p-v. and tsp. in the sthrn. 
part of Portage co. O. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. 
from Columbus and 10 s. from Ravenna, the 
CO. St. Pop. 1830, 475. 

Charleston, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 73 ms. 
N. E. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 859. 

Charlestown, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 51 
ms. from Concord, 100 from Boston, 18 from 
Windsor Vt., e. Conn, r., contains 21,400 
acres. Little Sugar r. and 3 isls. arc oppo- 
site this town in Conn. r. It has various 
soils, few mill sites, 1500 acres of rich mead- 
ow in one place, and in another a ridge of 
waste land. There arc two villages, the s. 
very pleasant. Here was a fort built, 1743, 
above 30 ms. in advance of other settlements, 
and st^od a siege and repeated athicks, till 
about 1760. Pop. 1830, 1,773. 

Charlestown, p-t. and port of entry, Mid- 
dlesex CO. Mass. 1 m. n. of Boston, with 
which it is connected by a bridge 1,503 feet 
long, and also by a branch of Craigie's bridge. 
Chelsea bridge crosses Mystic r. e. nearly 
I m. on the Salem road, and Maiden bridge, 
2,420 Jeet, leads to Maiden. A bay of Charles 
r. is w.. Mystic r. e., and a narrow neck 
connects it with the main land n. The sur- 
face is irregular, with two fine eminences, 
Breed's and Bunker's hills. The v. is large 
and flourishing, one of the suburbs of Boston, 
with Bunker hill bank, and many other public 
buildings. It was burnt 1775, by British 
troops. Soon after the battle of Lexington, 



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while a body of American militia were at fruit. There are some high hills. A ferry 
Copp'3 hill, in Cambridge, detachments of to Essex, N. Y. Pop. 1830, 1702. 
them were sent to fortify Breed's hill, to Charlotte, or Port Genesee, p-v. and port 
prevent the British troops in Boston from oc- of entry, Genesee, Monroe co. N. Y. at the 
cupying it and Charlestown. Jime 17, 1775, mouth of Genesee r. 

the latter landed and attacked the American Charlotte, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 
redoubt three times, being repulsed twice 1830, 886. 

with great loss. They finally succeded, and Charlotte, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by 
the Americans retreated ; but the resistance Campbell, n. by Prince Edward, e. by Lu- 
te regular troops was considered as encoura- nenburg, s. e. by Mecklenburg, and s. and s. 
ging as a victory, and greatly animated the w. by Stanton or Roanoke r. which separates 
people. General Warren lost his life, with it from Halifax. Length 33, mean breadth 
many others. A granite obelisk, in comme- 18, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending from n. 
moration of this memorable event, magnifi- iat. 36° 41', to 37° 16' and in long, from 1° 
cent in design, has been commenced on the 33' to 2° 05' w. from W. C. The slope of 
battle ground. Charlotte co. is to the sthrd. towards the Ro- 

The state prison of Mass. is in Charles- anoke. It is in great part drained by Little 
town, near the r., and has been recently re- Roanoke and Cub creeks. Soil generally 
built, on the Auburn plan, with 300 cells, and good and productive in grain, fruits, tobacco, 
reorganized, at an expense of $86,000. It &c. Chief tovra, Marysville. Pop. 1820, 
had in 1831, 290 convicts, in solitary cells at 13,290, in 1830, 15,252. 

night and meal times. Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Mecklenburg 

The navy yard of the U. S. in the s. e. part co. N. C. by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, 
of the t. opposite Boston, is surrounded by a Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Dickson co. 
wall enclosing about 60 acres, a marine hos- Term. 36 ms. w. from Nashville. 
pital, warehouse, arsenal, powder magazine, Charlotte, r. bay, and harbor , west coast of 
and superintendent's house, all brick, with 2 Florida. The r. rises in the interior plains or 
large wooden houses, to shelter frigates and swamps and flowing westward enters the 
sloops of war on the stocks. The dry dock eastern part of a deep and safe bay, sheltered 
is the finest in the U. S. !|382,104 were paid on the side next the Gulf of Mexico, by a 
for materials and labor before Nov. 1831, and chain of islands or reefs. The adjacent coun- 
it was supposed that $118,000 more would try is low, sandy, marshy, and also sterile. 
be required to complete it. Pop. 1830, The centre of the bay is about n. Iat. 26° 45' 
8,783. and 5° 20' w. from W. C. 

Charlestown, t. Washington CO. R. I. 40 Charlotte Hall, p-v. near the northern ex- 
ms. s. w. Providence, s. Charles r., n. Atlan- tremity of St. Mary's co. Md. 17 or 18 ms. a 
tic ocean, nearly 7 miles square, 43 sq. ms. little s. of e. from Port Tobacco, 
including 3 fresh, and 2 salt ponds, which open Charlotteville, p-v. and st. jus. for Alber- 
to the sea, part of the year. It has plenty of marie co. Va. and also the seat of the central 
fish, good mill sites, with a rich level tract in college or university of Virginia. Situated on 
the s. and rough land n. It bears nut, maple, the right bank of Rivanna river and near the 
ash, birch, while and yellow pine ; corn, rye, northwestern foot of South West mountain,by 
barley, oats, &c. There is a remnant of p-r. 123 ms.s.w. from W. C. and 81 ms. n. w. 
Narraganset Indians in this t. Pop. 1830, by w. from Richmond, n. Iat. 38° 03', long. 
1284. 1° 35' w. from W. C. The university of Vir- 

Charlestown, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. ginia, was organized in 1825, and in 182R, had 
40 ms. w. N. w. Albany, 10 s. Johnstown on 120 students, a library, containing 7000 vols. 
Mohawk r. containing 100 sq. ms. is some- and a small observatory for the use ofthestu- 
what hilly, with rocks which afford quarries, dents. Pop. 1830, not given in the tabular 
The soil is generally clay or loam. Arieskill returns of the census ; supposed about 1000. 
and Schoharie creek give mill sites. There The arable surface on which this town is lo- 
was once an Indian town at the mouth of cated, is elevated from 500 to 700 feet above 
Schoharie creek, partly settled before the rev- the Atlantic tides, and the vicinity is regard- 
olutionary war by Dutch ; and since by New ed as salubrious. 

England emigrants. Charlestown, Voorhies, Charlton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 15 ms. 

and Currie, are villages. Pop. 1830, 2148. s. w. Worcester, 60 s. w. Boston, A farming 

Charleston, t. Orleans co. Vt. Pop. 1830, towri, with hard, rough, but strong soil, des- 

564.- titute of large streams, but w^ell watered. 

Charlestown, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. Pop. 1830, 2,173. 
82 ms. E. Harrisburg. Charlton, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 25 n.w. 

Charlotte, t. Washington co. Me. Pop. Albany, 8 s. w. Ballston Spa, agreeably va- 
1830, 557. ried, with a gentle descent s. to Mohawk r. 

Charlotte, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 10 ms. Eel Place creek furnishes mill sites. Fanning 
s. Burlington, 10 n. Vcrgennes, 48 Montpelier, prevails. Pop. 1830, 2,023. 
E. Lake Champlain. First settled 1776, is Chartiers Creek, or small river of Wash- 
pleasantly situated, and is watered by Piatt ington and Alleghany cos. Pa. rises by nume- 
r. and Lewis creek. Pine and hemlock grow j rous branches in the vicinity of the borough 
E. ; hard wood on a good soil w. favorable to, of Washington, and flowing thence a course 



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95 



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a little E. of N. about 30 ms. falls into Ohio j Chatham, t. Middlesex co. Conn, opposite 
r. 4 ms. below Pittsburg. At high water it is Middletown, 16 ms. s. Hartford, k. Conn. r. 



navigable for down stream vessels from its 
main Fork 2 ms. below Cannonsburg ; and 
the country it drains is remarkable for fer- 
tility of soil, and for immense strata of bitu- 
minous coal. 

CuATAuauE, lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. 16 
ms. long, 1 to 4 wide, is on high land, with 
good grazing banks, producing grain in some 
parts. Maysville, the co. t. on its margin is 
N. w. 8 ms. from Portland, on Lake Erie. 

Chatauque r. Chatauque co. N. Y. flows 
from Chatauque lake into Conewango creek, 
a branch of Alleghany r. 

Chatauque creek, Chatauque co. N. Y. 
runs 15 ms. from the ridge, through a deep 
ravine, into Lake Erie 

Chatauque co. N. Y. the s. w. co. of the 
state, 360 ms. w. Albany, 60 s. w. Buffalo, 
bounded by Lake Erie n., Cattaraugus co. e.. 
Pa. s. and w. ; contains 659,280 acres, and 
22 tsps. It is high land, with streams run 
ning into the lake. 

Chatauque lake, in this co. flows through 
Casdaga creek into Conewango, thence into 
the Alleghany r. at Warren, Pa. which emp- 
ties into the Mississippi, and thus a boat na- 
vigation is opened from within 6 or 8 ms. of 
Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, and rafts 
go down every year. From 3 to 10 ms. from 
Lake Erie is a ridge 800 or 1200 feet high, 
being a loam on clay, or mica slate, bearing 
nut, oak, maple, birch, &c. and making good 
farms. On Lake Erie is a rich alluvion, from 
1 to 4 ms. wide. The co. is exposed to cold 
and damp winds, late springs, and cold win- 
ters ; but is healthful. Bog iron ore is foimd, 
and fruit trees flourish. Maysville, the co. t. 
is 164 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1820, 12,568, 
1830, 34,057. 

Chatauque, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 2,442, 

Chateaugay, r. rises in Franklin co. N. Y. 
flows into Canada and joins St. Lawrence r. 
a little w. Montreal. 

Chateaugay, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
K. N. e. Malone, 10 ms. wide, by 40 long, has 
a sandy loam, bearing beech, maple, bass, 
hemlock, pine, &c. Chatauque r. on which 
are the High falls and many ponds s. abound 
in trout. Part of the iron district is in the 
s. part. Pop. 1830, 2,432. 

Chatham, t. Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1830, 
419. 

Chatham, t. Coos co. N. H. on e. side of 
White mtne., w. Maine boundary, contains 
26,'000 acres. It is mountainous and rocky, 
with ponds and streams. Carter's mtn. w. 
cuts off" direct communication with Ad- 



Chatham, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 20 ms. 
E. Barnstable, at s. e. point Cape Cod, is 
surrounded by water, except n. w. where it 
touches Harwick ; has a good harbor s., out. 
side of which is a long beach, a moveable 
sandy soil, without trees, with some salt 
marshes. Long. 69° .SO' w., lat. 41° 42' n. 
Pop. 1830,2,130. 



about 6 ms. by 9, 56 sq. ms., is hilly, being 
crossed by the granite range, but has some 
very good farms. Extensive quarries of free- 
stone are wrought on the shore of Conn. r. 
and sloops are loaded there, which supply the 
city of N. York with the best stone of the 
kind, and transport it also to many other pla- 
ces. A cobalt mine has been wrought on 
Rattlesnake hill, at different times, but it is 
not rich enough to bear the expense. At 
Middle Haddam v. is a good laiiding for river 
vessels. Opposite Chatham, Conn. r. turns 
E. through the narrows, where the ice often 
stops in the spring, and causes considerable 
freshets in the r. Pop. 1830, 3,646. 

Chatham, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
N. E. Hudson, 18 s. E. Albany, has different 
soils, with good farms, slaty hills, with tracts 
of alluvion ; it is supplied with mill sites by 
Lebanon cr. Klein kill, &c. It has several 
villages. New Britain, New Concord, &c. 
Pop. 1830, 3,538. 

Chatham, p-t. Morris co. N. J. 13 ms. n. w. 
Elizabethtown, 6 s.w. Morristown, w. Passa- 
ic r. Pop. 1830, 1,865. 

Chatham, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 16 ms. s. w. 
from West Chester, and 40 ms. s. w. by w. 
from Philadelphia. 

Chatham, co. of N. C. bounded s. by Moore, 
w. by Randolph, n. by Orange, e. by Wayne, 
and s. E. by Cumberland. It is an oblong of 
33 ms. e. and w. and 26 n. and s., area 858 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 30' to 35° 53' 
and in long, from 1° 55' to 2° 40' w. W. C. 
Haw and Deep rs. unite near its s. e. angle, to 
form Cape Fear r. General slope, s. e. 
Chief t. Pittsboro'. Pop. 1820, 12,661, in 
1830, 15,405. 

Chatham, co. of Geo. bounded by Ogee- 
chee r. which separates it from Bryan s. w., 
by Effingham co. n. w., by Savannah r. sepa- 
rating it from Beaufort dist. in S. C, n. e., and 
by the Atlantic ocean s. e. Length from s. e. 
to N. w. 27 ms. breadth 15 ms, and area 405 
sq. ms. Extending from lat. 31° 50' to 32° 
13' and in long. 3° 56' to 4° 26' w. W. C. 
The very slight declivity of this co. is s. e. 
towards the Atlantic ocean. The surface is 
level, and but slightly elevated above the At- 
lantic tides. Staples, rice, cotton and sugar. 
Chief town. Savannah. Pop. 1830, 14,230. 

Chattahoochee, r. of Geo. Ala. and Flor. 
the western and main constituent of Appa- 
lachicola r. rises on the high table land of tho 
Appalachian system, with sources issuing 
from Blue Ridge, and either interlocking with, 
or nearly approaching those of Savannah, 
Tennessee, Pieper, Hiwassee and Coosa. 
The higher Chattahoochee is formed by two 
branches, Chestatee and Chattahoochee pro- 
per. Both branches rise in Habersham, and 
unite on the western iiordcr of Hiill co. Geo. 
having flowed in a sthrn. direction about an 
equal distance, 45 ms. Thence known as 
Chattahoochee, the r. assumes a southwestern 
course of 140 mg. in Geo. to Miller's Bend, 
where it becomes a boundary between Geo. 



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96 



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and Ala. Below Miller's Bend, with partial 
windings, the general course is 150 ms. very 
nearly due s. to its union with Flint, to form 
Appalachicola r. About 20 ms, of the lower 
part of its course, Chattahoochee separates 
rior. from Geo. It is very remarkable that 
in a comparative distance of280 ms. from the 
junction of Chestatee and Chattahoochee, to 
the mouth of FUnt, no tributary stream enters 
the main recipient above the size of a large 
creek, and the valley at its widest part does 
not exceed 50 ms. and the whole, fully estima- 
ted at a mean breadth of .35 ms. Entire length 
of this vale 325 ms. The higher part of the 
valley of Chattahoochee lies between those of 
Coosa to the n. w. and Oconee and Oakmul- 
gee to the s. e. It thence, for about 130 ms. 
intervenes between the vallies of Flint and 
Tallapoosa, and the lower section between 
those of Flint and Choctaw rivers. [See Aj)- 
palachicola r.) 

Chatico, p-v. on a small creek of Wicomico 
r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 53 m. s. s. e. 
W. C. and 64 a little w. of s. from Annapo- 
lis. 

Chatuga, r. the extreme highest constituent 
of Savannah r. rises in the southern vallies of 
Blue Ridge, and in Macon co. N. C. Issuing 
thence by a course of a little w. of s. and 
traversing n. lat. 35°, in a distance of 25 ms. 
separates Pickens dist. S. C. from Rabun co. 



Chelmsford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 27 
ms. N. Boston, s. Merrimack r. formerly con- 
tained the present towTi of Lowell. Pop. 1830, 
1387. 

Chelsea, p-t. and st. jus. Orange co. Vf. 20 
ms. s. E. Montpelier, 20 s. w. Newbury, 36 
sq. ms,, first settled 1783 ; it is watered by 
the 1st branch of White r., &c., has an un- 
even surface, but a warm and fertile soil. 
Pop. 1830, 1958. 

Chelsea, t. Suffolk co. Mass. 3 ms. N. e. 
Boston, to which Winnesemit ferry crosses, 
was incorporated 1638. It is n. of Boston 
harbor, w. of Lynn bay ; a strip of land 100 
rods wide, stretches 3^ ms. to Reading. A 
granite hospital was built here in 1827, look- 
ing on Boston harbor. With Boston it forms 
Suffolk CO. but has no vote nor expense in co. 
business. Pop. 1830, 770. 

Chelsea Landing, p-v. Norwich, Conn. 
{See Norwich.) 

Chelsea, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 260 
tns. w. Albany. 

Chewu.ng, r. or Tioga, in Steuben and Tioga 
cos. N. Y. a large w. branch of Alleghany r. 

Chemung, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 198 ms. s. 
s. w. Albany, ; 9 e. Elmira, n. Pennsylvania, 
is crossed by Tioga or Chemung r. with Cay- 
uta creek on e. side, and has other mill 
streams. It is hilly, with fine alluvion on 
Tioga creek, and is gravelly on the hills, bear- 



Geo. to its union with Turoree r. and forms ing yellow pine and some hemlock, oak, 
Tugaloo r. This small stream has its sour- beech and maple. The narrows of Chemung 
ces opposite to those of Tennessee proper, r. are wild and singular. Pop. 1830, 1462. 



and Hiwassee 

Chaumont, p-v. Lyme, Jefferson co. N. Y 
10 ms. from Brownville, at the head of Chau 
mont bay, carries on a valuable fishery of 
white fish and siscoes. 

Chazy, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y. 175 n. w. Al- 
bany, 12 N. Plattsburgh, s. and w. lake Cham- 
plain, is watered by Little Chazy r. It has 
good land in some parts. The village is 15 
ms. N. Plattsburg. The landing on lake 
Champlain is 1 ni. s. Little Chazy r., 3 ms. e. 
of the village. Pop. 1830, 3,097. 

Chazy, r. Franklin and Clinton cos. N. Y. 
about 50 ms. long, and a good mill stream, 
enters lake Champlain, near Port au Fer. 

Chazy, (Little), r. Clinton co. N. Y. 1^ ms. 
s. Chazy r. 18 ms. long, is a good mill stream. 

Cheat, r. of Va. rising on the border be- 
tween Randolph and Pocahontas cos. inter- 
locks with Elk and Green Brier branches of 
Great Kenhawa, and after uniting with the 
south branch of Potomac, flows thence by a 
general northern course 70 ms. over Randolph 
into Preston co., inflecting in the latter co. to 
N. N. w. 40 ms. to its junction with the Monon- 
gahela, at the southwestern angle of Fayette 
CO. Pa. The valley of Cheat lies between 
those of the Monongahelaonthe w., Potomac 
E., and Youghioghany ,v. e. Length about 
100, mean breadth not exceeding 18, area 
1800 sq. ms. 

Cheek's Cross Roads, and p-o. Hawkins 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 212 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Cbeeksville, po. e. part Marion co. Ten. 
by p-r. 124 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. 



Chenango, r. N. Y. rises in Madison and 
Oneida cos. near the headwaters of Oneida, 
Oriskany and Sadaquada creeks, crosses 
Chemung co. s. s. w., and Broome co., and 
joins Susquehannah r. at Binghampton ; it is 
90 ms. long, with many useful branches. 

Chenango, co. N.Y. bounded by Madison 
co.N., Otsego and Delaware e., Broome co. s. 
and Broome and Cortlandt w. ; 35 and 28 ms. 
are its greatest dimensions ; 780 sq. ms. and 
it contains 19 townships. It is watered by 
streams of Susquehannah r. as, Chenango, 
Unadilla, Otselic crs. &c. and is high, hilly, 
with various soils, generally good for farms. 
Settled principally from New England. Pop. 
1830, 37,238. 

Chenango Forks, p-v. Lisle, Broom co. N. 
Y. at the union of Chenango and Tioughnio- 
ga rivers. 

Chenango Point, or Binghampton, p-v. 
and CO. seat, Chenango, Broome co. N. Y. 
148 ms. w. s. w. Albany, 40 ms. from Nor- 
wich. 

Chen.\ngo, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 80 ms. n. w. 
Pittsburg. 

Chenango, r. of Crawford and Mercer cos. 
Pa. (See Shenango.) 

Cheneyville, p-v. on Bayou Boeuf, s. E. 
part of Rapide parish, La. by p-r. 32 ms. s. s. e. 
from Alexandria ; st. jus. for the parish. 

Chexoweth's p-o. wstrn. part of Darke co. 
O. by p-r. Il3ms. n. of w. Columbus. 

Chepacket, p-v. Providence co. R. 1. 16 ms.. 
from Providence. A flourishing village oa , 
the river of its name. 



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97 



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CuERAw, p-T. in the n. e. part of Chester- 1 people who reside in Georgia, have been 
field dist. S. O. on the right banli of Great made subject to the laws of Georgia by a 
Pcdee r. by p-r. 88 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia, statute of that state. 

Cherokees, or Chelokeks, nation of In- Cherokee Corner, p-v. Oglethorpe co. 
dians, inhabiting a part of northwesternj Geo. by p-r. 77 ms. alittle e. of n. from Mil- 



Geo. northeastern Ala. southeastern Ten. 
and the extreme wstrn. angle of N. C. 

" la 1809, by an enumeration made by the 
agent, the pop. of this people amounted to : 
Cherokees, one half of whom were 

mixed, . . . 12,395 

Negro slaves . . . 583 

Whites resident, . . . 341 



Total .... 13,319 
The following document was published in 

the National Intelligencer of Aug. 14, 1830; 

and is literally copied, if we except a different 

arrangement of the items in the enumeration 

of the population. 

" A statistical table exhibiting the popula 

tion of the Cherokee Nation, as enumerated 

in 18:i4, agreeably to a resolution of the legis- 

lativc council ; also of property, &-C. 

Males ..... 

" under 18 years of age 3054 
" from 18 to 59 . . 3027 
" over 59 . . . 352 

Females ..... 
" under 15 years of age 3010 
" from 15 to 40 . . 3103 
over 40 . . . 782 

Add for those who have since re- 
moved into the nation from North 
Carolina, who were living in that 
state on reservations, . . 

V S Males, 610 > 

N^g™«^' J Females, 667 i " 



6,883 



6,900 



500 
1,277 



Total population . . . 15,560 

There are 147 white men married to Che- 
rokee women, and 68 Cherokee men married 
to white women. 



Schools 


. 18 


Black cattle . 


22,531 


Scholars of both sexes 314 


Swine . 


46,732 


Grist mills 


. ;i6 


Sheep . 


2,566 


Saw inills 


. 13 


Goats . 


432 


Looms 


. 762 


Blacksmith shops 


62 


.Spinning wheels 


. 2186 


Stores . 


9 


Wagons 


. 192 


Tan yards 


2 


Ploughs . 


.2923 


Powder mill . 


1 


Horses 


.7683 







Besides many other items not enumerated ; 
and there are several public roads and ferries, 
and turnpikes in the nation." 

Speech of Mr. Everett, on the bill for re- 
moving the Indians from the^. to the w. side 
of the Mississippi, H. of R. 19th of May, 
1830. 

A discrepancy appears above, on footing 
the sums attached to the ages of the male 
and female population, and comparing the 
amount with the sums total of each, as stated 
collectively. The latter are presumed to be 



ledgeville. and 611 ms. s. w. from W. C. 

Cherry, p-o. Lycoming co. Fa. 113 ms. 
nthrd. Harrisburg. 

Cherryfield, t. Washington co. Me. 30 
ms. w. Machias, e. Hancock co. is crossed 
by Narraguagus r. Pop. 1830, 583. 

Ciierrry Ridge, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 
165 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Cherry Tree, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 
244 ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Cherry Valley, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part 
Ashtabula co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 5 ms. 
from Jefferson, the st.jus. for the co. and 192 
N. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. in 1830, 219. 

Cherry Valley, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 53 
ms. w. Albany, 14 ms. n. e. Cooperstown, is 
high and hilly ; gives rise to Canajoharrie 
creek, of Mohawk r. Cherry Valley creek, 
and of Unadillar. which runs into Susquehan- 
nah r. Mill sites are numerous ; rich alluvi- 
on abounds in the vallies, and the great 
number of wild cherry trees gave name to 
the town. Pop. 1830, 4,098. 

Cherry Valley, v. in the above town, sit- 
uated in a valley with an academy, has an 
important position on 3 turnpikes 13 ms. 
s. w. Schoharie ; marble is quarried here. 
The village was destroyed by the French 
and Indians, Nov. 1758. Pop. 1830, 641. 

Chesapeake Bay, a deep gulfopening from 
the Atlantic ocean, between Capes Henry and 
Charles ; lat. 37° and long. 1° e. from W. C. 
intersecting in the mouth of the bay, near 
midway between the capes, which are about 
15 ms. asunder. The mouth of this fine 
sheet of water extends wstrd. 20 ms. to the 
mouth of James river. Curving rapidly, 
above the influx of James river, the Chesa- 
peake extends almost directly north over one 
degree of lat. with a mean breadth of 20 ms. 
having received from the westrd. James, 
York, Rappahannoc, and Potomac rivers, 
and from the opposite side, Pocomoke and 
Nantikoke rivers. Widened by the union of 
so many confluents, the Chesapeake is up- 
wards of 40 ms. wide from the mouth of the 
Potomac to that of Pocomoke, and about 
35 from the most southern capes of the 
Potomac to the influx of Nantikoke river. 
Above the entrance of the two latter streams, 
the main bay narrows to a mean width of 
about 10 ms. and at some places imder 5 ms., 
but with an elliptic curve to the wstrd. 115 
ms. to its termination at the mouth of 
Susquehannah river, having received from 
the westrd. above the Potomac, the Patuxent, 
Patapsco, Gunpowder and Bash rivers, and 
from the estrd. Nantikoke, Chopfank, St. 
Michaels, Chester, Sassafras, and Elk rivers. 



correct. 

By some still more recent document, it ap- The entire length of Chesapeake Bay is 185 
pears that the population of the Cherokee |ms. ; and it may be doubted whf.ther any 
nation is on the increase. That part of this other bay of the earth, ii, in proportion to ex. 

13 



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98 



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tent, 80 much diversified by confluent etreaniBl any consequence. The opposite shore or 
as is the Chesapeake. I Chesapeake is in an especial manner indent- 

In strictness of geographical language, it jed by innumerable bays, and compared with 
is,however, only a continuation of Susquehan- Ithe confined width of the peninsula, rivers of 
nah river, of which primary stream all the I great magnitude of volume. The character 
other confluents of Chesapeake are branches, of the Atlantic shore is extended along the 
In the main bay the depth of water continues i Delaware bay, and entirely round the penin- 
Buflicient for the navigation of the largest sula ; much of the soil is liable to diurnal or 
ships of war to near the mouth of Susque- occasional submersion from the tides. 
hannah ; and in Potomac that depth is pre- The general slope is southwestward as de- 
served to Alexandria. In the other tributary jmonstrated by the course of the rs. Pocomoke, 
tivers large vessels are arrested before reach- iNantikoke,Choptank,Chester,Sassafras&.Elk, 
ing the head of tide water. If taken in its ut- jPolitically it contains all Sussex, Kent, and 
tnost extent, including the Susquehannah j more than one half of New Castle cos. Del. ; 
valley, the Chesapeake basin forms a great all Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Tal- 
physical limit; to the s. w. with few excep-lbot, Caroline, Queen Ann, and Kent, and one 



tions, the rivers, bays and sounds, are shal- 
low, and comparatively unnavigable ; but 
with the Chesapeake commences deep har- 
bors, which follow at no great distance from 
each other, to the utmost limits of the Atlan- 
tic coast of the United States. The entire 
surface drained into this immense reservoir 
amounts to near 70,000 sq. ms 

Chesapeake Peninsula. This article is 
introduced in order to give a general descrip- 
tion of a natural section of the United States, 
the peculiar features of which are lost or con- 
fused, in most of our geographical works, 
amongst the political subdivisions which have 
been drawn upon its surface. This physical 
section is bounded by the Atlantic ocean s. e., 
by Chesapeake bay w., by Delaware bay n. 
e., and united to the main continent by an 
isthmus, now traversed by the Chesapeake 
and Delaware canal n. The latter work has 



third of Cecil cos. Md. with all Accomac, 
and Northampton cos. Va. 

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. ((See 
art. Rail Roads and Canals.) 

Chesapeake, p-v. in the s. part of Cecil co. 
Md. on Chesapeake Bay, immediately below 
the mouth of Elk river, by p-r. 35 ms. n. e. by 
E. Baltimore. 

Cheshire, co, N. H. the western co. of the 
state, bounded by Grafton co. n.. Hillsborough, 
E., Mass. s., andVt. w., 26 by 54; 1,254 sq. 
ms., has Conn. r. w. It contains 37 towns, 
Sunapee and Spaffbrd and Ashauelotand Su- 
gar rivers ; Grand Monadnock, above 3,000 
feet, Craydon and Grantham mtns.' Bellows 
Falls, on Conn. r. are in this co. There is 
much good meadow land. Chief towns, 
Keene and Charlestown. Pop. 1820, 26,753, 
1830, 27,016. 

Cheshire, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. 



in fact insulated the peninsula, and given it w. Boston, is crossed by a branch of the Hoo 



water boundaries on all sides. Thus restrict- 
ed, the Delaware peninsula extends from 
Cape Charles n. lat. 37° OS', to the Chcsa. 



sick r. There are glass manufactories here. 
Pop. 1830, 1,050. 

Cheshire p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 13 



peake and Delaware canal at n. lat. 39° 32'. ms. n. New Haven, 6 ms. by 7, 40 sq. ms., is 
Greatest length very nearly in a direction n. {watered by Quinipiack r. and a branch. Here 
and s. 182 ms. The general form is that of lis the Episcopal academy of Conn. It has a 
an elongated ellipse, which, in component ifund of $25,000, a brick edifice and small 
material, features, and elevation, differs in library. It is under the direction of a princi- 



pal and professor of languages. The soil 
uneven, with gravelly loam, bearing chestnut, 
oak, walnut, &c. The Farmington canal 
passes through. Pop. 1830, 1,780. 

Cheshire, p-v. and tsp. Galia co. O. by p-r. 
Pop. of the tsp. 



nothing essential from other Atlantic islands 
scattered along the coast of the United States. 
Chesapeake Bay is itself divided between 
Virginia, and Maryland ; the shores on both 
sides s. of the Potomac and Pocomoke rs. be- 
longing to the former, and to the northward 106 ms. s. s. e. Columbus, 
to the latter state. The southern part of the 1830, 664. 
peninsula is entirely in Virginia, and is a long | Chesnut Grove, p-o. in the s. part of Pitt- 
narrow promontory 70 ms. by 8 to 10 ms. isylvania co. Va. by p-r. 13 ms. southardly 
•wide. Above Pocomoke Bay the peninsula wi-t from Competition, the st. jus. for the co. 180 
dens, and after an intermediate distance ofjs.w. by w. Richmond. 

33 ms. is equally divided between the states] Chesnut Hill, (now Shafer's) p-o. Nor- 
of Maryland and Delaware. In the widest 'thampton co. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. n. from 



part, between Cape Henlopen, Sussex co 
Delaware, and the western part of Talbot, 
Md. the width is 70 ms. ; but narrowing to- 
wards both extremes the mean breadth is 
about 27 ; area 4900 sq. ms. The surface is 
generally level or very gently undulatin 



Easton. 

Chesnut Hill, p-o. Phila. co. Pa. 8 ms. n. 
Phila. 

Chesnut Hill, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 
88 ms. N. w.^Richmond. 

Chesnut Hill, p-v. Hall co. Geo. by p-r. 



The ocean and Chesapeake shores are 113 ms. northward Milledgeville 
strongly contrasted. Along the former, are [ Chesnut Level, p-o. in the e. part of Lan- 
narrow and low islands, with shallow sounds, ^easier co. Pa. by p-r. 51 ms. s. r. by e. Har- 
and with no stream leaumg from the land of 'riaburg. 



CHE 



99 



CHE 



CiiKSNtri' RinoE, p-o. Stokos co. N. C. by | recovered from tho ravagos of a destructive 



Ji-r. 152 nis. n. w. by \v. Raleigh. 



tiro, which a few years since destroyed a num- 



CnKSN'UT RiDoi:, local name given to that [bcr of the best buildings. Pop. 1820, 657, 
part cf the western prominent chain of tiic 1 1830, 817, showing an increase of 41 per cent 
Appalachian mountains, between Kiskimini- 'in ten years 



tas and Youghioghany rivers, and in West 
morcland and Fayette cos. Pa. 

Chester, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on 
the Merrimac r. 23 ms. s. e. Concord, 17 Ex- 
eter, is crossed by a branch of Exeter r. and 
contains Massabesick ponds, fine meadows, 
and several caverns. The rocks are grani- 
ted gneiss. Pop. 1830, 2,028. 

Chester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 ms. s, w. 
Windsor, has a good soil with hills and val- 
lies, and three streams here form Williams r. 
An academy. Pop. 1830, 2,320. ' 

CrtESTER, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 ms. 
N. w. Springfield, 120 ms. w. Boston, n. w. 
Westfield r. is crossed by two of its streams. 
Pop. 1830, 1,407. 

Chester, p-v. Saybrook, Middlesex co. 
Conn, has great water power, and eomo man- 
ufactories near Conn. r. 

Chester, p-v. Goshen, Warren co. N. Y. 
91 ms. N. w. Caldwell. Pop. 1830, 1,284. 

Chester, P-t. Morris CO. N.J. crossed by 
Black r. Pop. 1830, 1,338. 

Chester, t. Burlington co. N. J. lies s. e. 
Delaware r. and has Rankokus creek n. and 
Pensaukin creek s. Pop. 1830, 2,333. 

Chester, co. Pa. bounded by Lancaster co. 
w., Berks n. w., Schuylkill r. which separates 
it from Montgomery n. e., Delaware co. e., 
Newcastle co. in the state of Delaware s. e., 
and Cecil co. Md. s. Length from s. w. to n. 
E. 44 ms. ; mean breadth 18 and area 792 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42', to 40° 
15', and in long, from 0° 55' to 1° 40' e. W. C. 
Surface very diversified ; the eastern part 
rolling, rather than hilly, and in some places 
level ; but the central and w-estern part hilly, 
and in many places even mountainous. The 
«oil is greatly varied from rocky and sterile to 
highly fertile. The general slope is to the s. 
e. The lar|;est stream originating in this co. 
is the Brandywine, which rising on the bor- 
<ler between Lancaster and Chester cos. cros- 
ses tlie latter from n. w. to s. e. The ex. 
treme northern part is drained into Schuyl- 
kill r. by French creek, and from the opposite 
rxtreme issue the fountains of Elk river flow- 
ing southwardly into Chesapeake Bay. Im- 
mense strata of fine marble exist in Chester. 
It is one of the best and most skillfully culti- 
voted COS. in the U.S. and its staples are 
numerous and valuable. The ditferenco of 
level between the extreme n. and s. about 
equivalent to a degree of lat. This co. is 



Chester, r. of Del. and Md. rises in Kent 
CO. of the former, from which it flows westrd. 
into the latter state, within which it separates 
Queen Ann from Kent co. The upper part 
of tho course of this stream is very circui- 
tous, and lower down spreading into a large 
bay, is navigated by small vessels to Chee- 
tertown 30 ms. above its mouth, into Chesa- 
peake bay. Tho valley of Chester river lie.i 
between those of Sassafras and Chop- 
tank. 

Chester, dist. S. C. botmded by Broad r. 
which separates it from Union on the w., 
York dist. n., Catawba, r. which separates it 
from Lancaster e., and by Fairfield dist. s. 
Length from e. to w. 30, breadth n. and s. 20, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
34° 31' to 34° 50', and in long, from 3° 52' to 
4° 32' w. W. C. Surface pleasantly broken 
by hill and dale. Chief town, Chester. Pop. 
1820, 14,389, and in 1830, 17,182. 
Chester, p-v. and st. jus. Chester dist. S. C. 
near the centre of the dist. 448 ms. s. w. W. 
C. 5G a little w. of n. Columbia, and about 80 
ms. wstrd. from Sneadsboro, in N. C. lat. 34'' 
42', and long. 4° 12' w.W. C. 
Ciiester,p-v. and st. jus. Meigs co.O .by p-r. 
343 ms. w. W. C. and 94 ms. s. e. Columbus. 
It is on Shade creek in the n. e. part of tho co. 
Pop. 1830, 164. 

Chester Cross Roads, and p-o. in the h. 
part of Geauga co. O. by p-r. 11 ms. e. Char- 
don, the St. jus. and 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. 
Chesterfield, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. on 
Connecticut r. opposite Brattleborough. Lat. 
42° 53'. From Keene 11 ms., Concord 65, 
Boston 90. First settled 1761, generally hil- 
ly and uneven, has much good upland, well 
adapted for grazing and production of Indian 
corn. Chief articles for the market are beef, 
pork, butter and cheese. Contains Cat's 
Bancbrook, furnishing many mill seats, and 
Spaflbrd's lake, a beautiful sheet of water, 
covering 526 acres ; the lake enclosing an 
island of about 6 acres, forming a delightful 
retreat for the students of the academy in the 
summer. From its e. side, issues Partridge's 
brook, suflicient to carry saw mills,&-c., a fac 
tory with 800 spindles and 40 water looms. 
A Congregational society founded in Chester, 
field, 1771, Baptist 1819, Universalist 1818, 
It has a flourishing academy. Pop. 1830, 
2,045. 

('hesterfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass, 



now traversed by a fine rail road, uniting the jon the e. Green mtn. ridge, 12 ms. w. North- 
Sehuylkiil and Susquehannah rivers. Chief I atnpton, high and finely watered by a brancli ot 



town. West Chester.- Pop. 1820, 44,455, 
1830, .'50,910. 
Chester, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware 
CO. Pa. situated on tlic right bank of Delaware 
river, 15 ras. s. w. from Phila. and by p-r. 121 
ms. N. E. from W. C, lat. 39° 50', long. 1°] 
42' E. W. C. This borough has in great part! 



Westfield river, produces good crops of grass 
Sc corn. The beryl is found here, and the em- 
erald, weighing fm. an ounce to 6 lbs. a hexan- 
gular prism, sometimes 12 inches in diame- 
ter. The town contains a Congregational 
and Baptist society. Pop. 1830, 1,416. 
Chesterfield, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. on 



CHE 



100 



CHI 



Lake Champlain, opposite Burlington, has 9 
ms. of lake shore ; extends about lU ms. e. to 
w. mountainous in some part ; level along the 
lake ; fertile ; soil, a sandy loam, mingled with 
clay. Itslumber trade is considerable. Con- 
tains several small ponds discharging mill 
streams. Principal r. Sandy or Sable, here 
exhibiting Adgate's Falls, a curiosity worthy 
the attention of travellers. Fall, 80 feet into 
a narrow channel walled on each side by per- 
dicular rock 100 feet high. This channel, a 
mile in length, evidently worn by the water. A 
cavern, in the town, furnishes a natural self- 
Btoring perennial ice house. Chesterfield 
abounds in iron ore. Contains a Congrega- 
tional and Methodist society. Pop. 1830, 
1,671. 

CoESTERFiELD, t. Burlington co. N. J. Pop. 
1830, 2,386. 

Chesterfield, p-o. {See Massena.) 

Chesterfield, co. of Va. bounded by Pow- 
hatan N. w., James r. separating it from 
Henrico N., by a bend of James, separating 
it from Charles City co. e., Appomattox r. sep- 
arating it from Prince George s. e., Dinwid- 
die s., and Amelia s. w. Extreme length 
from the junction of James and Appomattox 
rivers to the western angle 38 ms., mean 
breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 
10', to 37° 31 ' N., and long. 0° 22' to 1° 05' w. 
W. C. Surface rather broken. Chief town, 
Manchester. Population 1820, 18,003, 1830, 
18,637. 

Chesterfield, court house, and p-o. Ches- 
terfield CO. Va. by p-r. 14 ms. s. s. w. Rich- 
mond, lat. 37° 19', long. 0o43'w. of W.C. 

Chesterfield, dist. of S. C. bounded n. e. 
and e. by Great Pedee r. separating it from 
Marlborough dist.,s. e. and s. by Darlington 
dist., s. w. by Lynche's creek separating it 
from Kershaw, n. w. by Lynche's creek sepa- 
rating it froin Lancaster, and n. by Anson 
CO. N. C. Length 30, mean breadth 25, and 
area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 
22' to 34° 48', and long, from 2° 53' to 3° 40', 
iv. W. C. The slope of this district is s. s. e. 
central parts drained by Black creek, flowing 
into Great Pedee. Chief town, Chesterfield. 
Pop. 1820, 6,645, 1830, 8,472, 

Chesterfield, p-v. and st. jus. Chesterfield 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 426 ms. s. s. w. W. C, 102 
N. e. Columbia, lat. 34° 51', long. 3° 07' w. 
W.C. 

Chester Springs, and p-o. Chester co. Pa. 
by p-r. 76 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Chestertown, s-p. p-v. and st.jus. Kentco. 
Md. situated on the right bank of Chester r. 
by p-r. 82 ms. northeastward from W. C. and 
about 30, a little s. of e. from Baltimore. Lat. 
39° 13', long. 0° 58' e. W. C. Population 
about 800. 

Chesterville, p-o. Kennebeck co. Me. 28 
ms. from Augusta. 

OftESTERviLLE, (now Millington,) p-v. in 
the N. E. part of Kent co. Md. 18 ms. n. e. 
Chestertown, the st. jus. and by p-r. about 40 
ms. K. Baltimore. 



Cheney's Shops, p-o. Delaware co. Pa- 17 

ms. from Phila. 

Ciietimaciies, lake of La. between the 
Teche, and Atchafalaya rivers, is from 1 to 6 
ms. in breadth. It is shallow, and on al! 
sides environed by a low, annually inundated, 
and uninhabitable country. It is supplied by 
numerous intermediate outlets from Atcha- 
falaya, and discharges its water into that 
sream near and above its junction with the 
Teche. 

Cheviot, p-o. in the s. part of Hamilton co. 
O. by p-r. 5 ms. w. Cincinnati. 

Chicago, small, but from its relative posi- 
tion with lake Michigan, and the northern 
sources of Illinois river, a very important 
stream of Cook co. state of Illinois. The 
Chicago heads with the Plain, one of the 
northern branches of Illinois. Both rs. orig- 
inate in a flat prairie country, flow nearly 
parallel to each other, and to the course of 
the adjacent shore of Lake Michigan, for a 
comparative distance of 30 ms. Thence di- 
verging, the Plain r. to the s. w., Chicago 
bending at a nearly right angle, falls into its 
recipient at the village of Chicago. The 
mouth is obstructed by a bar, on which there 
is only 3 feet water, though inside adequate 
depth is found for ships of almost any tonnage. 
The portage between Chicago and Plain river 
is only about 9 ms. and at seasons of high 
water small vessels are navigated over the in- 
termediate flats. This is one of those posi- 
tions on which the hand of nature has traced 
a canal, and left to man the more humble du- 
ty of completing the work. 

Chicago, p-v. and port, on Lake Michigan, 
at the mouth of Chicago river. Cook co. 11. 
300 ms. N. N. E. Vandalia. n. lat. 42° 09', 
and long. 10° 42' w. W. C. The position of 
this place is bleak. Behind are extensive 
prairies : before, the lake, without a harbor 
for three hundred ms. The land, one m. 
wide, on the margin of the lake, is a barren 
sand, thence a rich loam on limestone strata. 
Dr. Morse. 

Chichester, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 
Lat. 42° 15' E. Concord, 8 ms. generally level, 
soil good, richly repaying the tiller. Sun- 
cook r. (furnishing mill seats,) and its bran- 
ches water it. Congregational church or- 
ganized 1791. Pop. 1830, 4,084. 

Chickahoming, r. of Va. rises between the 
vallies ofPamunkey and James rivers, about 
20 ms. N. w. from Richmond ; flowing thence 
s.E. by E., the cos. of Henrico, and Charles 
City on the right, and New Hanover, New 
Kent, and James City cos. on the left, falls 
into James river after a compartive course 
of 60 ms. 

Chickapee, r. Mass. formed by Ware, 
Swift and Quaboag, empties into the Conn. 
4 ms. N. of Springfield. 

Chickapee, p-v. Mass. part of Springfield, 
contains a factory, having a capital of $400,- 
000, produces daily 11,000 yards of cloth ; 
employing 700 females, who earn from 12 to 
$21 per month. 



CHI 



101 



CAR 



Chickasaw, a nation of Indians inhabiting 
the country comprising the northwestern an- 
gle of Ala. and the northern part of Miss. 
states. They reside to the northward of tiic 



series of varied and delightful landscapes. 
This village was laid out on the site of an old 
Indian town, in 179(5, and the rapid advance 
of population will he shown below. It con- 



Choctaws, and between Ten. and Miss, rs.jtaincd 5 years since, 2 printing offices, 3 



The number of this tribo as given by liov 
Jedediah Morse, in his Report on Indian Af- 
fairs, 1822, was then 3,G2r>. Mr. M. states 
in his appendix, page 201, "There are 4 
males to 1 female. This inequality is attrib- 
uted to the practice of polygamy, which is 
general in this tribe. If the curious fact is 
truly stated, the reference is at variance with 
either the causes or effects usually connected 
with the history of polygamy. 

" The nation resides in S towns, and like 
their neighbours, are considerably advanced 
in civilization." 

Chicot, s. e. co. of Ark. bounded by 
Clark w., Arkansas, co. n., by the r. Missis- 
sippi E., and by the parish of VVashitau, La. 
8. Extending in lat. 33° to 33° 40' n., and in 
long. froml4°5' to 14°57'w. VV. C. It ap- 
proaches the form of a sq. of .'SO ms. each side, 
area2500sq. ms. The boundaries indeed to 
the N. and w. are vague. The slope is south- 



banks, and between 30 and 40 mercantile 
stores, with numerous and-flourishing manu- 
factories, oil, i'uUing. ilour and saw mills. 
Pop. 1810, 1,369,1820,2,426 1830, 2,847. 

CnioiAiiK, p-t. Dukes co. Mass. is the 8. 
w. end of Martha's Vineyard. 'I'he n. w. 
l)oint is called (Jays head. The s. point 
.Stjuibnocket. Congregational, Methodist and 
Baptist society. Fop. 1830,2,010. 

Ciiii.0, p-v. in the extreme southern part of 
Clermont co. O. on Ohio r. by p-r. 127 ms. 
s. w. Columbus. Fop. 1830, 128. 

China, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. n. 
Augusta, w. Falermo, Waldo co. Population 
1830, 2,233. 

China, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. w. 
Batavia, watered by head streams of the 
Tonnewanta, Cataraugus and Seneca creeks. 
Moderately uneven. Heavily timbered with 
beach, maple, elm, ash, linden, hemlock, &lc. 
sure indications, on all table lands, that the 



wardly, and in that direction it is bounded by i soil and climate are better adapted to grass 
Mississippi, and traversed by Barthclnmy and j than grain. Has 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 9 



Boeuf rivers. The surface is generally a 
plain, and most part an alluvial flat. The 
soil differs extremely in character> much of 
it liable to annual submersion ; parts rising 
nearly above inundation and exuberantly fer- 
tile, whilst in other places the land is sterile. 
Chief town, Villemont. Pop. 1830, 1,165, 

Chifuncte, pronounced Chifunty, r. of the 
states of Miss, and La. rises in Pike co, of the 
former, from which it issues a mere creek ; 
enters La. within which it traverses Wash- 
ington and St. Tammany parishes, falling 
into the northern side of Lake Pontchartrain, 
after a comparative course of 55 ms. s. s. e. 
There is 7 or 8 feet depth of water on the 
bar of this river, and a safe and deep harbor 
within its mouth, at Madisonville. 
Childsborg, p-v. La Fayette co. Ky. .32 ms, 
B, E, Frankfort, 

Chilhowee, p-v, in the e, part of Monroe 
CO. Ten. about 180 ms. s, e. by e. Nashville. 

Chili, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Genesee 
or Henrietta r. 10 ms. s. w. Rochester, water- 
ed by Black creek, a fine mill stream. Pop. 
1830, 2,010. 

CniLisauAKE, p-v. on Chilisquake cr, North- 
umberland CO. Pa. 10 ms. above Sunbcrry, 
the St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ms. n. Ilarrisburg. 

CniLLicoTiiE, flourishing p-t. and st. jus. 
Ross CO. O. on the right bank of Scioto r. at 
the salient point of the bend above the mouth 
of Paint creek, by p-r. 404 ms. a little n, of 
w. W, C. 45 ms. nearly due s. from Colum- 
bus, 96 ms. a little N. of E. from Cincinnati, 
and56 ms. s. w. bv w. from Zancsville. n. 
lat. 39° 20', long. 6° w. from W. C. The 
Grand canal is cut through it. 

The site of this town is a plain, hut the ad- 
jacent country rising into hills of from 200 to 
300 feet elevation above the river bottoms, 
the place seems to occupy the centre of a 



schools 5 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,387. 

China Grove, p-o. Rowan co. by p-r. 130 
ms, w. Raleigh. 

China Grove, p-o. Williamsburg dist. S. 
C. by p-r. 112 ms. s. Columbus. 

China Grove, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by 
P-r. 159 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

China Grove, p-o, in the n. part of Pike 
CO, Miss, by p-r. 75 ms. s. of e. Natchez. 

China Hill, p-o. w. part of Mecklenburg 
CO. N. C. 12 ms. w. Charlotte, the st. jus. 

CiiiNauiPiN Grove. (See Locust ch;el; 
Louisa CO. Va.) 

CiiiNQUiPiN RiuGE, p-o, Lancaster dist, S. 
C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Chij'ola River. {See C/irrpola river.) 

Chiitewa, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. part of 
Wayne co. O, 18 ms. n. e, Wooster, the st. 
jus. and by p-r. 104 ms. n. e, Columbus, Pop, 
of the tsp, 1830,1,498. 

CiiippEWAN. (See Chippewayan moun- 
tains.) 
Chh'peway, r. of the N. W. territory, one of 
the left branches of the Miss. r. rises inter- 
locking sources with some small streams 
which fall into the southwestern part of lake 
Superior, and with the St. Croix to the n. w. 
and Ouisconsin to the s. e. The sources of 
this stream arc drawn from a flat table land 
chequered with lakes, one of which, Flam- 
bleau lake, is as laid down by Tanner, upwards 
of 40 ms. in length with a breadth of from 
one to ten ms. It flows into lake Pepin, lat. 
Uh°, long. 15° 10' w. W. C. after a s. w. 
course of 135 ms, ^ 

Chippewayan, orChippewan, mountains of 
North America. This immense system ex- 
tends continuous chains from the Isthmus 
of Darien to the Arctic ocean, through 60 
degrees of lat. with a considerable difference 
of long, between the extremes. Whether this 



CHO 



ia2 



CHO 



system is connected or separate from the An- 
des of South America, is a yet unsolved 
problem in physical geography. In North 
America it forms the principle spine, from 
which rivers flow in opposite directions to- 
wards the two great oceans which bound the 
opposite sides of the continent. These corel- 
ebra, for they deserve the title, range up- 
wards of five thousand miles. In southern 
Mexico the system is known by the general 
term Anahuac, and further north as the 
mountains of New Mexico. In the U. S. it 
is designated Rocky Mountains, whilst 
British America, it is called by its native 
name,Chippo.wan or Chippewayan. In Guate- 
mala, or Central America, and in Mexico, 
rise from it enormous volcanic summits, ele- 
vated far above the region of perpetual 
snow. Popocatapetl, Citlaltepetl or peak 
D'Orizaba, Pico Frailes, and Coffre de Pe- 
rote, all rise above 13,500 feet, and the for- 
mer to 17,700 feet above the ocean tides. In 



the U. S. and northwardly, the elevation re- easy of entrance. 



Choctaw Bay, or the estuary of Choctaw 
river, extending between Jackson and Wa!-' 
ton cos. Florida. In the Report of the board 
of internal improvement, this bay is called 
St. Rosa,.from which, however, it is distinct. 
(<See St. Rosa Island and Sound.) Under the 
name of St. Rosa the engineers state, " the 
entrance of this sound and bay lies about 85 
ms. w. of Cape St. Blass, and 68 from the 
mouth of St. Joseph's bay. On the whole (in- 
termediate) distance the sea shore is very 
bold, and the depth generally 4 fathoms close 
to the land." 

" The pass enters between the eastern 
point of St. Rosa island and the main ; it is 
called Eastern Pass, it comes in from the s. 
and affords a depth of 8 feet on the bar. The 
channel is narrow, and the width on the bar, 
for 8 feet depth, is about 150 yards. On ac- 
count of breakers, this pass is not considered 
safe when southerly winds blow fresh, but the 
winds being from the land, the channel is 



mains undetermined, but must be considera 
ble, as is shown by the rapid current and 
great length of course of the rivers which 
flow from its flanks. 

Chitte.nden, CO. Vt. bounded n. by Franklin 
CO., E. by Washington, s. by Addison, w. by 
lake Champlain. Length 30 ms. breadth 22, 
area about 500 sq. ms. Onion r. traverses 
the middle part, falling into lake Champlain 
at Burlington, Lamoille, the n. w. corner, 
Laplott, s. part. Lake shore generally level, 
other parts uneven. Soil varies from light 
and sandy to rich loam and deep alluvion. 
Pop. 1830,21,765. 

Cjiittenden, t. Rutland co. Vt. 30 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, lat. 43° 44', watered by Philadel- 
phia r., Tweed r. and East creek. In great 
part mountainous and incapable of cultivation. 
Contains a mineral spring. Pop. 1830, 610. 
Chitteningo, creek, N. Y. a fine mill 
stream, falls into Oneida lake. 

CHITTENI^Go, p-v. Madison co. N. Y. on 
the above creek, at the head of a canal 1 J ms. 
long, completing the navigation from its 
o,uarries of gypsum and water lime to the 
Erie canal. Contains an oil mill, and one 
for grinding gypsum, and the water cement 
or water lime 

Choconut, p-o. and on the Choconut creek 
in the n. w. part Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 
175 ms. from Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 
1830, 780. 

(Choctaw, r. of Ala. and Florida, rises in 
Pike CO. of the former, flows thence over 
Henry and Dale cos. into Florida, over which 
it passes, leaving Walton co. lo the right, and 
Jackson and Washington to the left. It ex- 
pands into a bay of the same name, after a 
comparative course of 130 ms. in a direction 
of nearly s. s. w. The valley of Choctaw riv- 
er lies between tiiat of the Conecuh and Chat- 
tahoochee rivers. Much of the soil of the 
valley of this stream is described by Williains, 
in his Florida, as of excellent quality, though 
much of it is sterile, covered with a pine forest. 



The bay, according to Williams, is difficult 
to navigate, from shoals, but admits a depth 
of 7 feet water, which is continued to Big 
Spring 60 miles above the bar, and 30 above 
the mouth of Choctaw r. 

Choctaw Bluff, and p-o. Green co. Ala. 
by p-r. 69 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Choctaw, or Flat Head, a nation of In- 
dians, formerly more numerous than at pres- 
ent, and also spread over a much wider sur- 
face than they now occupy. They amotmt to 
about 25,000 persons, and reside between the 
white settlements of the state of Miss, and 
the Chickasaws, and between the Mississip- 
pi and Tombigbee rivers. Their country, as 
restricted by cessions to the U. S. extends 
from lat. 31° 50' to 35'. Length from s. e. to 
N. w. 230 ms. with a mean breadth of 80, area 
18,400 sq. ms. It is drained by the Big Black 
and Yazoo rivers flowing s. w. into the Miss. 
by the sources of the Pearl, and by those of 
Tombigbee. Many scattered settlements of 
Choctaws, have been formed, within the last 
35 years, to the westward of the Mississippi 
river. This nation has made some advances 
in civilization, though not so much improved 
as the Chickasaws and Cherokees. 

Choctaw Academy, and p-o. Scott co. Kv. 
by p-r. 31 ms. e. Frankfort. 

Choctaw Agency, and p-o. Yazoo co. 
Miss, by p-r. 56 ms. northward Jackson, and 
154 N. N. E. Natchez. 

Choice's Store, and p-o. Gsvinnett co. Geo. 
by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Chota, p-v. in the w. part of Blount co. 
Tennessee by p-r. 197 miles south of east 
Nashville. 

GHOPTAr?K, r. of Del. and Mu. is formed by 
two branches, Choptank proper and Tucka- 
hoc. The former risQs in Kent co. Del. from 
which it flows s. s. w. into Caroline co. Md. 
and continuing the same course traverses Car- 
oline to its junction with Tuckahoc on the e. 
border of Talbot; Tuckahoe rises in the north- 
east part of Queen Ann co. Md. and flowing 



CHO 



103 



to the sthrd. separates Queen Ann and Tal- 
bot from Caroline, and joins the Choptank 
after each has flowed about 30 ms. Then as- 
suming a e. s. w. course, gradually swells in- 
to a bay, and above Cambridge bends to the 
N. w. by w. opens into the main Choptank 
bay between Cook's Point and Tilghman's 
island. It ia navigable for sloops to the 
Forks, 40 ms. above the mouth. 

CuowAN, r. of N. C. formed by the united 
streams of Meherin, Nottaway, and Black 
Water rs. The Meherin rises in Charlotte 
CO. Va. 1° 30' w. from W. C. lat. 37°, be- 
tween the vallies of Roanoke and Appomat- 
tox, and flowing thence a . e. by e. by compar- 
ative courses 80 ms. passes into N. C. be- 
tween Northampton and Gates cos. and 20 
ms. farther miites with the Nottaway, above 
Wmton, between Gates and Hertford cos. 

The Nottaway derives its remote sources 
from Prince Edward co. Va. between those 
of Meherin and Appomattox, In a general 
eastern course of 70 ms. the Nottaway sepa- 
rates Lunenburg, Brunswick and Greenville 
cos. from Nottaway, Dinwiddle and Sussex, 
and flows into the central parts of the latter. 
Thence inclining s. e. 40 ms. it receives 
Black Water r. almost on the bounding line 
between Va. and N. C. (See Black Water 
rtver, Va.) Below the junction of the Not- 
taway and Black Water, the name of the for- 
mer and course of the latter are preserved, 
and about 10 ms. within N. C. and in Gates 
CO. meet the Meherin to form Chowan river. 
A tide water river, or more correctly a 
bay, the Chowan, gradually widens, but still 
retaining a moderate breadth, 25 ms. to the 
influx of Bemer's creek, there bends to near 
a sthrn. course and more rapidly widens for 
25 ms. to its junction with Roanoke, at the 
head of Albemarle sound. Lat. 36"^, passes 
up Albemarle sound, and intersects the east- 
ern point of Bertie co. N. C. between the 
mouths of Chowan and Roanoke, 0° 20' 
long. E. of W. C. 

Im.-luing all its confluents or constituents 
the Chowan drains an area of 3,500 sq. ms. 
wiiich, as a physical section, comprises the 
northeastern part of the basin of Roanoke. 
As a commercial channel the Chowan, Not- 
taway, and Black Water extend almost di- 
rectly from the mouth of Roanoke to that of 
James river. There is at all seasons suffi- 
cient depth of water to admit sloops of war 
to Murfreesboro' on Meherin, about 10 ms. 
above the entrance of Nottaway river. There 
is now a struggle between contending inter, 
ests, whether to extend a rail road from the 
basin of Roanoke to Chesapeake bay, or a 
canal and lock navigation by the channels of 
Chowan, Nottaway and Black Water rivers. 
Chowan, co. N. C. bounded n. by Gates 
CO., E. by Perquimans, s. e. and s. by Albe- 
marle sound, and s. w. and w. by Chowan 
river, which separates it from Bertie and 
Hertford cos., mean width 8, and area, 200 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° to 36° 



CHU 



SO' >M i„ ,»,.g. ftos oo m ,0 oo :w,:,z. by p"."u.; ■:;:•.: r wsr 



W. C. The slope is slight, but what little 
declivity there exists in the co. is to the s 
w towards Chowan river. Soil productive,' 

in 183r6?69? ^''^* ^^^"' ^''^^'^' ^"'^ 

Christian, CO. Ky. bounded by Trigg w 
Hopkins, N. w., Muhlenburg n. e., Todd e 
and Montgomery co. of Tcnn. s. Length 
irom N. to s. 34 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area 612 square milea. Extending in latitude 
from 360 37', to 37° 07', and in longitude 
from 10° 04' to 10° 23' w. from W. C. 
Ihoughnot very elevated, this county is a 
table land, from which Little r. flows w 
mto Cumberland r.. Pond r. n. into Green r. 
and the western fork of Red river branch of 
Cumberland 8. into Red river. Chief town. 
Hopkmsville. Pop. 1830, 12,864. 

Christiana, tide water creek, principally 
of New Castle co. Delaware, but deriving its 
remote sources from Cecil co. Md. and Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. It is formed by the junction of 
Christiana proper with the United streams of 
White Clay, and Red Clay creeks. The two 
latter rise m Chester co. Pa., the latter in 
Cecil CO. Md. The general course of Chris- 
tiana proper and the united stream below the 
influx of Red and White Clay creeks is from 
3. w. to to N. E., comfiarative length 30 ms. 
to Its junction with the Brandywino r. at 
Wilmington. The tide ascends Christiana, 
and enables vessels of 6 feet draught to be 
navigated to Christiana bridge, 10 ms. above 
Wilmington. 

Christiana, usually called Christiana 
Bridge, p-v. New Castle co. Del. situated on 
Christiana creek, 10 ms. above and s. w. 
Wilmington, by p.r. 47 ms. a littleN. of w. 
Dover. 

Christiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Butler 
CO. O. by p.r. 88 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 
Christiansburg, p-v. and sf. jus. Montgom 
cry CO. Va. by p.r. 282 ms. s. w. W. C. and 
206 s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 08', loner 
3° 24' w. from W. C. ^ 

C'hristiansburg, p-v. Shelby co. Ky. 14 
ms. w. P'rankfort. 

Christiansville, p-v. in the northern part 
of Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. 

Christmasville, p.v. Carroll co. Ten by 
p.r. 105 ms. w. Nashville. 

Chuckatuck, p.v. Nansernond co. Va. about 
30 ms. s. w. Norfolk. 

Chucky Bend, of Nolechucky r. and p-o. 
IS about 45 ins. n. of e. Knoxville, and in the 
eastern part of Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r. 215 
ms. K. Nashville. The Nolechucky r. and 
French Broad unite about 5 ms. below the 
bend. 

Church Hill, p.v. Queen Ann co. Md. on 
a small s. e. branch of Chester river, 10 ms. 
N. ?<. E. Centreville, and about 50 ms. s. e. by 
E. from Baltimore. 

Church Hill, p-v. Abbeville diet. S. C. by 
p.r. 96 ms. w. Columbia. 

Church Hill, p.v. Montgomery co. Ala. 



CIT 

;;^^^7r^r'Gr^enville, 1795, progressed but 
slowly. In 1810, the total population was 
2 540 in 1820, 9,642, in 1826, 16,230, andm 
1829 '24 408. •' By a very accurate enumer- 
ation in 1831, 28,014, with a floating popu a. 
tion,notinduded, of 1,500, makmg the total 
at this time (1832) more than 30 000. 

By the census tables for 1830, prmted at 
Washington, the population of Cmcmnati was 
\v ab.imsi<j , y f- 12,485 ; white fe- 

composed ot white maies, i-.-io.^ , 
males 11,256 ; free colored males, 5^«, ana 
females 5G2; total 24,831. ,,•„,„ 

This city, second only m population to 
New Orleans, amongst the western cities ot 
the United States, has already become the 
seat of immense and increasing manulactures, 
of almost every species known in our country. 
Of steamboats 111 have been built here. Ihe 
iron manufactures include nearly every ar- 
tide of that metal demanded by a civilized 
and active population. Cabinet hatting, shoe 
and boot making, saddlery, &c. Imports 
exceed S5,000,000, of which dry goods are 
the principle part ; and the exports exceed 
the imports. The latter composed of coun- 
try produce, and the products of the iron, 
cabinet, and other manufactures of the city 
and vicinity, are mostly sent down the Ohio. 
About 40 manufacturing establishments are 
propelled by steam. Revenue of the city 
1831, was $35,231, and expenditure was 

*ft33 (■'•58 

Business is the chief object of this young 
city, but education has not been neglected. 
There are 27 public teachers of free schools, 
who give instruction to 2,700 children annu- 
ally The private schools are numerous, 
and many of them very respectable. 

Mr Flint states that 450 substantial build- 
ings have been added yearly, for the three 

^^l.l'ctl^.vT.s, p-t. Cortlandtco.NYiag 
w Albany; 12 s. e. Homer ; soil productive, 
m'oderately uneven, indiffereirtly stipphed 
with mill streams. Has 1 distillery, 3 ashe- 
ries,&c. Pop. 1830, 1,308. 

CiRCLEViLLE, p-v. and St. 1"^. Pxckaway CO 
Ohio bv p-r. 26 ms. s. from Columbus, and 
394 ms.-a little n. of w. W. C 19 n. and above 
ChiUicothe, and 20 ms. s. w. by w. from Lan- 
Conn. A water company suppn-- --J-';^ "-''^''^ j^^ 390 36', and long. 5° 58' w. 

withwater from Ohio river. Jl^^^^^^^f^i^^^LSw. C. This place is situated on the 
steam power to the height of 1^8 feet alo.e ro"i ^^.^^^ ^_ ^^^^_^ ^^^^ ^ ,^ 

low water mark in the river ^^J flow g l^^^^'';^^,^^ ,^^^ ^hio and Erie canal, and on 
into reservoirs, is thence distributed over the 
city, at an annual expense of $8 per family 

^'ThrpubHc'prints arc 16, comprising, one 
Quarterly Medical Journal, one Monthly 
Magazine, one Monthly Agricultural Journal, 
two semi montlily, two semi weekly, six 
weekly, and three daily gazettes Ihir- 
ty.two mails arrive weekly. There ..le 
two fire companies, and 34 charitable socie- 
ties, and 25 religious societies. 

The progressive pop. of this city is per- 
haps unequalled on a region wnere rapid ad- 
vance is every where remarkable. 1^ ^^'^^ 
laid out in January, 1789, but until after the 



Churchtown, p-v. on a small branch of 
Conestoga creek, in the n. e. angle of Lancas- 
ter CO Pa. 25 ms. n. e. Lancaster, and oo 
northwest by west Philadelphia 

Churchville, p-v. m the n. w. part of Mid- 
dlesex CO. Va. 7 ms. from Urbanna, the st. jus. 
by p-r. 76 ms. n. e. by e. Richmond. 
^Cicero, t. Onandago co. N. Y. Population 

^^Cik-cSi, city of Ohio, and st. jus. for 
Hamilton co. situated on the right bank of 
Ohio river, by p-r. 497 ™- (c 'fenng only 13 
of lat. from) <lue w. from W. C. 11^ ms. s. w. 
by w. Columbas, and 79 a httle e. of n. 
Frankfort, Ky. Lat 39° 00', long. 7° 32' w. 
W. C. according to Tanner's niap of the U. 
S but 7° 24' 45" according to Flint. _ 

'The position of Cincinnati is admirable. 
It stands on two plains or bottoms of Ohio, 
;L higher elevafed about 60 feet above the 
lower, with a rather steep intermediate bank. 
To an eye in the vicinity, placed on elevated 
ground, the city seems to occupy the centre 
and base of an immense basin, the vievv be- 
ing in every direction terminated by swelling 
hills. The streets, laid out at right angles to 
each other, present an endless, though rather 
monotonous variety of 1^"^ f ^pe. P ouvteen 
of the streets are 66 feet wide, and 396 apait , 
seven extending each way and crossmg the 
other seven. Thus the intermediate squares 
comprise 156,816 sq. feet. The public build- 
ings already erected occupy one ^a^^c an^ 
a fraction of another ; and that part of the 
city built upon, approaches the form of a pai- 
allclogram. The public bu. dings are, the 
Cincinnati college. Catholic athenaeum 
medical college, the mechanic "''*| "^in' ,ic 
theatre, two museums, hospital, and lunatic 
asylum. United .States branch bank, court 
house, prisoii,4marketliouscs a bazar, and 
the Woodward high school in the progress of 

^'ol'churches there arc 24, of which several 
are fine buildings, banks 3, the Umted States 
Jranchbaiik, c'apital $1,200,000; Commer- 
cial bank,capital !8>500,000, and savings baiik, 
insurance companies, 3 belonging to the city, 
with two branches of companies at Hertford, 
A water company supplies the city 



crossed by the Ohio and Erie canal and on 
the largest aqueduct on the hnc of this work. 
It contains the ordinary co. bmldings, a print- 
ing oftice, 10 or 12 stores, numerous mechan- 
ics shops, and in 1830, a population of ,136. 
which now,1832, it is probable exceeds 1,200. 
This town derives its name from several re- 
markable remains of ancient works, in the 
Tdinary circular form of ^-h ^n^''^^^^'^;' 
scattered over the valley of Ohio They 
were here very extensive, and before the 
'white settlements were made, were well 

i'"" vWND, N. Y. iSeePelham.) 
City Point, port and p-v. on the right shore 



CLA 



105 



CLA 



of James river, on the point formed at the 
junction of James and Appomattox rs. in the 
N. w. part of Prince George's co. Va. 12 ms. 
below Petersburg, by p-r. 34 ms. b. tf. from 
Richmond. 

Civil Order, p-v. in the n. w. part of Bod- 
ford CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 nis. s. Nashville. 

Claiborne, co. Miss, bounded w. by Miss. 
r. separating it from Concordia parish in La., 
N. w. and N. by Big Black r. separating it 
from Warren co. Miss., n. e. by Hinds, s. e. 
by Copiah, and s. by Jefferson. It approach- 
es the form ofa right angled triangle, hypote- 
nuse along the Miss, and Big Black, rs. 38 
ms., base on Jefferson 30,area 380 sq. ms. Ex- 1 
tending in lat. from 31° 53' to 32° 11', and in 
long, from 13° 50' to 14° 20' from W. C. 
Along the Mississippi and Big Black rivers 
the bottoms are level, extremely fertile, but 
Subject to aiinual submersion. Rising from 
this alluvial border, the country is elevated 
into hills, which towards the rivers are fer- 
tile, but receding eastward the pine forest 
and sterile soil commence. Bayou Pierre 
{Stony Creek), a fine stream bordered with ex- 
cellent landj^flows to the b. s. w. and drains 
the central part of the co. ; staple, cotton. 
Chief town, Gibsonport. Pop. 1820, 5,963, 
1830, 9,787. 

Claiborne, parish of Lo. as laid down by 
Tanner, is bounded e. by the parish of 
Washitau.s. by Natchitoches, s.w. & w. by Red 
r. and n. by Lafayette co. of Ark. Length from 
B. to N. 65 ms. ; mean breadth 55, and area 
3,575 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 05' 
to 33°, and in long, from 15° 51' to 16° 57' 
w. from W. C. The northeast part is drained 
eastward by the sources of Bayou Terrebonne 
flowing into Washitau r. but the great body of 
the parish declines southward, and is drained 
in that direction by the sources of Dugdomini, 
Saline, Black Lake, Dacheet and Bodcau rs. ; 
the western part also contains the lakes 
Bistineau, and Bodcau. Some of the soil 
along the streams is of good second rate 
quality, and wooded with oak, hickory, and 
elm, but the body of the parish, or at least 
nine tenths of its surface, is composed of bar- 
ren hills clothed with pine timber. The bor- 
der on Red river is partially liable to annual 
submersion. The writer of this article was 
the first person who surveyed or indeed ex- 
plored this section of Louisiana. It was then, 
(1812) an uninhabited, in great part, and path- 
less wilderness. It contained then 3 white 
families, and a small Indian village, on Red 
river. By the post office list, 1831, there 
were offices at Allen's settlement and Rus- 
sellville. Pop. 1830, 1,764. 

Claiborne, co. of Ten. bounded by Clinch 
r. separating it from Hawkins e., Granger s. 
and Campbell s. w. ; on the w. it has again 
Campbell, on the n. w. Knox co. of Ky. and 
N. E. Lee, the extreme s. w. co. of Va. It 
lies nearly in the form of a right angled tri- 
angle ; base 50 ms. along Va. and Ky. per- 
pendicular on Campbell co. 28 ms. and hy- 
potenuse along Clinch r. ; area 700 sq. ms. 

U 



Extending in lat. 36° 13' to 13° 35', and in 
long. 5° 52' to 6° 48' w. W. C. Surface 
mountainous. The northwestern angle is 
occupied by Cumberland mtn. whilst Powell's 
mtn. traverses it in its greatest length from 
N. E. to s. w. Between these two chains 
flows Powell's r. s. w. whilst the co. has again 
a river border of 70 ms. along Clinch. Chief 
town, Tazewell. Pop. 1820, 5,508, 1830, 
8,470. 

Claiborne, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 
Ala. on the left bank of Ala. r. by p-r. 949 
ms. s.w. from W. C. 157 s. from Tuscaloosa, 
80 N.N. E. from Mobile. Lat. 31° 33', long. 
10° 40' w. from W. C. Claiborne stands at 
the lower falls and head of schooner naviga- 
tion in Ala. 

Clapps, p-o. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 73 
ms. N. of w. Raleigh. 

Claremont, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. on 
Conn. r. opposite Windsor Vt. Area 25,800 
square acres. Its surface, a rich gravelly 
loam, finely undulating, and furnishing the 
best meadows. Produce in 1820 : butter 
30,000 ibs. ; cheese 55,000; flax 7,500; 
pearlashes 3 tons. Watered by Conn, and 
Sugar rs. Religious societies ; Congrega- 
tionalist, Episcopalian, Baptist, Methodist, 1 
each. Lat. 43° 23'. Pop. 1830, 2,526. 

Claremont, p-v. Picken's dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 163 ms. n. w. by w. from Columbia. 

Clarence, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 18 ms. e. 
Buffalo. N. boundary, Tonnewanta creek. 
Soil, a loam, which good husbandry may 
make very productive. Its rocks, horizontal 
limestone. Schools 21, 6 months in 12. 
Distilleries 6. Asheries 13. Pop. 1830, 
3,360. 

Clarendon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 55 ms. s. 
Montpelier. Otter creek. Mill and Cold r. 
furnish numerous mill seats. Alluvial flats, 
from ^ to 1 m. wid«, on Otter creek, very pro- 
ductive, extend through the town. Here is 
one of the fanciful stalactite caves. Marble 
or limestone, plenty, and wrought. Religious 
societies, 2 Baptist, 1 Coiigregationalist. 
Mill for sawing marble, 3 distilleries, &.c. 
Lat. 43° 31'. Pop. 1830, 1,585. 

Clarendon, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
N. E, Batavia, about 6 ms. square, watered by 
Sandy creek. Soil good. It has 8 schools, 
7 months in 12. Distillery 1. Pop. 1830, 
2,025. 

Clarendon, t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 2,025. 

Claridon, p-v. and tsp. in the stlirn. part of 
Geauga co. O. by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
155 N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1820, 588, 1830, 
637. 

Clarion, r. of Pa. usually called Toby's 
creek, rises by numerous branches in Mac 
Kean and Jefferson cos. interlocking sources 
with creeks flowing nthrd. into Alleghany r. 
and opposite to those of the Sinnamahoning 
branch of Susquehannah. The difl'erent 
branches unite near the centre of Jefferson, 
and the main stream, assuming a s. w. course 
over thdt CO. and thence separating Arm- 



CLA 



106 



CLA 



strong from Venango, falls into Alleghany r 
at Foxburg, after an entire course of 60 
ms. 

Clarion, p-v. in the n. part Armstrong co 
Pa. by p-r. about 70 ms. n. e. Pittsburg. 

Clark, co. of Geo. bounded by Walton w 
Jackson n. w. Madison n. e. Oglethorpe e. 
Greene s. and is separated from Morgan s. w. 
by Appalache, branch of Oconee r. Length 
23, mean breadth 18, and area 414 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 32' to 34° 2', and 
in long, from 6° 17' to 6° 40' w. from W. C. 
The constituents of Oconee r. unite in Clark, 
and flowing generally to the s s. e. give that 
declivity to the co. The Appalache, which 
bounds it on the s. w. flows also to the s. s.e. 
Chief towns, Watkinsville and Athens. Pop. 
1830, 10,176. 

Clarke, co. of Ala. occupying the lower 
part of the peninsula between the Tombigbee 
and Ala. rs. bounded n. by Marengo, n. e. by 
Wilcox, by Ala. r. separating it on the s. e. 
from Monroe, and s. from Baldwin ; by Tom- 
bigbee r. separating it from Mobile s. w. and 
from Washington w. and n. w. Length from 
the junction of Ala. and Tombigbee rs. and 
nearly along long. 11° w. from W. C. to the 
s. boundary of Marengo, 60 ms. Mean 
breadth 20, and area 1200 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 31° 10' to 32°, and in long, from 
10° 30' to 11° 18' w. W.C. Surface hilly, 
and soil, except near the streams, sterile, 
and wooded with pine. Much of the river 
bottoms liable to occasional inundation. Chief 
town, Clarkesville. Pop. 1820, 5,839, 1830, 
7,595. 

Clarke, co. of Ky. bounded s. and s. w. by 
Ky. r. separating it from Madison co., w. by 
Lafayette, n. by Bourbon, n. e. and e. by 
Montgomery, and s. e. by Red r. separating 
it from Estill. Length 20, mean breadth 15, 
and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
from 37° 52' to 38° 10', and in long, from 6° 
50' to 7° 18' w. W. C. This small co. is ne- 
vertheless a table land. From the nthrn. 
side issue the extreme sources of the w. 
fork of Licking, whilst short creeks flow 
southwardly into Ky. r. The soil is highly 
fertile. Chief town, Winchester. Pop. 1820, 
11,449, 1830, 13,051. 

Clarke, co. O. bounded s. by Green, s. w. 
by Montgomery, n. w. by Miami, n. by Cham- 
paign, and e. by Madison. Length 30 ms. 
mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 45' to 40° 03', and in 
long, from 6° 31' to 7° 5'. From the southern 
part flows little Miami, whilst the central 
sections are traversed by Mad r. giving a 
s. w. slope to the body of the co. Chief 
town, Springfield. Pop. 1830, 13,074. 

Clarke co. Ind. bounded by Floyd s. w. 
Washington w. Scott n. Jefierson n. e. O. r. 
separating it from Oldham co. Ky. e. and s. e. 
and from Jefierson co. Ky. s. It approaches 
the form of a triangle 28 ms. each side ; area 
336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 18' 
to 38° 37', and in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 54' 
w. W. C. The slope of this co. is almost di- 



rectly s. towards O. r. Silver creek rises in 
Clark, and flowing s. falls into O. r. at the 
lower end of the rapids at Louisville. The 
surface Is broken and hilly, soil fertile. Chief 
town, ChM-leston. Pop. 1820, 8,079, 1830, 
10,686. 

Clarke, co. of II. bounded s. by Crawford, 
w. by Shelby, n. by Edgar, by Wabash r. 
separating it from Vigo co. Ind. e. and from 
Sullivan co. Ind. s. e. Breadth 24, mean 
length 45, and area 1080 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 10' to 39° 30', and in long, 
from 10° 34' to 11° 30' w. W. C. Little Wa- 
bash rises in the w. part of Clarke, which is 
traversed also by the w. and e. branches of 
Embarras r. all those streams flowing to the 
sthrd. The eastern part slopes south estrd. 
obliquely towards the Washitau. Chief t. 
Clark Court House. Pop. 1830^ 3,940. 

Clarke, co. of Ark. extending along both 
sides of Washitau r. above the influx of Little 
Missouri. The boundaries or extent not very 
well defined, but combining Tanner's map 
with Flint's description, it has Hempstead co. 
s. Pope w. Hotsprings n. Pulaski n. e. and 
Union e. Lat. 34°, and long. 16° w. W.C. 
intersect near its centre. The slope is to the 
s. e. down which pour the confluents of 
Washitau and Little Missouri. The surface 
is hilly, and in part mountainous. Considera- 
ble bodies of good land ekirt the streams, 
though the soil is generally sterile. The road 
from St. Louis, by Little Rock to Lower 
Texas passes through it, and on which two 
villages, Biscoeville and Crittenden are laid 
down by Tanner. Pop. 1830, 1,369. 

Clark, court house, and p-o. Clark CO. 
Ark. by p-r. 87 ms, s. w. Little Rock. 

Clark, C. H. and p-o. Clark co. II. by p-r. 
134 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

Clarkesburg, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Has 
Williamstown on the w. Pop. 1830, 315. 

Clarkson, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Lake 
Ontario, 18 ms. w. s. w. Rochester. Area 
about 80 sq. ms. Soil excellent. Contains 
many salt springs. Watered by 3 creeks, 
one a fine mill stream. The village is li ms. 
N. of Erie canal. Pop. 1830, 3,251. 

Clarkstown, p-t. cap. Rockland co. N. Y. 
on the w. bank of the Hudson 132 ms. s. 
Albany, 28 n. N. Y. Here are the Nyak 
hills, furnishing the red sand stone, of which 
the Capitol at Albany is principally built. 
Church, 1 Dutch Reformed. In 1808, dis- 
tilleries 3. Schools kept 11 months in 12. 
Pop. 1830, 2,298. 

Clarksville, N. Y. (See Middlefield.) 

Clark's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 
p-r. 44 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

CLARKSBtJRQ, Small p-v. Montgomery co. 
Md. on the road from W. C. to Frederick, 28 
ms. N. w. from the former, and 15 ms. s. e. 
from the latter city. It is a small village of 
one street along the main road. Pop. about 
50. -T 

Clarksburg, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. 
Va. by p-r. 260 n. w. by w. Richmond, and 
45 ms. above, and s. s. w. from Morgantown. 



CLA 



107 



CLA 



It is situated on the right bank of Monongahe- 

lar. 
Clarksburg, p-v. and 8t. jus. Lewis co. 

Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Pop. 

1830, 62. 
Clarksville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Greene 

CO. Pa. situated on the ji^int between nnd 

above the junction of the two main branches 

of Ten Mile creek, 10 ms. s. w. from Browns- 
ville, about an equal distance n. e. from 

Waynesburg. 
Clarksville, p-o. on the road from Rock- 

ville to Baltimore, Ann Arundel co. Md. 20 

ms. 8. w. by w. Baltimore. 

Clarksville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va. by 

p-r. 99 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Clarksville, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. 
by p-r. Ill ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Habersham 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 144 ms. a little vv. of n. from 
Milledgeville, on one of the highest branches 
of Chattahoochee r. Lat. 34° 35', and long. 
6° 40' w. from W. C. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Clark co. Ala. 
by p-r. 146 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa, 
and 84 ms. a little e. of n. from the city of 
Mobile. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 46 ma. n. w. by w. from Nash- 
ville, situated on the point above the junction, 
and between Cumberland and Red rs. 

Clarksville, p-v. in Clarke tsp. western 
part of Clinton co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 76 
ms. s. w. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
1,886. 

Clarksville, p-v. on the right bank of 
Miss. r. in the e. part of Pike co. Mo. about 
75 ms. by the land route above St. Louis, and 
by p-r. 126 n. e. Jefferson. 

Clark's p-o. and tsp. Coshocton co. O 
by p-r. ; the p-o. is 88 ms. n. e. by e. Colum 
bus. In 1830 the tsp. contained 246 inhabit 
ants. 

Clarksburg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Ross 
CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 56. 

Clarksfield, p-v. and tsp. Huron co. O. 
The p-v. is by p-r. 121 ms. a: little e. of n. Co- 
lumbus, and 385 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830,368. 

Clark's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Moore co. N. C. by p-r. 108 ms. s. w. from 
Raleigh. 

Clark's River. (See Oregon.) 

Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. part of 
Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 106 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. w. part of 
Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 13 ms. from Cincin- 
nati. 

Clarkston, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. 
by p-r. 50 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Clarkstown, p-v. Wayne co. ?a. by p-r. 
158 ms. N. e. Harrisburg. 

Claverack, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 5 ms. k. 
Hudson. Claverack creek, its w. 'boundary, 
is a fine mill stream. Has along the creeks, 
rich alluvial flats. Contains good limestone, 
some slate, some lead, and a mineral spring. 



Schools 13,11 months in 12. Distillery 1. 
Pop. 1830, 3,000. 

Clav, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
2,095. , 

Clav, co. of Ky. bounded by Knox s. 
Laurel w. Estill i;. and Perry e. Lengih 
from N. to s. 40, mean breadth 22, and area 
880 sq. ms. Ext sliding in lat. from 36"^ 57' 
to 37° 33', and in long. Trom 6° 18' to 6° 52' 
w. from W. C. Though some of the sources 
01 Rockcactle creek, a branch of Cumberland 
r. rise along the western border of Clay, the 
body of the co. is drained by, and nearly com- 
mensurate with the valley of the southeast 
Fork of Ky. r. and slopes northwardly. The 
soil is generally thin. Chief t. Manchester. 
Pop. 1830, 3,548. 

Clav, co. of Ind. bounded s. w. by Sullivan, 
w. and N. w. by Vigo, n. by Parke, ^. e. by 
Putnam, e. and s. e. by Owen, and s. by 
Greene. Length from s. to n. 30 ms. mean 
breadth 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 12' to 39° 38', and in long, 
from 9° 58' to 10° 18' w. from W. C. Slopes 
to the sthrd. and is drained by Eel r. a branch 
of the w. fork of White r. Creeks, flowing 
wstrd. into the Wabash r. rise along the 
wstrn. border of Clay, but the body of the co. 
is in the valley of Eel r. Chief t. Bowling 
Green. Pop. 1830, 1,616. 

Clay, co. of II. bounded s. e. by Edwards, 
s. by Wayne, s. w. by Marion, n. w. by Fay- 
ette, N. and N. E. by Crawford, and e. by 
Lawrence. Length 32 ms. breadth 21, and 
area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 
37' to 38° 54', and in long, from 11° 9' to 11«» 
44' w. from W. C. The main stream of Lit- 
tle Wabash enters the nthrn. border from Fay. 
ette, and inflecting to s. e. receives nume- 
rous creeks from, and traverses Clay, issuing 
from it in the s. e. angle. Chief t. Maysville. 
Pop. 1830, 755. 

Clay, co. of Mo. bounded on the w. by the 
w. boundary of the state, and n. and n. e. by 
country not yet laid out into cos. ; e. it has 
Ray CO., and s. the Missouri r. separating it 
from Jackson co. Breadth from e. to w. 22, 
mean length from s. to n. 30, and area 660 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 04' to 
39° 34', and in long, from 17° 06' to 17° 28' 
w. from W.C. Chief t. Liberty. Pop. 1830, 
5,338. The Kansas r. enters the Missouri 
directly opposite the s. w. angle of this co. at 
a distance by the p-r. of 1170 ms. w. from 
W.C. 

Claysville, p-v. on the U. S. turnpike road, 
Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 222 ms. w. Har- 
risbujji, and 10 ms. s. w. by w. from the 
borough of Washington. 

Claysville, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 
92 ms. e. Columbus. 

Claysville, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by 
p-r. 92 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Claysville, p-v. in the e. part Harrison co. 
Ky. by p-r. 50 ms. n. of e. Frankfort. 

Clayton or Claytonsville, p-v. and st. jus. 
Rabun co. Geo. by p-r. 611 ms. s. w. a little 
w. of W. C. and 174 ms. n. Milledgeville. It 



CLE 



108 



CLI 



is situated at the southern base of Blue Ridge, I It has the usual co. buildings, upwards of 40 
between the Chatuga and Turoree branches stores, 9 or 10 groceries, a number of taverns, 
of Tugaloo r. and is the most northern co. t. 200 dwelling houses, and 4 or 5 churches 



of Geo. 

Ci.AYTONviLLE, p-0. Buucombe CO. N. C. 
286 nis. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Clay Village, p-v. Shelby co. Ky. 16 ms. 
w. Frankfort. 

Clear Creek, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by 
p-r. 168 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, 

Clear Creek and p-o. Richland co. O. 
The p-o. by p-r. 96 ms. e. of n. Columbus. 

Clear Creek, p-o. in the n. part of Sanga- 
mon CO. II. by p-r. 96 ms. w. of n. Vandalia. 
Clearfield, co. of Fa. bounded s. by Cam- 
bria, s. w. by Ind. w. and n. w. by Jefferson, 
N. by Mac Kean, n. e. by Lycoming, e. by the 
w. branch of Susquehannah r. separating it 
from Centre, and s. e. by Mushannon creek, 
separating it from the southwestern part of 
Centre. Length from s. to n. 45, mean 
breadth 32, and area 1425 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 40° 45' to 41° 24', and in 
long, from 1° 3' to 1° 53' w. W. C. Clear- 
field is an elevated, and in great part a moun- 
tainous region. Lying wstrd. from the main 
chain of the Appalachian system, it is on the 
floetz or level formation. From the western 
border issue the extreme fountains of the 
Mahoning and Red Bank creeks, flowing to 
the w. into Alleghany r., but the far greater 
part of the area is drained by the main streams 
and numerous branches of Sinnamahoning, 
and w. branch of Susquehannah. The di- 
viding ridge of the waters, traversing the 
N. w. part of Clearfield, is elevated about 
1200 feet above the Atlantic tides. From 
this ridge the extreme western sources of the 
Susquehannah flows, e. down the mountain 
vallies, giving an uncommonly diversified 
surface to Clearfield. The soil is generally 
rocky and sterile. Chief t. Clearfield. Fop. 
1820, 2,342, and in 1830, 4,8o3. 1 

Clearfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clearfield co. 
Pa. by p-r. 201 ms. n.n. w. W.C. 129 n. w. 
by w. Harrisburg, and about 100 ms. n. e. by 
E. Pittsburg. It is situated betw^-en Clear- 
field creek and the w. branch of the Susque- 
hannah r. 

Clearfield Ridge and p-o. Clearfield co. 
Pa. by p-r. 4 ms. s. e. Clearfield v. 125 n. w. 
by w. Flarrisburg. 

Clear Spring, p-v. in the w. part of Wash- 
ington CO. Md. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Cleaveland, p-v. and st. jus. Cuyahoga 
CO. O. about 130 ms. n. w. Pittsburg, and by 
p-r. 366 ms. a httle w. of ^.w. W.C. 140 
N. N.E. Columbus, and 104 by the lan^routc, 

B. w. by w. from the borough of Erie in Erie 
CO. Pa. N. lat. 41° 32', long. 4° 42' w. W 

C. The site of Cleaveland is an elevated 
point below the entrance of Cuyahoga r. into 
lake Erie. The river here admits vessels of 
7 feet draught, and vith the outlet of the 
great canal of Ohio has given advantages and 
rapid advance to the place. By the census 
of 18.30 it contained a pop. of 1,070, and now, 
(1832) no doubt the inhabitants exceed 1,200. 



The future and securely permanent pros- 
perity of this place is evident from its po- 
sition. 

Clemonsville, •i-v. Davidson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 125 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Clemontville, p-o. Mac Kean co. Pa. by 
p-r. 201 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Clermont, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on e. 
bank of the Hudson, 45 ms. s. Albany. Area 
14,000 acres, divided into about 120 farms, 
and leased to practical farmers. The country 
seat of the late Chancellor Livingston, is one 
of the most extensive and elegant in the 
state. There are 7 schools 8 months in the 
year. Pop. 1830, 1,203. 

Cleves, p-v. in the s. w. part, of Hamilton 
CO. O. 16 ms. wstrd. from Cincinnati. 

Clifton Park, t. Saratoga co. Pop. 1830, 
2,294. (See Half Moon.) 

Clifton, p-v. Russell co. Va. by p-r. 330 
ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Clifty, p-v. in the s. part of White co. Ten. 
by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Clinch, r. of Va. and Ten. the great north- 
estrn. constituent of Ten. r. rises in Tazewell 
CO. Va. and flows thence by a general course 
of s. w. over Russell and Scott cos. 90 ms. 
Entering Ten. Clinch separates Claiborne co. 
from Hawkins, Granger and Anderson ; 
Campbell from Anderson, and thence tra. 
versing the latter, enters Roan, and unites 
with the Ten. at Kingston, after an entire 
comparative course of 180 ms. In the s. 
part of Campbell co. Clinch receives from the 
n. e. Powell's r. The latter rising in Russell 
CO. Va. issues thence in a direction almost 
parallel to the Clinch ; traverses Lee co. of 
Va., enters Ten. crossing Claiborne and 
Campbell cos., joins the Clinch at Grants, 
[boro after a comparative course of 90 ms. A 
short distance above its junction with Ten. r. 
the Clinch receives from the n. w. Emery's r. 
It may be remarked that the course of the 
higher branches of Emery's r. is directly the 
reverse of that of Clinch and Powell's r. 
Uniting the vallies of Emery's and Clinch r. 
the whole valley is about 220 ms. long ; but 
the width is contracted comparatively, and 
fully estimated at 20 ms. Area 4400 sq. ms. 
In all their respective courses. Clinch and 
Holston pursue a parallel direction, in few 
places 20 ms. asunder, each receiving short 
creeks, from an intervening mountain chain- 
On the opposite or right side. Clinch in suc- 
cession interlocks sources with those of 
Great Sandy, Ky. and Cumberland rs. The 
relative elevation of the vallies of Clinch 
and Holston differ but little from each other, 
and each stream above their junction, must 
have, from their remote fountains, a fall of 
1000 or 1200 feet. 

Clinch Dale, p-o. Hawkins co. Ten. by 
p-r. 280 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Clingan's p-o. Chester co. Pa. 22 ms. from 
Phil. 



CLI 



109 



COA 



Clinton, p-t. Kennebeck co. Me. 24 nis. 
N. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 2,130. 

Clinton, co. N. Y. on lake Champlain, 
.bounded n. by Lower Canada, lat. 45"', e. 
by lake Champlain, s. by Essex co. and w. by 
Franklin co. Greatest length n. and s. 40^, 
breadth 31. West part mountainous, well 
timbered, supplied with mill streams, iron ore, 
exceeded in richness by none in the world. 
The lake shore 8 ms. in width, moderately 
uneven, or quite level, very amply repays the 
labors of the husbandman. Rivers Saranae, 
Sable, &c. Capital, Plattsburg. Distilleries 
4. Pop. 1830, 19,344. 

Clinton, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. Abounds 
in slate equal to any in the U. S. The quar- 
ries employ 300 hands. Watered by Wap- 
pingers creek. Pop. 1820, 12,070, 1830, 
19,344. 

Clinton, p-v. Oneida co. N. Y. on the 
Oriskany creek, 9 ms. w. s. w. Utica. The 
proposed Chenango canal runs through this 
place. An Universalist seminary is building 
here, 90 feet long. On a high hill 1 m. w. of 
it, is Hamilton college, incorporated 1812. 
In 1825 one 4 story, and one 3 story building 
was erected. It has 4 professors, 2 tutors, 
and a college and student's library of 3000 
volumes each. Undergraduates in 1831-2, 
77. Commencement 4th Wednesday in 
August. 

Clinton, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the 
s. branch of Raritan r. 30 ms. w.n. w. New 
Brunswick, formerly Hunt's Mills. 

Clinton, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 23 ms. 
from Pittsburg, and by p-r. 224 ms. w. Har- 
risburg. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Sampson co. N. C. 
situated on a branch of Black r. 72 ms. s. s. e. 
Raleigh, and 18 nearly due e. Fayetteville. n. 
lat. 35°, w. long, l" 18'. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Geo. by 
p-r. 665 ms. s. w. W. C. and 23 w. Milledge- 
ville. N. Lat. 33° 01', and long. 6° 40' w. 
W. C. 

Clinton, p-v. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 25 
ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Clinton, p-v. Hinds co. Miss, about 80 ms. 
N. E. Natchez. 

Clinton, p-v. parish of East Feliciana, La. 
about 50 ms. n. e. St. Francisville, and by p-r. 
158 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ky 
by p-r. 847 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. W.C. and 
308 ms. 8. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 
82. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Anderson co. 
Ten. by p-r. 534 ms. s.w. by w. W.C. and 
195 almost due e. Nashville. It is situated 
on the right aide of Clinch r. Lat. 36° 06', 
long. 7° 8' w. W. C. 

Clinton, co. of O. bounded s. e. by High- 
land, s.w. by Browne, w. by Warren, n. by 
Green, and n. e. by Fayette. Length 22, 
mean breadth 18, and area 396 aq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 13' to 39° 33', and in 
long. from. 6° 31' to 6° 57' w. W. C, This 
CO. is a real table land, from which creeks 



flow literally in every direction. On its sur- 
face are the sources of Paint creek branch of 
Sciota, and of East Fork, Todd's Fork, and 
other branches of Little Miami. The soil is 
generally productive. Chief t. Wilmington. 
Pop. 1820, 8,085, 1830, 11,436. 

Clinton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Stark co. 
O. by p-r. 121 ms. n- e. by e. Columbus. 

Clinton, co. of Ind. bounded by Boone s., 
Tippecanoe w., Carroll n. w., the Miamis 
N. E., and Hamilton co. s. e. Length from e. 
to w. 24 ms. breadth 15, and area 360 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 14' to 4^° 
28', and in long, from 9° 12' to 9° 40' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is nearly due w. and 
drained by the eastern branches of Wild Cat 
towards the more considerable stream of 
the Wabash. Chief t. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 
1,423. The st. jus. of this co. is about 45 ms. 
N. n. w. Indianopolis. 

Clinton, p-v. Vermillion co. Ind. by p-r. 87 
ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Clinton, co. of II. bounded by Washington 
s., St. Clair s.w., Madison n.w., Bond n., 
Fayette n. e., and Marion e. Length from e. 
to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 25' to 38° 
45' N., and in long, from 12° 10' to 12° 42' w. 
W. C. This CO. is traversed from its nthrn.. 
border in a direction of s. s. w. by Kaskaskias 
r. and by Shoal creek and other of its 
branches. The chief t. Carlyle, stands on the 
Kaskaskias, and on the road from Vincennes 
to St. Louis. Pop. 1830, 2,330. 

Clintonville, p-v. Green Brier co. Va. by 
p-r. 231 ms. a little n. of w. Richmond. 

Clintonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky. by p-r. 
52 ms. estrd. Frankfort. 

Clio, p-v. in the s. part of Adams co. U. by 
p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia. 
Clockville, p-v. Madison co. N. Y. 
Cloutiersville, p-v. in the s. e. part of the 
parish of Natchitoches, La. about 25 ms. a.E. 
from the village of Natchitoches. 

Clover Bottom, p-o. Iredell co. N. C. by 
p-r. 156 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Clover Creek, p-o. Madison co. Tea by 
p.r. 159 s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Clover Dale, p-o. Botetourt co.Va. by p-r. 
160 ms. w. Richmond. 

Clover Garden, p-o. Orange co. N. C by 
p.r. 48 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Clover Hill, p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 
162 ms. s. e. by e, Nashville. 

Cloverport, p-v. on O. r. n. w. angle of 
Breckenridge co. Ky. 11 ms. n. w. by w. Har- 
densburg, the st. jus. 

Clyde, r. Vt. empties into Memphrema- 
gog lake in Derby. 

Clyde, p-v. Wayne co. N, Y. on Erie 
canal, 4 ms. n. Waterloo. 

Clymer, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. s. w. cor- 
ner, having Pa. boundary on the w. and a. 
2 schools, 3 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 567. 
Coal River, a r. of western Va. rises in 
Logan CO. by two branches, called relatively 
Great and Little Coal rivers. The former 
rises in the western spurs of the Appalachian 



COH 



110 



COL 



ridges, flows n. w. out of Logan into Kanaw- 
hay CO., receives Little Coal r. from the s. w. 
and finally falls into the right side of Great 
Kanawhay, after a comparative course of 70 
ms. The valley of Coal r. lies between those 
of Great Kanawhay and Guyandot r. 

Coal River iVIarshes, p-o, Logan co. Va. 
by p-r. 277 ms. n. of w. Richmond. 

CoALSMOUTH, p-v. Kauawhay co. Va. situa- 
ted on Kanawhay r. at the mouth of Coal r. 
by p-r. 12 ras. below and wstrd. from Charles- 
ton, the St. jus. for the co. 

Coat's Tavern and p-o. York dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. nthrd. Columbia. 

CoATESviLLE, Small p-v, on the w. bank of 
Brandywine creek, Chester co. Pa.39ms. w. 
Phil. 

CoBBs, p-o. McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. 181 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

CoBLESKiLL Or CoBELSKiLL, p-t. Schoharic 
CO. N. Y. 38 ms. w. Albany ; is watered by 
the Cobuskill, a tolerable mill stream, having 
a fine alluvion margin. Population of Ger- 
man origin. Pop. 1830, 2,988. 

Coburn's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

CocHEco, or Dover r. N. H. a branch of the 
Piscataqua. 

CocHRANsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. 45 ms. w. Phil. 

CocHRANSviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ab- 
beville dist. S. C. by p-r. 102 ms. w. Co- 
lumbus. 

CocHRANTON, p-v. in the n. part of Marion 
CO. O. by p-r. 56 ms. n. Columbus. 

Cocke, co. of e. Ten. bounded s. E. by the 
main chain of the Alleghany mtns., here 
called the Smoky mtns. separating it from 
Haywood and Buncombe cos. of N. C, s. w 
by Sevier, w. and n. w. by Jefferson, and 
N. E. by Greene. Length from s. to n. 22, 
mean breadth 17, and area 374 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 35° 40' to 36° 05', and in long, 
from 5° 45' to 6° 13' w. W. C. The surface 
is broken and hilly, being part of a mountain 
valley, sloping to the n. w. and drained in 
thai direction by French Broad and Big 
Pigeon r. Chief t. Newport. Pop. 1820, 
4,892, 1830, 6,017. 

CoDoRus, large creek, or rather small r. 
having ".ts remote source in the n. e. part of 
Frederick co. Md. flows nthrdly. over York 
CO. Pa. and falls into Susquehannah r. at the 
village of New Holland after a comparative 
course of 30 ms. 

CoDORUB, tsp. and p-o. s. w. part of York 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. s. Harrisburg. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830, 2,429. 

CoEYMANS, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. on the 
Hudson 11 ms. s. Albany, has plenty of lime- 
stone, some shell marie, 2 Dutch churches, 
1 Methodist. There is a sloop-landing at 
the mouth of Coeyman's creek. Pop. 1830, 
2,723. 

CoHASSET, p-t. Norfolk CO. Mass. 20 ms. 
s. E. Boston. Cohasset rocks, 3 ms. from its 
shore, have been fatal to many vessels. Pop. 
1830, 1,233. 



Coffee Creek, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 
270 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Coffee Run, p-o. Huntingdon, Pa. 10 ms. 
s. K. from the borough of Huntingdon, and by 
p-r. 82 ms. wstrd. Harr-ibrrg. 

Coffeeville, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Tombigbee r. Clarke co. Ala., 16 ms. n. w. 
Clarksville, the co. town, and by p-r. 120 ms. 
a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Coffyviixe, p-v. Clark co. Ky. 35 ms. s. e. 
by E. Frankfort. 

CoKALAHisKiT, r. a branch of Clark's r. 
rises in the Chippewan mtns. opposite to the 
sources of Dearborne branch of Missouri, 
and flowing thence to the n. w. falls into 
Clark's r. after a comparative course of 150 
I ms. The mouth of this r. is according to 
I Tanner at n. lat. 46° 44', and long. 36° w. 
W.C. 

Colchester, t. Chittenden co. Vt. ; w. 
boundary is lake Champlain, s. Onion r. se- 
parating it from Burlington ; timbered by 
beech, maple, ash, oak, chestnut, walnut, 
white and pitch pine. Has much pine 
plain, good mill streams, 1 distillery, 3 
churches, and 4 school houses. Pop. 1830, 
1,489. 

Colchester, p-t. New London co. 23 ms. 
s. E. Hartford, 15 w. Norwich, borders on 4 
cos. 6 ms. by 9, 50 sq. ms. is uneven ; primi- 
tive good grazing land, watered by Salmon r. 
&c. and has factories. Bacon academy, 
founded 1801, has a fund of $30,000. Pop, 
1830, 2,068. 

Colchester, p-t. Del. co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. 
Delhi, 91 s. w. Albany, is crossed by e. 
branch of Del. r. and Beaver creek. Much 
lumber is rafted for Phil. Pop. 1830, 1,424. 
Colder, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
464. 

CoLDENHAM, p.v. Montgomery, Orange co. 
N. Y. 13 ms. from Goshen. 

Cold Spring, v. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 
14 ms. s. w. EUicottville. 

Cold Spring, landing, Putnam co. N. Y, 
opposite West Point. Has the great iron 
foundry of the U. S. 

Cold Stream Mills, p-o. Hampshire co. 
Va. by p-r. 104 ms. n. w. by w. from W. C. 

Cold Spring, p-v. Wilkinson co. Miss, by 
p-r. about 30 ms. s. from Natchez. 

Cold Spring, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. 
about 150 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cold Water, p-o. St. Joseph's co. Mich, 
about 150 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. 

Cole, co. of II. bounded by Jasper s. E, 
Effingham, s. w., Shelby w., Macon n. 
west Vermillion northeast, and Edgar and 
Clark e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms. ; mean 
breadth 24, and area 1200 sq. ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. 39° 10' to 39° 53', and in long. 11° 
02' to 11° 30' w. from W. C. This co. eon. 
tains a table land from which flow the Kas- 
kaskias to s. s. w. and the Embarras to the 
s. Both these rivers have their sources in 
the country westward from, and yet attached 
to, Vermillion co. The Kaskaskias enters 
and traverses the n. w. angle of Cole, retiring 



COL 



111 



COL 



from it to the s. w. The Embarras traverses 
the CO. in its greatest length by a general 
southern course. The extreme source of 
Little Wabash is also in the s. w. angle of 
this CO. Chief town, Charleston. Not in- 
cluded in the census of 1830. 

Cole, co. of Mo. bounded w. and n. w. by 
Cooper, N. by the Missouri river, separating 
it from Boone, n. e. by the river Missouri sep 
ating it from Callaway co., k. by the Osage, 
separating it from Gasconnade co., and s. e 
and 8. by Osage r. separating it from a coun 
try not yet appropriated to co. division. As 
laid down by Tanner, Cole co. is in form of 
a triangle, longest side 50 ms. along Cooper, 
and from the Osage to Missouri river ; mean 
breadth 17, and area 850 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 09' to 38° 51', and in long. 
from 15° to 15° 34' w. from W. C. The gen- 
eral slope of this co. is to the eastward, though 
the two bounding rivers converge the Mis- 
souri to the s. E., and the Osage to the n. e. 
Moreau creek flowing from the westward and 
entering Missouri one or two ms. above the 
influx of Osage, divides Cole into two not 
very unequal sections. Chief town, Jeffer- 
son, the capital also of the state. Pop. 1830, 
3,023. 

CoLEBROOK, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 40 ms, n. 
Lancaster, 25,000 acres, has rich meadows 
on Conn. r. Mohawk r. and Beaver brook. 
Incorporated 1790. Pop. 1830, 532. 

CoLEBRooK, p-t. Litchfield co.Conn. 31 ms. 
N. w. Hartford, 18 n. e. Litchfield, on high 
ground, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. with granite 
hills, has a hard soil, pretty good for grazing, 
with many mill seats on the main branch of 
Farmington and Sandy rivers. Pop. 1830, 
1,332. 

Colebrook, tsp. and p-o. Ashtabula co. O. 
byp-r. 191 ms. n. E.Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1830, 92. 

Colebrookdale, p-o. Berks CO. Pa. 11 ms. 
E. from Reading and 63 ms. in a similar di- 
rection from Harrisburg. Colebrookdale 
tsp. in 1820. contained a pop. of 1,046, in 
1830, 1,229. 

Coleman's Cross Roads, and p-o. Edge- 
field dist. S. C. by p-r. 50 ms. wstward from 
Columbia. 

CoLERAiN, p-t, Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. 
N. w, Boston, s. N. H., has two forks of 
Deerfield river, and was settled about 1736, 
by a colony from Ireland. Pop. 1830, 1,877. 

Colerain, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 
The p-o. is by p-r. 52 ms. from Harrisburg. 
In 1820, the tsp. contained a pop. of 1,088, in 
1830, 1,194, 

Colerain, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. situated on 
the western side of Chowan r. 60 ms. s. s. w. 
from Norfolk, in Va. by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. by 
e. from Raleigh. 

Colerain Forge, and p-o. on Spruce creek, 
in the northern part of Huntingdon co, of Pa 



E. Chenango Point, 125 s. w, Albany, has 

good grazing, though hilly lands ; crossed bjr 

Susquehannah river. Pop. 1830, 2,387. 
Colesville, p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 15 

ms. N. from W. C, 

Colesville, p-v. in the southwestern angle 

of Chesterfield co, Virginia, 31 miles s. w. 

from Richmond. 

College Corners, and p-o. Prebble co. O. 

situated in the n. w. part of the co. about 60 

ms. a little w. ofN. Cincinnati. 

College Hill, p-o. at Columbia college, 

dist. of Columbia, 2 ms. n. from the general 

p-o. W. C. 

Colleton, dist. S. C. bounded s. w. by 

Cambahce r. which separates it from Beau- 
fort, n. w. by Barnwell and Orangeburgh,' n. 

and E. by Charleston, and s. e. by Atlantic 

ocean. Length from s. e. to n. w. 37 ms. 

mean breadth 37, and area 2,100 sq. miles. 

Extending in lat, from 32° 28' n. to 33° 18' n. 

and in longitude from 3° 10' to 4° 8' west 

from W. C, 

Colleton is situated almost entirely within 
the Atlantic tide plain, and is in great part a 

dead level. Besides the Cambahee which 
bounds it on the s. w., this district is traversed 
by the Edisto and gives source and course to 
the Ashepoo river. The latter uniting with 
Cambahee, contributes to form St. Helena 
sound. The Edisto, before reaching the 
ocean, divides into two branches, encompas- 
sing an island which bears the name of Edisto 
island. This island, chequered by points and 
traversed by numerous creeks, is mostly sub- 
ject to daily submersions by ocean tides, where 
the land of either the island or parts more in- 
land, have been made arable ; the soil is pro- 
ductive. Chief staples, rice and cotton. Chief 
town, Watersboro. Pop. 1820, 26,373, in 
1830, 27,256. 

Colleton, s. e. parish of Charleston dist. S. 
C. This parish is composed of a congeries 
of islands, of which the principal are Wad- 
melaw, Jones, Seabrooks, and Kiawaw. 
These low islands are enclosed on the s. w. 
by N. Edisto, s . w. by Stono, N. and e. by 
Stono, and s. e, by the Atlantic ocean. (See 
Charleston dist.) 

Collie's Mill, and p-o. in the w. part of 
Caldwell CO. Ky. 1 2 ms. w. Eddyville. 

Collins, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. Buffalo, 
is uneven, v/ith a moist loam, favorable to the 
dairy, bearing much maple, beech, linden, &c. 
and watered by Cattaraugus creek and two 
creeks of lakeErie. Pop. 1830, 2,120. 

Colli IN sviLLE, p-v. a manufacturing village 
lying on both sides of Farmington river, at 
the s. part of Canton, Conn, containing about 
800 inhabitants, of whom about 300 men are 
employed in the edge tool manufactory of 
Collins' & Co. ; established here in 1826. 
The principle article of manufacture at pres- 
ent is axes, of which about 200,000, of superi- 



15 ms. N. from the borough of Huntingdon, or quality, are manufactured per annum. The 

and byp-r. 106 ms. n, w. by w. from liar- village consists of about 20 buildings, of stone 

risburg. and wood, devoted to the business of the man- 

CoLESviLLE, p-t. Broom CO. N. Y. 15 ms. ufactory ; very neat and comfortable dwell- 



COL 



112 



COL 



ings, (separate tenements,) for about 150 
families ; a place of worship, lyceum, and 
library, for the workmen, and schools, for the 
children ; of the latter, none are employed 
m the manufactory. This village is entitled 
to particular notice, from the fact that it has 
been built up entirely by the enterprise of the 
firm we have mentioned, to whom it exclu- 
sively belongs. 

Collins' cross roads, and p-o. in the s. 
part of Colleton dist. S. C. by p-r. 137 ms. a 
little E. of s. Columbia. 

Collins' Settlement, and p-o. in the w. 
part of Lewis co. Va. by p-r. 286 ms. n. w. 
Richmond. 

CoLLiNsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Hun- 
tingdon CO. Pa. by p-r. 126 ms. n. of w. Har- 
risburg. 

CoLLiNsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Madi- 
son CO, II. by p-r. 67 ms. from Vandalia w. 

Colon, p-v. Callaway co. Ky. about 260 
jns. by p-r. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Colosse, p-v. Me.xico, Oswego co. N. Y. 

Colts Neck, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. on 
a branch of Shrewsbury r. 5 ms. n. e. Free- 
hold. 

Columbia, p-v. Washington co. Me. 18 ms 
w. Machias, 128 from Augusta, crossed by 
Pleasant r. Pop. 1830, 663 

Columbia, p-t. Coos co. N. H. e. Conn. r. 



30 ms. N. Lancaster, with Stratford mtns. s. 
from which flow mill streams, and several 
ponds, near one of which, great quantities of 
shells are found, which make lime. Few 
•evergreens grow here. Pop. 1830, 442. 

Columbia, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 22 ms. e. 
Hartford, 4 ms. by 5, 20 sq. ms. is hilly, with 
a hard, prime soil, favorable to grazing, and 
5bearuig oak, chestnut, &c. Pop, 1830, 962. 

Columbia, co. N. Y. e. Hudson r. 30 ms. s. 
Albany, 130 n. N. Y. city, bounded by Rens- 
selaer co. N., Mass. E., Duchess CO. s., Green 
4ind Ulster cos. w. 18 ms. by 30, 594 sq. ms. 
is one of the richest towns in the state. It is 
irregular but not mountainous, with Shistic 
hills e. ; slate abounding, and some lime- 
stone. South the soil is warm gravel. 
Abram's and Lebanon or Claverack creeks 
flow into Hudson r. The Warm spring at 
Lebanon is one of the principle watering 
places of the United States. The manufac- 
tures are important. 

Livingston's Manor, or Lordship, is in 
this CO. It consisted of several grants made 
in 1 684, '85 and and '86 to Robert Livings- 
ton, by the British government and extended 
lOi ms. on Hudson r. and e. about 20^. It is 
owned by his heirs, (except a part forming 
Germantown,)!ind includes Clermont,Livings- 
ton, Taghkanick and Ancram, At Ancrara 
are celebrated iron works. Population 1830, 
38,325. 

CoLUMBi.i, p-t. Herkimer co. N, Y. 10 ms. 
6. Herkimer. Pop. 1830, 2,181. 

Columbia, v. Warren co. N. J. on the Del- 
aware below the Water gap, h<s glass manu- 
factories, &c. N. w. Belvidere. 

Columbia, District of, a territory of 100 sq. 



ms. ceded in 1790 by Va. andMd. to the U- 
S. and became in 1800, the seat of govern- 
ment of the U.S. It is laid out in a square 
of 10 ms. each way, the sides lying in a di- 
rection of s. e. and n. w. or s. w. and n. e. 
Extending in lat. from 38o 46i to 38° 58' 
nearly. The capitol stands, as determined 
by astronomical observation under an act of 
Congress, 76° 55' 30" w. from the royal ob- 
servatory at Greenwich. 

Of the 100 sq. ms. included in the dist. 36 
were taken from Va, and included in the co. 
of Alexandria, and lies s. of the Potomac. A 
stripes ms. long by about IJ wide, lying e. 
from the east branch, and N. from the main 
bed of the Potomac, is included in Washing- 
ton CO. which contains the cities of Washing, 
ton and Georgetown. The surface of the 
dist. is gently undulating, affording fine seats 
for the cities, within its limits, but the soil 
in its natural state is sterile, with but little 
exception. In a commercial view, the situ- 
ation of the dist. is favorable. Ships of any 
draft are navigated to Alexandria, and those 
of large size to the navy yard on the east 
branch. The Chesapeake and Delaware 
canal, when completed, will give incalcula- 
ble advantages to Washington. The exist- 
ing roads from it in every direction are far 
from being in a state suited to their impor- 



tance. 

The civil government of the District of 
Columbia is under the immediate authority 
of the general government, and the municipal 
power is exercised by a Mayor and Corpo- 
ration. 

In 1820, the population of the dist. was 
33,039, viz. whites, in W. C. 9,607 ; George- 
town, 4,940 ; Alexandria, 5,615, and in the 
two COS. independent of the cities, there were 
in Washington co. 1,512 ; Alexandria, 941. 
Total, whites, 22,615. Colored pop. free, 
4,048 ; slaves, 6,376. In 1830, the popula- 
tion was as follows : — 
Washington city. 

Males, Females 
Whites, 6,581 6,798 13,379 

Colo'd, free, 1,342 1,787 3,129 
Slaves, 1,010 1,309 2,319.18,827 



Washington co. without the city. 
Males Females 
Whites, 1,015 712 1,727 

Colo'd, free, 163 104 267 
Slaves, 606 394 1,000 



Alexandria city. 

Whites, 
Colo'd, free, 
Slaves, 



Males Females 
2,712 2,969 5,681 
565 816 1,381 
462 739 1,201 



Alexandria co. without the city, 
Males, Females, 
Whites, 401 401 802 

Colo'd, free 76 101 177 

Slaves, 179 185 364 



2,994 



8,263 



1,345 



Georgetown, 

White, 
Colo'd. free, 
Slaves, 



COL 

Males, Females, 
3,052 3,006 6,058 
500 709 1,209 
521 653 1,174 



113 



COL 



8,441 



Total population of the Dist. 1830, 39,868 
For more particular statistical and other 
details, (see articles Washington city, Alex- 
andria and Georgetoion.') 

Columbia, co. of Pa. bounded by Northum- 
berland w., Lycoming n. w., Luzerne n. e.,Sus- 
quchannah s. e., and Northumberland s. and s. 
w. Length from s. to n. 35, and mean breadth 
20, and area 700 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 40° 56' to 41° 10', and in long, from 0° 
14' to 0° 50' w. from W. C. The east branch 
of Susquehannah river enters the eastern 
bordet- of Columbia, and flows over it in a 
southwestern direction, leaving about one 
third of the co. to the s. e. The northern 
section is nearly commensurate with the valley 
of Fishing creek, which, rising in Bald moun- 
tain, flows southwardly, and falls into Susque- 
hannah at Bloomsburg. The face of the co. 
is broken by numerous lateral ridges of 
mtns. extending in a direction of n. e. and s. 
w. The river soil is highly productive in grain 
and pasturage. Chief town, Danville. Pop. 
17,621, and in 1830, 20,049. 

Columbia, p-v. and tsp. Lancaster co. Pa. 
situated on the left bank of Susquehaimah r. 
10 ms. w. from Lancaster, and 30 s. e. from 
Harrisburgh. At this place a fine wooden 
bridge, resting on stone piers, crosses the 
Susquehannah and connects the village of 
Columbia with Wrightvillo. Population 1830, 
2,047. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Fluvanna co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of Fluvanna r. 
and near the centre of the co. lat. 37° 46', and 
in Iong.l° 28' w. from W. C. and 52 ms. n. w. 
by w. from Richmond. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Tyrell co. N. C. 
situated on a small creek which enters the s. 
side of Albemarle sound, n. lat, 35° 53', and 
long. 0° 45' E. from W. C. by p-r. 187 ms. e. 
Raleigh, and 332 ms. e. of s. W. C. 

Columbia, p-t. and st. jus. Richland dist 
and of the government of S. C. by p-r. 500 
ms. a little e. of s. w. from W. C. The real 
bearing between the two places, calculated on 
Mercator's principles, is 33° 20' deviation 
from the meridians, and the distance 406 ms. 
Columbia, is 110 ms. n. w. from Charleston, 
and almost exactly on the intersection of lat. 
34° and long. 4° w. from W. C. and directly 
opposite the union of Saluda and Broad rivers. 
This town is laid out on a regular plan, with 
streets at right angles to each other, and 100 
feet wide. It contains South Carolina col- 
lege, a state house 170 by 60 feet, 6 or 6 
churches, with other public buildings. The 
college edifices are spacious and splendid, 3 



.grant of $15,000. The college possesses a 
respectable library and philosophical appara- 
tus. Pop. 1832, 3,500. 

Columbia, co. of Geo. bounded by Rich- 
mond s. E., Warren s. w., Wilkes n. w., Lin- 
coln N., and Savannah r. separating it from 
Edgefield dist. S.C. n. e. Length 30, mean 
breadth about 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Sur- 
face waving, and soil productive. It extends 
in lat. from 33° 20' to 33° 42', and in long, 
from 5° 1' ttf 5° 40' w. W. C. Chief t. Ap. 
plington. Pop. 1820, 12,695, 1830, 12,606. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ala. 
by p-r. 872 ms. s. w. W. C. and 260 s. k. 
Tuscaloosa. It is situated on one of the 
higher branches of Choctawhatchio r. Lat. 
31°22', long. 8°32'w. W.C. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Miss. 
by p-r. 1097 ms. s. vv. W. C. 110 ms. s. e. by 
E. Natchez, and 100 ms. n. New Orleans. It 
is situated on the left or eastern bank of Pearl 
r. at lat. 31° 17', and long. 12° 50' w. W. C. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Maury co. Ten. 
by p-r. 733 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 42 ms. 
s. s. w. Nashville. It is situated on the left 
bank of Duck r. at lat. 35° 36', long, from 

W.C. io°or w. 

Columbia, C. H. Columbia co. Geo. (Seo 
Applington.) 

Columbia, p-v. Monroe co. II. by p-r. 90 ms. 
s. w. Vandalia. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Boone co. Mo. 
by p-r. 992 ms. wstrd. W. C. 57 n. Jefl^erson, 
and by the common road 130 ms. n. w. by w. 
St. Louis. 
Columbia River. (See Oregon.) 
Columbia Cross Roads and p-o. in the n. 
part Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms. e. of 
N. Harrisburg. 

Columbiana, p-v. Shelby co. Ala. by p-r. 
60 ms.. estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Columbiana, co. O. bounded s. by Jefferson, 
s. vv. by Harrison, w. by Stark, n. w. by 
Portage, n. by Trumbull, e. by Beaver co. 
Pa. and s. e. by the O. r. separating it from 
Brooke co. Va. The length from s. to n. a 
little exceeds the breadth, but the whole co. 
approaches to near a square of 30 ms. each 
side, or 900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
40° 32' to 41° N., and in long, from 3° 30' to 
4° 5' vv. W. C. The central part of Colum- 
biana is a table land, from which issue 
wstrd. Sandy creek, branch of Tuscarawas r. ; 
from the nthrn. the sources of Mahoning, 
branch of Big Beaver r. ; and from the e. and 
s. e. sections the sources of Little Beaver. 
Chief t. New Lisbon. Pop. 1820, 22,033, 
and in 1830, 35,592. 

Columbiana, p-v. n. w. part of Columbia co. 
0. 160 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. Pop. of the 
V. 1830, 172. 

Columbian Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg 
CO. Va. by p-r. 102 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

CoLUMBiAviLLE, V. of Hud.son and Kinder- 
hook, Columbia co. N. Y. on Kindcrhook 



stories high, but unusually narrow for the , ^„ ... - - 

length, being 210 by 25 feet. Upwards of creek, is a large manufacturing village, near 
{$200,000 has been expended by the state on Iludson r. accessible in boats, and on the 
this institution, which also receives an annual! Albany and N. Y. roads. It has 11 cotton 

15 



COL 



114 



CON 



factories, of above 2000 epindles each, and 
employs above 2000 persons. 350 calico 
printers are employed at Messrs. Marshalls' 
factory, where 4O0O pieces of 30 yards are 
made weekly. This is connected with cotton 
spinning, and weaving ; and the capital in- 
vested amounts to $450,000. 

Columbus, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 92 
ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Columbus, one of the two most southern 
COS. of N. C. bounded n. w. by Lumber r. 
separating it from Robeson, n. and n. e. by 
Bladen, e. and s. e. by Alacamaw r. sepa- 
rating it from Brunswick, and s. w. by Horry 
dist. S. C. Length 35 ms., mean breadth 15, 
and area 525 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
33° 58' to 34° 30, and in long, from 1° 40' to 
2° 11' w. W. C. Surface flat, and in part 
marshy. Chief t. Whitesville. Top. 1820, 
3,912, 1830,4,141. 

Columbus, p-v. and et. jus. Muscogee co. 
Geo. on the left bank of the Chattahooche r. 
123 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 
36', long. 8° 10' w. W. C. 

Columbus, p-v. Lowndes co. Miss, on the 
left bank Tombigbee r. at the point where the 
road to New Orleans separates from that to 
Natchez, 236 ms. n. e. by e. from the latter, 
and 276 n. n. e. from the former. 

Columbus, p-v. McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. 
153 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Columbus, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. 
Ky. situated on the left bank of the Miss. r. 
above the upper end of Wolf Island, about 
25 ms. below the mouth of O. and by p-r. 
277 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 48', 
long. 12° 12' w. W.C. 

Columbus, p-t. and st. jus. for Franklin co. 
and St. of the state government of O. Lat. 39° 
57', long. 6° w. and distant 330 (by p-r. 396) 
ms. fromW. C. Flint gives its relative position 
551 ms. from N. Y. 477 from Phil. 755 from 
Boston, 429 from Baltimore, 991 from New 
Orleans, 377 from Nashville, and 112 from 
Cincinnati. It is 216 ms. almost exactly due 
s. from Detroit. It is seated on the eastern 
or left bank of Sciota r. immediately below 
the influx of Whetstone r. the site being a 
gentle acclivity from the stream. In the 
spring of 1812, the ground on which this now 
flourishing town stands was a wilderness. 
By the census of 1830, the pop. was then 
2,435. It contains a state house, 75 by 50 
feet, with a cupola 106 feet high, a building 
for public oflSces 100 by 25 feet; the neces- 
sary county buildings, penitentiary, numerous 
and respectable private schools, and a classi- 
cal academy, four printing offices, market- 
house, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb. 
A canal of 11 ms. connects this place with the 
Ohio and Erie canal. 

There are three or four places of public 
worship, and from 340 to 350 dwelling houses. 
The relative position of this town, being very 
near the physical centre of the state, almost 
ensures its permanence as the seat of state 
government, and having a navigable canal to 



unite it with the O. r. and lake Erie, gives 
stability to commercial prosperity. 

Columbus, p-v. and st. jus. Bartholemew 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 598 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 
and 41 ms. s. s. f. Indianopolis. It is situated 
on Driftwood Fork of White r. 84 ms. a little 
N.of w. Cincinnati, O. at n. lat. 39° 14', long. 
8° 55' w. W. C. 

CoLv^^'s Tavern and p-o. Culpepper co. 
Va. by p-r. 87 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Coman'sWell and p-o. Sussex co. Va. by 
p-r. 68 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

(oMBAHEE, r. of S. C. rising between s. 
Edisto, and Savannah rs. and flowing thence 
s. E. 50 ms. receiving from the >. a stream of 
almost equal length, the Salkehatchie. The 
united waters continue to flow s. e. 30 ms. 
and fall into the head of St. Helena Sound. 
The Combahee in the 50 lower miles of its 
course separates Colleton and Beaufort dis- 
tricts. 

Comfort, p-v. Jones co. N. C. by p-r. 152 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

CoMiTE, small r. rising near the line be- 
tween La. and Miss, enters the former state, 
and traversing the parish of East Feliciana, 
falls into Amite r. 12 ms. estrd. Baton 
Rouge. 

Commerce, p-v. e. part of Wilson co. Ten. 
43 ms. e. Nashville. 

CoMMUNiPA, V. Bergen co. N. J. w. side 
N. Y. bay, opposite s. end Manhattan Island, 
2 ms. s. w. Jersey City, on low lands ; sends 
oysters, &c. to N. Y. market. 

Concord, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 55 ms. 
from Augusta, w. side Kennebec r. Pop. 
1830,391. 

Concord, p-t. Menimack co. N. H. cap. 
of the state, 45 ms. w. n. w. Portsmouth, 62 
ms. w. N. w. Boston, 505 Washington. Long. 
71° 30' w., lat. 43° 12' n. on both sides of 
Merrimack r. on which are rich meadows ; 
40,918 acres, of which 1800 are water. It 
has 5 ponds, is crossed by Contoocook r. and 
has Sewalls, Turkey and Garvins falls on 
Merrimack r. with locks for navigation on the 
last. The river boating company have stores 
on the bank, and boat navigation extends 
through Middlesex canal to Boston. Pine 
grows on the low grounds. The upland is 
very good. First settled 1724, and suffered 
from the Indians 1744. The village of Con- 
cord is handsomely built, on 2 principal 
streets w. Merrimack r. and has the state 
house and state prison, of granite. A bank- 
ing capital of $200,0 0. A saving's bank, 
large hotels, churches, newspaper offices, &c. 
Pop. 1830, 3,727. 

Concord, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n. e. 
Haverhill, 28 ms. n.n. e. Lancaster. Con- 
tains 29,130 acres, is crossed by Ammonoo- 
suc r. and other streams, with ponds, rich 
meadows, good uplands, and poor plains. 
Maple sugar is made, and iron ore, used in 
the Franconia furnaces, is dug in the e. part of 
this town. Pop. not in the census. 
Concord, p-t. Essex co. Vt. n. Conn. r. 38 



CON 



115 



CON 



ma. E. by n. Montpelier. First settled 1788 ;jpart, asevery where else in Louisiana, where 
has an academy, incorporated 1823, is partly I annual floods prevail, is composed of narrow 
watered by Moose r., uneven, with good strips along the streams. Staple, cotton, 
grazing, and some tillage, 9 school districts. Chief t. Concordia. Pop. 1820,2,626,1830, 



Pop. 1830, 1,031 

Concord, r. Middlesex co. Mass. runs n. 
and joins Merrimack r. at Chelmsford, after 
serving as the only feeder to the Middlesex 
canal. 

Concord, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 18 ms 



4,662. 

Concordia, lake of La. in the parish of 
Concordia, evidently once a bend of the 
Miss. r. It is about 5 ms. long, curving to 
the wstrd. with a breadth of between \ and 
^ a m. connected with the Miss, by an outlet 



N.Boston, crossed by Concord r. ; incorpo- Which leaves that stream directly opposite 
rated 1635; has some good meadows, light Natchez. 

soil on the plains, and gravelly loam on the Concordia, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Con- 
hills. In the battle of Concord, iOih April, cordia, La. situated on the right banls. of the 
1775, the militia drove back the British light i Miss, opposite Natchez. 



infantry, under colonel Smith and major Pit- 
cairne, who had come from Boston to destroy 
military stores deposited here. The action 
was at the bridge, and with that at Lexington, 
on the same day, caused the first bloodshed 



Concordia, p-v. in the w. part of Dark co. 
O. 109 ms. N. of w. Columbus. 

CoNECocHEAGUE, r. of Pa. and Md. rises in 
the former by two branclies, the western in 
the northern part of Franklin co. interlocking 



in the revolutionary war. The provincial j sources with those of Tuscarora creek ; the 



congress met here 1774. Pop. 1830, 2,017. 

Concord, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. s. e. 
Buffalo, N. Cattaraugus cr. whose branches 
water it, with some of Cazenovia creek, &c. 
has a moist loam, good for grazing and bear- 
ing beech, maple, bass, &;c. Pop. 1830, 
1,924. 

Concord, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms 



eastern rises in Adam's co. but flowing wstrd. 
enters Cumberland, interlocking sources with 
those of the Monocacy, Conewago, and Co- 
nedogwinet, passing Chambersburg, the e. 
branch turns to s. s. w. and uniting below 
Greencastle with the wstrn. enters Washing, 
ton in Md. and falls into the Potomac at 
Williamsport. The valley of Conecocheague 



N. w. Ballston Spa, is crossed by Sacandagalis about 40 ms. in length, by a mean breadth 



creek and Kayderosseras mtn. Pop. 1830, 
758. 

Concord, meeting house, and p-o. Del. 
CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. Wilmington, 

Concord, small p-v. Franlin co. Pa. situated 
on the headof Tuscarora creek, near the ex- 
treme nthrn. angle of the co. about 45 ms. 
nearly due w. Harrisburg. 

Concord, small p-v. on the head of Broad 
creek, branch of Nantikoke r. Sussex co. 
Del. 40 ms. s. Dover. 

Concord, p-v. Campbell co. Va. 118 ms. w. 
Richmond. 

Concord, p-v. and sf. jus. Cabarras co. 
N. C. situated on a branch of Rocky r. by 
p-r. 140 ms. s. of w. Raleigh. Lat 35° 26', 
long. 3^ 32' w. W. C. 

Concord, p-v. Decatur co. Geo. by p-r. 186 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Concord, p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. part of 
Geauga CO. O. by p-r. 163 ms. n. e. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 979. 

Concord, p-v. in the s. part White co. II. 
10 ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for the co. 

Concordia, parish of La. bounded by Miss. 
r. E. and s., by Red r. s. w., and by Owachitta 
and Tensaw rs. w. Length 120, breadth 
unequal, but average about 10; area about 
1200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 3 . ° to 
about 32°, and long, from 14° to 14° 50' w. 
\V^. C. It is a long level peninsula, falling 
by a very gentle slope from the Miss, to- 
wards Owachitta and Tensaw rs. It is much 
traversed by interlocking lakes and water 
courses, with an exuberantly fertile soil, but 
at least nine tenths liable to annual submer- 
sion. In its natural state a very dense forest 
covered the whole land surface. The arable 



of 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. : but it is important 
from the almost uniform fertility of soil. 
From Chambersburg to its mouth, this river, 
serving nearly as a line of separation, leaves 
the limestone e. and slate vv. (See Kittatinny 
valley.) 

Conecuh, r. of Ala. and Flor. rising by 
numerous branches in Pike, Butler, Conecuh, 
and Covington cos. of the former, flow gene- 
rally to the s. w. unite in Conecuh co. where, 
turning to the sthrd. enters Florida, about 2 
ms. within which it receives an inferior 
branch, the Escambia, but loses its name in 
that of an unimportant confluent ; the ex- 
treme remote sources of the Conecuh rise 
above lat. 32°, and if we include Escambia, 
the valley reaches to 30° 25', with a length 
of 140 ms. and mean breadth of 25; area 
3500 sq. ms. The Conecuh is navigable at 
high water as high as Montezuma in Coving- 
ton CO. but in general the soil of the valley is 
sterile and wooded by pine timber. 

Conecuh, co. of Ala. bounded by Baldwin 
CO. w., Monroe n. w., Butler n., Covington e., 
and Escambia co. in Flor. s. Length 53 
from s. to N., mean breadth 27 ; area 1531 
sq. ms., in lat. from 31° to 31° 46' n. and 
long, from 9° 51' to lU° 30' w. W.C. This 
CO. is drained by various branches of Cone- 
cuh r. which join the main body of that 
stream near Fort Crawford. The soil is of 
middling quality. Chief t. Sparta. Staple, 
principally cotton. Pop. 1820, 5,713, 1830, 
7,444. 

Conedogwinet, r. of Pa. rising in the 
N. E. part of Franklin, and s. w. of Cumber- 
land CO. leaving the former and entering the 
latter, gradually curves from N. to n. e. and 



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116 



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finally: nearly k. passes within little more 
than a mile from Carlisle, finally falls into 
Susquehannah, about 2 ms. above Harrisburg, 
after a comparative course of 80 ms. Th 
vallies of Conedogwinet and Conecocheague 
united, occupy the greater part of the im- 
portant mountain valley between the Kit- 
tatinny and Blue Ridge, and between the 
Susquehannah and Potomac rs. The Cone- 
dogwinet, like the Conecocheague, very 
nearly separates the limestone and slate for- 
mations. The two streams seem to offer a 
tempting means of constructing a canal to 
unite the two fine rivers into which they are 
respectively discharged. 

CoNEMAUon, r. of Pa. rises by numerous 
branches in the valley between the Allegha- 
ny mtn. and Laurel Hill, and in Somerset 
and Cambria cos. opposite the sources of the 
w. branch of Susquehannah, Juniata, and a 
branch of Potomac, and in the same valley 
interlocking sources with those of the Yough- 
ioghany to the s. and those of the w. branch 
of Susquehannah lo the n. After a general 
course to the N. w. the different branches 
unite at the lower slope of the valley, and 
the united waters pierce the Laurel Hill, 
turn to a n. w. by w. course, traverse the 
valley between Laurel Hill and Chesnut 
Ridge, and piercing the latter chain, leave 
the mountains and enter on the great wstm. 
hilly region. Continuing to n. w. by w. and 
receiving from the n. Cherry r. from Ind. co. 
and from the s. Loyalhanna, from Westmore- 
land CO. fall into the Alleghany r. at Free- 
port, after a comparative course of 150 ms. 
very nearly of similar length with the Yough- 
ioghany ; the Conemaugh valley is more ex- 
tensive. That of Youghioghany embracing 
about 4000, and that of Conemaugh 6000 sq. 
ms. Independent of the mountain ridges, the 
elevation of the higherpart of the Conemaugh 
valley is about 1,300 feet, but the fall of its 
plain so rapid, that from the summ.it of the 
Alleghany to Johnstown, where the two main 
lakes imite in Cambria co. in a direct dis- 
tance of 50 ms. the descent is 1,137 feet. 
The Conemaugh r. has gained an importance 
much beyond its comparative size, as its im. 
mediate valley from Johnstown to the mouth, 
has become the route of the traverse section 
of the Pa. canal. 

Conemaugh, late Johnstowm, p-v. at the 
forks of Conemaugh r. Cambria co. Pa. by 
p-r. 138 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

CoNEQUKNEssiNG, r. of Pa. composed of the 
Conequencssing and Slippery Rock crs. The 
inclined plain extending from the Alleghany 
r. above Pittsburg to the summit level be- 
tween the vallies of Ohio and Lake Erie, has 
its slope of declination to the s., giving source 
to the numerous branches of Shenango and 
Conequencssing rs. or the e. confluents of 
Big Beaver r. These streams rise generally 
within about 10 or 12 ms. from the Allegha- 
ny r. and flow directly from it to the s. w.j 
The valley of the Conequencssing is nearly 
commensurate with the quadrangular space | 



ibetween Alleghany, Ohio, Big Beaver rs. 
comprising two thirds of Butler, with part of 
Alleghany and Mercer cos. embracing a 
square of about 30 ms. each way, or 900 sq. 
ms. 

CoNESTOGOE, r. of Pa. i'n Lancaster, Berks, 
and Dauphin cos. This fine stream has its 
remote sources only in Lebanon and Berks ; 
the greatest part of its valley is in Lancaster. 
The comparative length of Conestogoe is 
about 30 ms. and the breadth of its sources 
about an equal distance, stretching from the 
Welsh mtn. to the Conewago Hills. The 
area of the valley is 450 sq. ms. This small 
natural section includes the city of Lancaster, 
the northern and central parts of Lancaster 
CO. and is one of the best cultivated and 
most productive tracts of the U. S. A 
canal extends along the Conestogoe valley, 
from the city of Lancaster to its discharge 
into Susquehannah r. 10 ms. s. s. w. from that 
city. 

Conestogoe, p-o. and tsp. of Lancaster co. 
Pa. Pop. 1830. 2,152. 

CoNEsus, t. Livingston co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,690. 

Conewago, r. rises by its w. and main 
branch in Adams co. Pa. and by its eastern 
confluent in Frederick co. Md. The two 
branches unite in Adams co. near Abbotts- 
town, and assuming a n. e. course, fall into 
the Susquehannah, opposite Bainbridge in 
Lancaster co. after a comparative course of 
40 ms. The valley of the Conewago and 
that of Manocacy united, fill the space be- 
tween the Blue Ridge and the s. e. range of 
Appalachian system, and between the Sus- 
quehannah and Potomac rs. 

Conewago, small creek of Pa. rising in 
Lebanon co. and flowing thence s. s. w. sepa, 
parating Lancaster from Lebanon and Dau- 
phin cos. and falling into the Susquehannah, 
opposite York Haven, after a course of 15 
ms. 

CoNEWANGO, r. N. Y. rises between Cha- 
tauque and Cattaraugus cos. runs w. to the 
outlet of Chautauque lake, then s. to Alle- 
ghany r. at Warren, Pa. Length 40 ms. and 
is navigated in boats and rafts parts of the 
year, which may go within 7 ms. of Lake 
Erie. 

CoNEWANGo, t. Cattaraugus co.N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,712. 

CoNEWANGO, P-V. N. part of Warren co. 
Pa. on Conewango creek, by p-r. 222 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

CoNEWiNGO, creek and p-o. n. w. angle of 
Cecil CO. Md. 40 ms. n. e. Baltimore. The 
lower falls in Susquehannah, sometimes, 
though erroneously, called Concwingo falls. 
The true Conewingo falls are 6 ms. above 
the lower falls or head of tide water. 

Congaree, r. of S. C. formed by the united 
streams of Broad and Saluda rs. which com- 
mingle at Columbia, almost at the point where 
lat. 34° and 4° w. W. C. intersect. The ge 
neral and comparative course of the Conga, 
ree is s. e. with a sweep to the s., and thence 



CON 



117 



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B. 35 ms. ; but by the meanders the length 

would probably exceed 50 ma. ; in a swampy 
tract, between Orangeburgh, Richland, and 

Sumpter districts, the Congaree unites with 

the Wateree from the n. to form the Santee. 

(See Santee.) 
CoNHocTON, creek Steuben co. N. Y. en- 

ters Chemung r. at Painted Post. 

CoNHOcTON, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 16 ms. 

N. w. Bath, gives rise to Conhocton r., bears 

beech, maple, elm, bass, ash, hemlocR and 

grass. Pop. 1830, 2,711. 
CoNKLiN, t. Broome co. N. Y. Population 

1830, 908. 
CoNNEAUT, lake and creek of Crawford co. 

Pa. The lake is about 4 ms. long, and 1 to 2 

wide, discharging the creek southeastward 

in French creek,which it enters about 8 ms. 

B. from) Meadville. 

CoNNEAUT, small r. of Pa. and O. rises in 

Crawford co. of the former, near a lake of the 

same name, and flowing thence 20 ms. n. n. e. 

enters Erie co. in which it inflects to the w. 

15 ms. entering Ashtabula co. Ohio, and 

again turning abruptly to n. e. 10 ms. falls into 

lake Erie in the n. e. angle of the state of O. 

at the p-v. of Conneaut. 
CoNNEAUT, p-v. in the extreme n. e. angle of 

Ashtabula co. O. at the mouth of Conneaut 
creek, by p-r. 203 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 30 

ms. s. w. by w. Erie, in Erie co. Pa. 

Conneautville, p-v. on Comieaut creek in 

the N. w. part of Crawford cOt Pa. 20 ms. n. 

w. Meadville. 
Co.NNECTicuT Hvcr, the principal and most 

important stream of New England, rises in 
the highlands, dividing the United States 
from Lower Canada, the head waters of 
which, forming Lake Connecticut, are 1600 
feet above the level of L. I. Sound. Within 
the first 25 ms. of its course, which is s. w., 
it falls about 600 feet, and afterwards, pursu- 
ing a more southerly course to the head of 
Fifteen Mile falls, it has a farther descent of 
350 feet in 20 miles. Between the latter and 
the foot of Enfield falls, where it meets tide 
water, are several other descents and rapids, 
among which the principal are White r. falls 
at Hanover, and Bellows falls near Walpole, 
in N. H. ; Miller's and Montague's and Had- 
ley falls in Mass. ; and Enfield falls in Conn. 
The descent in these, exclusive of smaller 
rapids which intervene, is 236 feet. The 
general course of the river is southerly, di- 
viding the states of Vt. and N. H. ; after- 
wards crossing the western part of Mass., and 
dividing Conn, almost equally from n. to s. 
as far as Middletown, whence it curves to the 
s. E. to Saybrook, between which place and 
Lyme it empties into Long Island Sound. 
The length of the Conn, including its wind- 
ings, is 400 miles, and the valley, not follow- 
ing the course of the stream, is over 30O ms. 
long. 

The tributaries of the Connecticut are nu- 
merous ; among them are the Pasumsic, a 
large stream emptying into the Con.at the foot 
of Fifteen Mile falls ; White river at Hano- 



ver; Deerfield and Agawam, at the two 
places from which they derive their names, 
and Farmington, or Windsor river, at Wind- 
sor. Conn. These are the principal tributa- 
ries on the w. side. On the e. the most im- 
portant are Miller's river, which flows into 
the Conn, at Montague ; and at Springfield it 
receives the Chickapee, its largest tribu- 
tary. 

The valley of the Conn, presents to the eye 
every variety of scenery ; magnificent moun- 
tains, and hills, valleys and meadows, unsur- 
passed in beauty or fertility ; upon its banks 
are some of the most beautiful towns and 
villages in New England. Nearly two hundred 
small lakes, from one to three miles in 
length,are scattered over the higher surfaces, 
and are generally found at the sources of 
tributaries of the river. The Mascony in 
Lebanon, N. H. and the Sunapee, are the 
largest in the valley ; the former being 7, 
and the latter 12 ms. in length. Among the 
high lands which bound the valley, are the 
Green mountains in Vt. with peaks and rid- 
ges 4,000 feet high ; and on the e. are the 
White mountains, and Monadnok, in N. H. 
Mount Washington, of the former, is the 
highest land between the Atlantic and the 
Rocky mountains, and is 6,250 feet above the 
level of the ocean. Ascutney mountain in 
Vt. lies wholly within the valley, and is 3,000 
feet high. 

The banks of the Connecticut are annually 
overflown in the spring, and not unfrequently 
at other seasons ; the extensive meadows 
lying upon its banks receive at such times a 
rich, valuable and abundant addition to their 
soil. Numerous bridges are thrown across 
the river, the lowest of which is at Hartford. 
At the N. boundary of Vt. the Conn, is 150 
feet wide ; 60 miles below, 390 feet ; and in 
Mass. and Conn, it varies from 450 to 1,050 
feet in width. Salmon, which formerly were 
abundant in the Conn, have entirely disap- 
peared ; the principal fishery is shad, which 
is very valuable. Large quantities of other 
fine fish also abound in it. The Connecticut is 
navigable to Hartford, 50 ms. from its mouth, 
for vessels of 8 feet draft, and to Middletown, 
for those drawing 10 feet of water. Large 
steam boats ply daily between the former 
place and the city of N. York, touching at the 
intermediate places on the river. Above 
Hartford numerous flat bottom boats of 15 to 
30 tons burthen ascend 220 miles above 
Hartford, to Wells river, by aid of locks and 
canals around the falls. These are principal- 
ly towed by small steam boats, six in num- 
ber, placed on the diflTerent sections between 
Springfield, Mass., and Wells river. Two 
steam boats, for passengers, also ply daily be- 
tween Hartford and Springfield. 

The improvements recently made, and 
others contemplated in the navigation of the 
river, have already given a fresh impulse to 
business ; as is evident from the great in- 
crease of merchandise and produce trans- 
ported upon its waters, and the iacreasing in- 



CON 



ns 



CON 



tercourse between the towns and villages in 
its vicinity. 

Connecticut, one of the United States ; 
bounded n. by Massachusetts, e. by Rhode 
Island, 3. by Long Island Sound, and w. by 
New York. It lies between 41 and 42° n. 
lat. and between 71° 50' and 73° 43' w. long. 
It is 90 miles long, 70 broad and contains 
4,764 square miles. 

Connecticut was first settled in 163.5, by 
emigrants from Massachusetts, who located 
themselves in Windsor, Hartford and Weth- 
ersfield. A charter was granted to them by 
Charles the 2d, in 1662. New Haven, which 
was settled by emigrants from England in 
1638, and for many years formed a separate 
colony, was united with Coimecticut under 
this charter in 1 665. The people were great 
ly harrassed by the arbitrary and oppressive 
conduct of James 2d. In 1687, Sir Edmund 



is held twice every year in each county, by 
one of the judges of the supreme court. In 
each county also, there is a county court, 
composed of a chief judge and two associate 
judges, who with justices of the peace, are 
appointed annually. Every white male citi- 
zen of the United States, 21 years of age, 
who has gained a settlement in the state, re- 
sided in the town six months, and having a 
freehold estate of the yearly value of seven 
dollars ; or having performed military duty ; 
or paid state tax, maybe an elector. 

The surface of the state is uneven and 
greatly diversified by hills and valleys. There 
are three ranges of mountains in the state ; 
one running within 8 or 10 miles of Connecti- 
cut river, on the east side, as far south as 
Chatham, where it crosses the river and ter- 
minates at East Haven ; the Mount Tom 
range, which comeS from Massachusetts, runs 



Andross, having been appointed governor of through the whole state on the west side of 
New England, came to Hartford, and by the Connecticut, and terminates at New Ha- 
royal authority demanded a surrender of the ven in a perpendicular bluff called TDast Rock ; 
charter. The assembly being then in ses-jand the Green mountain range, which is still 
sion, were reluctant to make this surrender, further west, comes from Vermont, passes 



and while the subject was under considera 
tion, the charter was secretly conveyed away, 
and concealed in the cavity of an old oak 
tree on the estate of Mr. Wyllys, one of the 
magistrates of the colony. This charter form- 
ed the basis of the government until 18! 8, 
when the present constitution was adopted. 
The powers of the government are now divi- 
ded into three distinct departments, viz. the 
legislative, executive, and judicial. The le- 
gislative power is vested in a senate and 
house of representatives. The senate must 
consist of not less than 18, nor more than 24 
members, who are chosen annually in as ma- 
ny districts, by a plurality of votes. The 
present number is 21. The house of rep- 
resentatives consists of 209 members, who 
are chosen annually in each town by a ma- 
jority of votes, 178 towns, (the more ancient 
ones,) sending two members, 53 towns only 
one. The executive power is vested in a 
governor, who must be 30 years of age, and 
is chosen annually by a majority of the votes 
of the people. The lieutenant governor is also 
chosen annually by ihe people. He is presi- 
dent of the senate, and also performs the 
duties of governor, in case of his death, re- 
signation, refusal to serve, impeachment, or ab- 
sence. The legislature has one stated session 
annually, on the first Wednesday in May, al- 
ternately at Hartford and New Haven. The 
judicial power is vested in a supreme court 
of errors, a superior court, and such inferior 
courts as the legislature may from time to 
time establish. All the judges are appointed 
by the legislature ; those of the supreme and 
superior courts, hold their offices during 
good behavior until 70 years of age, subject 
to impeachment, or removal by the governor, 
on the address of two thirds of each branch of 
the legislature. The supreme court of er- 
rors is composed of five judges, and is held 
in each county annually. The superior court 



through the whole state, and terminates in a 
similar bluflT, at New Haven, called West 
Rock. The land is generally good, and the 
meadows on Connecticut river are uncom- 
monly fine ; but a large part of the state is 
better adapted to grazing than tillage. The 
principal productions are, Indian corn, rye, 
wheat in some parts, oats, barley, flax, grass, 
potatoes. Butter and cheese are made in 
large quantities. Sheep are extensively 
raised, and beef and pork are abundant. The 
farms are generally small, varying from 50 
to 300 or 400 acres. The winters are severe, 
but the country is healthy. Tlie principal 
rivers are the Connecticut, the Housatonic, 
and the Thames. The principal harbors, 
New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport. 
Iron ore of excellent quality is found in great 
abundance in Salisbury, and other places in 
the north western part of the state. A cop- 
per mine was opened and wrought at Simsbu- 
ry previous to the revolutionary war, but was 
subsequently abandoned, and for many years 
occupied as a state prison ; after the removal 
of the prison, a company commenced working 
it again, who have succeeded in obtaining 
copper ore of great purity. Superior white 
marble is found at Washington and New 
Milford, and beautiful variegated marble of 
the verd antique species, at New Haven and 
Milford. There are extensive quarries of 
excellent free stone, at Chatham and other 
adjacent towns on the river. 

The state is divided into eight counties, 
Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fair- 
field, Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, and 
Tolland. There are five incorporated cities, 
Hartford, New Haven, New London, Nor- 
wich, and Middletown ; and eight boroughs, 
Danbury, Guilford, Bridgeport, Newtown, 
Stonington, Stamford, Waterbury, and Kil- 
linworth. 
1 The population of Connecticut in 1810 



CON 



119 



CON 



was 261,942, and in 1820, 275,248. 
it was as follows. 

Counties. Counties. 

Hartford, 51,141 Windham, 

New Haven, 43,848 Litchfield, 
New London, 42,295 Middlesex, 
Fairfield, 46,950 Tolland, 

Of which were whites, 

Males. 
Under 5 years, 19,033 
5 to 15 35,679 

15 to 30 42,675 

30 to 50 28.203 

50 to 70 13,346 

70 to 90 4,025 

90 and above, 86 



In 1830 



27,077 
42,}i55 
24,845 
18,700 



Females. 
18,270 
33,518 
42,518 
31,151 
15,952 
4,988 
159 



Insurance stock, 53,642 

Turnpike stock, 157,362 

Money on interest, 2,087,976 

State bank stock, 3,14.S,73G 

U. S. bank stock, 17,880 
25 Quarries, and shares of, 38,350 

1 Ferry, 200 



Total, 143,n47 146,556 

Of free colored persons there were as 
follows :— under 10, 1,019 males, 1,051 fe- 
males — between 10 and 24, 1,121 males, 
1,233 females— between 24 and 36, 771 
males, 819 females — between 36 and 55, 624 
males, 667 females — between 55 and 100, 
3l3 males, 417 females — 100 years and up- 
wards, 2 males, 10 females. Total, 8,047. 
Blacks not emancipated on account of ad- 
vanced age or infirmities, 8 males and 17 fe- 
males. Total 25. 
Recapitulation, 

Whites. Free color'd. Slaves. Total. 

289,603 8,047 25 297,075. 

Of the foregoing were whites, deaf and 
dumb, under 14, 43 ; between 14 and 25, 
152 ; 25 and upwards, 99 ; total, 294. Blind, 
l88 ; aliens 1481. Of the blacks there are 
deaf and dumb, 6; blind, 7. 

The foreign trade of Connecticut is prin- 
cipally with the West Indies, but it is less 
extensive than the coasting trade. The ex- 
ports are beef, pork, horses, mules, cattle, 
butter, cheese, fish, and various articles of 
manufactures. New London, Stonington, 
and some other towns, have recently engaged 
with much success in the whaling business. 
Connecticut is extensively engaged in manu- 
factures, consisting principally of cotton and 
woollen goods, iron, glass, paper, tinware, 
buttons, clacks, leather, shoes, fire arms, 
and various other articles. The following is 
an abstract of the rateable estate and polls in 
Conn, as returned in 1831, 

42,8.52 Houses, 
2,622,676 Acres of land, 
1,572 Mills, 
1,826 Stores, 

283 Distilleries, 
1,521 Manufactories, 
183 Fisheries, 
34,250 Horses, asses, mules, 

&.C. 

237,989 Neat cattle, 
271,625 Sheep, 

Silver plate and plated 
ware, 
5,196 Riding carriages and 
wagons, 
22,893 Clocks and watches. 



$21,948,740 

50,782,455 

843,511 

1,467,748 

64,052 

1,637,149 

498,625 



1,290,094 

3,347,667 

333,657 



10,014 

238,798 
174,843 



87,737,699 

Assessments. 
On professions, 147,683 
34,466 polls, $20 each, 689,320 

837,003 

There are 19 state banks in Connecticut, 
with a capital, as officially returned, March 
1832, of $4,944,100; in addition to which .is 
a branch of the U. S. bank, capital $300,000. 
There are also 5 banks for savings, and -11 
insurance companies. 

The principal literary and benevolent in- 
stitutions areYale College in New Haven, the 
Wesleyan University in Middletown, and 
Washington College, the Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum, and Retreat for the Insane, in Hart- 
ford. A general state hospital has also been 
recently founded in New Haven. Numerous 
academies and high schools for both sexes, 
are established in various parts of the state. 
The state prison at Wethersfield deserves 
to be'mentioned as an institution creditable to 
the state. In its construction and general 
arrangements, it is similar to the New York 
state prison at Auburn. The number of 
convicts in March, 1832, was 192, of whom 
18 were females. They are kept at hard 
labor in workshops by day, and confined in 
solitary cells by night. A-prominent feature 
in the system of discipline, is the prevention 
of all intercourse or communication between 
the prisoners. The prison produces a hand- 
some revenue to the state ; the avails of it 
for the year ending on the 31st March, 1832, 
after deducting all expenses, amounted to 
$8,713 53. There is a chaplain connected 
with the institution ; a Sunday school has 
been organized, and all proper means are 
faithfully used for the reformation of the con- 
victs. 

In no part of the world has more ample 
provision been made for the instruction of all 
classes of the people in the elements of use- 
I'ul knowledge than in Connecticut. Her in- 
stitutions of learning, and provision for the 
general instruction of the people, have placed 
Connecticut on a proud eminence among her 
sister states. By the last estimate of the 
commissioners, April 1, 1831, the aggregate 
amount of the school fund of the state 
amounted to $1,902,957 87 ; and the whole 
proceeds for the year ending 31st March, 
1832, was $84,173" 83. This fund is derived 
from the sale of vvestcrn lands, and the pro. 
cceds are appropriated to the support of com- 
mon schools. Her citizens have always been 
distinguished for their intelligence, industry, 
economy, and correct moral habits. A spirit 
of enterprise has led thousands of them to 
emigrate to distant parts of the country, 



CON 



120 



COO 



where they have assisted in the settlement 
of other states and territories. Perfect re- 
ligious toleration is enjoyed in Connecticut. 
No person is compelled to support or be con- 
nected with any church or religious associa- 
tion ; and although while thus connected, he 
may be compelled to pay his proportion of 
the expenses, he may at any time dissolve 
his connection by leaving a written notice of 
the same with the clerk of such society. 
There are various religious sects in the state ; 
Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, 
Methodists, Unitarians, Friends, Universal- 
ists. Shakers, Catholics, some Free Will Bap- 
tists, and a few Christ-ians. The Congrega- 
tionalists are much the most numerous. 

Connecticut Farms, v. Essex co. N. J. 
4 ms. N. w. Elizabethtown. 

CoNNELLsviLLE, p-v. and tsp. Fayette co. 
Pa. The village is situated on the right bank 
of Youghioghany river, 12 ms. n. n. e. Union 

TOVVTI. 

CoNNERSViLLE, p-v. Boone CO. Ky. by p-r. 
86 ms. N. Frankfort. 

CoNNERSviLLE, p-v. and et. jus. Fayette co. 
Ind. by p-r. 527 ms. w. from W. C. 68 ms. a 
little s. of E. Indianopolis, and 60 ms. n. 
w. Cincinnati, O. It is situated on White 
Water r. atlat. 39° 38', & long. 8° lO'w. W.C. 

CoNOTTON, P-V. in the n. part of Harrison 
CO. O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Conquest, p-t. Cayuga co. N, Y. 19 ms. 
N. w. Auburn. Pop. 1830, 1,507. 

Conrad's Ferry, over the Potomac, just 
above the mouth of Goose creek, and p-o. in 
the w. part of Montgomery co. Md. 4 ms. s. e. 
by E. Leesburg, Va. and 37 ms. from W. C. 

Conrad's store, and p-o. Rockingham co. 
Va. by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Constable, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 7 ms. n. 
Malone, 6 ms. by 9, has a sandy loam, with 
beech, maple, bass, elm, hemlock, and 
groves of pine. Bog iron ore is dug. Sal- 
mon and "Trout rivers supply mill seats. Pop. 
1830, 693. 

Constantia, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 28 ms. 
w. from Rome. n. Oneida lake, 7 ms. by 17, 
is low and level, with good land, and some 
bog iron ore. It includes the site of Fort 
Brewerton, at the outlet of Oneida lake. 
The village on the n. side of the lake has 
iron works. Pop. 1830, 1,193. 

Contoocook, r. Hillsborough co. N. H. 
enters Merrimack r. at Concord. 

Conway, p-t. Staflbrd co. N. H. 76 ms. n. 
N. e. Concord, crossed by Saco river w. Me. 

6 ms. square, is watered also by Swift, and 
Pequacokett rivers. A sulphur spring here, 
is visited by invalids ; magnesia and fuller's 
earth are found. The banks of Saco r. are 
level and rich ; the uplands rocky. The tim- 
ber is oak, maple, beech, and white pine. Saco 
r. is subject to sudden floods. Pop. 1830,1,601. 

Conway, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 6 ms. w. 
Greenfield, 100 w. Boston, s. w. Deerfield r. 

7 ms. w. Conn. r. formerly part of Deerfield. 
Pop. 1830, 1,563. 

CoNWAYS, CO. Ark. ter. bounded s. w. by 
Arkansas r. which separates it from Craw- 



ford, w. by a part of Crawford, N. by Izard, 
N. E. by Red. r. branch of Whife r. & s. e. by 
Pulaski, length 55, mean breadth 30, and area 
1650 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 34° 52' to 
35° 40' and in long, from 14° 55' to 15° 56' 
w. from W. C. Chief t. Lafayette. 

Conway, p-o. Ark. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. 
from Little Rock. 

Conway's borough p-v. and st. jus. Horry, 
dist. S.C. on the right bank of Waccamau r.by 
p-r. 153, but by direct road, about 100 ms. n. e. 
from Charleston, and about an equal distance 
a little w. of s. from Fayetteville in N. C. 
lat. 33° 49' and long. 2° 05' w. from W. C. 

CoNYNGHAM, p-v. situated at the foot of 
Buck mtn. Nescopeck valley, and in the south- 
ern part of Luzerne co. Pa. 12 ms. a little s. 
of e. from Burwick and 20 ms. n. w. by w. 
from Mauch Chunk, on the Lehigh. It is a 
most romantic situation, surrounded by mts. 
and stretching in one street across the val- 
ley, presents to the traveller a well built vil- 
lage, containing a pop. 1830, of about 300. 

Coochk's Bridge, and p-o. in the n. w. part 
of New Castle co. Del. 62 ms. w. of n. from 
Dover. 

Cook's Law oflSce and p-o. Elbert co. Geo. 
by p-r. 65 ms. n. n. e. from Milledgeville. 

Cook's, late Broom's p-o. in the s. part of 

Fairfield co. S. C. 20 ms. n. from Columbia. 

Cook's settlement and p-o. in the w. part of 

St. Genevieve co. Mo. about 60 ms. s. from 

St. Louis. 

CooKSTOWN, p-v. on the right bank of the 
Monongahela r. n. w. part of Fayette co. Pa. 
28 ms. a little e. of s. from Pittsburg. 

CooKsviLLE, p-v. N. part of Ann Arundel co. 
Md. by p-r. 51, but by actual distance 32 ms. 
N. from W. C. 

CooKviLLE, p-o. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 
92 ms. N. E. byE. from Nashville. 

Coolbaugh's p-o. Pike co. Pa. about 21 ma. 
s. from Milford, the st. jus. 

Cool spring, p-o. Washington co. N. C. by 
p-r. 182 ms. e. from Raleigh. 

Cool spring, p-o. in the e. part of Chester- 
field dist. S. C. by p-r. 89 ms. n. e. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Cool spring, p-o. Wilkinson co. Geo. by 
p-r. 44 ms. s. from Milledgeville. 

Cool spring, p-o. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 
130 ms. w. from Nashville. 

Coolville, p-v. on Hocking r. s. e. part of 
Athens co. O. by p-r. 24 ms. below Athens, 
the CO. seat. 

Cooper, t. Washington co. Me. 164 ms. 
from Augusta, has a stream on e. border 
emptying into Coolescook bay. Pop. 1830, 
396. 

Cooper, r. of S. C. in reality the drain of 
a swampy tract semicircle, by Santee r. the 
various drains uniting about 29 ms. n. from 
Charleston, form Cooper r. which, flowing s. 
joins Wards r. form the n. and at Charleston 
Ashley from the s. all contributing to form the 
fine harbor of that city. Santee canal unites 
Cooper and Santee r. extending from n. n. w. 
to s. s. E. 21 ms. from the Santee at Black- 
oak isl, to the w. branch of Cooper. 






coo 



121 



COR 



Cooper's p-o. Franklin co. Va. 159 ms. s.i falls into the Atlantic between the mouth of 
w. by w. Richmond. Savannah r. and Caliboguc Sound, after a 

CooPERSTowN, p-v. and et. jus. Otsego co. course of 80 ms. The main Cooaawhatehie 
N. Y. 12 ms. w. Cherry Valley, 66 w. Albany, again divides into two channels below the 
21 s. Erie Canal, s. end Otsego Lake. There |eHhix of Cyprus creek, but after a separation 
is a deep valley at the outlet of Otset^o hike, of 12 ms. reunites, forming Tullyfnuiy is!. 



between liigli hills. Timber, chiefly pine 
and hemlock. The village has 3 churches ; 
1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist, 
a court-house, county bank with $100,000 
capital ; a card factory here, is chiefly worked 
by dogs. Pop. 1830, 1,115. 

CoopERSTowN, p-v. in the n. w. part of Ve- 
nango CO. Pa. byp-r. 70 ms. n. Pittsburg. 

CooPERSTOWN, p-o. in Nancoochy valley, 
w. part of Habersham co. Geo. by p-r. 12 ms. 
w. Clarksville, the co. st. 

Coos, CO. N. H. the largest in tho state, 
bounded by Lower Canada N.,-Me. e., Staf- 
ford CO. s., Grafton co. and Vt. w. with 1,G00 
sq. ms. includes the White mtns. the highest 
in the U. S. and gives rise to the 3 Ammo- 
noosucks, branches of Conn, r., and Saco, 
which enters the Atlantic. A great part of 
tho CO. cannot bo improved by cultivation, 
and is unoccupied. On Conn. r. are some 
tine meadows. It contains 25 towns and 47 
school districts. Pop. 1820, 5,151, 1830, 
8,390. 

CobsA, r. of Ten. Geo. and Ala. tho n. w. 
and main branch of Ala. r. The extreme 
higher sources of Coosa is in Ten. at lat. 
35° 05', there known by the name of Connes- 
sauga. It flows first w. but curving s. s. w. 
.70 ms. receives from the n. e. the Etowah 
r. The two branches have interlocking 
sources with the Iliwassa branch of Ten. 
with those of Ten. Proper, and the Chatta- 
hooche. Having their fountains amid the 
elevated Appalachian vallies, tho higher 
confluents of Coosa are rapid perennial 
streams. Below the junction of Connessau- 
ga and Etowah, the united waters flow 8 ms. 
wstrd. entering Ala. near Fort Armstrong, 
inflect to s. s. w. receiving but few acces- 
sions above the size of a large creek, join 
the Talapoosa at lat. 32° 28', long. 9° 22' w. 
W. C. to form Ala. having an entire compa- 
rative course of about 240 ms. The valley 
of the Coosa is about 200 ms. long, and mean 
breadth 45 ; area 9,000 sq. ms. 

CoosAUUA, p-v. on the right bank of Ala. r. 
Autauga co. Ala. 6 ms. below the junction of 
Coosa and Talapoosa rs. and bv p-r. 96 ms. 
s. E. by E. Tuscaloosa. 

CoosAw, r. S. C. is a broad and deep inlet, 
uniting Coosawhatchie or Broad r. toComba- 
hce r. on St. Helena Sound. In fact Coosa 
is the northern mouth of Coosawhatchie. In 
the languages of many southern tribes of 
Indians, Hatcliie or Ilntchy signifies river, 
and has become a suflix to several rivers of 
the southern states. 

Coosawhatchie, r. of S. C. rises in Barn- 
well dist. but entering Beaufort, flows s. e. 
30 ms, to where a branch flows from the main 
stream (o the w. This outlet, a mouth by 
the name of Cyprus creek, inflects to the b. e. 

;6 



Below the latter island a third separation of 
the waters of Coosawhatchie takes place. 
The principal stream widens into Broad r. 
and finally opens to tho Atlantic by Port 
Royal Entrance. The northern branch flows 
s. e. by E. and is known as Coosaw r. (See 
Coosaio r. and Beaufort dist.) 

CoosAwiiATcniE, p-v. on the right bank of 
Coosawhatchie r. Beaufort dist. S. C. 75 ms. 
s. w. by w. Charleston. 

CooTSTowN, or more accurately from the 
German geography, Kutztown, a fine well 
built p-v. Berks co. Pa. 17 ms. n. n. e. Read- 
ing, and about an equal distance s. w. by w. 
Allentown. 

Copake, t. Columbia co. N. Y. w. Mass. 
line ; has 2 ponds or lakes emptying into 
Claverack creek, and has Penobscot co. on 
3 sides, Roclefl" and Janson'a Kills. Pop. 
1830, 1,676. 

Copenhagen, v. Lewis co. N. Y. on Deer 
creek, 6 ms. n. Denmark. 

CopELAND, p-v. Telfair co. Geo. by p-r. 77 
ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Copiah, co. of Miss, bounded by Franklin 
s. w., Jefferson w.,ClairborneN. w.. Hinds n., 
Simpson e., and Lawrence s. e. It is nearly in 
form of a square of 28 ms. each side, or area of 
784 sq. ms. lying between lat. 31° 36' and 32° 
4', and long. 13° 21' and 13° 50'. The water 
courses flow from this co. estrd. into Pearl r. ; 
N. wstrd. they form the Bayou Pierre, whilst 
the s. w. section gives source to the Homo- 
chitto. The central part is therefore a table 
land, and the whole surface, with partial ex- 
ceptions, is composed of sterile soil, covered 
in a natural state, with pine forests, slightly 
intermingled with other timber. Chief t. 
Gallatin. Pop. liiSO, 7,001. 

CoroPA, p-v. in the central part of Lorrain 
CO. O. by p-r. 128 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

CoppERHONK, p-o. Sussex CO. ,Va. 59 s. s. e. 
Richmond. 

CoauiLLE, usually called Petites Coqiiillcs, 
Fort and p-o. on the s. point, where the Rego- 
lets flow from Lake Pontchartrain, 25 ms. 
N. e. by E. New Orleans. 

Core a Fabre, p-v. Union co. Ark. position 
uncertain. 

Core Creek, p-o. w. part of Craven co. 
N. C. by p-r. 104 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Core Sound and Core Island, Cartaret 
. N. C. The island is a long, narrow, and 
low reef, extending 20 ms. from Cape Ijook 
Out, its salient point s. w. to Cedar Inlet. 
The Sound stretches between the island and 
mainland, from the n. e. part of Onslow bay 
to Pamlico Sound, and is 40 m.^:. long, with a 
mean breadth of 1 or 2 ms. It is shallow, 
admitting only small coasting vessels. 

Corinth, p-t. i'enobscot co. Me. l&ms. 
N. w. Bangor, bl .\iigusta. it situated near 



COR . 



122 



COS 



the head waters of many streams flowing 
into Penobscot r. Pop. 1830, 7 12. 

Corinth, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 21 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 12 w. Haverhill, N. H., 41 w. 
Windsor, 6 ms. square. P'irst settled, 1777, 
is very rough, with good dark loam, and hard 
wood trees, except the hemlock, spruce and 
furs, on the streams. Waits brook and oth- 
ers supply mills. Pop. 18.30, 1,953. 

Corinth, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
N. Ballston Spa, s. w. Hudson river, at the 
Great Falls 30 feet cataract, and one and a i 
ms. above, has a smooth and sandy land above 
the falls, with white pine and beech ; 
broken, stony and loamy below. Palmer's 
town mtn. is s. and Kayadarossoras mtn. w. 
At Hadley, or Jessups landing, is a village, 
and rafts go from the sands bank 1^ ms. be- 
low. About 100 yards above Great Falls is 
a chasm, 12 feet wide, 20 long, and very 
deep, through which the entire river passes 
at low water. Limestone abounds ; and 
oxides of iron used for paints. Population 
1830, 1,412. 

Cork, p-v. in the n. part Ashtabula co. O. 
by p-r. 187 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

CoRLEARS Hook, city of New York, the n. 
E. point of the city, at the turn in the Sound. 
Corn Creek, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 
59 ms. N. Frankfort. 

Corneliusville, p-o. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 
88 ms. N. Frankfort. 

CoRNERSBURG, p-v. Trumbull CO. O. about 
150 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Cornish, p-t. York co. Me. 50 ms. n. 
York, 83 Augusta, south Ossipee river, 
where it joins the Saco. Population 1830, 
1,23.5. 

CoRMSH, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 17 ms. n. 
CharlestQwn, 50 Concord, 108 Boston, e. 
Conn. r. 23,160 acres, is fertile, except near 
the river. A few mill seats are on Blow-me 
down and Briant brooks. Settled 1765 from 
Sutton, Mass., seceded from N. H. 1778, with 
15 other towns. Pop. 1830, 1,235 

Cornishes' p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala. by 
p-r. 119 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Cornville, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 11 ms. 
E. N. e. Norridgewock, 38 Augusta, is crossed 
by a small tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 
1830, 1,104. 

Cornwall, t. Addison co. Vt. on Otter 
creek, 3 ms. s. w. Middleburj', 75 ms. n. 
Bennington, 36 ms. s. Burlington. Settled 
1774, deserted '77, and resettled from Conn. 
1784, is generally level, and crossed by Le- 
monfair r. has no good mill seals, but a large 
swamp, 7 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,264. 
Cornwall, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 10 ms. 
N. Litchfield, 38 w. Hartford, and 48 n. w. 
New Haven, e. Housatonic river, 9 by 5, 46 
square miles, has mtns. and mountainous 



their school here 1816, and educated many 
young men from heathen countries. Pop. 
1830, 1,714. 

Cornwall, t. Orange co. N. York, 52 ms. 
N. N. York, 108 s. Albany, w. Hudson river, 
is mountainous, but has good pasturage, and 
some level lands north, where Murderers 
creek supplies mills. 

The village landing sends wood and stone 
to N. York. West Point in this town is a 
tract of land owned by the United States, 
bordering on the North river, where is the 
military academy, and the professors quar- 
ters ; the barracks and parade ground are on 
a level 182 feet above Hudson river, above 
which on a mtn. are the remains of Fort 
Putnam, and in front, those of Fort Clinton, 
built in the revolution, when this was an im- 
portant military post. Sir Henry Clinton 
forced his passage here in 1777, to cooperate 
with Gen. Burgoyne, but after burning Kings- 
ton, &c. returned to N. Y. Gen. Arnold's 
treasonable design was to betray West Point 
to the British. There is a large hotel, and a 
monument to Kosciusko, erected by the ca- 
dets. Pop. 1830, 3,485. 

CoRowAUGH, creek, swamp, and p-o. s. w. 
part of the Isle of Wight co. Va. 35 ms. s. w. 
Norfolk. 

Cormnna, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 53 ms. 
Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,079. 

Cortland, co. N. Y. bounded by Ononda- 
ga CO. N., Madison and Chenango cos. e., 
Broome and Tioga cos. s., Tompkins and 
Cayuga cos. w., an oblong 19 ms. by 25, 
475 square ms., has 9 towns, many brooks. 
Tioughnioga creek nearly through it. Osse- 
lie creek in the s. e. ; it gives rise to bran- 
ches of Owego creek and Cayuga lake ; 
mill sites abounds. The soils chiefly yellow- 
ish loam, on warm gravel, uneven but ex- 
cellent for grain and grass, bears maple, elm, 
bass, butternut, pine, &.c. There are some 
salt and sulph. hyd. and chalybeate springs, 
and iron ore. The N. w. corner touches the 
s. end of Skeneateles lake. Cortland village 
is the capital. Pop. 1820, 16,507, 1830, 
23,753. 

Cortland, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 40 ms. 
N. N. York, 104 s. Albany, e. Hudson river, 
has 2 post vs. Cortlandt t. Peekskill, Peeks- 
kill creek and Croton river afford many mill 
sites, and it includes the s. peaks of the 
Highlands, Vcrplanks point where was Fort 
Lafayette, and Tellers point. Pop. 1830, 
3,840. 

Cortlandtvslle, p-t. and cap. Cortlandt 
CO. N. Y. 140 ms. w. Albany, on Tioughnioga 
at the bend, and contains Cortlandt village 
and Port Watson. Pop. 1830, 3,673. 

CoRYDON. p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ind. 
by p-r. 614 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 124 



hills, of granite and limestone, with black ms. s. Indianopolis, and 20 ms. a little s. of 



lead, porcelain clay. Some of (he large: 
vallies have rich calc loam. It yields oak, 
chestnut, maple &-c. grain, grass, beef, &c. 
There aie two ponds I mile lojig, with jiick- 
erel and trout, with many mill sites. The 
American board of Foreign Mis.siou.'^, formed 



w. Louisville, in Ky. n. lat. 38° 15', long. 9" 
08' w. W. C. Pop". 1830, 459. 

Coshocton, or Cochecton, p-v. Bethel- 
Sullivan CO. N. Y. 16 ms. w. Monticello, 60 
ms. w. Newburgli, on Delaware river. 

CosuocTO.N, CO. of O. bounded southeast 



COT 



123 



GOV 



by Guernsey, s. by Muskingum, s. w. by 
Licking, w. and n. w. by Knox, n. by Holmes, 
and N. E. and e. by Tuscarawas. Greatest 
length 30, mean width 20, and area GOO sq 
ms. Extending in hit. from 40^ 10' to 40' 
27 N. and in long, from 4° 40' to 5° 12' vv. 
W. C The union of Tuscarawas r. with 
White Woman's creek to form the Muskin- 
gum river, is made a little s. e. from the 
centre of this CO. Kilibuck creek rising in 
Medina and Lorrain cos. flows to the south- 
ward over Wayne and Holmes into Coshoc- 
ton, and uniting with While Woftian's from 
the westward, the combined waters inflect to 
the s. E. to their junction with Tuscarawas 
river at the village of Coshocton. From the 
course of the three preceding streams, Cos- 
hocton CO. is formed out of as many deep 
river vallies. That of White Woman's in- 
clines to the east ; Tuscarawas in an oppo- 
site direction, and that of Kilibuck south- 
wardly. Below the village of Coshocton the 
channel of Muskingum river is nearly south 
to the influx of Will's creek, on the southern 
border of the co. The Olno and Erie canal 
reaches the bank of Muskingum a little be- 
low the mouth of Will's creek, and following 
Muskingum and Tuscarawas rivers, travers- 
es Coshocton between 25 and 30 miles. The 
northern, and about one third part of what 
surface was included in Coshocton in 1820, 
has been since united to a part of Wayne, to 
form Holmes co. Chief town, Coshocton. 
Pop. 1830,11,161. 

Coshocton, p-v. and st. jus. Coshocton co. 
O. by p-r. 336 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 84 ms. 
N. E. by E. Columbus, and 26 ms. n. Zanes- 
ville. It is situated on the left or east bank 
of Muskingum river, just below the junction of 
Tuscarawas river and White Woman's creek. 
Lat. 40° 15', long. 4° 54' w. W. C. Pop. 
1830, 333. 

CossiTAT, p-v. Hempstead co. Ark. by p-r. 
1,234 s. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. and 166 miles s. 
w. by w. Little Rock. 

CoTACo, formerly a county of Al. now Mor- 
gan CO. 

Cote Isle, post -village, Rapide parish, 
Louisiana. 

CoTOCTiN, a ridge of the i\ppa!achian mtns. 
This ridge branches from the south inouiitnin 
on the southern border of Pa. and between 
Adams and Franklin counties ; stretching 
thence nearly due s. flirough Frederick co. 
in Md. reaches the Potomac river between 
the mouths of Monocacy river and Cotoc- 
tin creek. The same ridge or rather chain 
rises southward of the Potomac and travers- 
es Loudon CO. Va. passing about 2fj ms. west- 
ward of Leesburg. In Md. the C(Hoctin has 
gained importance and celebrity from the 
controversy between the Baltimore and Ohio 
rail road company, and that of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio canal. Where the ridge 
terminates on the Potomac, it is known as 
the Upper Point of rocks and L6wer Point 
of rocks. 

CoTocriN, in the p-o. list Cotocton, p-v. in 



the w. part of Frederick CO. Md. by p-r. 46 
ms. N. vv. W. C. 

Coquille, usually called Petite Coquilles 
(Little Shells), fort and p-o. at the outlet of 
the Rigolets from lake Pontchartrain, in the 
N. w.part of Orleans parish. La. by ship chan- 
nel 31 ms. N. e. by e. New Orleans. 

Cotton Gin Port, p-v. at the union of 
Tombigbee and Notachucky rivers, and on 
the left bank of the former in Lowndes co. 
Miss, by p-r. 188 ms. n. e. Jackson. That 
part of Monroe containing Cotton Gin Port, 
has been recently erected into Lowndes co. 

Cotton Guove, p-v. Madison co. Ten. 163 
miles s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cotton Pout, p-v. on the right bank of 
Tenn. river, in the s.e. part of Limestone 
CO. Ala. 15 ms. s. s. w. Huntsville. 

Cottonville, p-v. in the s. part of Lawrence 
CO. Miss, about 80 ms. e. Natchez, and by 
p-r. 1,119 s. w. W. C. 

CoTRELLviLLE, p-v. on the right bank of St. 
Clair river, s. e. part of St. Clair co. Mich, 
according to Tanner. By the land route round 
the w. side of lake St. Clair 52 ms. n. e. 
Detroit, and by p-r. 578 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 
1830, 230. 

Councill's Store, and p-o. by p-r. 231 
ms. a little n. o w. Raleigh. 

CouNTSviLLE, p-v. On Preston creek, n. an- 
gle of Lexington dist. S. C. 31 ms. n. n. w. 
Columbia. 

County Line, p-o. Rowan co. N. C. by 
p-r. 138 ms. w. Raleigh. 

County Line, p-o. in the w. part Camp, 
bell CO. Geo. by p-r. 725 ms. s. w. W. C. and 
139 N. w. Milledgeville. 

CouRTABLEAu, river of La. formed by two 
confluents, the Crocodile, from the pine wood 
between Opelousas and R:ipides, and the 
Boeuf, from the intermediate space between 
the Crocodile and the overflowed region of 
Red and Atchafalaya rivers. The two bran- 
ches unite about 10 miles n. from St. Landre, 
and assuming a s. e. course flow 35 miles, 
falling into Atchafalaya at the lower frag- 
ment of the Great Raft. This fine though 
small stream forms a link in the chain of wa- 
ter intercommunication between Opelousas 
and the Miss, river. 

•CouRTLAND, p-v. northern part of Laurence 
CO. Ala. about 50 ms. a little s. of w. Hunts- 
ville, and by p-r. 104 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

CouRTWRiGHT, p-v. in the w. part Fairfield 
CO. O. by p-r. 18 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 382 
N. w. by w. W. C. 

Cove Creek, p-o. in the w. part of Ashe 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 432 ms. s. w. W. C. and 238 
a little N. of w. Raleigh. 

Coventry, town, Grafton co. N; H. 9 ms. e. 
Haverhill, 70 n. by w. Concord, 100 n. w. 
Portsmouth, mountainous, with some useless 
soil, watered by streams of Oliverian brook 
and Wild Amonoosuc river, has Owl's Head 
mtn. vv. Pop. 1830, 440. 

Coventry, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 49 ms. n. 
Montpclicr. First settled 1800, has s. bay 
of Mcmphremagog lake, with good soil, and 



GOV 



124 



COW 



the lower parts of Barton and Black rivers, 
which arc deep with good mill seats. Pop. 
1830,728. 

Coventry, t. Kent co. R. I. 15 ms. s. w. 
Providence, e. Conn., 6 ms. by 6, 72 square 
miles, rugged, primitive, good for grass, with 
s. branch of Pawtucket, Flat river and other 
excellent mill streams. It is much devoted 
to manufacturing. Pop. 1830, 3,851. 

Coventry, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 18 ms. e. 
Hartford, w. Willimantic river, Gi ms. by 7, 
45 square ms., uneven, with gravelly loam, 
primitive, bearing oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. 
grass, grain, &c., crossed by Skunamug r. 
which forms Hop r. and unites with Williman 
tic river at s. e. corner; Wangumbog lake is 
•1 mile by 2. First settled, 1711. Population 
1830. 2,119. 

Coventry, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
s. w. Norwich, midway between Susquehan- 
nah and Chenango rivers. The land is bro- 
ken, but much that is good, with small 
streams. Pop. 1830, 1,576. 

Covert, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. 
Ovid, E. Seneca lake, 5 ms. by 12, has mill 
seats on Halsey's creek, &c. The land on 
the lake is excellent for wheat. 

CovEsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Alber- 
marle co. Va. 22 ms. w. Charlottsville, and 
by p-r. 145 ms. s. w. W. C. and 103 n. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Covington, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
s. E. Batavia, has soil of ordinary quality, 
pretty well watered by Allan's creek and 
branches. Pop. 1830, 2,716. 

Covington, p-v. on Tioga cr. Tioga co. Pa. 
C5 ms. s. w. by w, Tioga Point. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Alleghany co. 
Va. situated on Jackson r. 200 ma. s. s. w. 
W. C. and 173 ms. w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 
48', long. 3° 3' w. W. C. 

Covington, p-v. in the s. part Richmond co. 
N. C. 14 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. st. 
and by p-r. 4l3 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 127 
s. w. Raleigh. 

Covington, p-v. and st, jus. Newton co. 
Geo. on Yellow r. a branch of Oakmuljrce, by 
p-r. 07 ms. n. w. Milledgcville. Lat. 33° 32', 
long. 6° 58' w. W. C. 

Covington, co. Ala. bounded w. by Cone- 
cuh,, n. w. and N. by Butler, e. by Dale, and 
s. by Walton co. in Flor. Length s. toN. 52, 
mean breadth 32, area 1,664 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 31° to 31° 42', long. 9° 15' to 
9° 52' w. W. C. Surface generally sterile. 
The N. w. angle of this co. is traversed by 
the two main branches of Conecuh and Pi- 
geon rs. ; the central section gives source to 
Yellow Water r. which flows sthrd. towards 
Pensacola bay ; Pea r. the w. branch of Choc- 
taw r. rises in the Creek country, traverses 
Pike and Dale, cnlcra and again curves out 
of the eastern border of C'ovington. Chief 
t. Montezuma. Pop. 1830, 1,522. 

Covington, co. Miss, bounded s. by Ma^ 



tending in lat. from 31° 26' to 31° 48', long, 
from 12° 28' to 12° 58' w. W. C. It is tra- 
versed by various branches of Leaf r. which 
flowing s. E. towards their confluents Pasca- 
goula, afibrd some good land, but in general 
the face of the co. is open, sterile, pincy 
woods. Chief t. Williamsburg. Pop. 1820, 
2,230, 1830, 2,551. 

Covington, p-v. and et. jus. parish of St, 
Tammany, La. situated on Chifuncte r. 36 
ms. a little w. of n. New Orleans. 

Covington, p-v. on the bank of Ohio r. on 
the point below the mouth of Licking r. which 
separates it from Newport, and opposite Cin- 
cinnati, Campbell co. Ky. TJie great road 
up the Ohio r. passes through Covington over 
abridge into Newport. Pop. 1830, 715. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Tipton co. 
Ten. situated on a small branch of Big 
Ilatchie r. 40 ms. n. n. e. Memphis, and by 
p-r. 225 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 
34', long. 12° 41' w. W. C. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Fountain co. 
Ind. by p-r. 654 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
81 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. It is situ- 
ated on the left side of the Wabash r. n. 
lat. 40° 10', long. 10° 24'w. W. C. 

Covington, p-v. near the n. border of 
Washington co. II. by p-r. 812 ms. w. W. C. 
and 40 s. w. Vandalia. It is situated on 
the Kaskaskias r. on the great road from 
Shawneetown on O. r. to St. Louis, 47 ms. s. 
of E. from the latter. Lat. 38° 28', long. 12° 
28' w. W. C. 

Cowan's Store andp-o. Cabarrasco. N. C. 
151 ms. w. Raleigh. 

CowANSViLLE, p-0. 136 ms. w. Raleigh. 

CowANSViLLE, p-0. Rhca CO. Ten. by p-r. 
170 ms. s. e. by e, Nashville. 

Cowdersport, p-v. and st. jus. Potter co. 
Pa. situated on Alleghany r. by p-r. 186 ms. 
N. w. Ilarrisburg. Lat, 41° 56', long. 1° 4' 
w. W. C. 

Coweta, co. Geo. bounded w. and n. w. by 
the Chattahoochc, which separates it from 
Carroll, n. by Campbell, e. by Fayette, and 
s. by Merriwether and Troup. Length from 
s, w. to N. E. 38 ms. mean breadth 14, and 
area 532 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 
15' to 33° 37', in long, from 7° 40' to 8° 18' 
w. W. ('. It lies in form of a triangle, ex- 
tending its hypothenuse along Chattahoochc, 
and its base e. and w. Chattahoocho to Flint 
r. Chief t. Newmanf Pop. 1830, 5,003. 

Coweta, p-v. Coweta co. Geo. by p-r. 135 
ms. N. w. Milledgcville. 

CowpASTURE, r. Va. rising in the mountain 
valley between the Kittatinny and Warm 
Spring mtn. interlocking sources with the 
s. branch of Potomac, but flowing in an oppo- 
site direction s. s. w. falling into, or joining 
Jackson's r. to form James r. after a compa- 
rative course of 50 ms. 

Cowi'en's Furnace, p-o. between Pacolet 
and Broad rs. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 



rion, w. by Lawrence, n. by the Choctaw ter. 124 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

and e. by Jones. Length from E. to w. 30, Cowper Hill, p-o. Robeson co. N. C. by 

mean breadth 24, and area 960 sq. ms. Ex- Ip-r. 92 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. 



CRA 



125 



CRA 



CoxsACKiK, p.f. Greene co. N. Y. 2G ms. 
s. Albany, 10 n. Catbkill, w. Hudson r., e. 
Calskill creek. Cox's creek is n. Mill 
eites abound ; there arc hills, pine plains, 
some sand and clay. 'I'he inhabitants are of 
Dutch extraction, and hold the land in fee. 
It has a valley 1 ni. \v. Hudson r. and 3 
landings. Pop. 1830, 3,373. 

Cox's Cross Roaus, in the s. w. part of 
Coshocton CO. O. by p-r. 3.'}? nis. n. w. by w. 
W. C. and 70 N. e. by e. Columbus. 

Cox's Stoke and p-o. Sampson co. N. C. 
by p-r. 95 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh. 

CoYLEsviLLE, p-o. in the w. part of Butler 
CO. Fa. by p-r. 10 ms. w. tho borough of But- 
ler, and 226 n. w. W. C. 

Crac Orchard, p-v. Lincoln co. Ky. by p-r. 
C2 ms. E. of s. Hartford. 

Crab' Run, p-v. in the s. w. part Pendleton 
CO. Va. by p-r. 19G ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
154 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Crai'ton, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 
236 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 156 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Crai'tsburv, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 25 ms. n. 
Montpelicr, 25 s. Canada, halfway between 
Lake Champlain and Conn. r. First settled 
1789 ; gives rise to Black r. which has many 
mill sites ; has Wild Branch and 5 Trout 
ponds. The village is near the centre, on 
high ground. The trade is with Montreal. 
There are 5 school districts. Pop. 1830, 
982. 

Craig's Creek, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. 8 ms. 
w. Fincastle, the co. st. 

Craig's Creek, or more correctly, Craig's 
r. is the extreme s. w. confluent of .Tames r. 
rises in Giles and Montgomery co. V^a. inter- 
locking sources with a branch of Great Ken- 
hawa, and with the extreme higher sources 
of Roanoke ; and flowing thence to the n. e. 
over Botetourt co. falls into James r. after a 
comparative course of 40 ms. 

Craig's Meadow, p-o. Northampton co. Pa. 
by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Crampton's Gap and p-o. Washington co. 
Md. by p-r. GO ms. n. w. W. C. 

Craniiury Isles, Hancock co. Me. between 
Frenchman's Bay and Mount Desert Sound, 
in the ocean. Pop. 1830, 258. 

Cranberry, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J. 9 ms. 
E. Princeton, n. Millstone r. 

Cranberry, p-v. and tsp. w. part of Butler 
CO. Pa. about 30 ms. n. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 
244 ms. N. w. W. C. and 213 ms. n. of w. 
Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 765, 1830, 
1,032. 

Cranberry Plain, p-o. Grayson co. Va. by 
p-r. 251 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Cran- 
berry creek is a small branch of Great Ken- 
hawa, rising in the Iron mtn. and flowing 
slhrd. over the w. angle of Grayson co. into 
Ashe CO. N. C 

Cranesvillk, p-o. in Williams co. O. by 
p-r. 524 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 188 ms. 
N. w. C^okunbus. 

Cranky Inland, a small island in Elizabeth 
r. V^a. only of adeipiatc size ibr u fort, which 



commands tho entrance to the harbor of Nor- 
folk. 

Cranston, t. Providence co. R. I. 5 ms. s. 
Providence, w. Providence r., n. Pawtuckel 
r., 7 ms. by 4i, 19,448 acres; level e. but 
poor soil, and uneven w. A mine here has 
furnished ore for many cannon of the navy. 
Vegetables are furnished for the Providence 
market. Pop. 1830,2,653. 

Craven, co. N. C. bounded by Cartaret 
s. e., Jones s. w., Lenoir n. w. Pitt n., Beau- 
fort N. E., and Pamlico Sound e. Length from 
s. E. to N. w. G5 ms., mean breadth 17, and 
area 1,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 
48' to 35° 23', long, about 35' on each side of 
the meridian of W. C. Neuse r. enters this 
CO. on its N. w. border, and after flowing to 
the s. E. 35 ms. opens a wide bay, which, cur- 
ving to e. and n. e. expands into Pamlico 
Sound. The surface is level, and in great 
part marshy, but with much good soil. Chief 
t. Ncwbern. Population 1820, 13,394, 1830, 
13,734. 

Crawford, t. Washington co. Mc. has a 
large pond emptying into Machias r. Pop. 
1830, 182. 

Crawford, t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
2,019. 

Crawford, co. Pa. bounded n. by Erie, e. 
by Warren, s. e. by Venango, s. by Mercer, 
s. w. by Trumbull, and w. by Ashtabula cos. 
of Ohio. Length 48, mean width 22 ; area 
1,016 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 4 1° 29' 
to 41° 51', long, from 2° 42' to 3° 36' w. 
W. C. From the s. w. angle rises Shenango 
branch of Big Beaver ; from the n. w. angle 
rises the sources of Conneaut, flowing into 
Lake Erie ; the e. part gives source to, and 
is drained by Oil creek, whilst the central 
section is traversed by the main volume, and 
several minor branches of French creek. 
The declivity of the whole co. is sthrd. Chief 
t. Meadville, Pop. 1820, 9,397, in 1830, 
16,067. 

Crawford, co. Geo. bounded by Upson 
N. w., Monroe n., Bibb e., Houston s. e., and 
Flint r. which separates it from Marion and 
Tall)ot s. w. Length 30, mean breadth 12, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
32° 30' to 32° 50', long, from 6° 53' to 7° 24' 
w. W. C. Though limited on one side by 
Flint r., the central i)art of this co. is a mid- 
dle ground, from which the waters flow 
sth. cstrd. by the Chocunno and Chupce crs. 
into Oakmulgee r., and by various branches 
s. w. into Flint r. Chief t. Knoxvillo. Pop. 
1830, 5,313. 

Crawford, co. Ark. bounded w. by the In- 
dian or Mexican ter., n. by Washington co., 
N. E. by Conway, s. e. by Pulaski, and s. by 
Clark and Miller cos. The existing bounda- 
ries must, however, be temporary, since as 
laid down on Tanner's U. S. it stretches 120 
ms. from e. to w. with a mean breadth of 
65, and area of 7,800 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 34° 43' to 35° JG', long, from 15° 
28' to 17° 30' w. W. C. The Ark. r. enters 
this CO. on its n. w. border, arid winds cast. 



CRA 



126 



CRO 



wardly over it about 100 ms. ; and thence 
turning to s e. forms the boundary 40 ms. 
between it and Conway. Tiie surface is di- 
versified by mountains, prairies, and wood 
lands near the water courses. Chief town, 
Marion. 

Crawford, co. Mich, on both sides of the 
Ouieconsin r. and bounded w. by the Miss. r. 
The outlines of this co. except on the Miss. 
are uncertain. Prairie du Chien, the st. jus. 
stands at the point above the entrance of the 
Ouisconsin r. into the Miss., and derives its 
name from a Prairie or natural meadow, so 
called. As laid down by Tanner, the junc- 
tion of the two rs. is at lat. 43° and 14° 12' 
w. W. C. The village of Prairie du Chien 
is stated in the p-o. list of 1831, as being 
1,060 ms. distant from W. C. 

Crawford, co. of O. bounded by Marion 
s., Hardin s. w., Hancock n. w., Seneca n., 
Huron n. e., and Richland e. Length from 
E. to w. 32, mean breadth 20, and area 640 
.sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 43' to 
41° 02', and in long, from 5° 48' to 6° 24' w. 
W. C. This CO. is nearly commensurate with 
the higher part of the valley of Sandusky r. 
and is drained ^. by the various constituents 
of that stream. The surface is level, and is 
a rather elevated table land. Chief t. Bucy 
rus. Pop. 1830, 4,791. 

Crawford, co. of Ind. boimded by Perry 
s. w., Dubois N. w.. Orange n., Washington 
N. E., Harrison e., and O. r. separating it from 
Meade co. Ky. s. Length 24, mean breadth 
14, and area 336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 07' to 38° 25', and in long, from 9° 
18' to 9° 4.i' w. W. C. The slope is to the s. 
and towards O. r. The surface very broken. 
Chief t. Fredonia. Pop. 1830, 3,238. 

Crawford, co. II. bounded s. k. by Law- 
rence, s. w. by Clay, w. by Lafayette, n. by 
Clark, N. E. by the Wabassh r. separating it 
from the northern part of Sullivan co. Ind., 
E. by Wabash r. separating it from the sthrn. 
part of Sullivan co. Ind., and the Wal)ash r. 
separating it from the n. w. angle of Knox co. 
Ind. (.Greatest length from e. to w. 50 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 1,000 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from '38° 50' to 39° 10', and 
in long, from 10° 34' to 11° 30' w. W. C. 
This CO. is traversed in as. e. direction, and 
subdivided into two not very unequal sec- 
tions by Embarras r. Some of the higher 
sources of the Little Wabash rise in its s. w. 
angle. The general slope is a little e. of s. 
Chief t. Palestine Pop. 1830, 3,1 17. 

Crawford, co. of Mo., position uncertain, 
but supposed to be on the head branches of 
the Maramec and Gasconade rs., s. from 
t^asconade and Franklin cos. ; about 100 
ms. s. w. St. Louis. 

Crawford, C. II. and p-o. by p-r. 136 ms. 
N. w. Little Rook, and l,t'04 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. Exact situation imcertain. 

Crawford's p-o. in the e. part of EsiJH co. 
Ky. 34 ms. e. Irvine, the st. jus. for the co., 
and by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. by w. W. C- and 71 
ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. 



Crawford's Mills and p-o. Del. co. O. by 
p-r. 29 ms. n. Columbus, and 425 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- 
mery CO. Ind. by p-r. 617 ms. n. of w. W. C. 
and 44 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. It is 
on Sugar creek, and on the road from Indi- 
anopolis to Covington, in Fountain co. Lat. 
40° 03', long. 9° 53' w. W. C. 

Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Talia- 
ferro CO. Geo situated between Little r. and 
Great Ogeechee r. 44 ms. n. n. e. Milledge- 
ville, and 65 a little n. of w. Augusta. Lat. 
33° 34', long. 5° 58' w. W. C. 

Cra\tonville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. 
81 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Creagers or Creagerstown, p-v. near the 
left bank of Monocacy r. Frederick co. Md. 
12 ms. a little e. of n. Frederick city. 

Creek Agency and. p-o. Creek ter. Ala. 
181 ms. from Tuscaloosa. 

Creek Indians, or Muscogees, stated by 
Dr. Jedediah Morse in 1820, 'at 20,000, over- 
rated perhaps, reside principally in Geo. and 
Ala. but with some scattering bands in Flor. 
and La. This once comparatively considi-ra- 
ble Indian nation has been known under the 
name of tribes, as Appalaches, Alabamas, 
Abacas, Cowittas, Coosa, Oakmulgees, Ooo- 
nees, &c. 

Creek Path and p-o. in the Cherokee ter. 
Ala. by p-r. 135 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa, and 
723 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Creelsburgii, p-v. Russell co. Ky. by p-r. 
162 ms. s. Hartford. 

Cresaptown or Cresapsburg, p-v. Allegha- 
ny CO. Md. near the left bank of Potomac, 6 
ms. s. w. by w. Cumberland. 

Criciiton's Store and p-o. in the s. part 
Brunswick co. Va. 18 ms. s. Lawrcnceville, 
St. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 209 ms. s. s. w. 
W. C. and 87 from Richmond, in a nearly si- 
milar direction. 

Cripple Creek, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Crittenden, v. on the road from Little 
Rock to Hempstead co. on Red r. Clark 
CO. Ark. 82 ms. s. w. Littlo Rock. 

Crittenden, co. Ark. boimded e. by the 
Miss. r. w. and s. w. by St. Francis r., n. by 
New Madrid co. Mo. Length from s. to n. 
105 ms. mean breadth about 20 ms. ; area 
21,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 
35' to 36°, long, from 12° 40' to 13° 45' w. 
W. C. It is composed of'an immense plain, 
in most part liable to annual submersion ; but 
where the soil is of suOicient elevation to 
admit cultivation, it is highly productive. 
Staple, cotton. Chief t. Greenock. 

Crooked Creek and p-o. n. part of Living- 
ston CO. Ivy. by p-1-. 235 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

Crooked Creek and p-o. in the n. e. part 
of Tioga CO. Pa. by p-r. 9 ms. n. Wnllsbo- 
rough, the co. st. 262 ms. n. W. C. and 156 w. 
of N. Ilarrisburg. 

Crooked Lake, N. Y. Steuben and Ontario 
COS. 18 ms. by ll, has two branches divided 



CRO 



127 



CUL 



by Blufl' Head. An outlet gives mill sites, incy Point, where the lake is 1 m. wide. Oct 



and runs G nis. into Seneca lake. 

Crooked IJiver, Mc. flows into Scbago 
pond. 

Crookf.tt, p-v. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 149 
nis. s. of w. Nashville, and 854 ms. s. w. by 
w W C. 

Crommelin, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. by 
p-r. 18 ms. from W. C. and 55 from Anna- 
polis. 1 

Cross Anchor, p-o. in the extreme s. part 
of Spartanburg dist. S.C. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Cross Canal, p-o. Cambden co. N. C. by 
p-r. 151 ms. N.E. by e. Raleigh. 

Cross Creek, v. and p-o. w. part of Wash- 
ington CO. I'a. 17 ms. n. w. Washington, the 

CO. St. 

Cross Keys, p-o. Rockingham co. Va. by 
p-r. 123 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Cross Keys, p-o. in the w. part of Union 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbus. 
Cross Lake, N. Y. Cato, Cayuga co. 
Cross Pi.ains, p-r. Robertson co. Ten. 31 
ms. N. w. Nashville. 

Cross Plans, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 
88 ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 560 w. W. C. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Jones co. N. C. by p-r. 
163 ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by 
p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Bibb co. Ala. 42 ms. 
s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Chester co. Pa. (See 
New London, Cross Roads.) 

Cross Roads, p-o in the w. part of Newton 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 10 ms. w. Covington, the 
CO. St. 70 N. w. Milledgeville, and 672 s. w. 
W. C. 

Crosswick's Creek, N. J. rises in Mon- 
mouth CO., and running through Burlington, 
falls into the Del. at Bordentown ; is naviga- 
ble several miles for sloops. 

Crosswicks, p-v. Chesterfield, Burlington 
CO. N. J. 8 ms. s. E. Trenton, 2 e. Borden- 
town, on Croswick creek. 

Croton Creek, Dutchess and West Ches- 
ter COS. N. Y. nms s. and s. w. 40 ms. into 
Hudson r. at Tappan bay, with good mill 
sites. It has been proposed to take the 
water to N. Y. city by aqueduct. 

Croton, v. Cortlandt, West Chester co. 
N. Y. at the mouth of Croton creek, where 
is a fall of 60 or 70 feet. 

Crownpoint, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
N. Ticondoroga, 18 s. Eiizabethtown, 184 s. 
Montreal, w. Lake Champlain. Level e. 
mountainous w. Contains the site of the old 
fortress of Crown Point, which was first occu- 
pied as a military position by the French, 
1731. Surrendered to the British, 1759, and 
to tlie Americans, 1755 ; evacuated and taken 
by Gen. Burgoyne, 1777 ; retaken by Ameri- 
cans the same year. It has been long aban- 
doned, but the earth shows the form of the 
fortress, which was a spar work, with 5 
bastions, the walls of the barracks, &c. on 
d low level cape, runnhig n. opposite Chim- 



13th, 1776, the American flotilla, mider Gen- 
Arnold, was destroyed off Crown Point by 
the British. Pop. 1830, 2,441. 

Crowder's Creek and p-o. in the e. part 
of York dist. S. C. The creek tails into Ca- 
tawba r. where the road from Charlotte in 
N. C. passes to Yorkville in S. C. by p-r. 101 
ms. N. Columbia. 

"Crowell's Cross Roads and p-o. Halifax 
CO. Geo. by (i-r. 229 ms. s. W. C. and 99 n. e. 
Raleigh. 

Crow's Ferry and p-o. parish of Natchi- 
toches, La. This ferry is over the Sabine r. 
by the common road 33 ms. s. w. by w. 
Natchitoches or Rod r., and by p-r. 405 n. w. 
by w. New Orleans, and 1,379 s. w. by w. 
W. C. By the p-o. list of 1831, Crow's 
ferry was the extreme s. w. p-o. in the U. S. 
Crow's Nest, mtn. Cornwall, Orange co. 
N. Y. 1,3.30 feet elevation. 

Crowsville, p-v. s. part of Spartanburgh 
dist. S. C. 72 ms.N. w. Columbia. 

Croydon, t. Cheshire co. N. H. 44 ms. n. 
w. Concord, 100 ms. Boston, 26,000 acres, is 
crossed by n. branch -Sugar river and Croy- 
don mtn. ; though moist and rocky it yields 
grass and some grain. Pop. 1830, 1,056. 

Crystal Spring, p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. 
by p-r. 176 ms. n. n. e. Little Rock. 

Cuba, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18 ms.s. w. 
Angelica, n. Pa. 6 ms. by 18. It has Oil 
creek and some branches of Genesee river, is 
cold and wet, bears red oak, ash, maple, 
beech, some evergreen. Pop. 1830, 1,059. 

Cuba, p-v. in the w. part of Clinton co. O. 
by p-r. 6 ms. w. Wilmington, the co. st. 450 
w. W. C. and 73 s. w. Columbus. 

Cockoville, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 
95 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Culbertsons, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. by p-r. 
293 ms. N. w. by w. Ilarrisburg. 

Culhreath's, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by 
p-r. 86 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. 

Cullen, p-v. Weakley co. Ten. by p-r. 
108 ms. w. Nashville. 

Culloden's, p-o. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 
68 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

CuLPErrER, CO. Va. bounded by Rappahan- 
noc r. whicii separates it from Fauquier n. e., 
by Rapid Ann river, whicli separates it from 
Spottsylvania, and Orange s., by Madison s. 
w., and by the Blue Ridge which separates it 
from Shenandoah n. w. liPiigth i'rom the 
junction of Rapid Ann and Rappahannoc rs. 
to its northern angle on lhe Blue Ridge, 42 
ms. ; mean breachh 16 and area 672 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to 38° 
51', long, from 0° 35' to 1° 20' w. W. C. 
Besides the boundary streams, Culpepper is 
watered by Thoyiton river which, rising in 
the spars of i>lue Ridge, winds s. e. over the 
central parts of the co. and falls into Rappa- 
haruioc. The surface is finely diversified 
with hill and dale, with large bodies of ex- 
cellent land ; staples, grain, tobacco, &c. 
Chief town, Fairfax. Pop. in 1320, 20,942, 
1830, 24,027. 



GUM 



128 



CUM 



Culpepper, court house, (see Fairfax, Cul- 
pepper CO.) 

Cumberland, co. Mo. bounded by Oxford 
CO. N., Lincoln co. e., the Atlantic s., York 



s. w. direction 65 ms. Below Carthage, 
Cumberland inflects to a western course, 
which it pursues 100 miles to its great bend 
in Stewart co. and thence turning to n. w. 



and Oxford cos. w. It is one of the smallest flows 75 miles to its final junction with the 
COS., but contains Portland, the cap. and in | Ohio, after an entire comparative course of 
1820, 52,000 acres under tillage, 17,000 ----- 



under 
pasturage, 17,000 upland mowing, 950 
meadow mowing, 1,000 working horses, and 
2,600 working oxen. It contains Sebago 
Pond and several others, some of which it 
has been proposed to connect by navigable 
channels. Population 18^0, 49,445, 1830, 
60,113. 

Cumberland, p-t Cumberland co. Me. on 
the sea coast, 54 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 
1830, 1,558. 

Cumberland, t. Providence co. R. I. 8 ms. 
N. E. Providence, n. e. Pawtucket r. 28 square 
ms., contains much hilly ajnd rocky grass 
land, but the rest is generally good. Has 
Abbot's mill and Peter's rivers. Cotton has 
been manufactured here for some time ; and 
700 boats have been made here yearly, gen- 
erally of oak. Pop. 1830, 3,075. 

Cumberland, co. N. J. bounded by Salem 
and Gloucester cos. n.. Cape May co. e., Del- 
aware Bay s., Delaware Bay and Salem co. 
w. Chief town, Bridgetown, is crossed by 
Slaurice river and Cohanscy creek branch- 
es. Pop. 1830, 14,093. 

Cumberland, mtn. chain of the Appala- 
chian system, and continuation over Va<. 
Ky. Ten. and part of Alabama, of the Lau- 
rel chain of Pa. The Cumberland chain, 
though not so delineated in our defective 
maps, is continuous from Steuben co., N. Y. 
into Jackson, Morgan, and Blount cos., Ala. 
along an inflected line of 800 ms. About the 
extreme e. angle of Ky. and s.w. Great Sandy, 
this chain is distinctly known as Cumberland 
mtn. and ranging s. w. separates Va. from 
Ky. as far as Cumberland gap, on the north- 
ern boundary of Tenn. Continuing s. w. but 
with an inflection to the n. w., this chain 
stretches over Tenn. as dividing ridge be- 
tween the confluents of Cumberland and 
Ten. rivers. Entering Ala. and crossing 
Ten. river at its great bend, gradually disap- 
pears amongst the sources of Black Warrior 
river. The Cumberland chain is in no part 
very elevated, varying from 800 to 1000 feet 
above the tide level ; but though humble as 
to relative height it maintains otherwise all 
the distinctive characteristics of other Appal- 
lachian chains. Extending in long, regular, 
and often lateral ridges, passable only at 
long intervals where gaps occur, or where 
traversed by rivers. The ridges are wooded 
to their summits. 

Cumberland, r. Ken. & Ten. rises in the for- 
mer fm. theN. w. slope of Cumberland mtn. in- 
terlocking sources with Ky. r. to the n . and 



360 ms. The above measurements are made 
by extending from extreme to extreme of the 
respective courses, but as the stream is in its 
particular bends very tortuous, we may with- 
out excess allow for its comparative length 
200 ms. in Upper Ky., 190 in Ten. and 50 in 
Lower Ky. or an entire comparative course 
of 440 ms. At high water it is navigable for 
boats, to near its source, and for at least one 
half its length, at all seasons. Without re- 
ference to the inflections of the river itself, 
the valley it drains is 350 ms. long with a 
mean breadth not exceeding 50 ms. area 
about 17,500 square ms. holding the third 
rank in regard to superficies of the conflu- 
ents of Ohio r. The relative difference of 
level between the source and mouth of Cum- 
berland, has never been determined but must 
exceed 1000 feet. The far greater part of 
this valley lies between lat. 36° and 37° and 
between long. 6° and 12° w. W. C. 

Cumberland, co. Pa. bounded n. w. and n. 
by the Kittatinny, or as there locally named 
N. mtn. which separates it from Perry's, Sus- 
quehannah river separating it from Dauphin 
York CO. s. E. ; Adams s., Franklin s. w. 
Length 34, mean breadth 16, and area 544 
square ms., lying between lat. 39° 58', and 
40° 18', and long. 0° 08' e., and 0° 40' w. 
W. C. This CO. is in great part commensu- 
rate with the valley of the Conedogwinet, 
which rising in Franklin enters the s. w. 
border of Cumberland and by a very winding 
channel flows n. e. by e. into Susquehamiah r. 
The southern part including the ridges and 
valleys of s. mountain is watered by Yellow 
Breeches creek, which also flows n. e. by k. 
into Susquohannah river. The s. side of 
Cumberland rests mostly on limestone, whilst 
the substratum along the Kittatinny is clay 
slate. The surface moderately hilly, and 
soil generally very productive in grain, pas- 
turage and fruits. Iron ore abounds in S. 
mtn. Chief town, Carlisle. Population 1820, 
23,606, 1830, 29,228. 

Cumberland, p-v. and st. jus. Alleghany 
CO. Md. situated on the left bank of the Poto- 
mac river, and on both sides of Wills' creek, 
136 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 140 a little n^ 
of W.Baltimore. Lat. 39° 33', long. 1°46' 
w. W. C. 

The United States western road has its 
eastern termination at this village, which is 
elevated 537 feet above the level of the At- 
lantic. It is neat and well built, mostly in one 
street along the main road. 

Cumberland, co Va. bounded by Appomat- 



Powell r. s. ; flowing thence westward by tox river which separates it from Amelias, 
comparative course 120 ms. in Russell co. and Prince Edward s. w., by Buckingham w. 



Here it inflects to s. w. leaving Ky. and en- 
tering Ten. and preserving the latter course 
to Carthage in Snntli co. having flowed in a 



and N. w., by James river which separates it 
from Goochland n. e., and by Powhatan e. 
Length 32, mean breadth 10, area 320 square 



CUR 



129 



CYN 



miles. Between lat. 37«> 12' and 37o 39', 
long. 1° 13', and 1° 40' w. W. C. The slope 
of this CO. is N. E. and the central parts 
drained of Wills' river, a branch of James 
river. The surface is moderately hilly, and 
soil productive. Chief town, Carterville. 
Pop. 1820, 11,023, 1830, 11,690. 

Cumberland, court house, (see Sjjring- 
field, Cumberland co. Va.) 

Cumberland Ford, and p-o. Knox co. Ky. 
where the road from Frankfort through Lan- 
caster, Mount Vernon, and Barboursville, in- 
to Ten. by Cumberland Gap, passes Cumber- 
land river 16 miles up that stream above 
Barboursville, and 138 s. s. E. Frankfort. 

Cumberland Gap, and p-o. Claiborne co. 
Ten. The gap is in Cumberland ratn. 15 ms 
s. Cumberland Ford. 

Cumberland, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 
91 ms. E. Columbus, and 330 north of west 
W. C. 

CuMMiNGTON, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 
ms. N. w. Northampton, 110 w. Boston ; has 
an academy, and several factories on the n. 
branch of Westfield river. Pop. 1830, 1,261. 

Cunnl\gham's Store, and p-o. in the n. w. 
part of Person co. N. C. by p-r. 75 ms. n. w. 
Raleigh, and 257 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Curran, p-v. in the n. part of Gallatin co. 
II. by p-r. 118 ms. s. E. Vaadalia, and 792 ms. 
w. W. C. 

Current, r. of Mo. and Ark. the western 
and indeed the main branch of Black r. rises 
in Miss, interlocking sources with the Black, 
Merrimack, and Gasconade rivers, forms by 
its course an eliptic curve, first s. e. then s., 
and finally s. w. to its junction with Black r. 
in Lawrence co. Ark. {See Black river of 
Mo. and Ark.) 

Currituck, co. N. C. bounded by the At- 
lantic E., Princess Ann, and Norfolk cos. Va. 
N., Camden co. N. C. w., and Albermarle 
Sound s. Length 40, mean breadth 15, area 
600 square miles. Lying between lat 36° and 
36° 30', long. 0° 45', and 1° 25' e. W. C. It 
is composed of a plain country, in part marshy, 
and divided into two sections by Currituck 
sound. Chief town, Currituck. Pop. 1820, 
8,098, 1830, 7,655. 

Currituck Sound, Isle and Inlet, Curri- 
tuck CO. N. C. The sound is a narrow sheet 
of water extending from Albemarle sound n. 
about 50 miles, and terminating by North r. 
bay and Rocky r. bay, in Princess Ann co. 
Va. It is shallow, with a breadth varying 
from one to ten miles. Currituck sound is 
open to the Atlantic by two inlets, S. inlet, 
and Currituck inlet, enclosing between them 
along, low, and sandy reef of 20 miles in 
length, called Currituck island. According 
to Tanner's United States, Currituck inlet, 
is at lat. 36° 26', 30 miles n. Albermarle 
sound. 

Currituck, p-v. and st. jus. Currituck co. 
N. C. situated on the w. side of Currituck 
sound, 35 miles s. s. e. Norfolk in Va. and 
by p-r. 234 miles n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 
36° 24', long. 1^ 02' e. W. C. 

17 



Curwinsville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. on 
the left bank of Susquehannah, 7 miles above 
and 8. w. the borough of Clearfield. 

CusHiNQ, t. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ms. 
E. Wiscasset, n. w. St. George's river, and 
indented with coves from the sea. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,681. 

Cutler, t. Washington co. Me. e. Ma- 
chias bay on the sea coast. Pop. 1830, 454. 

Cuyahoga, r. of O. This stream though 
comparatively small is very remarkable in it- 
self, & has gained great importance from hav- 
ing become in part the route of the Ohio and 
Erie canal. The extreme source of Cuya- 
hoga is near the eastern border of Geauga 
CO. interlocking sources with those of Grand 
r. and within 20 miles from lake Erio at the 
mouth of the latter. Flowing thence s. s. w. 
nearly parallel, though rather inclining from 
the opposite shorg of lake Erio, by compara- 
tive courses 45 ms., traversing Geauga and 
Portage cos. to near the e. border of Medina. 
Inflecting at more than a right angle upon its 
former course, the Cuyahoga bends to a little 
w. of N., is intersected by the Ohio canal near 
Northampton in Portage co., continues over 
the latter and Cuyahoga co. to its influx into 
lake Erie at Cleaveland, after an entire com- 
parative course of 85 miles. The higher part 
of the course of Cuyahoga river is on a real 
table land. The summit level of the Ohio 
and Erie canal, between the vallies of Tusca- 
rawas and Cuyahoga is 973 feet above tide 
water in the Atlantic, and 408 feet above 
lake Erie. The elevation of the canal in the 
aqueduct 18 ms. above the mouth of Cuya- 
hoga, is 704 above the ocean tides, and 139 
above the level of lake Erie. 

Cuyahoga, co. of Ohio, bounded by Geauga 
CO. N. E., Portage s. e., Medina s. w., Lorain 
w., and lake Erie n. Length from east to 
west 32 ms., mean breadth 17, and area 544 
square ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 18' to 
41° 45', and in long, from 4° 26' to 5° w. W. 
C. The surface of this co. is a rather rapidly 
inclining plain, the farms having a fall of at 
least 400 feet from the southern and higher, 
to the lower border on lake Erie. Chief 
town, Cleaveland. Pop. 1820, 6,328, 1830, 
15,813. 

Cuyahoga Falls, and p-o. Portage co. O. 
by p-r. 122 ms.N. e. Columbus, and 334 ms. 
N. w. W.C. 

Cynthiana, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. 
Ky. by p-r. about 70 ms. a little e. of s. Cin- 
cinnati, 5J3a little s. of w. W. C. and 38 n. e. 
by E. from Frankfort. It is situated on the 
eastern or right bank of the south fork of 
Licking river, at lat. 37° 23', long. 7° 17' w. 
W.C. Pop. 1830, 975. The adjacent coun- 
try is fertile and well cultivated. 

Cynthiana, p-v. in Shelby co. Ohio by p-r. 
92 miles n. w. by w. Columbus, and 489 ms. 
from Washington City in a similar direction 
nearly. 

Cynthiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Posey 
county, Indiana, by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. Indian- 
opolis, and 718 s. of w. W. C. 



DAL 



130 



DAN 



D. 



Dabney's Mills and p-o. in the e. part of 
Louisa CO, Va. by p-r. 84 ms. w. of s. W. C. 
and 52 w. of n. Richmond. 

Daciieet, r. of Ark. and La. rises in 
Hempstead, and flowing sthrd. over La Fay- 
ette CO. of the former, enters the parish of 
Claiborne in the latter, is rather continued 
than lost in Lake Bisteneau. Tho writer of 
this article made a survey of Lake Bisteneau 
and Dacheet r. as far as the northern boun- 
dary of La. and found ample memorial to de- 
monstrate, that the existence of the lake is 
recent. The cypress timber, once growing 
in the valley, is dead ; but that timber re- 
sisting decay, the stumps remain standing in 
the water. The lake was, no doubt, formed 
by gradual accretion of soil, brought down 
by Red r. and deposited at the ancient mouth 
of Dacheet, 30 ms. below the existing head of 
the lake. 

Dacresville, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 133 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Daggett's Mills, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by 
p-r. 155 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Dagsboro, p-v. Sussex co. Del. on Pepper 
creek, a confluent of Rohoboth bay, 18 ms. a 
little w. of s. Lewistown. 

Dale, co. of Ala. bounded by Covington 
w.. Pike N., Henry e., and by Jackson co. of 
Flor. s. E., and Walton co. Flor. s. w. Length 
from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 32, and 
area 1,600 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 31° 
and 31° 43', long. 8° 46' and 9° 16' w. W. C. 
Dale CO. occupies great part of the valley of 
Choctawhatchie r. Chief t. Richmond. Pop. 
1820,2,031. 

Dale, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. 
Reading. 

Daletown, p-v. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 92 
ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Dallas, co. Ala. bounded by Marengo w., 
Perry n. w. and n., Autauga n. e., Montgo- 
mery E., and Wilcox s. and s. w. Length 
38, mean breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 32° 03' to 32° 33', 
long, from 9° 57' to 10° 40' w. W. C. Ala. 
r. enters the eastern border of Dallas, and 
winding over it by a very circuitous channel, 
and receiving the Cahaba near tho centre, 
leaves the co. on the s. w. ilowing thenco 
into Wilcox. The river lands are highly 
fertile. Chief staple, cotton. Chief t. Ca- 
hawba. Pop. 1820, 6,003, 1830, 14,0 1 7. 

Dallas, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 116 
ms. N. e. Harrisburg. 

Dalmatia, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 42 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Dalton, p-t. Coos CO. N.H. nexts. of Lan- 
caster, e. Conn. r. at the head of 15 m. falls. 
It has John's r. &c., hills w. and s., and good 
soil on the uplands ; 16,455 acres. Pop. 1830, 
532. 

Dalton, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 12 ms. 
s. N. £• Lenox, 120 w. Boetoii, near the head 



of E. branches of Housatonic r., is nearly 
level, with good soil, and manufactures cot- 
ton, paper, &c. Pop. 1830, 827. 

Dalton, p-v. in the e. part of Wayne co. 
O. 15 ms. E. from Wooster, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 336 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 99 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Daley's p-o. in the w. part of Montgomery 
CO. Ten. 6 ms. w. Clarksvillc, and by p-r. 52 
N. w. by w. Nashville. 

Damariscotta, r. Me. passes through Lin- 
coln CO. and empties between Brothbay and 
Bristol. 

Damariscotta Mills, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 
34 ms. from Augusta. 

Damascus, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. 
Wayne co. Pa. 15 ms. n. e. Bethany. The 
tsp. in 1820 contained a pop, of 366, in 1830, 
613. 

Damascus, p-v. in the extreme n. part of 
Montgomery co. Md., and on one of the 
roads from the city of Baltimore to Frcde- 
rick t. 

Damascus, p-v. in the n. part of Henry co. 
O. situated on the left bank of Maumec r. 
by p-r. 485 ms. n. w, by w, W. C. and 161 
N. N. w. Columbus, 

Damascoville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Co- 
lumbiana CO. O. 15 ms. N. w. New Lisbon, 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 158 n. e. by e, Colum- 
bus, and 297 n, w, W, C. 

Dan, r, Va. and N. C. drains the far 
greater part of Granville, Person, Caswell, 
Rockingham and Stokes cos. of the latter 
state, and of Patrick, Henry, Pittsylvania, 
and Halifax cos. of the former state. The 
extreme western sources of Dan r. are in Pa- 
trick CO. Va. and in the s. e. spurs of the Blue 
Ridge. The general course almost due e. 
along the intermediate borders ot N. C. and 
Va. to where the 4 cos. of Pittsylvania, Hali- 
fax, Person and Caswell meet. Here enter- 
ing and flowing in Va. n.e. by E., falls into 
the Roanoke at Clarksvillc, having a mean 
hreadth of about 33 ms. This river drains 
3,960 sq. ms. 

Dana, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 75 ms. w. 
Boston, is crossed by a branch of Swift r. 
Pop. 1830, 623. 

Dancoro, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 30 ms. n. 
Phil. 

Danburgh, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo. 68 ms. 
N. E. Milledgcvillc. 

Danbuuy, t. Graflon co. N. H. 93 ms. from 
Boston, 30 from Concord; !9,000 acres, 
diuinond-ehaped ; is generally hilly, and wa- 
tered by Smith's r. First settled, 1771. Pop, 
1830, 780. 

Danbury, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 55 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 35 n. w. New Haven, G5 n. e. 
New York ; 6 ms. by 8^ ; 53 sq. ms.; is fer- 
tile, with granite rocks, gravelly loam, undu- 
lated, with some marble quarries. There 
are manufactories on Still r. a branch of 



DAN 



131 



DAR 



HouBatonic. It bears oak, walnut, &c. Ilatsj quehannali r. Columliia co. Pa. 25 ni8. above 
are made to a great amount. The British Nortliunibcrland. 



I»urut tiic town, 1777, with some military 
stores, and Gen. Wooster fell in opposing 
them. Pop. 1830, 4,331. 

Danhv, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 18 ms. s. Rut- 
land, 34 N. Bennington ; 39 sq. m8. First 
settled, 1768 ; has Otter creek e. and several 
small branches, and is uneven, with some 
mountains. It has large dairies. There are 
several caverns, and lead ore is found. Pop. 
1830, 1,362. 

Danbv, p-t. Tompkins co. N, Y. 7 ms. b. 
Ithaca, 11 from Candor, 22 Owego, has pretty 
good land, watered by Mud creek, and a 
branch of Cayuga inlet. 

Dancey's Store and p-o. Northampton co. 
N. C. by p-r. 100 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, and 
200 s. W. C. 

Dandkidge, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Ten. situated on the right bank of French 
Broad r. on the road from Knoxvillo to 
Greenville, 32 ms. e. from the former, and 
39 s. w. by w. from the latter place. Lat. 
38° 58', and long. 6° 14' w. W. C. 

Dandridge, p-v. Morgan co. Ala. by p-r. 
1 10 ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Danielsville, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va. 
by p-r. 78 ms. s. w. W. C.^ 

Danielsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Geo. 81 ms. n. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 10', 
and long. 6° 15' w. W. C. ' 

Dansbv, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 81 ms. n. 
Milledgeville. 

Danube, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ms. 
s. E. Herkimer, 68 n. w.' Albany, s. Mohawk 
r., E. German Flats, 5^ ms. by nearly 10, has 
a stiff loam, on hard grit, with many springs, 
few streams, and waving surface. Nowada- 
ga creek enters Hudson r. at the site of Hen- 
(Jrick's castle; a friendly Mohawk chief was 
killed at Lake George, 1755. The Indians 
had a church here. Pop. 1830, 1,723. 

Dawers, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 16 ms. n. e. 
Boston. Tiie village streets form a continua- 
tion of those of Salem, 7 ms. by 8. The 
first victim of the persecution of witchcraft 
was a daughter of a clergyman of Salom, 
living in this towfl, then a part of it. The 
soil is good, well cultivated ; granite mill 
stones are made, and different manufactures. 
There are several creeks from Bass r., two 
navigable to the two villages. Pop. 1830, 
4,238. 

Danville, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 32 ms. 
from Augusta, s. w. Androscoggin r. Pop. 
1830, 1,128. 

Danville, p-t. and st. jus. Caledonia co. 
Vt. 25 ms. N. E. Montpelier, 25 \. w. New- 
bury, IGO n. by w. Boston. First settled, 
1784, from Essex co. Mass. ; broken w., hills 
and vallies e., with fine farms ; Merrill's r. 
&c. supplies mills. The village is pleasant 
in the centre. Pop. 1830, 2,631. 

Danville, (now Wilmington,) p-t. Steuben 
CO. N. Y. 24 ms. n. w. Bath. Pop. 1830, 
1,728. 
Danville, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- 



Danville, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. on the 
right bank of Dan r., and near the s. border 
of the CO. In the natural state, the falls of 
Dan r. at Danville, were the head of boat na- 
vigaiion, but by a not very expensive canal 
improvement, the higher part of Dan valley 
might be opened to an intercommunication by 
water with the Roanoke. 

Danville, p-v. Warren co. Ten. 55 ms. 
3. w. Nashville. 

Danville, flourishing p-v. on the s. e. bor- 
der of Mercer co. Ky. 41 ms. s. s. e. Frank, 
fort, and 35 a little w. of s. Lexington. Pop. 
18i^0, 1,000, in 1830, 849. Centre college is 
situated in the immediate vicinity of Dan- 
ville, a quiet and retired village, where there 
are few temptations to seduce the young 
men from their studies, or allure them into 
vice. The town and surrounding country are 
remarkable healthy. Danville is 10 ms. dis- 
tant from the Harrodsburg springs, the fa- 
vorite watering place of persons from the s. 
The proximity of these springs, affords to 
parents from that quarter, a favorable oppor- 
tunity of occasionally seeing their sons who 
may be placed there for education. The 
price of tuition is in the college classes $30, 
and in the preparatory department $24, per 
college year, payable half yearly in advance. 
Boarding of a superior kind in the refectory, 
including washing and lodging, $1 50 per 
week. Fuel and light, furnished by the 
steward, at cost. Whole estimated expense 
$103 per annum, exclusive of books. 

Danville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Knox co. 
O. by p-r. 302 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 59 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 234. 

Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Hendricks co. 
Ind. by p-r. 593 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
20 ms. w. Iiidianopolis. It is situated on the 
head of White Lick creek, at lat. 39° 47', 
long. 9° 30' w. W. C. 

Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Vermillion co. 
II. by p-r. G83 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 150 
n. n. e. Vandalia. It is situated on Vermillion 
r. about 4 ms. from the e. boundary of II. 
Lat. 40° 8', long 9° 42' w. W. C. 

Darbv Creek, or small r. of O. rises in 
Champaign and Union cos. flows s. s. e. over 
Franklin, and falls into the w. side of Sciota 
r. in Pickaway co, nearly opposite Circle- 
ville, having a comparative course of 60 ms. 
Darbv, p-v. 7 ms. s. w. Phil., Del. co. Pa. 
The old town of Darby is divided into Lower 
Darby and Upper Darby. In 1830, the for- 
mer contained 1,085, and the latter 1,325 in- 
habitants. The village of Darby is a fine 
and pleasant town. 

Darbv, p-v. and tsp. on Darby creek, s. 
part of Union co. O. by p-r. 22 ms. n. w. 
Columbus, and 418 n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830, 417. 

Darby's p-o. Columbia co. Geo. 12 ms, 
from Applington, the co. st. and by p-r. 590 
s. w. W. C. and 81 n. e. by e. Milledge- 
ville. 



DAR 



132 



DAU 



Darbyville, p-v. in Darby tsp. Pickaway! 
CO. O, by p-r. 39 ms. s. Columbus, and 407 
N. of w. W. C. Pop. of the tep. 1830, 827. 

Dardanelles, two mountain peaks, so 
called, Crawford CO. Ark. They are situated j 
on the right side, and near Ark. r. 82 ms.| 
above Little Rock. 

Dardanelles, p-o. Ark. near the Darda- 
nelles mtns. Crawford co. (See Tekatoka.) 

DARDENNE.-small r. of St. Charles co. Mo. 
rising along the boundary between the latter 
and Montgomery CO. and flowing n. e. falls 
into the Miss. r. about 5 ms. N. ^. w. from the 
village of St. Charles. 

Dardenne, p-v. in the w. part of St. Charles 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 34 ms. n. w. St. Louis, 100 
N. of E. Jefferson, and 897 w. W. C. 

Dardenne Bridge and p-o. in the N. e. pal t 
of St. Charles co. Mo. about 30 ms. n. w. by 
w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 886 ms. w. W. C. 

Darien, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 42 s. w. 
New Haven, n. Long Island Sound, formerly 
s. E. part of Stamford, and has a good undu- 
lating soil. Pop. 1830, 1,201. 

Darien, important p-t. and sea-port Mcin- 
tosh CO. Geo. on the n. side and principal 
channel of the Altainaha, 12 ms. above the 
bar, and 190 by water below Milledgeville. 
The pop. of Darien has rapidly increased ; in 
1810, the inhabitants were about 200, in 
1820,2,000. It has a bank, custom house, 
and many splendid private buildings. A 
steam boat navigation extends above to Mil- 
ledgeville, whilst the bar admits vessels of 
12 feet draught from the ocean. It is 56 
ms. s. s. w. Savannah, and byj p-r. 185 s. e. 
Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 23', long. 4° 37' w. 
W. C. 

Darke, co. O. bounded n. by Mercer, n. e. 
by Shelby, s. e. by Miami and Montgomery, 
s. w. by Wayne co. Ind. and w. by Randolph 
CO. Ind. Extending in lat. from 39° 52' to 
40° 27', and in long. 7° 26' to 7° 48' w. W. C. 
Breadth 21 ms. from e. to w., mean length 
36, and area 756 sq. ms. Darko co. is nearly 
commensurate with the region drained by 
and giving source to the higher branches of 
the w. Fork of Great Miami, with a general 
s. e. slope. Surface pleasantly diversified 
by hill and dale, soil in part productive. 
Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 3,717, 1830, 
6,204. 

Darkesville, p-v. on Sulphur Springs cr., 
a branch of Opequau, Berkley co. Va. 25 ms. 
a little N. of w. Harper's Ferry. 

Darling's p-o. in the n. e. part of Knox co. 
O. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 362 
N, w. by w. W. C. 

Darlingsville, p-o. Pike CO. Pa. by p-r. 12 
ms. n. Milford, the co. st. and 169 n.e. Har- 
risburg. 

Darlington, formerly Griersburg, p-v. in 
the N. w. part of Beaver co. Pa. about 10 ms. 
N. w. -from the borough of Beaver, 37 ms. in 
a similar direction . from Beaver, the co. st. 
and 263 in a similar direction from W. C. 

Darlington, p-v. Harford co. Md. 

Darlington, dist. S, C. boimded by Ker 



ehaw w., Chesterfield n. w. and n.. Great Pc- 
dee river, which separates it from Marlbo- 
rough N. e., Marion s. e., and Lynch's creek 
which separates it from Sumpter s. w. 
Length 35 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 
1,050 square ms. Extending from lat. 33° 
58' to 34° 32', long, from 2° 40' to 3° 20' w. 
W. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. e. ; 
the surface rather waving than hilly. Chief 
town, Darlington. Pop. 1820, 10,949, 1830, 
13,728. 

Darlington, p-v. and st. jus. Darlington 
dist. S. C. on Black creek, 40 ms. a little n. 
of e. Camden, and by p-r. 93 n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbia. Lat. 34° 19', long. 2° 58' w. W. C. 

Darnestown, p-v. in the w. part of Mont. 
gomery co. Md. by p-r. 25 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Darrtown, p-v. in Milford tsp. western 
part of Butler co. O. 8 ms. from Hamilton, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. 
from Columbus, and 490 ms. w. from W. C. 

Dartmouth College. {See Hanover, N. H.) 

Dartmouth, p-t. and sea port, Bristol co. 
Mass. 62 ms. s. Boston, 27 s. Taunton, n. 
Buzzard's bay, e. R. I., has several creeks 
running s. one of which, Aponiganset river, is 
navigable nearly to its centre. It was des- 
troyed by Indians 1675. Pop. 1830, 3,866. 

Dartmouth, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 
153 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Darvills, p-o. Dinwiddio co. Va. 32 miles 
8. Richmond. 

Dauphin, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 8 ms. 
from Harrisburg. 

Dauphin, co. Pa. bounded by Mahantango 
creek, which divides it from Northumberland 
N., by Schuylkill n. e., Lebanon e., Conewa- 
go creek, which separates it from Lancaster 
south, and by the Susquehannah river, 
which separates it from York south, and 
from Cumberland and Perry west. Length 
38 miles, mean breadth 16, area 608 square 
miles. Extending from lat. 40° 08' to 40° 
40', long, from the meridian of W. C. to 30' e. 
The surface of Dauphin is peculiarly diversi- 
fied. The lower, southern, and smaller sec- 
tion enclosed by the Susquehannah r., Cone- 
wago creek, Kittatinny mtn. and the west- 
em boundary of Lebanon, and comprising 
about 170 square miles, is hilly, but highly 
fertile, and the southern part resting on a 
substratum of limestone. This lower section 
of Dauphin is traversed by the Swatara 
creek, and through its valley by the Union ca- 
nal. The higher northern and mountainous 
part of Dauphin, beyond and including Kitta- 
tinny mountain, is formed by a congeries of 
mountain ridges, lying parallel to each other 
from N. E. to s. w., with narrow intervening 
vallies, discharging their streams s. w. into 
Susquehannah. The soil of Dauphin is pro- 
ductive in fruit, grain, and pasturage, and its 
mountain vallies abound in excellent timber. 
Besides the Union canal already mentioned, 
the transversed section of the Pa. canal follows 
the left bank of Susquehannah, in Dauphin, 
from the Conewago, to opposite the mouth of 
Juniata river, {See Pa. canal.) Chief town, 



DAW 



133 



DEA 



Harrisburg. Fop. 1820, 21,663, in 1830, 
26,241. 

DAVExroRT, p-t. Delaware CO. N. Y. 11 ms. 
N. Delhi, is hilly ; yields grass and lumber, 
and has Charlotte river of the Susquchannah. 
The lands are leased. Pop. 1830, 1,778. 

Davidson, co. N. C. bounded by Stokes n., 
N. E. by Guilford, e. by Randolph, s. by Mont- 
goinery, andw. by Yadkin r. which separates 
it from liowan. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 800 square miles. 
Lying between lat. 35° 30' and 30° 04', long. 
3° 05', and 3° 34' w. W. C. Tho slope of 
this CO. is southardly, and is drained by dill'er- 
ent small creeks flowiiiij into the Yadkin. 
Chief town, Lexington. 1Pop. 1830, 13,389. 

Davidson, co. Ten. bounded s. by Williaiai- 
son, w. by Dickson, n. by Kobertson, n. e. by 
Sumner, e. by Wilson, and s. e. by Ruther- 
ford. Length 30, mean breadth 22, area 
6G0 square ms. E.xtending from hit. 35° 56' 
to 36o22',long.from 9° 40' to 10° 10' w. W. C. 
Cumberland r. winds by a very tortuous chan- 
nel over this co. from e. to w. dividing it into 
two nearly equal parts ; surface moderately 
hilly, with a very fertile soil, abounding in 
limestone. Staples, grain, and cotton. Chief 
town, Nashville. Pop. 1820, 20,154, 1830, 
28,122. 

Davidsonsville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ark. situated on the point above the 
junction of White and Eleven Points river, by 
p-r. 169 ms., but by direct road 124 miles n. n. 
E. Little Rock, Lat. 36° 10', long. 14° 03' w. 
W. C. 

Davidsonville, p-0. Ann Arundel co. Md. 
by p-r. U ms. from Annapolis and 30 ms. 
eastward W. C. 

Davies, CO. Ky. bounded by Hancock co. n. 
E., Ohio s. e., Green r. dividing it from Muh- 
lenburg s., Hopkins s. w., and Henderson w., 
by a small part of Henderson n. w., and by 
Ohio river separating it from Spencer co. Ind. 
N. Extending in lat. from 37° 29' to 37° 63', 
long, from 9° 55' to 1U° 36' w. W. C. It is 
nearly a square of 22 ms. each way ; 484 sq. 
miles, surface rather flat, and soil productive. 
Chief town, Owensburg. Pop. 1820, 3,876, 
1830,5,209. 

Davis' Mills, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. 
by p-r. 138 ms. s. w.by w. Richmond. 

Davis' Mills, and p-o. Barnwell district 
S. C. 

Davis' Mills, and p-o. Bedford co. Ten 
by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Davis' Cross Roads, p.o. Franklin co. N. 
C. by p-r. 31 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Davis' TAVER^, and p-o. Sussex co. Va. 
about 50 ms. s. e. Richmond. 

Davis' Store, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by 
p.r. 152 ms. w. Richmond. 

Davis' Store, and p-o. Martin co. N. C. by 
p-r. 81 ms. E. Raleigh. 

Davisboro', p-v. in the southern part of 
Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 39 ms. s. e. 
Milledgevillc, and 657 s. w. W. C. 

Davisville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. 

Dawson'.';, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r. 



16 ms. w. Cumberland, and 148 miles n. w. 
W. C. 

Dawson's, p-o. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 107 
miles N. of w. Richmond, and 149 miles s. w. 
W. C. 

DAWsom'iLLE, p-o. in the western part of 
Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 27 miles n. w. 
W. C. 

Day, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. Population 
1830, 758. 

Dayton, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co. 
O. by p-r. 462 ms. n. w. by w. i w. from W.C. 

66 ms. a little s. of w. from Columbus, and 52 
ms. n. of E. from Cincinnati. Population 1830, 
2,950. It is situated on a fine site along the 
left bank of Great Miami river, directly below 
the influx of Mad river, and near where the 
Miami canal connects with Miami river. The 
water of Mad river is conveyed across the 
point to the Miami, affording numerous and 
excellent mill seats, n. lat. 39° 43', long. 7° 
11' w. from W. C. 

Tiie population of Dayton tovraship, was 
in 1830, 0,828. The town contained 370 
houses and mercantile stores, 4 churches, 
the county buildings, and market house. This 
place is in a remarkable manner prosperous, 
arising from an active and intelligent popula- 
tion, rendering available great natural advan- 
tages of water power. This power is in one 
way employed to give motion to saw mills, 
grist mills, cloth factories, and many other 
applications of machinery ; and on the other, 
Miami canal has opened a water intercom, 
munication with the Ohio river at Cincinnati ; 
distance between the two places by the canal 

67 miles. 

Dead, river, Me. w. branch of Kennebec 
river, rises on the bonders of Lower Canada, 
and Oxford co. 

Deadfall, p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C. Il2 
ms. w. Columbia. 

Deal, a part of the sea shore in Monmouth 
CO. N. J. south of Long branch. 

Deal, v. N. J. 7 ms. s. Shrewsbury, w. 
Atlantic ; has a gently varied surface, with 
much thin sandy soil, and a white sand beach, 
on which vessels are frequently wrecked in 
E. storms. The marl, dug here near swamps 
and creeks, is excellent manure. It often 
contains sharks' teeth, bits of bones, &c. 
30 loads to an acre, after being exposed one 
winter, converts a sand waste into a garden. 
The only table land in the United States tilla- 
ble to the beach of the ocean (with one ex- 
ception s. in this state,) is in Deal. 

Dearborn, p-t. Kennebeck co. Me. 22 ms. 
N. Augusta, contains parts of two large 
ponds, one with several islands. Population 
1830, 616. 

Dearborne, CO. Ind. bounded by Switzer- 
land CO. s., Ripley w., and Franklin n., again 
on the N. K. it is bounded by Hamilton co. O., 
and on the s. e. by the Ohio river, separating 
it from Boone co. Ky. Length 27, mean 
breadth 15, and area 405 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 18', and in long, 
(iom 7° 48' lo 8° 08' w. W. C. The slope oi 



DED 



134 



DEE 



this CO, is rather k. of s. e. towards tho Miami 
and Ohio rivurs. Surface generally hilly. 
Chief town, Lawrenceburg. I'opulation 1820, 
11,468, 1830, 13,974. 

Deavertown, p-v. York tsp. inthe n. part 
of Morgan co. O. by p-r. 352 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. and 75 ms. 8. of e. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 116. 

Decatur, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. 
E. Cooperstown, 5 ms. by 6, on high land, is 
good for grazing, watered by the heads of 
Oaks' and Parker's creeks, rapid streams. It 
is very healthy. Pop. 1830, 1,110. 

Decatur, s. w. co. of Geo. bounded by 
Early and Baker n., Ocklockonnc r. which 
separates it from Thomas co. e., by Gadsden 
CO. Flor. s., and by Chatahooche r. which se- 
parates it from Jackson, in Flor. and Henry in 
Ala. w. Length from e. to w. 60 ms. mean 
breadth 28, area l,6fi0 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 30° 42' to 31° 06', long, from 7° 
11' to !i° 12' w. W. C. Flint river enters 
from Baker and flowing s. w. joins Chatahoo- 
che at the southwest angle of Decatur. It 
has advantages of three navigable rivers, the 
two bounding streams, and the Jlint. The 
surface is'moderately hillj', with a soil gencr-j 
ally of second rate. Chief town, Bainbridgc. 
Pop. 1830, 3,854. 

Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. Do Kalb co. Geo. 
by p-r. 680 ms. s. w. W. C. and 117 ms. n. w. 
Milledgeville. It ia situated on the high 
ground between the waters of Ockmulgec 
and Chatahooche rivers. Lat. 33° 40', long. 
7° 24' w. W. C. 

Decatur, court house. {See Bainbridge, 
Decatur co. Geo.) 

Decatur, p-v. on the left bank of Ten. r. 
and inthe n. e. part of Morgan co. Al., about 
20 ms. s. w. Huntsville. 

DECA.TUR, p-v. on the western border of 
Adams CO. Ohio, by p-r. 469 miles w. W. C. 
and 110 w. of s. C(;lumbus. 

Decatur, co. of Ind. bounded s. e. by Rip- 
ley, s. by Jennings, s. w. by Bartholomew, 
N. w. by Shelby, n. by Rush, and N. E. by 
'Franklin. Length diagonally from s. w. to 
N. E. 30 ms., mean breadth lu, and area 300 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 07' to 
39° 27', and in long, from 8° 18' to 8° 49' w. 
W. C. A slip along the e. border gives 
source to Loughery's creek, flowing s. e. 
over Ripley and Switzerland cos. into the O., 
and to Salt creek, entering White Water 
branch of Great Miami ; but the body of the 
CO. declines to the s.w. and is drained in 
that direction by Sand, Clifty, and Flat! 
Rock creeks, flowing into the E. Fork of 
White r. Chief t. Greensburg. Pop. 1830, 
5,887. I 

Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. Macon co. II. byi 

.p-r. 771 ms.N. w. by w. W^ C, 70 e. of n. 

Vandalia, and about 150 ms. n. of w. Indiaii- 

opolis in Ind. It is situated on Sangamon r. i 

at lat. 39° 55', long. 11° 50' w. W. C. | 

Deckerstown, p-v. Wantage, Sussex co.; 
N. J. on Deep Clove creek. t 

Deduam, p-t. and cap. Norfolk co. Mass.: 



10 ms. B. w Boston, s. Charles r., w. Nepon- 
sct r., has dilTcrent soils, some high and ara. 
blc ; i)ine, and swamps capable of draining. 
It has a largo village on Charles r. on the 
turnpike road from Boston to Providence. 
Mother Brook, a mill stream, runs from 
Charles r. into Neponset r. First settled 
from England. Silk is reeled and throwstcd 
here on a limited scale, one of the first ex- 
periments of throwsting in the U. S. Pop. 
18.30, 3,117. 

Deep Creek and p-o. Norfolk co. Va. The 
creek is a branch of Elizabeth r., and village 
is situated at the n. extremity of the Dismal 
Swamp canal. The village has been indeed 
created by the canal, and is now a flourishing 
depot, about 10 ms. s. s. w. Norfolk. 

Deep River, one of the main northwestern 
branches of Cape Fear r. N. C. rising I)y 
several branches in Guildford and Randolph 
COS., which flowing s. e. unite in the latter. 
Leaving the n. e. angle of Randolph, and 
curving along the northern side of Moore, 
turns to N. E. by n., enters Chatham, and 
joins Haw r. to form Cape Fear r. The 
valley of Deep r. lies between those of Yad- 
kin and Haw ra. 

Deep Rfver, p-o. s. w. part of Guilford co. 
N. C. about 90 ms. n. of w. Raleigh. 

Deep Spring and p-o. Monroe co. Ten. by 
p-r. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Deerfield, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 17 
ms. a. E. Concord, 35 n. w. Portsmouth ; 
28,254 acres ; has Shingle, Moulton's and 
part of Pleasant Ponds, emptying into Sun- 
cook and Lamprey rs. It is uneven and hard, 
bearing maple, beech, birch, red oak, pine, 
&-C. ; has Tuckaway, Saddleback, and other 
mtns. First settled, 1756. Pop. 1830, 2,090. 

Deerfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 4 ms. s. 
Greenfield, 17 n. Northampton, 92 w. Bos- 
ton, w. Conn, r., has rich soil, with fine mea- 
dows on Deerfield r. The village is a little 
elevated above them on a level. First settled, 
1670. About 80 men were killed at Bloody 
Brook, 3 ms. s. returning with loads of wheat 
from this place, and long after an exposed 
frontier settlement. It was burnt by French 
and Indians, except one house, 1704. Many 
of the inhabitants were at different periods 
killed or carried captive to Canada. The 
bell taken from the church, 1704, still hangs 
in that of St. Regis, above Montreal. There 
is an academy. Pop. 1830, 2,003. 

Deerfield, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 ms. w. 
N. w. Albany, n. Mohawk r. opposite Utica, 
s. w. Canada creek, e. Nine Mile creek. The 
uplands are good for grain and grass. The 
vallies have rich sand, loam, and pebbles. 
Pop. 1830, 4,182. 

Deerfield, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. near 
the source of Cohansey creek. Contains 
several villages, of which the largest is 
Bridgeton. Pop. 1830, 2,417. 

Deerfield, p-v. Warren co. Pa. 100 ms. 
.\. .\. E. Pittsburg. 

Deerfield, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 
181 ms. s. w. W. C. 



DEL 



135 



DEL 



Deerfjeld, p-v. and tsp. in the s. e. angle 
of Portage co. O. The p-o. is situated by p-r. 
307 ms. N. w. W. C. and 15 s. e. Ravenna, 
the CO St., and 142 n. e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 
G94. 

Deerfieldville, p-v. Union tsp. Warren 
CO. O. by p-r. 4 ms. n. Lebanon, the co. st. 
472 w. W. C. and 87 s. w. by vv. Columbus. 
This place is not the same as Deerficld tsf). 
in tlic same co. Pop. 1830, 6G. 

Deering, p-t. Hillsboro co. N. H. 23 ms. w. 
by s. Concord, 23 from Hopkinton, G6 from 
Boston ; 20,057 acres, is uneven and favora- 
ble for agriculture, with 3 ponds, sources of 
N. branch of Piscataquog r. First settled, 
1705. Pop. 1830, 1,228. 

Deer Isle, p-t. and island, Hancock co. 
Me. 95 Augusta. Is protected from the sea 
by numerous small islands, 9 ms. s. e. Castine, 
in Penobscot bay. 

Deer Park, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 30 ms. 
w. Newburgh, 14 w. n. w. Goshen, 110 w. by 
6. Albany, e. Del. r. and Pa. 6 ms. by 12, w. 
Shawangunk creek ; Navisink creek follows 
Shawangunk mtns. through e. part, half is 
uncultivated mountains, quarter stony pas- 
ture, quarter pretty gooS for grain. Shawan- 
gunk mtns. are rich and arable w. Pop. 1830, 
1,167. 

Deersville, p-v. Stock tsp. Harrison co. 
O. by p-r. 290 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 131 
N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Defiance, usually called Fort Defiance, 
on the point between and above the junction 
of Maumee and Au Glaize rs. and in the s. e. 
angle of Williams co. O. The p-v. is situ- 
ated in a tsp. of the same, and is also the st. 
jus. for the co. distant 511 ms n. w. by w. 
W. C. and 175 n. w. Columbus. I'his was a 
very important military station during the 
Indian wars, and is situated in a very fertile, 
but, as yet, a thinly settled country. Pop. 
1830, 52. N. lat. 41° 18', long. 7° 22' w. 
W.C. 

De Kald, CO. of Geo. bounded s. by Henry 
and Fayette, w. by Campbell, n. w. by Chat- 
ahooche r. n. e. by Gwinnet co. and s. e. by 
Newton. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean 
breadth 12, and area 3G0 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 33° 41' to 34° OG', and in long. 
from 7° G' to 7° 32' w. W. C, Do Kalb is a 
table land, from which issues one of the ex- 
treme branches of Ockmulgee r. flowing s. e. 
whilst from the n. part of the co. rise brief' 
streams, falling into Chatahooche r. Chief 
t. Decatur. Pop. 18.30, 10,047. 

Dekalb, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
8. Ogdensburgh, 10 ms. square, is crossed by 
Oswegatchie, 20 ms. above its mouth in St. 
Lawrence, to which there is a boat naviga- 
tion from the village and falls, between rich 
meadows. It affords oak, maple, beech, &.c. 
marble, iron ore, ashes, &c. Settled from 
Conn. Pop. 1830, l,OGl. 

Delaware, r. N. Y., N.J. and Pa. rises in 
Schoharie co. N. Y. and in the western spurs 
of Catskill mtns. by two large branches, the 



Oquago and Popachton. The Oquago is the 
most remote and real source of D(;l. r. flowa 
H. w. 50 ms. reaching within 10 ms. of the 
Susquehannah, turns to s. e. and flowing in 
that direction 5 ms. to the n. e. angle of Pa. 
anil 5 ms. still lower, receiving the Popach- 
ton from n. e., continues the latter course 70 
ms. to the western base of Kittatinny mtns., 
having for GO ms. formed the boundary be- 
tween Pa. and N. Y. Inflected to s. w. by 
the Kittatinny, and almost washing the base 
of that chain 35 ms. to the entrance of Broad 
Head's creek from the w., and from Pike 
and Northamp'.on cos. it takes a southern 
course, and pierces the Kittatinny, by the 
known Del. Water gap. Continuing south- 
wardly 21 ms. it receives its first great con- 
fluents from the right, the Lehigh, at Eas- 
ton ; 2 ms. lower it pierces the Blue Ridge, 
and 5 ms. still lower the S. mtn. having tra- 
versed a great part of the Appalachian sys- 
tern obliquely. Below the s. mtn. this now 
fme navigable r. assumes a course s. e. e. 
from which, 35 ms. it falls over the primi- 
tive ledge, and meets the tide at Trenton ; 
5 ms. below, opposite Bordentown, it again 
turns to s. w. Following nearly the range of 
the primitive rock, the Del. now widening, 
passes Phil., and 5 ms. below that city, re- 
ceives its greatest tributary, the Schuylkill, 
from N. w., Cartney s. w. ; 35 ms. still far- 
ther it passes Old Chester, Wilmington, and 
New Castle, to an imaginary lino from Cape 
May to Cape Henlopen. The comparative 
length of Del. r. from its source to tide water 
is 185 ms., and 132 ms. from the rapids and 
head of tide at Trenton, to the Atlantic, having 
an entire comparative course of 317 ms. It 
has been already remarked, that from the n. e. 
angle of Pa. to the bend at the w. base of 
Kittatinny mtn., the Del. forms the lino of 
separation between N. Y. and Pa., from N. J. 
and thence to the mouth of the bay, it divides 
N. J. from Del. The navigation of Del. bay 
is tortuous and something diflicult, but ad. 
mits the entrance of vessels of the first class 
to near Phil. • Above that city the depth gra- 
dually decreases, but sniall sea vessels are 
navigated to Trenton. Though above tide 
water, this river is much impeded by shoals, 
and at low water by rapids ; no falls, pro- 
perly so called, exist in its bed, it is there- 
fore navigable for down stream rafts and boats 
from near its source. As a commercial basin, 
that of Del. is in a rapid and extensive state 
of improvement. Within Cape Henlopen a 
breakwater or artificial harbor is in progress, 
which, when completed, will secure safety 
to vessels entering in all weather. The bay 
of Del. is connected with that of Chesapeake 
by the Chesapeake and Del. canal, extending 
14 ms. with a depth of 8 feet, GO wide at 
the surface, and 3G at bottom, and flic river 
with Hudson r., by the Del. and Hudson, 
and the Morris canals. An active businesa 
on this stream has originated in the extensive 
mining districts in its vicinity ; and these 



DEL 



136 



DEL 



have chiefly encouraged the construction of 
the canals to Hudson r. (See article ' Rail 
Roads and Canals:) Aside from the im- 
mense business arising from the coal mines, 
the Del. is one of the principal channels of 
internal trade in the U. S. 

The basin of Del. r. Ues between lat. 38° 
45' and 42° 30', and long. 0° 42' to 2° 35' e. 
W. C. It is about 250 ms. in length from s. 
to N. with a mean breadth of 45, area 11,250 
sq. ms. The surface greatly diversified, 
and with considerable ditTerencc of relative 
height. The higher fountains of Oquago 
and Papachton rs. must bo at an elevation of 
at least 2500 feet, but the fall is rapid, and 
the general and comparative height of the 
cultivated sections is as follows : — Port Car- 
bon, on the head of Schuylkill, G20 feet ; 
Manch Chunk village on Lehigh 534 ; Eas- 
ton on Del. at the mouth of Lehigh 170 ; Del. 
at the mouth of Lackawana 455. 

These points are greatly depressed when 
compared with the adjacent arable country, 
we may therefore regard the basin of the Del. 
as an inclined plain, rising from the alluvial 
dcposites almost on a level with the tides, to 
1,200 or 1,800 feet. The difference of cli- 
mate above and below the Kittatinny chain is 
very marked, arising from thi? great change 
of aerial pressure. In their general inflec 
tions the conformity of the Del. and Susquc- 
hannah rs. is too great not to have arisen 
from some common causes. So greatly 
striking is this unity of course, that where 
the Dei. flows s. between the Water gap and 
S. mtn. a corresponding southern stretch of 
the Susquehannah reaches from the mouth of 
the W. Branch, to that of Juniata. Both rs. 
receive their great tributaries from the n. w. 
and receive only comparative creeks from 
the opposite direction ; and both rivers open 
to their great recipient by wide and deep 
bays. 

Delaware, state of the U. S. bounded by 
Worcester and Somerset cos. Md. s., by 
Dorchester, Caroline, Queen Ann, Kent, and 
Cecil cos. of Md. w., by Chester and Del. 
cos. of Pa. N., by Del. bay n. e., and by the 
Atlantic Ocean s. e. Outline^. : along the 
Atlantic from Cape Henlopen to Fenwick's 
isl. 20 ms.; w. along Md. 36 ms. ; n. along 
Md. to the w. cusp of the semicircle round 
New Castle 87 ms. ; along the semicircle to 
Del. r. 26 ms. ; and thence down Del. bay to 
Cape Henlopen 90 ms. having an entire out- 
lino of 259 ms. Length 100, mean breadth 
21, area 2,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 27' to 39° 50', long, from 1° 17' to 
2°E. W.C. 

Natural features.— Dc\. comprises a com- 
paratively long and narrow inclined plain, 
with its decUvity e. towards Del. bay. Down 
this slope flow Indian r. Broad Kill, Cedar, 
Mispohan, Mother Kill, Jones Duck, Apoqui- 
nimink and Brandywine, with some lesser 
streams. This plahi includes the vvhole n. e. 
and s. E. sections of the state. The s. e. 
angle slopes to the n. w. and is drained by the 



sources of Nantikoko and Choptank rs. The 
N. part of Del. is waving rather than hilly, 
but these humble elevations gradually de- 
press, and the s. part spreads into an almost 
general level. The soil, in some places very 
productive, is, however, generally thin, and 
in many places marshy. The climate at the 
two extremes differs much more in tempera- 
ture than might be expected from so little ex- 
tent of lat. and small difference in relative 
height. The staples of the n. part, grain, 
flour, &c. ; near the Atlantic cotton can be 
profitably cultivated. 

Political geography. — Delaware is divided 
into three cos. New Castle n., Sussex s., and 
Kent, lying between them. The population 
of the state in 1790 was 59,094, in 1800, 
64,273. The progressive pop. since, has been 
as follows : 



New Castle, 

Kem, 

Sussex, 



1810. 
24,429 
20,795 
27,750 



1820. 1830. 

27,899 29,710 

20,793 19,911 

24,057 27,118 



72,974 


72,749 


76,739 


Of which were white persons, 






Mules. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age. 


4,744 


4,047 


From 5 to 10, 


4,099 


4,011 


" 10 to 15, 


3,919 


3,054 


" 15 to 20, 


3,184 


3,381 


" 20 to 30, 


5,508 


5,484 


" 30 to 40, 


3,200 


3,179 


" 40 to 50, 


2,036 


2,047 


" 50 to 60, 


1,280 


1,397 


" CO to 70, 


609 


030 


" 70 to 80, 


202 


263 


" SO to 90, 


43 


56 


" 90 to 100, 


9 





" 100 and upwards, 





I 



Total, 28,845 28,758 

Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14 

years, 6 ; 14 to 25, 15 ; 25 and over, 14 ; 

blind, 18 ; foreigners not naturalized, 313. 
Colored population as follows : 

Slaves. Free colored. 
Males. Fenis. Males. Fenis. 
Und«r 10 years of age, 580 508 2,627 
From 10 to 24, 853 617 2,259 

" 24 to 36, 245 230 1,303 

" 36 to 55, 83 

" 55 to 100, 42 

" 100 and upwards, 3 



230 

80 

49 

2 



1,180 

503 

10 



2,524 
2,359 
1,446 
1,102 
526 
16 



Total, 1,806 1,480 7,882 7,973 

Slaves and colored persons included in the 
foregoing who arc deaf and dumb, under 14 
years, 5 ; 14 to 25, 4 ; 25 and over, 11. 
Recapitulation, 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

57,001 15,855 3,292 76,748 

Constitution of government, judiciary. — 
The existing constitution of this state was so 
greatly changed by amendments in conven- 
tion Dec. 1831, as to render it, in fact, a new 
instrument, and as it is brief and not to be 
foimd in but few editions of the State Con- 
stitutions, we have concluded to insert it en- 
tire. 

1. The representatives are to be chosen 
for two years ; the property qualification 
abolished. 



DEL 



137 



DEL 



2. The senators are to be choacn for four 



years. 

3. The legislature Is to meet biennially ; 
the first Tuesday of January, 1833, is to be 
the commencement of biennial sessions. 

4. The state treasurer is to be elected by 
the legislature biennially. In case of his 
death, resignation, &c. the governor is to fill 
the office until the next session of the legis- 
lature, lie is to settle annually v/ith the le- 
gislature, or a committee thereof, which is to 
be appointed every biennial session. 

5. No acts of incorporation are' hereafter 
to be passed without the concurrenco of two- 
thirds of each branch of the legislature, ex- 
cept for the renewal of existing corporations 
— all acts are to contain a power of revoca- 
tion by the legislature. No act hereafter 
passed shall be for a longer period than 20 
years, without a re-enactment by the legis- 
lature, except incorporations for public inv 
provement. 

6. The governor is to be chosen for four 
years, and to bo ever after ineligible. New 
provisions are made for contested elections of 
governor ; and to fill vacancies. lie is to set 
forth in writing, fully, the ground of all re- 
prieves, pardons, and remissions, to be en- 
tered in the register of his official acts, and 
laid before the legislature at its next ses- 
sion. 

7. All elections are to be on the second 
Tuesday of November. Every free white 
male citizen, who has resided one year in the 
state, the last month in the county, and, if he 
bo of the ago of 22 years, is entitled to vote. 
All free white male citizens, between the ages 
of 21 and 22 years, having resided as afore- 
said, may vote without payment of tax. No 
person in the military, naval, or marine ser- 
vice of the United States, can gain such resi- 
dence as will entitle him to vote in conse- 
quence of being stationed in any military 
or naval station in the state : no idiot, insane 
person, pauper, or person convicted of a felo- 
ny can vote ; and the legislature is authorized 
to impose the forfeiture of the right of suf- 
frage as a punishment for crime. 

8. The judicial power of the state is to be 
exercised by four common law judges, and a 
chancellor. Of the four law judges, one is 
chief justice, and three associates. The 
chief justice and ehancellormay bo appointed 
in any part of the states — of the associates, 
one must reside in each county. [The court 
of civil jurisdiction is styled the supreme 
court; and is composed of the chief justice 



The chancellor exercises the powers of the 
court of chancery. The orphans' court is 
composed of the chancellor and the associate 
judge residing in the county. Either may 
hold the court, in the absence of the other. 
When they concur in opinion there shall be 
no appeal, except in the matter of real estate. 
When their opinions are opposed, or when a 
decision is made by one sitting alone, and in 
all matters involving a right to real estate, 
there is an aj)peal to the supreme court of tJie 
county, whose decision shall be final. 

The court of errors and appeals, upon a 
writ of error to the superior court, is com- 
posed of the chancellor, who presides, and 
two of the associate judges, to wit, the one 
who, on account of his residence, did not sit 
in the case below ; and ono who did sit. 
Upon apjieal from the court of chancery, the 
chief justice and three associates conijiosc 
the court of errors and ajjiieals ; three of them 
constitute a quorum. If the suiJcrior court 
deem that a question of law ought to be heard 
before all the judges, they may, upon the ap- 
plication of either party, direct it to be heard 
in the court of errors and appeals, which shall 
then be composed of the chancellor (who 
presides) and all the judges. 

When the chancellor is interested in a 
chancery case, the chief justice, sitting alone 
in the superior court, shall have jurisdiction, 
with an appeal to the three associate judges 
sitting as a court of errors and appeals. 

When there is an exception to the chan- 
cellor or any judge, so that a quorum cannot 
be constituted in court, in consequence of said 
exception, the governor shall have power to 
appoint a judge for that special cause, whose 
commission shall expire with the determina- 
tion of the cause. 

The judges are to receive salaries, which 
shall not be less than the following sums, to 
wit — the chief justice ^1,200, chancellor 
$1,100, — the associates, each $1,000. They 
are to receive no other fees or perquisites 
for business done by them. 

The general assembly may establish infe- 
rior courts, or give to ono or more justices of 
the peace, jurisdiction in cases of assaults 
and batteries, unlicensed public houses, re- 
tailing liquors contrary to law, disturbing 
camp meetings or other meetings of public 
worship, nuisances, horse-racing, cock-fight- 
ing, and shooting matches, larcenies com- 
mitted by negroes or mulattoes, knowingly re- 
ceiving, buying, or concealing stolen goods 
by negroes or mulattoes, &,c. Thisjurisdic- 



and two associates — no associate judge sits tion may be granted cither with or without 
in his own county — the chief justice presides 'the intervention of a grand or petit jury, and 
in every county. Two judges constitute a either with or without appeal, as the legisla- 
quorum.] ture shall deem proper. 

The court of general sessions of the peace The clerk of the supreme court is to be 
and gaol delivery, is composed of the same styled the protiionotary. The oflice of clerk 
judges and in the same manner as the superior of the supremo court is abolished. 
court. I 9. But one person is to be voted for as 

The court of oyer and terminer is com- 'sheriff and one person as coroner, in each 



posed of the lour law judges. Three to con 
stitxite a quorum. 

18 



(county. The term of ofRce in each case is 
Uwo years. In New Castle and Kent coun. 



DEL 



138 



DEL 



ties, at the expiration of the term of oflice 
of the present sherill's and coroner, respec- 
tively, in 1833, the governor is authorized 
to fill up the offices for any year, in conse- 
quence of there being no election in that 
year, under the biennial system. 

10. Elections for conventions to revise the 
constitution, are hereafter to be held on the 
third Tuesday of May in any year. The 
majority of all the citizens of the state having 
right to vote, is to be ascertained by reference 
tp the highest number of votes given at any 
one of the three general elections next pre- 
ceding, unless the number of votes given on 
the occasion, shall exceed the number given 
in any of the three preceding elections, in 
which case the majority shall be ascertained 
by reference to the election of itself. 

11. No ofiiccs are vacated except the chan- 
cellor and judges of the existing courts, and 
the clerks, whose offices will be abolished on 
the third Tuesday of January next ; on which 
day the new judicial system goes into efl'ect. 
The offices of registers for wills and justices 
of the peace are not affected. 

The above sketch of the amendments 
adopted by the convention, does not enter into 
details, but merely presents a general view 
of the changes which have been made. 

History. — Delaware was first colonized by 
the Swedes and Fins, under the auspices of 
Gustavus Adolphus, and was called New 
Sweden. The Swedes were then too poor, 
and not sufficiently commercial, to form colo- 
nies ; therefore New Sweden fell under the 
power of the Dutch, in 1G55. In 1664 the 
Delaware colony was conquered with all 
New Netherlands, by the English, and 
{(ranted by Chrffles II. to James, duke of 
York, who in 1G82 conveyed it to William 
Penn. Delaware thus imder the same pro- 
prietary remained nominally a part of Penn- 
sylvania, until 1775, though really a distinct 
colony from 1704, when a colonial assembly 
for the three lower counties met at New 
Castle. Delaware was amongst the first 
states in which a constitution of government 
was formed, in 1776. In 1792, a convention 
met, and on June 12th of that year, the e.x- 
isting government was adopted. 

Delaware, co. N.Y. bounded by Otsego 
CO. N., Schoharie and Greene cos. e., Ulster 
and Sullivan s., Pa. s. w. and Broome and Che- 
nango COS. w., 60 ms. w. Hudson r., 70 w. s. w. 
Albany. Greatest extent 35 and 54 ms., 1,425 
sq. ms. ; 24 towns, is hilly and mountainous, 
with rich valleys, well watered, chiefly by 
N. E. sources of Del. r., to which timber is 
sent in rafts, e. branch of Susquchannah is 
N. E. ; deserted in revolutionary war. Pop. 
1820,26,587, 1830, 32,933. 

Delaware, co. Pa. bounded by Chester co. 
w. and N. w., by Montiromery n. e., by Phil. 
CO. e., by Del. r. separating it from Glouces- 
ter CO. N. J. s. E., and by New Castle co. s. 
Length 20, mean breadth 11, area 220 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 3DC' 47' to 46° 05', long. 
from !•' 28' to J-^ 48' )■:. W. C. Tlic slope of 



this CO. is to the s. e., down which flow Dar. 
by, Ridley, and Chester creeks, with suffi- 
cient descent to give innumerable sites for 
water propelled machinery ; and so greatly 
have the facilities of nature been improved, 
that as early as 1822, there were, from good 
authority, 144 machines of various descrip- 
tions in actual operation. At present, 1830, 
it is probable that the saw and grist mills, with 
other manufactories, do not fall much short 
of one to each sq. m. The surface is gently 
rolling, and soil productive. To enumerate 
its staples, would be to give a list of most 
articles found in Phil, vegetable market, of 
which the climate admits the culture, and of 
an indefinite invoice of the product of mills 
and looms. Chief t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 
14,810, 1830, 17,361. 

Delaware, p-v. Pike co. Pa. 

Delaware City, p-t. New Castle co. Del. 
situated on Del. r. at the termination on that 
stream of the Chesapeake and Del. canal, 
32 ms. nearly due n. from Dover. Pop. 1830, 
about 100 ; it contains several handsome 
brick houses. 

Delaware, co. of O. bounded s. by Frank- 
lin, w. by Union, n. by Marion, n. e. by 
Itnox, and s. e. by Licking. Greatest length 
28, mean breadth 25, and area 760 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° OP.' to 40° 32', and 
in long, from 6° 45' to 7° 18' w. W, C. The 
e. border of this co. extends from s. to n. 
along the summit between the vallies of 
Muskingum and Hocking on the e., and the 
Sciota on the w. The extreme sources of 
White Woman's Fork of Muskingum, and of 
the Hocking rise along the e. border of Del. 
and flow estrd. The body of the co. has a 
slope almost due s., and is traversed in that 
direction by the two main constituent streams 
of Sciota, the Whetstone and Sciota Proper ; 
Allum and Walnut creeks, also tributary, wa- 
ters of Sciota, rise in its eastern section. 
Chief t. Delaware. Pop. 1820, 7,639, 1830, 
11,504. 

Delaware, p-v. st. jus. and tsp. Del. co. 
O. The St. jus. is by p-r. 419 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C and 23 above, and n. w. Columbus. It 
stands on the right bank of Whetstone r. 
Lat. 40° 13', long. 6° 7' w. W. C. Pop. of the 
village, 1830, 527, and of the tsp. including 
che village, 936. 

Delaware, co. of Ind. bounded by Ran- 
dolph e., Henry s., Madison w., and Grant 
N. w. Length 22, breadth 20, and area 440 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 05' to 
40° 24', and in long, from 8° 12' to 8° 24' w. 
W. C. The Mississinawa and White rs. 
rising in Randolph, traverse Del. in which 
they diverge, the former to the n. w. and the 
latter to the w. General slope to the wstrd. 
Chief t. Munsey. Pop. 1830, 2,374. 

Delhi, v. Del. co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 435. 

Delhi, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware co. N. 
Y. 70 ms. s. w, Albany, 54 w. Catskill, 63 
Kingston, 156 square ms., is crossed by Del. 
r. and Little Del. which joins it near the vil- 
higc. There are hills, mins., vallics, and on 



DEP 



IS'J 



DET 



the river fine meadows. Pop. 1830, '2,1 14. 

DELiijiiiTFUL Grove, p-o. Spartanburg dist. 
S. C. by p-r. Ill nis. n. vv. Columbia, and 
484 s. w. W. C. 

Dells, p-o. Allacliua co. Flor. 

Delphi, p-o. Marion eo. Tenn. by p-r. 129 
ms. s. E. Nashville. 

Deliuii, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ind. 
by p-r. 661 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 88 n. 
w. Indianopolis. It is situated on Wabash 
river, just below the mouth of Deer creek. 
Lat. 40° 37', long. 9° 40' w. W. C. 

Demopolis, p-v. Marengo co. Ala. at the 
left bank of Tombigbee, r. immediately below 
the mouth of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa r., 
65 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Denmark, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. 
30 ms. s. w. Paris, 85 Augusta. Population 
1830, 954. 

Denmark, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y, 150 miles 
N. w. Albany, w. Black river, 22,000 acres ; 
has a rich soil in the vallies. Deer creek 
has a fall of 175 feet, almost perpendicular, 
with high limestone banks, and other falls 
from 10 to 60 feet. Copenhagen is the only 
village. Pop. 1830, 2,270. 

Denmark, p-v. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 16 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Denmark, p-v. and tsp. Ashtabula co. O. 
by p-r. about 190 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 340 
N. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 169. 

Dennings, p-o. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 
60 ms. N. w. W.C. 

Dennis, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 97 ms. 
s. e. Boston, 8 from Barnstable, n. Atlantic, 
E. Bass river, has several ponds, a poor soil, 
except N., and many works for making salt 
from sea water, by evaporation. Scargo 
hills is the highest land in the co. Popula- 
tion 1^30, 2,317, 

Dennis, p-t. Cape May co. N. J., has a 
small harbor. Pop. 1830, 1,508. 

Dennis, p-o. Amelia co. Va. 54 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. 

Dennisville, p-t. Washington co. Me. 17 
ms. N. w. Eastport, 172 n. n. e. Augusta, on 
Denny's river. It is crossed by several 
streams. Colescook bay lies s. of it. Pop. 
1830, 856. 

Dennwille, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 
172 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Denton, p-v. and st. jus. Caroline co. Md. 
on the left bank of Choptank river, 18 ms. n. 
E. Easton, and by p-r. 65 ms. a a little s. by e. 
AnnapoUs. Lat 38° 53', long. 1° 14' due e. 
W.C. 

Dentonsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va. 42 ms 
N. Richmond. 

Denville, village, Morris co. N. J. 8 ms. n. 
of Morristown, on Rockaway creek. 

Deposit, p-v. Tompkins, Delaware co. N. 
Y. 40 ms. s. w. Delhi, 105 vv. Catskill, on 
Delaware river. ^ 

Deptford, t. Gloucester CO. N.J. 20 ms. s. 
Burlington, between Bigtimber and Mantua 
creeks, on Delaware river. Population 1830, 
3,599. 

Deptford, t, Gloucester co. N. J. on the 



Delaware, between Mantua creek, which 
parts it from Greenwich on the s. w. and 
Gloucester on the n. e. Popuhition 3,599. 
Woodbcrry, the st. jus. is in tliis township. 

Deuuane, corrupted from Terre Bonne, the 
name ol several small streams of La. ; one, a . 
r. of about 80 miles comparative course, rises 
in Lafayette co. Ark. and parish of Claiborne 
La. llowss. E. and falls into Ouachitau river 
a short distance above the village of Monroe, 
in the parish of Ouachitau. Another of the 
same name, giving name to a parish, rises w. 
from the river La Fourche, and flowing a few 
ms. s. falls into the Gulph of Mexico, between 
Timballier and Petite Caillon bays. There 
are 3 or 4 more, but of too little consequence 
to deserve particular notice. 

Derby, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 52 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, e. Memphremagog lake, 7h ms. 
on Canada line, 23,040 acres. First settled 
1745, from Conn. &c. White and Norway 
pine grows near the lake, with red oak, and 
rock maple, &c., elsewhere, the soil being 
generally rich. It has Salem pond, and Clyde 
river, with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,469. 

Derby, p-t. New Haven county. Conn. 8 
ms. w. New Haven, at the confluence of 
Naugautuck and Ilousatonic rivers, 12 miles 
from Long Island Sound, navigable for ves- 
sels of 80 tons, 4i miles by 5J, has a 
varied surface, with some meadows, mill 
sites, advantages for trade, and shad fishe- 
ries. Humphreysville is one of the oldest 
woollen manufactories in the country ; incor- 
porated 1810, with $500,000 capital. There 
are other manufactures. An agricultural 
seminary was opened here, 1824, for practi- 
cal education, with philosophical aparatus, 
&c. Pop. 1830, 2,253. 

Derry, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ms. 
from Concord. Pop. 1830, 2,1-76. 

Derry, p.v. and tsp. Columbia co. Pa. 
The p-o. is 7 ms. n. Danville, the co. st. 
and by p-r. 77 ms. e. of n. Harrisburg, and 
187 ms. from W. C. in a nearly similar di- 
rection. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1662, in 1830, 
1689. 

De Ruyter, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 21 
ms. w. s. w. Morrisville, 123 w. Albany, is 
hilly, well watered by sources of Tioughnio- 
ga creek and yields grass and some grain, 17 
miles s. Erie canal. Pop 1830, 1,447. 

Detroit, or " the Strait," river, uniting 
lakes St. Clair and Erie, and forming part of 
the limit between Upper Canada and Michi- 
gan. At its outlet from lake St. Clair, De- 
troit river is upwards of a mile wide and di- 
vided into two channels by Peach Islands ; 
the course a little s. of w. 8 ms. to the lower 
extreme of the city of Detroit, where it makes 
a regular curve to the s. s. w. and continues 
the latter course 4 ms. to the influx of the 
river Rouge, from the n. w. One mile below 
the mouth of the Rouge the rivor is again di- 
vided into two channels, by Grand Turkey Is- 
land. The Detroit now rapidly widens to 
from 3 to 4 miles, and assuming a southern 
course of 17 miles, finally opens into the ex- 



DEX 



140 



DIL 



tremo n. w. angle of lake Erie. This is in- 
deed a most beautiful, gentle and navigable 
stream, of 29 miles in length. Though en- 
cumbered with islands, and the chamiel rath- 
er intricate, vessels of considerable burthen 
can bo navigated through into lake St. Clair. 
The shores though not elevated are bold, and 
being cultivated give a charming appear- 
ance in summer to the landscape along both 
shores. On the right are the city of Detroit 
and l?^o^^^lstown, and on the Canada shore 
Sandwich and Amherstburg. From Michi- 
gan enter at the influx of both into Erie, the 
Huron, and one mile above Grand Turkey 
Island the Rivierie Rouge ; and from the 
same side the lesser streams of Bauche, 
Curriere, and Clora. From Canada the only 
stream which enters the Detroit worthy of 
notice is fhe Canard, falling into the main 
stream .3J miles above Amherstburg. 

The Detroit islands are elevated and are 
composed of excellent arable soil ; two of 
them, Gros Isle and Grand Turkey Island, 
exceed 6 miles each, in length, but are com- 
paratively narrow. Tho whole river is 
frequently and completely frozen over in 
winter. 

Detroit, p-t. city, port of entry and st. jus. 
for Wayne co. and of tho government of 
Michigan, as laid down on Tanner's United 
States, is at lat. 42° 20', and exactly 6° west 
W. C. Theso relative positions give by 
calculation a bearing of 52° 50', and a dis- 
tance in statute miles, of 41G, from W. C. to 
Detroit. By the post office list of 1831, the 
distance from W. C. to Detroit ia etated at 
52fi miles. 

Detroit is situated on a rising plain along 
the western or right shore of Detroit r. Tho 
streets are laid out at right angles to each 
other, though something obliquo to tho course 
of the stream. Tho plain has a gentle ac- 
clivity from tho water to the main street, but 
spreads thence to the westward nearly level. 
A remark may bo made of Detriot which 
applies with equal force to many other places 
in the U.S., of comparatively small population ; 
that is, that the real and commercial wealth 
of the smaller are far above the proportion 
which relative numbers would produce be- 
tween them and places of greater population. 
Few places can be more admirably situated 
for a commercial city than Detroit, and few 
have a more solid promise of permanent pros- 
perity. Pop. 1830, 2,222. 



N. w. Ann Arbor, the co. St., and by p-r. 52 
w. Detroit, and 545 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Diamond Ghove, p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by 
p-r. 73 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Diamond Grove, p-v. Northampton co. N. 
C. by p-r. 25 ms. s. e. Raleigh. 

Diana, t. Lewis co. N. Y. Fop. 1830, 

3on. 

Diana Mills and p-o. Buckingham co. Va. 
by p-r. 125 ms. w. Richmond. 

Dickenson, p-v. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 
199 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Dickenson's Store and p-o. Bedford co. 
Va. by P-r. 151 ms. w. Richmond. 

Dickinson, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. 
Malone, 233 w. Albany, 6 ms. by 48, watered 
by Little Salmon r., has much sandy loam, 
with beech, maple, bass, elm, &c. Population 
1830, 446. 

Dickinson, p-v. and tsp. in the w. part of 
Cumberland co. Pa. The p-o. is 3G ms. w. 
Ilarrisburg, and 108 w. of n. W. C. Pop. 
of the tsp. 18.30, 2,523. 

Dick's r. Ky. rises in Rockcastle co. inter- 
locking sources with Rockcastle and Green 
rs,, and flowing thence n. w. passes through 
Lincoln, and thence separating Garrard from 
Mercer co., falls into the left side of Ky. r. 
10 ms. from Harrodsburg. 

Dick's Mills and p-o. in tho w. part of Bnt- 
ler CO. O. 8 ms. from Hamilton, the st. jus. 
for the CO. and by p-r. 496 ms. n. of w. W. C. 
and 109 s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Dickson, co. Ten. bounded by Humphrey's 
w., Stewart n. w., Montgomery n., and Hick- 
man s. Length 36, mean width 28, area 100 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 55' to 3G° 
20', long. 10° 09' to 10° 45' w. W. C. This 
CO. is a table land, from which the water flows 
s. into Duck r., w. into Ten., n. into Cumber- 
land, and E. into Ilarpeth rs. The n. w. and 
angles touch Cumberland r., but no 
stream of consequence flows into the body 
of tho CO. Soil of middling qualitv. Chief 
town, Charlotte. Pop. 1820, 5,190, 1830, 
7,265. 

Dickson's Mills and p-o. in tho e. part of 
Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 10 ms. e. Rockville, the 
CO. St., 58 w. Indianopolis, and 630 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C. 

DioHTON, p-t. port of entry, Bristol co. 
Mass. 38 ms. s. Boston, w. Taunton r., has 
an irregular surface, conglomerate rocks, 
(boulders,) in diluvial soil, over granite. A 
rock inscribed by Indians has excited atten- 



Devereaux, store and p-o. in the s. w. tion. Several coasting vessels are owned 



part of Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 16 ms. n 
Milledgeville, and 626 s. w. W. C. 

De Witt, p-v. in the western part of Clin- 
ton CO. Illinois, 18 ms. from Carlyle, the st. 
jus. and by p-r. 48 s. w. Vandalia, and 820 
ms. w. W. C 



here, Taunton r. being navigable for small 
vessels. Pop. 1830, 1,723. 

Dill's Bottom and p-o. in the w. part Bel- 
mont CO. O. by p-r. 268 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 149 e. Columbus. 

Dillon's p-o. in the w. part of Tazewell co. 



Dexter, p-t. Penobscot co. Mc. 30 ms. n. w. ;Il. by p-r. 821 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and l.'iO 
Bangor, 67 Augusta, has waters flowing intojw. of n. Vandalia. 

Penobscot and Kennebec. Population 1830, Dillon's Run, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by 
835. jp-i'- 16 ms. E. Romney, the co. st- 100 ms. n. 

Pexteu, p-v. Washtenaw co. Mich. 10 ms. of w. W. C. and 179 n. w. Richmond. 



DOB 



141 



DOR 



DiLLONsviLLE, p.v. in the 8. part of Meck- 
lenburg CO. N. C. by p-r. 19G ms. s. w. by w. 
Rnleigh. 

DiLLSBERo, or more correctly Dillston, 
p-v. w. part York co. Pa. 20 ms. s. w. Ilar- 
risburg. 

Dillvvorth's Towv, p.v. E. border Chester 
CO. Pa. 7 ms. s. West Chester. 

Dimocksville, p-v. in the e. part of Susquc- 
han;iah co. Pa. by p-r. 274 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 
and 175. ms. e. of n. Ilarrisburg. 

Divoman's Creek, p-o. and Ferry, over 
Del. r. 25 ms. above Del. Water Gap. 

DiwvinniE, co. Va. bounded by Nottaway 
r. which separates it from Brimswick s. w., 
by Nottaway co. w., Namazino creek, sepa- 
rating it from Andic, n. w., by Apjiomattox r. 
separating it from Chesterfield, n. e., by 
Prince George's co. e., and Sussex and Gran- 
ville ' s. E. It lies in nearly the form of a 
hexagon, equal to a circle of 28 ms. diameter. 
Area about 6l6 sq. ms., and is divided into 
very nearly equal portions by lat. 37°. In 
long, it lies between 0° 33' and 1° 3' w. W. C. 
About one fourth part on the n. border slopes 
towards, and is drained into the Appomattox. 
The other three quarters incline to the s. e. 
and are drained by Monk's Neck, Stony, Sa 
pony, and other confluents of Nottaway r. 
Surface waving. Chief t. Petersburg. Pop 
1820, 13,792, 1830, 21,901. 
- DiNwiDDiE, C. H. and p-o. on Stony creek, 
15 ms. s. w. Petersburg. 

Dismal Swamp, a rather undefined, marshy 
tract, between the s. part of Chesapeake bay 
and Albermarle sound, occupying a part of 
Nansemond and Norfolk cos. Va., and of 
Camden and Pasquotank cos. N. C. The 
sources of Nansemond and Elizabeth rs. 
flowing N, in the estuary of James r., those 
of Pasquotank and Perquiman's entering Al- 
bermalo sound, and some small creeks flow- 
ing s. E. into Currituck Sound, have their 
heads in Dismal Swamp. 

Dividing Creek, a small stream of Va. 
forming for a few ms. the boundary between 
Lancaster and Northumberland cos. and then 
falling into the Chesapeake. 

DixitoRo', p-o. in the e. part of Washtenaw 
CO. Mich, by p-r. 540 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 37 w. Detroit. 

DiXFiELn, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. r. 
Paris, N. Androscoggin r., 40 from Augusta. 
Pop. 1830, 889. 

DixMONT, p-t. Penobscot co. Mo. 20 ms. 
w. of Bangor, 44 of Augusta. Pop. 1830, 
945. 

Dixon's Smixris and p-o. Smith co. Ten. 
by p-r. 48 ms. e. Nashville. 

DixviLLE, p.v. Henry co. Va. by p-r. 158 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Dtxvii.i.e, t. Coos CO. N. II. ; settled IHO.'), 
31,023 acres, with small streams and uneven 
lands. Pop. 1830, 2. 

DoAKs' Stand, and p-o. Yazoo co. Miss, 
about 120 ms. n. m. e. Natchez. 



Dockley's Store, and p-o. Richmond co. 
N. C. by p-r, 121 ms. s. w. Raleigh. , 

DoDDSviLLE, p-v. Fauquicr co. Va. by p-r. 53 
ms. from W. C. 

DoDGEViLLE, p-v. lowa CO. Mich. 75 ms. 
s. Prairie du Cliien, 60 n. n. e. from Galena 
in 11. and by p-r. 1042 n. w. by w. W, C. 

DoDSONSViLLE, p-v. Jacksou CO. Ala. by p-r. 
186 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

DoERUN, p-o. Chester co. Pa. 14 ms. s. w. 
by w. Westchester. 

Doo, river, e. branch of Pascagoula river, 
rises in the pine forests between Pascagoula 
and Tombigbec, and flowing a little w. of s. 
90 miles, nearly along the line between; Ala. 
and Miss, falls into Pascagoula, 10 ms. above 
its mouth. 

Dog, river, a much smaller stream than 
the preceding, rises between it and Mobile 
bay, and flowing s. e. falls into the latter 
10 ms. s. Mobile. 

Dogwood Springs, and p-v. Pulaski co. 
Ark. by p-r. 15 ms. westward Little Rock,and 
1083 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Doiiemans, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of 
Tuscarawas co. O. The p-o. by p-r. is 298 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 123 n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1«30, 1,161. 

DonERTi'viLLE, p-v. Jcflcrson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 196 ms. e. Nashville. 

DoLBEE's, p-v. N. w. part Potter co.Pa. IG 
ms. from Coudersport, and by ji-r. 299 ms. 
N. N. w. W. C. and 190 n. w. Harrisburg. 

DoLiNGTON, p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. near Dela- 
ware river, 9 miles above Trenton. 

DoNALDSoNviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. for the 
parish of Ascension, and seat of government 
of La. It stands on the right bank of Mis3. 
r. below the efflux of Lafourche, extending 
along both rivers. Pop. 1820, 200, 1830, 500. 
Lat. 30° 05', long. 14° 03' w. W. C. 
Donegal, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. 
DoNORAiLE, P-v. Fayette co. Ky. by pr. 31 
ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

DooLEY, CO. Geo. bounded by Trewins. e. 
and s., Flint river separating it from Lee w., 
Houston N., and by Oakmulgee river separa- 
ting it from Pulaski n. e., and Telfair e. 
Length along lat. 32° from Oakmulgee to 
Flint river 4b ms., mean width 34, and area 
1,632 square miles. Extending in lat. 
from 31° 42' to 32° 18', in long, from 6° 21' 
to 7° 14' w. W. C. It must be obvious from 
the position of Dooley that it is composed of 
two inclined planes falling towards Flint and 
Oakmulgee respectively. The extrem.e 
source of Savannah river is also in the s. part 
of this CO. Chief town, Berrien. Population 
1830, 2,1.35. 

Dorchester, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 50 ms. 
by w. Concord, 23 s. Haverhill, 90 n. w. 
Portsmouth, 12 e. Connecticut r., 8 w. Mcrri- 
mac river, has rocky highlands, and fertile 
vallies on several brooks, 8 school districts. 
Pop. 1830, 693. 

DoRniESTER, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 3 ms. .«!. 



DonsoNs Cross Road, and p-o. Stokoa co. [s. e. Boston, w. Mass. bay, n. vv. N<^ponset 
N. C. by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. I river, has a rich soil and many inhabitants n. 



DOU 



142 



DOV 



E. with few hills ; favorable to fruit &c. has , practised elsewhere. It has good meadows. 

Thompson's and Moon's islands, with GOO | Pop. 1830,1,742. 

acres of salt marsh, several factories and j Douglass, p-v. in the w.part of Logan co. O. 

dams on Neponset river; was settled, by p-r. 10 ms. from Bellefontaine, 468 n. w. 

1630, soon after Plymouth and Sulum. There, by w. W. C. and 72 in a nearly similar di- 

was a fort on Rock Hill. 1636, about 100 j rection from Columbus. 

persons travelled across the wilderness in ' Douglass' Mills and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 

14 days, and settled Hartford, Conn. March p-r. 30 ms. a little n. of w. Harrisburg, and 

4th, 1776,' 1,200 men, sent by Gen. Washing- 117 n. n. w. W. C. 

ton, threw up works on the Dorchester Douglassville, p-v. in the n. e. part of 

Heights in the night, which commanded ! Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Boston harbor, and drove the British army j and 64. e. Harrisburg. Pop. of Douglass 



away. Part of Dorchester neck belongs to 
Boston, to which a bridge extends. Pop. 
1830, 4,074. 

Dorchester, v. on Maurice river. Cum- 
berland co. N. J. e. Maurice river, 5 miles 
from its mouth in Delaware bay. 

Dorset, p-t. Bennington co. Vt.^7 miles n. 
Bennington, 41 square ms. First settled 
1768, has part of Otter creek and sources of 
Battenkill and Powlet river, with mill sites, 
Dorset and Equinox mtns., several caves and 
some manufactories. Population 1830, 
1,507. 

Dorchester, co. Md. bounded by Nanti- 
koke bay s., Chesapeake bay s. w., w. and 
K. w., Choptank river n., Caroline co. n. e., 
Sussex CO. Del. e., and Choptank river which 
separates it from Worcester co. Md. s. e. 
Length from s. w. to n. e. 32 miles, mean 
breadth 20, and area 640 square miles. Ex. 
tending in hit. from 38° 14' to 3o° 40', in long, 
from 0° 36, to 1° 20' e. W. C. Chief town, 
Cambridge. Population 1820, 17,700, 1830, 
18,686. 

Dorchester, p-t. Colleton dist. S. C. on 
Ashley river, 20 miles above Charleston. 

Dorsettsville, p-o. Chatham co. N. C. 20 
ms. from Raleigh. 

Dorsey's, p-o. southwestern part of St. 
Mary's co. Md. 4 miles from Leonardstown, 
and by p-r. 78 miles s, from Annapolis, and 5!) 
s. s. E. from W. C. 

Double Branches, p-o. Anderson district. 
South Carolina, by p-r. 132 miles northwest 
Columbia. 

Double Branches, p-o. Lincoln co. Geo. 
by p-r. 95 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Double Bridge, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. 
by post road 118 miles southwest Rich- 
mond. 

Double Cabins, p-o. in the western part 
of Henry co. Geo. by p-r. 107 miles n. w. by 
w. from Milledgeville, and 699 miles s. w. 
from W. C. 

Double Pipe, creek, p-o. n. e. part Fred- 
erick CO, Md. about 50 ms. a little w. of n. 
W. C. 

Double Wells, p-o. Warren co. Geo. by 
p-r. 37 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Dougherty's, Carroll co. Ten. {See La- 
morcspUle.) 

Douglass, p-t. Worcester co. lVIass.47 ms. 
s. Worcester, n. Conn, has Mumford r. a 
branch of Blackslone r. between which and 
Shetucket it lies, artificial irrigation is re- 
sorted to, with wisdom, and deserves to be 



tsp. 1830, 839. 

DouTHET, p-v. in the n. part of Anderson 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. W. C. and 
139 ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Dover, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ms. 
Augusta, s. Piscataquis r. Pop. 1830, 1,042. 

Dover, p-t. and st. jus. Strailord co. N. H. 
10 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, on the e. great road 
and w. of Piscataqua r. and Me. The town 
contains a court house, gaol, four public 
houses, and seven meeting houses. 

The Cocheco manufacturing company have 
a capital of one million five hundred thousand 
dollars, 4 large brick mills. Three are sit- 
uated in the centre of the town. They run 
24,320 spindles and 780 looms — employ 900 
operatives — 750 of whom are females. They 
consume 2,600 bales of cotton, or 1,000,000 
lbs., and produce about 100,000 a week, or 
5,200,000 yards yearly. 

The calico printing, is equal to the best 
imported. They bleach and print 3,000 
pieces, of 28 yards each, a week, equal to 
4,368,000 yards per annum. 

They consume 4,000 gallons of oil, 500 
barrels of flour, 26,000 lbs. of potato starch, 
3,000 cords of wood, 2,000 tons of anthracite 
coal, &c. 

The Cocheco is navigable for vessels of 
80 tons, up to the landing, in the town. There 
are 50 shops, some large. Piscataqua r. 
is formed here of Cocheco and Belamy, or 
Black rs. which afford fine water power, and 
supplies many factories. The land swells 
genlly, and is picturesque. First settled 1623, 
on the neck s. between the rs. by the compa- 
ny of Laconia, from Eng. who entrenched 
the place, and established a fishery. The 
population have since collected at Cocheco 
falls; 4 ms. n. w. the Cocheco descends 322ft. 
at the head of navigation 12 ms. from the 
sea. Here in the village, 1689, Major Wal- 
dron was killed by Indians, to revenge the 
death of 7 or 8 whom he had executed 13 
years before. The place often suffered from 
Indians. Here was the first preaching in N. 
H. Pop. 1830, 5,449. 

Dover, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. w. Ded- 
ham, 16 s. w. Boston, e. and s. Charles r. is 
uneven, woody, with some manufactories. 
Pop. 1830, 497. - - 

Dover, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 21 ms. e. 
Poughkeepsie, 100 s. Albany, w. Conn. 6 ms. 
by 7, level in centre, where is 10 m. creek of 
Ilousatonic r. hilly e. and w. and grain and 
grass flourish. In this town, near the v, of 



DOY 



143 



DRY 



the Plain, e. of a mtn. is a wild passage cuti Doylestown, p-v. and st. jus. Bucks co. 
by a stream among rocks, which in one place | Pa. by p-r. 171 ms. n. e. W. C. and 107 near- 



meet over head, and also form a hollow, call- 
ed the stone church, which is 50 ft. long and 
30 wide in the broadest place. Pop. 1830, 
2,198. 

Dover, t. Monmouth co. N. J. 45 ms. s. 
N. Y. 20 s. E. Bordentown, with the ocean e. 
is crossed by Tom's cr. falling into Tom's 
bay, and Cedar creek. A narrow beach, 
called Long and Cran beach, forms Barnegat 
bay, most of which is in this t and receives 
its waters. Cranberry inlet is now closed, so 
that the entrance of Bar brook is s. in Staf- 
ford; Egg and other islands are in Bar brook. 
There are 15 or 20 furnaces here, chiefly on 
Tom's r. Pop. 1830, 2,898. 

Dover, p-v. Morris co. N. J. on the Rock- 
away, 8 ms. N. of Morristown, containing 
extensive manufactories of Iron. The Mor- 
ris canal passes the village. 

Dover, p-v. and tsp. w. part York co. Pa. 
24 ms. s. Harrisburg and 94 a very little e. 
of N. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,816, 
1830, 1,874. 

Dover, p-t. st. jus. for Kent co. and of the 
government of Del. by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. by 
E. W. C. It is by the road about 50 ms. s. 
Wilmington, lat. 39° 09', long. 1° 28' e. W. 
C. Pop. of the hundred of Dover, 1830, 
4,316. 

Dover, p-v. and st. jus. Stewart co. Ten. 
by p-r. 787 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 81 n. 
w. by w. Nashville. It is situated on the left 
bank of Cumberland r. lat. 36° 28' long. 10° 
52' w. W. C. 

Dover, p-v. and tsp, in the n. w. angle of 
Cuyahoga co. O, The p-v. is situated on 
Lake Erie 12 ms. w. Cleavcland, by p-r. 366 
N. w. W. C. and 140 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830, 462. 

Dover Furnace, and p-o. Stewart co. Ten. 

by p-r. 7 ms. s. e. Dover, the co. seat 780 s. 

w. by w. W. C. and 74 n. w. by w. Nasliville. 

Dover Mills, and p-o. Goochland co. Va. 

21 ms. N. w. Richmond. 

DowNE, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 60 ms. s. 
by w. Bordentown, is nearly an island, with 
Maurice r. e. Nantuxet creek w. and Dele- 
ware Bay s. about 4 appears to be swamps, 
near the water, and Bear Swamp is near the 
middle. Pop. 1830, 1,923. 

Down East, p-v. Penobscot co. Me. 96 ms. 
from Augusta. 

DowNiNGTowN, p-v. on the left bank of the 
N. branch of Brandy wine creek, and near the 
centre of Chester co. Pa. 30 ms. w. Phil, and 
by p-r. 122 n. e. W. C. The village is small 
but contains in its vicinity extensive grist 
mills, and is situated in a very well cultivated 
and pleasantly diversified country. It stands 
on the great road from Phil, to Lancaster. 

DowNiNGTON, p-v. in the n. w. angle of 
Meigs CO. O. by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Columbus 
and 356 w. W. C. 

Doyal's Mills, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala. 
by p-r. 670 ms. s. w by w. W. C. and 188 N. 
v.. Tuscaloosa. 



ly due E. Harrisburg. By the relative p-o. 
distances it appears to be 35 ms. from Phil. 
to Doylestown, whilst the real distance is only 
about 26. It is situated on a branch of Ne- 
shamony creek, lat. 40° 18', long. 1° 56' e. 
W. C. Pop. of the borough and tsp. 1820, 
1,430, 1830, 1,777. 

Dracut, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. 
N. N. w. Boston, s. of N. H. line, n. Merri- 
mack r. is pleasant, with pretty good soil, 
well watered by Beaver brook, &c. A fine 
bridge crosses Pawtucket falls to Chelmsford, 
and the growth of Lowel, to which is anoth- 
er bridge 500ft. and roofed, has been useful 
to Dracut. Pop. 1830, 1,615. 

Drake's, p-o. in the n. w. part of Holmes 
CO. O. by p-r. 359 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
71 N. E. Columbus. 

Drakeville, vil. Morris co. N. J. on the 
Morris canal, 12 ms. n. w. Morristown. 

Dranesville, p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 17 ms. 
from W. C. 

Draper's Valley, and p-o. in the w. part of 
Wythe CO. Va. 18 ms. from Evansham, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 310 ms. s. w. W. C. and 225 
s. of w. Richmond. 

Dresden, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 8 ms. n. w. 
Wiscasset, 14 from Augusta, on both sides of 
Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,151. 

Dresden, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
N. Sandyhill, 72 n. Albany, w. Lake Cham- 
plain, e. Lake George, and ends n. at Pulpit 
point. It is mountainous, with several natU' 
ral ice-houses. Pop. 1830, 475. 

Dresden, p-v. and st. jus. Weakly co. Ten. 
by p-r. 834 ms. s. w, by w. W. C. and 132 
ms. a very little n. of w. from Nashville. It 
is situated on a branch of Obion river, lat. 
36° 19' and long. 11° 50' w. W. C. 

Dresden, p-v. in Jefierson tsp. n. part of 
Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 14 ms.N. Zanesville, 
the CO. seat, 73 n. of e. Columbus, and 350 
n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 391. 

DRirriNG Sprlng, p-v. Edmonson co. Ky. 
by p-r. 138 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Drowned Lands, Orange co. N. Y. on 
Wallkill creek, 10 miles long, 3 to 5 broad, 
have a rich mould, good for hemp when 
drained. 

Drowned Meadow, p-v. Brookhaven, Suf- 
folk CO. N. Y. 3 ms. e. Setauket. 

Drowning Creek, and p-o. Burke co. N. 
C. about 200 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Dry Creek, and p-o. Campbell co. by p-r. 
82 ms. N. n. e. Frankfort. 

Dryden, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 35 ms. 
s. Auburn, 9 e. Ithaca, 150 w. Albany, 10 ms. 
sq. is level with much good soil. Good pine 
abounds, Fish and 6 m. creeks give many 
mill scats. Pop. 1830, 5,206. 

Dry Ridge, p-v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. N. e. Frankfort. 

Dry Ri'n, p-o. in the n. part of Franklin 
CO. Pa. 23 ms. from Chambersburg, and by 
p-r. 63 ms. w. Ilarrisburtr, and 113 n. w. 
W. C. 



DUG 



144 



DUN 



DuANE, t, Franklin co. N.Y. Pop. 1830,247. I ville, the at. jus. for the co. andby p-r. 533 me- 



DuANESBURo, p-t. Schcnoctady co. N. Y. 8 
ms. square, s. end of the co. is 400 or 500ft. 
above Hudson r. at Albany, a little uneven, 
M'ith good soil, and sources of Norman's and 
Bowza Kills, which falls 70 ft. Lake Maria 
is drained by Chuctenunda creek which turns 
about 20 mills. 

DuDLiN, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 10 ms. e. 
s. E. Keene, 50 from Concord, 70 from Bos- 
ton, 2G,560 acres, on high land between Conn, 
and Mcrrimac rs. contains most ol Grand Mo- 
nadnock mtn. Centre and North ponds, and is 
pretty good for grass, 10 school districts. 
Rev. Ed. Spraguc loft a fund of $8,000 to 
public schools, and ,^5,000 to the congrega- 
tional church pastor. There arc two libra- 
ries. First settled 17G2. Pop. 1830, 1,218. 

Dublin, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 6 ms. n. n. w. 
Doylcstown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 1G6 ms. 
N. E. W. C. and 97 e. Harrisburg. 

Dublin, p-v. in the n. part of Harford co. 
Md. 32 ms. n. e. Baltimore, and 3 ms. from 
Conewingo Ferry. 

Dublin, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens co. Geo. 
situated on the right banli of Oconee r. near 
the centre of the co. 55 nis. below, and e. of 
8. from Milledgeville, lat. 32° 34' and long 
(j° 05' w. W. C. 

Dublin, or, Dublinton, p-v. in Washington 
tsp. n. w. part of Franklin co. O. 12 ms. n. n. 
w. Columbus, and by p-r. 408 n. w. by vv 
W. C. Pop. 1830, 96. 

Dubois, co. of Ind. bounded n. e. by Mar- 
tin and the s. w. part of Orange, e. by Craw- 
ford ; s. e. by Perry ; s. by Spencer ; w. by 
Pike ; and n. w. and n. by the East Fork of 
white river, separating it from Daviess. 
Length 24 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 
480 sq. ms. — Extending in lat. from'38° 14' to 
38° 34' and in long, from 9° 43' to 10° 08' w. 
W. C. Though this co. bounds on the East 
Fork of white river, the far greater part of 
the surface is drained by the Patoka and con- 
lluent creeks, and slopes westward. Chief t. 
Portersville. Pop. 1830, 1,778. 

Dubourg's, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. 
Baptiste, La. 49 ms. above New Orleans. 

Duck r. Ten. having its main sources in 
Warren and Franklin co. between those of 
Elk r. a branch of Ten. and a branch of 
Cumberland, flowing thence tlirough Bedford, 
Maury, Hickman, Perry, and Humphries cos. 
falls into Ten. r. in the latter, after an entire 
comparative course of 130 ms. in a direction 
N. w. by w. In seasons of high water it is 
navigable about 100 ms.; the valley of Duck 
r. is comparatively narrow, not averaging 
above 25 ms. and in no place above 60 wide. 
It lies between lat. 35° 10' and 36° 10'. 

Duck Branch, and p-o. Barnwell disl. .S. 
C. The Duck Branch is a small stream 
near the s. e. border of the dist. forming one 
of the sources of the Coosawhatchie r. 
The p-o. is situated on the cr. by p-r. 81 ms. 
a little w. of s. Columbia. 

Duck Creek Crossings, and p-o. in the n. 



w. part of Franklin co. Ind. 10 ms. n. w. Brook- 1 l. Harrisburg. 



w.W. C. 

Dudley, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ras. 
8, Worcester, 55 s. Boston, n. Conn, is well 
supplied with mill seats by Quneboag and 
French or Stony rivers, the heads of Thames 
r. and has wool and other factories. There 
are several ponds, one nearly 5 ms. long. It 
was one of the Christian Indian colonies 
formed in early times. Pop. 1830,2,115. 

Duff's Forks, and p-o. e. part of Fayette 
CO. O. by p-r. 33 ms. s. w. Columbus, and 425f 
N. of w. W. C. 

DuGGER's Ferry, and p-o. Carter co. Ten. 
by p-r. 420 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 31G n. 
of E. Nashville. 

Duke's co. Mass. consists of the islands of 
Martha's Vincyard,Chippaquiddick,Norman's 
Land and Elizabeth islands, forming 3 towm; 
— Chief town, Elizabethtown. — The soil is 
poor. Martha's Vineyard is favorable to 
commerce and fishing. Pop. 1820, 1,702, 
1830, 1,768. 

Duke's p-o. Dickson co. Ten. by p-r. 44 ms. 
w. Nashville. 

DuMAs's Store, and p-o. in the s. part 
of Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 18 ms. s. 
Rockingham, the co. et. 417 ms. s. s. w. 
W. C. and 131 s. w. Raleigh. 

Dumfries, p-v. on Quantico creek, Prince 
William co. Va. 33 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

DuMMER, t. Coos CO. N. H. is of little val- 
ue, watered by Amonoosuck and Ameris- 
coggin rs. Pop. 1830, 65. 

Dummerston, p-f. Windham co. Vt. 5 ms. 
N. Brattleborough, 31 e. Bennington, w. Conn, 
r.; was one of the first settled in N. H. is wa- 
tered by West r. &c. with many mill sites. 
Black mtn. is granite ; the roof slate is quar- 
ried here, and primitive limestone is found. 
Pop. 1830, 1,592. 

DuxBARTON, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 10 
ms. N. Amherst, 9 s. w. Concord, has 21,000 
acres, few hills, M'ith clear air, good water, 
chestnut, pine and oak timber, and good soil. 
Settled from Londonderry, N. II. 1749; and 
partly by Scotch and Irish. Pop. 1830, 1,067. 

DuNBARTON, p-0. in the s.w. part of Adams 
CO. O. by p-r. 450 ms. w, W. C. and 91 s. s. 
w. Columbus. 

Duncan's Creek, and p-o. in the e. part ol 
Rutherford co. N. C. 18 ms. e. Ruthcrfordton, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 467 s. w. W. C. and 206 
w. Raleigh. 

Duncan's p-v. Thomas co. Geo. by p-r. 120 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Duncan's p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 
190 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Duncansville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. is 
by p-r. 24 ms.from Barnwell, the st. jus. for this 
list. 86 w. of s. Columbia, and 584 s. s. w. 
W. C. 

Duncanton, p-v. White co. II. by p-r. 780 
ms. s. of w. W. C. and 109 s. e. Vandalia. 

Dundaff, p-v. in the s. e. angle of Susque- 
hannah co. Pa. 22 ms. s. e. Montrose, the co. 
seat, by p-r. 256 ms. n. n, e. W. C. and 148 K. 



DUR 



145 



DUX 



DuNKARD Creek, and p-o. in the n. w. part 
of Monongalia co. Va: about 29 ma. n. w. by 
w. Morgantown, and by p-r. 2-17 n. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Dunkirk, p-v. Pomfrct, Chatautiue co. N. 
Y. 4.5 ms. s. \v. Bullalo, 4.5 n. e. Eric, has a 
good harbor, with 7 ft. water on the bar. 

Du.NKniK, called in the p-o. list King and 
Queen C. II., p-v. on the left bank of Matta- 
l)ony r. at or near tho head of tido water, 60 
nis. above Yorktown, and by p-r. 140 nis. a 
little w. of s. W. C. and 54 N. e. liichinond; 
lat. 37° .50', long. 0° 11' w. W. C. Vessels of 
considerable tonnage are navigated up to 
Dunkirk. 

DuNLApsviLLE, p-v. in tho s. w. angle of 
Union co. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. s. of e. Indian- 
opolis, and 521 ms. n. of w. W. C. 

DuNNiNGSTREET, p-v. Malta, Saratoga co. 
N. Y. 

DuNsnuRO, OR DuNSTOwN, p-v. Lycoming 
CO. Pa. on tho left bank of the w. branch of 
Susquchannah, opposite the mouth of Bald 
Eagle cr. 25 ms. above Williamsport. 

DiJNNSvii.T.E, p-o. R. part of Essex co. Va. 
56 ms. s. E. Richmond. 

Dunstable, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 12 ms. 
s. E. Amherst, 40 n. w. Boston, w. Merrimack 
r. contains 18,878 acres, has a variety of 
good soils, level e. hilly w. with mill seats on 
.Salmon brook, and rich land on Nashua r. on 
which is the chief village ; first settled in the 
CO. 1672, and was attacked by Indians. Lo- 
verell's company went from this t. performed 
exploits, and were cut off 1724 at Fryeburg, 
Me. Pop. 1830, 2,414. 

Dunstable, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 37 ms. 
N. w. Boston, s. Merrimack r. has pretty 
good level land, with pine, oak, and nutwood. 
Nashua r. on n. w. Pop. 1830, 593. 

DuNTONViLLE, p-v. w. part of Edgefield 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 67 ms. w. Columbia. 

DuPLESsis, Landing and p-o. Opelousas, La. 
by water route 180 ms. n. w. by w. Now Or- 
leans. 

Duplin co. N. C. bounded w. by Sampson, 
N. by Wayne, n. e. by Lenoir, e. by Onslow, 
and s. by New Hanover. Length 30, mean 
breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. extending 
from lat. 34' 48' to 35° 12', and divided into 
nearly equal portions by long. 1° w. W. C. 
It is drained by, and nearly commensurate 
with, the higher part of the valley of the e. 
branch of Capo Fear r. Soil of middling 
quality. Pop. 1820, 9,744 ; 1830, 11,291. 

Duplin, C. H. and p-o. by p-r. 86 ms. s. e. 
Raleigh. 

Duplin, old C. H. and p-o. by p-r. 81 ms. 
s. e. Raleigh. 

DuRAND, t. Coos CO. N. H. 77 ms. n. Con- 
cord, N. White mtns., contains 26,680 acres, 
crossed by Israel's and Moose rs., has n 
pretty good soil. 

Durant's Neck, and p-o. Perquimans co. 
N. C. by p-r. 218 ms. n. of e. Raleigh. 

Durham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. 
n. e. Portland, 31 Augusta, s. w. Ameriscog- 
gin r. Pop. 1830, 1,731 

19 



Durham, p-t. StralFord co. N. II. n. w. Lit- 
tle and Great bays, contains 14,970 acres, 
1ms Piscataqua r. and branches ; the village 
is on Oyster r. at the falls, to which the tide 
flows. Tho soil is hard, but good, especial- 
ly on Onion r. Cranite is quarried. The 
place has sullcrod from tho Indians. Pop. 
1830, 1,606. 

Durham, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 7 ms. a. 
Middlctown, 18 n. e. New Haven, 4 ms. by 
6, 23 sq. ms., handsomely varied, with hills 
E. is at the beginning of tlie argillaceous tract 
running n., has sand stone quarries, and good 
soil, especially on Middlctown and West rs. 
Gen. James Wadsworth, of the revolution, 
was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,116. 

Durham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. 
w. Catskill, 30 s. w. Albany, on the top of 
Catskill mtns.; greatest dimensions 8 ms. by 
17, has various soils, generally good for 
grass. Pop. 1830, 3,039. 

Durham, tsp. and p-o. Bucks co. Pa. It is 
the extreme northern tsp. ofthe co. on Del. r. 
12 ms. s. from, and below Easton. 

Duriiamville, p-o. Tipton co. Ten. by p-r. 
190 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. 

Dutchess co. N. Y. bounded by Columbia 
CO. n.. Conn, e., Putnam co. s., Hudson r. and 
Ulster CO. w., contains 725 sq. ms. has 18 
towns, and is one of the richest in the state. 
The soil is generally warm loam, n. w. clayey 
and uneven. Mattawan mtns. e. some ridges 
arc bare, and some slate, both are quarried 
— gypsum has been very useful. It is water- 
ed by Wappingers, Fishkill, Fall, Croton and 
Ancram creeks ; Cram, Elbow, &c. It has 
manufactories. Chief t. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 
1820, 46,615, 1830, 50,926. 

Dutch Settlement, C. H. and p-o. St. 
Mary's parish. La. on Techo r. about 120 ms. 
w. New Orleans. 

Dutotsburg, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. sit- 
uated on Del. r. n. side of the water gap, and 
at and below the cr. 25 ms. n. Easton. 

Dutton, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 76 ms. 
from Augusta^ 

Duval, co. Flor. as laid down on Taimcr'e 
U. S. includes all the coimtry from the Allan- 
tic, between St. .Johns and Nassau r. to Su- 
wanno r. on the w. St. Mary's n. and on the 
s. and s. E. by a line from .Tacksonville on the 
St. Johns, to the mouth of the Suwanne into 
the Gulf of Mexico. This would include a 
triangle of 125 ms. base, and 40 ms. perpen- 
dicular, or 2500 sq. ms. lying between lat. 
29° 22' and 80° 30', long, from 4° 38' to 6° 
28' w. W. C. It is probable that only the n. 
E. part, between Nassau co. and r., the Atlan- 
tic, St. .lohns, and St. Mary's rs. or about 
750 sq. ms. will remain included in Duval co. 

DuxBURY, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 10 ms. 
N. Plymouth, 38 s. v.. Boston, w. Plymouth 
harbor. Capt. Standish was buried here, 1656. 
The soil is warm and sandy, good e. and the 
people live chiefly by trade snd fishing. Pop. 
18.30, 2,716. 

DuxBURV, t. Washington co. Vt. 13 ms. w. 
Montpelier, 22 s. e. Burlington, 100 n. Ben- 



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146 



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njiigton. It ia mouniainoue and unsettled e.iw. Dycrsburg. The main branch of Forked 



Chifcf population e. on Onion r. over wjiich ie 
a natural hridgo, with cavoe. There tore 4 
school dislricts. Pop. 1830, C51. 

D WIGHT, p-v. Pope CO. Ark. by p-r. 1,146 



Door r. enters Dyer from the s. and flowing 
N. w. receives a large confluent from the k. 
at Dyersburg, and then abruptly turning to s. 
w. leaves Dyer, and falls into Miss. r. at Tip- 



nis. 8. w. by w. W. C. niid 71 ms. above, and ton co. at the upper end of the first Chicka- 
N. w. by w. from Little Rock. As laid down j saw Bluff. The surface of this co. is rolling, 
by Tanner, it is fituated on the lift bank of i except some alluvial (lats along Miss. r. Chief 
the Ark. r. 7 or 8 ms. nbove, and on the oppo-jt. Dyersburg. Pop. 1830, 1,904. 
site side from the influx of Petite Jean r. Dyer, C. H. or more correctly Dyersburg, 

Dyer go. Ten. hounded n. by Obion co , E.|p-v. and st. jus. Dyer co. Ten. situated on the 
by Gibson, s. by Haywood and Tipton, and w. In. branch of Forked Deer r. about 30 ms. 
by the Miss. r. which pei)arates it from Crit- from Miss. r. at the first Chickasaw BlutF, 
tendon and New Madrid cos. Ark. Length and by p-r. 164 ms. a very little s. of w. 
from w. to E. 36, mean width 28, and area Nashville. 

840 sq. ms. extending in Int. from 35'^ 48' to Dyer's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 191 
36° 10', lon^. from 12° 15' to 12° 46'. Obion ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, 
r. enters this CO. on the N. border, and flow- Dyer's, old store and p-o. Albemarle co. 
ing 8. w. falls into the Mies, about 12 ins. s. 'Va. by p-r. 101 ms. e. w. W. C. 



E. 



Eagle, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
892. 

Eagi.e, p-o. Franklin co. Goo. by p-r. 101 
ms. N. Milledgcville. 

Eagle Grove, p-o. Elbert co. Geo. by p-r. 
93 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Eagle Rook, p-v. Wake co. N. C. 12 ms. 
from Raleigh. 

Eagleville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Ashta- 
bula CO. O. by p-r. 189 rns. n. e. Columbus. 

Eaker's Mills, and p-o. in the w. part of 
Graves co. Ky. 15 ms. w. Mayfield, the co. st. 
and by p-r. 299 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Earl, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. on 
Conestoga creek, 12 ms. above Lancaster. 

Earlesville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Early, co. Geo. bounded n. by Randolph 
CO. (ieo., E. by IJuker, s. by Decatur, and w. 
by Henry co. Ala. or by Chattahooche r. 
Length from s. to >'. 40, mean breadth 32, 
area 1280 nq. ms. extending in lat. from 31° 



06' to 31° 43', long, from 7° 46' to 8° 20' w. ms. Augusta. 



East Claridon, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

East FAiRFiELn, p-v. near the eastern bor- 
der of Columbiana CO. Ohio, 8 ms. e. New 
liisbon, the co. st. and by p-r. 152 n. e. by E. 
Columbus. 

East Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of 
Oakland CO. Mich, by p-r. 40 ms. n. Detroit. 

East Feliciana, parish of La. bounded by 
Amite co. which separates it from St Helena 
parish K., by East Baton Rouge b., Thomp- 
son's creek which separates it from West 
Feliciana w., and by Wilkinson and Amite 
CO. of Miss. N. Length from s. to n. 28 ms., 
mean breadth 20, area 560 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 30° 37' to 31°, in long, 
from 14° to 14° 24' w. W.C. The slope of 
this parish is almost directly s. Much of the 
soil on Amite river, on Comite and Thomp- 
son creeks, is excellent ; staple, cotton. 
Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 1830, 8,247. 
East Green, p-v. Keimebec co. Mc. 20 



W. C. Chief t. Blakely. Pop. 1830, 2,081. 

Early, C. H. (we JJlulcelcy,) Early co. (.co. 

East Berlin, t!<p. and p-o. Adams co. Pu. 
on a branch of Concwago, 17 ms. n. e. Get- 
tysburg. 

East Betiii.ehems, p-o. Washington co. 
Pa. 16 ms. w. Washington, the co. st. 



East Greenwich, p-t. and st. jus Kent co. 
R. I. l3ms. B. Providence, w. Narraganeet 
bay, 4 ms. by 6, 24 square miles, is rough 
with primitive rocks, pretty good gravelly 
loarn, making good cider ; oak, chestnut, &c. 
jit has a safe harbor, with 15 feet water at 
high tide. Codfish, &lc. aro taken, and 



East Bi.ooMEiELn, p-o. Crawford CO. Pa. 10 whaling was once carried on. In the vil- 



ms. N. w. Meadville. 

East Bridgewater, town, Plymouth co. 
Mass. Pop. 1830, 1,653. 

East CE^TERVILLE, p-v. in the south partof 
Columbiana co. O., about 12 ms. s. s. w. New 
Lisbon, the co. st. 138 n. e. by e. from Co- 
lumbus. 

Eastciiester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 
Smiles s. White Plains, 20 n. N. York, 2i 
ms. by 7, i:. Bronx creek, w. East Chester 
creek and bay, where is a landing, for tradi 



lago is a bank, court house, academy, and the 
legislature has sometimes set here. Major 
Gen. Green, was from this town. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,591. 

East Haddam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 14 
miles s. w. Middletown, 27 s. by w. Hartford, 
■•;. Conn, liver, 6i miles by 8, 50 square miles, 
is rough, with granite rocks, containing gar- 
nets, beryl, &c. It is good for grass, with 
some flats, and good timber. Salmon and 
Modus rivers n. w., and other streams supply 



with New York ; level, stony, but pretty good jniill seats. There were formerly shakings of 
8oil. Pop. 1830, 1,300. I the earth, attended with sounds here. The 



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147 



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Indifina wcro conaidorod conjurors. Popula- 
tion 1H:3(), '2M'>i- 

Eastham, p-f. Uarnetablo co. Mass. 21 ms. 
N. K. JJariistabIc, 75 s. e. Boston, on Capo 
(loil, is a narrow strip of sand, ic. Cape Cod 
bay an<l w. ocean, botli of whicli aro eoun 
at once from the road. On the e. is some pretty 
good land ; tlio rest moveable sand. Salt is 
made here froni sea water. Tlio Nanset In- 
dians had a christian church many years 
here. First settled from Plymouth, 1G44. 
Fo]). 18.30, 070. 

East Hamtton, p-t. Ilampahiro co. Mass. 
5 miles s. Northampton, 00 w. Boston, w. 
Conn, river. On tlio k. side is the proposed 
route of Farmington canal ; the town has a 
variety of soil, and much piuo plain. Pop. 
1834», 745. 

Eastuampton, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. 112 
miles i:. N. York, 35 e. llivcrhoad, at e. end 
of Long Island, includes Governor's Island 
and Montauk Point, s. Otardner's bay and 
Long Island sound, n. and w. ocean. Great- 
est breadth 8 miles, greatest length on main 
laud 24. First settled 1G40, from Lynn, Mass. 
The peo[)lo aro farmers, mechanics, and 
shoemakers. Clinton academy, founded 
1784, with $24,000 given by them. At Mon- 
tank 0000 acres of good land aro owned in 
common. The light houso was built 170G, 
for !|)25,000. Gardner's island contains 2,50iJ 
acres ; Gardner's bay, a good harbor for a 
fleet of ships, was used by the enemy during 
the last war. 

East IIanoveh, tsp. and p-o. on Swatara r. 
w. part of Lebanon co. Pa. about 17 ms. n, e, 
by e. llarrisburg. 

East Haiiti-oiid, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. e. 
Connecticut river, is connected with Hart- 
ford with a bridge ; has fine meadows, with 
level, light soil ; fine elms in tho village. 
Pop. IH:J(), 3,537. 

East Haven, town, Essex co. Vt. 45 n. 
Montpclier, gives rise to Moose river, and is 
rough and almost uninhabited. Population 
'1830, 33. 

East Haven, town. New Haven co. Conn. 
4 miles e. New ILiven, n. Long Ish-md sound, 
has fine swells, with light soil ; a lighthouse 
at E. point of New Haven harbor ; the town 
is connected with Now Haven by abridge. 
Pop. 1820, 1,220. 

East Hemitield, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster 
county, Pennsylvania, 34 miles s. E. by e. 
llarrisburg. 

East KiNOSTorj, town, Rockingham co. N. 
H. 21 ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 30 Concord, 3 
square miles, has a good soil for grass and 
grain, and is crossed by Powow river. Pop. 
1830, 412. 

Easp Libertv, tsp. and p-v. Fayette co. Pa. 
34 ms. s. E. Uniontown. 

East Lihertv, p-v. Marion county, Ten- 
nessee, by pout road 138 miles southeast 
Nasiiville. 

East Machias, town, Washington co. Me., 



pond on its eastern border. Population 1830, 
1,065. 

East Nantmim,, tsp. and i).o. n. part of 
Cheater co. Pa. on the waters of French 
creek, about 33 miles n. w. Phil. 

East New Market, p-v. on the waters of 
Nantikoko river, e. part of Dorchester co. 
Md. Ki miles a little n. of e. Cambridge. 

Easton, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 22 miles s. 
Boston, has large manufactories of iron, 
woollen and cotton. A lead and silver min- 
ing company was incorporated here, lli25, 
wi'tii a capital of .$80,000. Population 1830, 
1,750. 

Easto.n, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 27 ms. 
N. Albany, 16 s. w. Salem, e. Hudson river, 
6 miles by 12, 70 square miles, has good 
farms, uneven surface, and various soils. 
Battenkill n. has a fall of GO feet, and other 
mill sites. 

Easton, borough, p-t. and st. jus. North- 
ampton co. Pa. situated on tho right bank of 
Delaware river, between tho mouths of Lc. 
high river and Buslikill creek. Tho site ol 
this borough is a limestone valley environed 
on all sides by masses of that rock. Beyond 
the Lehigh rises tho Bluo Ridge, which 
about 2 miles below tho town, is traversed by 
Delawaro river. Tho vicinity along the 
Delaware, Lehigh, and Bushkill, is finally 
broken and varied, with a very productive 
soil, and a soil well cultivated, which adds to 
tho attractive scenery, tho charm of abun- 
dance. According to information procured 
on tho spot, there were in Easton, 1821, about 
2,500 inliabitants. A library containing 1,200 
volumes ; an academy called the Union acad- 
emy, three places of public worship, 1 for 
Presbyterians, 1 for German Lutherans, and 
1 for Episcopalians. There were within the 
borough G grist mills, 2 saw mills, 2 distil, 
lerios, 3 tan yards, 1 brewery, and 31 dry 
good stores. Four fino bridges, 1 over the 
Delaware, 1 ovor Lehigh river, and 2 over 
Bushkill creek. The town is laid out at right 
angles, streets along the Cardinal points, is- 
suing from a central square, in which stands 
the court houso, built in 1758. Since 1821, 
tho advance of Easton has been rapid. The 
Lehigh and Delawaro canals have mado it 
an emporium in reality, from which lines of 
intercomnuniication radiate as from a com- 
mon centre. Pop. 1810, 1,857, 1820, 2,370, 
1830, it had risen to .3,-529. Lat. 42° 42', 
long. 1° 5u' E. W. C. 

Easton, p-v. seaport and st. jus. Talbot co. 
Md. situated near tho centre of the co. at tho 
head of Tread Haven river or bay. Lat. 38° 
46', long. 1° E. W. C. by p-r. 8l miles a little 
8. of E. W. C. and4i s. e. by e. Annapolis. 
Pop. 1820,2,000. 

East Penn, p-o. and township, Northamp- 
ton CO. Pa. The ofliee is by p-r. 191 miles 
N. N. E. W. C. and 91 ms. n. e. by e. Harris- 
burg. Pop. of the tsp. 18.30, 1,007. 

Eastport, p-t. and port of entry, Washington 



crossed n. and s. by a broad stream, and co. Me. 176 miles e. Augusta, 279 e. n. 
emptying into Machias bay. It has a large 'Portland, 41 ms. e. n. e. Machias, in Pnusa- 



EBE 



148 



EDG 



maquoddy bay, on Moose Island, 4 miles 
long, with bold shores, is an important place 
for trade, and the easternmost military post of 
the United States. Lumber trade and lishing 
are principal branches of business. A ferry 
of 3 miles crosses to Lubec, and a bridge to 
Perry. The village is s. Pop. 1830, 2,450. 

Eastport, p-v. Lauderdale co. Alabama, 
by p-r. Ill ms.N. Tuscaloosa. 

East River, King's, Queen's, New York 
and Westchester cos. N. Y. is a strait, con- 
necting Nev/ York bay with Long Island 
sound, is an important channel for coasting 
vessels, about 25 miles by 1, navigable for 
the largest ships, with several isls. and a swift 
and rocky pass at Hell Gate, or Horl Gatt. 

East Smithfield, p-o. Bradford co. Pa. by 
p-r. 188 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

East Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 
18 ms. w. Boston, has good soil, several 
ponds, and is crossed by Sudbury river. Pop. 
1830, 944. 

Eastville, P-v. and st. jus. Northampton 
CO. Va. situated on the Peninsula between 
Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic, 18 miles 
N. Cape Charles, by p-r. as stated in the p-o. 
list, 254 miles s. s. e. W. C, though in a direct 
line the distance is only 125 miles. Lat. 37° 
30', long. 1° 15'E.W.C. 

East Waterford, p-v. in the southwestern 
part of Juniata co. Pa. about 40 miles in di- 
rect road N. of w. Harrisburg, but by p-r. 
62 miles. 

East Whiteland, township and p-o. Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. on the main road from Philadel- 
phia to Lancaster, 20 miles from the former. 

East Williamsburg, p-v. Northampton co. 
Pennsylvania, by p-r. 128 miles n. e. by e. 
Harrisburg. 

East Windsor, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 8 ms. 
N. Hartford, has rich meadows, a pleasant 
village on a wide street, lined with fine elms, 
and many fine farms. It was one of the 4 
earliest settlements in the state. First set. 
tied 1636. Population 1830, 2,129. 

East Winusor, town, Middlesex co. N. J. 
Pop. 1830, 1,905. 

Eaton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 71 miles n. 
N. E. Concord, 41 n. e. Guilford, 7 n. Ports- 
mouth, w. Maine, contains 33,G37 acres, has 
pretty good uplands, and pine on plains, with 
some iron ore, small mill streams and several 
ponds. Pop. 1830, 1,432. 

Eaton, p-v. in thcN. w. part of Luzerne co. 
Pa. by p-r. 29 ms. n. Wilkes-Barre. Popula- 
tion 1830, 599. 
Eaton, p-v. and st. jus. Preble co. Ohio, 26 



Ebenezer, village, Effiingham co. Geo. on 
the right bank of Savannah river, 25 miles 
above Savannah. 

Ebensburg, borough, p-v. and st. jus. Cam- 
bria CO. Pa. situated on the head waters of 
Little Conemaugh, 75 ms. a very little n. of 
e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 144 miles n. w. by 
w. Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 31', long. 1° 40' w. 
W. C. 

EcnocuNo, or Tchocunno river, Georgia, 
rising in Monroe co. between Flint and 
Chupeo rivers, and flowing thence into Craw- 
ford, over the n. e. angle of Bibb and Craw- 
ford and Bibb and Houston cos. falls into the 
Oakmulgee, after an entire comparative 
course of 40 miles, in a southeast direc- 
tion. 

EciiocoNNO, p-o. on Echoconno r., Crawford 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 42 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Economy, p-v. Erie co. Pa. about 100 ms. 
N. Pittsburg. 

Economy, p-v. in tho eastern part of Wayne 
CO. Indiana, by p-r. 77 ms. e. Indianopolis. 

Eddvville, p-v. on the right bank of Cum- 
berland river, Caldwell co. Ken. 12 miles 
from Princeton, the co. st. Pop. 1830, 167. 

Eddington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 70 ms. 
N. e. Augusta, E. Penobscot river, opposite 
Bangor. ' Pop. 1830, 405. 

Eden, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 36 miles e. 
Castine, 92 Augusta, is almost insulated by 
Frenchman's bay and Mount Desert sound. 
Pop. 1830, 957. 

Eden, t. Orleans co. Vt. 30 ms. n. Montpe- 
lier, 37 n. e. Burlington, 36 sq. ms. was grant- 
ed to Col. S. Warner, and his regiment, 1781, 
has many small streams, with the sources of 
Wild Branch and Green r. Mount Norris, 
Belvidere and Hadley mtns., 5 school dis- 
tricts. Pop. 1830, 461. 

Eden, p-t. Erie co. New York, 23 miles 
s. Buffalo, 6 miles square, 7 miles e. lake 
Erie, has a varied surface, and watered by 
Canquada creek, with loamy sand and gravel, 
best for grass ; beech, maple, hemlock, &.c. 
Population 1830, 1,066. 

Eden's Ridge, and p-o. w. part Sullivan 
county, Tcjinesse, by p-r. 297 miles n. of e. 
Nashville. 

Edgartown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus. 
Duke's county, Mass. 100 miles s. s. e. Bos- 
ton, 14 miles south main land, has a good 
and convenient harbor, protected by Chippa- 
quiddick island, a shelter in storm, and has 
considerable shipping. 

Edgecomb, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. on Sheep- 
scott river, 20 miles from Augusta, is almost 



miles w. Dayton, 51 w. of N. Cincinnati, 488 [insulated by Damariscotta and Sheepscott 
miles a little n. of w. W. C. n. lat. 39° 46', ; rivers. Pop. 1830, 1,258. 



long. 7° 38' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 510. 

Eaton's Neck, Huntington, New York, on 
Long Island sound, has a light house. 

Eatonville, or Eatonton, p-v. and st. jus 



Edgeco.mbe, CO. N. C. bounded by Neuse 
river, which separates it from Wayne s. w., by 
by Nashw., and n. w. by Halifax, n. and n. e. 
by Martin, e. and s. e. by Pitt and Greene. 



Putnam CO. Geo. near the centre of the co.i Length from s. w. to n. e. 35 miles, mean 
20 ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 19', I breadth 18 miles, area 648 square miles, 
long. 6°28'w. W. C. ! Extending in lat. from .3.5° 34' to 36° 06', 

Ebenf./.f.r, academy and p-o. s. w. part ot long. 0° 27' to 1° 02' w. W. C. The two 
York district. South Carolina, 66 miles n. N.main branches of Tar river enter this co. 
w. Columbia. separate, but unite within it, a short distance 



EDI 



149 



EFF 



above Tarbprough, and flow from the s. e. 
border into Pitt co. Tlie s. part is drained 
by various branches of Ncuso river. The 
surface level, and soil middling quality. 
Chief town, Tarborough. Population 1620, 
13,276, 1830, 14,935. 

Edgefield, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 
47 ms. w. W. C. 

Edgefield, dist, S. C. bounded by Abbe- 
ville N. w., by Saluda river separating it from 
Newburg n., by Lexington n. e., Orangeburg 
E., Barnwell s. e., and Savannah river sepa- 
rating it from Kichmond, Columbia and Lin- 
coln CO. of Georgia, s. w. Length from s. to 
N. 60 miles, mean breadth 28, area 1,G80 
square miles. Extending in lat. from 33° 
17' to 34° ir, long, from 4° 50' to 5° 20' w. 
W. C. The southern part of Edgefield 
slopes south towards the Savannah river, and 
is drained by Stephens creek and some mi- 
nor streams. The southern section has 
its slope towards Saluda, and is drained in 
great part by Little Saluda. Surface gently 
hilly, and soil mostly of second rate quality. 
Chief town, Edgefield. Pop. 18^0, 25,179, 
1830, 30,509. 

Edgefield, court house and p-v. Edgefield 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 57 miles s. w. by w. Co- 
lumbia. 

Edgemont, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. 123 ma. 
N. E. W. C. Pop. 1830, 757. 

Edinboro, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C. by 
post road 97 miles southwest by west 
Raleigh. 

Edinburgh, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms. 
N. w. Ballston Spa, 7 miles by 8, is crossed 
by Sacandaga river, is hilly east, and level 
west, and has generally a stiff' loam, with 
good land in the middle, and s. w. 

Edinburgh, p-o. and tsp. in the e. part of 
Portage co. Ohio, 7 ms. e. Ravenna, the co. st. 

Edinburgh, p-v. in the s. e. angle Johnson 
CO. Indiana, by p-r. 30 ms. s. s. e. Indianopo- 
lis. It is situated at the junction of Blue 
river and Sugar creek, branches of Drift- 
wood fork of White river 



33'. Staple culture, cotton and rice, though 
the climate would perhaps admit sugar 
cane. 

Edmonds, town, Washington co. Me. w. 
Colescook bay. Pop. 267. 

E. Edmondson, CO. Ky. bounded s. and s. w. 
by Warren, w. and n. w. by Grayson, and n. 
E. and E. by Hart. It lies nearly in form of 
a circle of 18 miles diameter, area about 250 
square ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 05' 
to 37° 20', long, from 9° 02' to 9° 23' w. W. 
C The main volume of Green river winds 
through this co. from e. to w. receiving a 
large northern branch, Adin's creek, near the 
centre. It lies in the limestone range and 
within what has been called the Barrens of 
Ky., though in reality the Soil is productive. 
Chief town, Brownsville. Population 1830, 
2,642. 

Edmonton, p-v. Barren co. Ky. by p-r. 114 
ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Edmeston, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 18 miles 
w. Cooper's town, 84 w. by s. Albany, e. 
Unadilla river, has 26,628 acres, is varied in 
surface and soil, and has mill seats on Unadil- 
la and Wharton's creeks, and has limestone 
s. E. Pop. 1830,.2,087. 

Edmund's, p-o. Brunswick co. Virginia, s. 
s. w. Richmond ; position in the county, un- 
certain. 

Ednwille, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 234 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Edokton, p-v. and st. jus. Chowan co. N. 
C. situated on a small bay opening s. w. into 
Chowan bay, and s. e. into Albermarle soiuid, 
about 65 miles s. s. w. Norfolk, Va. and by 
p-r. 183 ms. a little n. ofE. Raleigh. 

Edsalville, p-o. Bradford co. Pennsylva- 
nia, by p-r. 182 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Edwardsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. 
Mich, by p-r. 643 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
169 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. It is situated 
near the s. border of the co. and of Mich., 
and on a branch of St. Joseph's r. Lat. 42° 
48', long. 9° 9' w. W. C. 



Edward's Ferry and p-o. The ferry is 

Edisto, riverof S.C. rises by two branches lover the Potomac where the road crosses that 

Edgefield dist. S. Edisto flowing s. e. river, between Rockvillo in Montgomery co. 



leaves Edgefield and forming the boundary 
between Barnwell and Orangeburg districts, 
receives N. Edisto, and continuing s. e. en-j 
ters Colleton, and inflecting to the s. reaches 
the alluvial plain near the Atlantic, where it 
divides into two channels, again called rela- 
tively N. Edisto, and S. Edisto, enclosing 
Edisto isl. on both sides. The entire com- 
parative length of Edisto by eithejr branch is 
about 1.30 miles. Its basin is 130 ms. by a 
mean breadth of 30, area 3,900 square miles. 
Lying between the Savannah and Santee rs. 
Edisto Isl., S. C. enclosed by the twoout- 



Md. and Leesburg in Va. at and above the 
mouth of Goose creek, 21 ms. a little n. of 
w. from the former, 4 ms. n. e. from Lees- 
burg, and 31 ms. n. w. W. C. The p-o. is in 
Montgomery co. Md. 

Edwardsville, p-v. Salem tsp. in the s. e. 
part of Warren co. O. by p-r. 460 ms. w. W. 
C. and 83 s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 
48. 

Edwardsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison 
CO. II. by p-r. 836 ms. w. W. C. 55 a little s. 
of w. Vandalia, and by the intermediate road 
20 ms. N. E. from Si. Louis in Mo. 
lets of Edisto river and the Atlantic. Length! Edwillii!, p-v. Caldwell eo. Ky. situated 
from Clark's inlet on the ocean to the separa- jon the right bank of Cumberhmd r. about 35 
tion of the two Edistos, 12i miles, mean ms. following the stream above its mouth, and 



breadth 7 miles, area 87 J square miles, form. 



as laid down on Tanner's U. S. exactly on 



ing a part of Colleton district. Surface flat lat, 37°, by p-r. 207 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- 

and in great part marshy, with numerous in- fort. 

terlocking water courses. Soil where fit for Effingham, t. Strafl'ord co. N. H. 43 ms. 

cuhure, highly productive. Central lat. 32° n. is. Concord ; contains 34,000 acres, has 



ELB 



150 



ELI 



several high mountains, and is crossed by 
Ossipoe r. Pop. 1830, 1,911. 

Effingitam, CO. Geo. bounded by Great 
Ogeechc r. which separates it from Bryan 
s. w., and Bullock w., by Scriven n. w., by 
Savannah r., which separates it from Beaufort 
dist. S.C. N. E. and e., and by Chatham s. 
Length 30, mean breadth 11, area 330 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 08' to 30° 33', 
long, from 4° 12' to 4° 31' w. W. C. Surface 
level. Chief t. Springfield. Pop. 1820, 3,018. 
1830, 2,924. 

Effingiiaji, p-v. Bedford co. Ten. by p-r. 
58 ms. s. Nashville. 

Effingham, co. II. bounded s. by Clay, w. 
by Fayette, N.by Shelby, n. e. by Coles, and 
E. by Jasper. Length 22, breadth 18, and 
area 396 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 
54' to 39° 12' vv. W. C. The slope is south- 
wardly, and in that direction is traversed by 
Little Wabash. It was formed from what 
wag formerly the e. part of Fayette, and its 
central part is about 35 ms. e. Vandalia. 

Egg Harbor, t. Gloucester, co. N.J. on 
the Atlantic, bounded s. w. and w. by Great 
Egg Harbor r. Pop. 183 », 2,510. 

Egg Harbor, Great, r. and inlet, Glouces- 
ter CO. N.J. The river is navigable for ves- 
sels of large size for some distance from its 
mouth, which is in lat. 39° 18', 20 ms. n. of 
Cape May, and 60 from Phil. 

Egg Harbor, Great, port of entry Glou- 
cester CO., and the name of a collection dis- 
trict, the tonnage of which, in 1829, was 
, 9,511 tons, 60 ms. s. e. Phil. 

Egg Harbor, Little, bay and inlet, Bur- 
lington CO. N. J. on the Atlantic ocean, at 
the moutli of MuUicus r. and about 4U ms.N, 
of Cape May. 

Egg Harbor, Little, t. Burlington co. N 
J. on the SCO coast, bounded s. w. by MuUi- 
cus r. which separates it from Gloucester co. 
Fop. 1830, 1,491. It gives name to a collec- 
tion district, the collector of which resides at 
Tuckerton. Tonnage in 1829, 2,783 tons. 

Egremont, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 ms. 
s. s, w. Lenox, 130 w. Boston, e. N. Y. on e. 
declivity of Tauirlikannuck mtn. tributary to 
liousatonic r. Pop. 1830, 89i>, 

Elba, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Ba- 
tavia, 10 s. Erie canal, is nearly level, gOod 
for grazing, and gives rise to Oak Orchard 
creek, and sends streams s. to Black creek. 
Pop. 1830,2,678. 

Elbert, co. Geo. bounded by Broad r. 
which separates it from Lincoln s. E., Wilkes 
s., Oglethorpe s. w., and ^ladison w., by 
Franklin n. w., and by Savannah r. which se- 
parates it from Anderson dist. S. C. n. e., and 
from Abbeville dist. e. Length along Sa- 
vannah r. 40 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 
560 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 56' 
to 34° 30', long, from 5° 33' to 6° 10' vv. W. 
C. Surface hillv, and soil productive. Slope 
s. estrd. Chief t. Elberton. Pop. 1820, 
11,788, 183i!, 12,354. 

Elbridge, p-v. Onondaga co. N. Y. 2 ms. 
8. Erie canal. Pop. 1830, 3,357. 



Elbridge, p-v. in the b. e. part Edgar co. 
II. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. by e. Vandalia, and 
065 ms. w. W. C. 

Elderton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Arm- 
strong CO. Pa. 13 ms. from Kittaning, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 170 
w. from Harrisburg. 

Eldersville, p-v. Washington co. Pa. on 
the road from Washington, the st. jus. for the 
CO., to Steubenville, 20 ms. n. w. the former, 
and 16 s. e. the latter place. 

Eldenton, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. 
Eldredville, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. by 
p-r. 105 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Eldridge, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 
82 ms. w. Richmond. 

Eldridge, p-v. and tsp. in the N. E. part of 
Huron co. O. The p-o. 397 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 124 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 
in 1830, 742. 

Elizabeth River, Va. rises by numerous 
smaJl branches in Princess Ann and Norfolk 
COS., flows to the n. w. opening into a wide 
estuary, terminating in the moutli of James 
r. The entire length of Elizabeth r. is only 
about 25 ms., but it gains importance as 
forming the fine harbor of Norfolk, admitting 
to that port vessels of 18 feet draught, and 
again as constituting with the Dismal vSwamp 
canal and Pasquotank r., a chain of inland 
navigation from Chesapeake bay to Albe- 
marle sound. 

Elizabeth Islands, Duke's co. Mass. are 
16 in number, not all inhabited, extend s. w. 
from Barnstable, forming the s. e. side of Buz- 
zard's bay, s. E. Bristol co., and s. w. Mar- 
tha's Vineyard. The largest are Nashawn, 
Nashawenna, and Presque Isle. Gosnold 
spent the winter of 1602 here with a party of 
English. 

Elizabeth, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 
234 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Elizabeth, p-v. in the s. part of Harrison 
CO. Ind. 11 ms. s. Corydon, the co. st. and by 
p-r. 613 s. of w. W. C. and 135 ms. e. Indi- 
anopolis. 

Elizabeth City, co. Va. bounded w. by 
Warwick, n. by Black r. separating it from 
York CO., E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. by 
Hampton roads, or mouih of James r. It 
lies in the form of a square of 18 ms. each 
side, area 64 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 02' to 37° 08', long, from 0° 37' to 0° 47'. 
Chief t. Hampton. Pop. 1820, 3,789, 1830, 
5,053. 

Elizabeth City, p-v. and st. jus. Pasquo- 
tank CO. N. C. situated on the right bank of 
Pasquotank r. at the point where that stream 
widens into a bay, 45 ms. s. Norfolk, Va. by 
p-r. 182 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 
14', long. 0° 52' E. W. C. 

Elizabethtown, p-t. and st. jus. Essex co. 
N. Y. 12G ins. N.Albany, 16 w. Essex, w. of 
N. West bay of lake Champlain, has mtns. 
with some large and fertile valleys. Plea- 
sant valley is crossed by Bouquet r. It has 
a village, with co. buildings, state arsenal, 
&c. The Giant of the valley mountains is 



ELK 



151 



ELK 



1,200 feet high. There are ores and forges, i thence by a general course e. w. by w, over 
Pop. 1830, 1,015. ^ . .. ,. . . -.. 

Elizabethtown, p-t. and borough, Essex 
CO. N. J. 15 ms. w. by s. N. Y. by water G, 
s. Newark, 17 n. e. New Brunswick, w. 
Newark bay, level, with pretty good soil, well 
cultivated for gardens, &c., supplying many 
articles for N. Y. market. Was settled from 
Coiuiccticut, and has a large and handsome 
village, with a court house, &c., an academy 
and apprentices' library, 1 m. from the point 
whence is frequent daily steamboat naviga- 
tion to N. Y. and Phil. Vessels of 300 tons 
go to the point, and those of 30 to the village. 
Pop. 1830, 3,445. 

Elizabetutown, p-v. near the w. border of 
Lancaster co. Pa. on tho road from the city 
of Lancaster to Harrisburg, about 18 ms. 
from each. 

Elizabetutown, v. Alleghany co. Pa. on 
the right bank of Monongahela r. 15 ms. a 
little E. of s. Pittsburg. 

Elizabetutown, Washington co. Md. {See 
Hagerstown.) 

Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Bladen 
CO. N. C. situated on the right bank of Cape 
Fear r. 37 ms. by the road below Fayette- 
viile, and by p-r. 98 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 
34° 40', long. 0° 38' w. W. C. 

Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Hardin 
CO. Ky. situated on a small creek, n. branch 
of Nolins creek, 43 ms. s. Louisville, and by 
p-r. 72 ms. s.w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 42', 
long. 8° 50' w. W. C. 

Elizabetutown, p-v. and st. jus. Carter co. 

E. Ten. situated on the waters of Watauga 

r. about 120 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and 

by p-r. 270 ms. a little N. of e. Nashville. 

Lat. 36° 22', long. 5° 5' w. W. C. 

Elizabetutown, p-v. White Water tsp. in 

the s. w. part Hamilton co, 0. 17 ms. w. Cin- 

ciiinati, and by p-r. 514 ms. w. W, C. Pop. 

1830, 134. 
Elizaville, p-v. in tho w. part of Flemming 

CO. Ky. 

Elk, r. stream of Pa. Del. and Md. The 

extreme source in Chester co. of the former 

state between Octora and White Clay creeks, 

and flowing thence s. enters Coecil co. Md. 

receiving from Del. Back and Bohemia 

creeks, falls into the head of Chesapeake 

bay 8 rns. s. s. e. the mouth of Susquehannah 

r. This small river is important from its 

position. The lower part below Back creek 

forms a part of the line of inland navigation 

by the Chesapeake and Del. canal. 

Elk r. Western Va. rises amid the Appala- 
chian Uidges in Randolph and Pocahontas 

COS., interlocking sources with those of Mo- 
nongahela, Little Kenhawa, Wheat, Green 

Brier and Gourly rs. Leaving Randolph and 

Pocahontas, and traversing Nicholas and 

Kenhawa cos., it finally is lost in Great 

Kenhaway at Charleston, after a comparative 

western course of 100 ins. 

Elk River of Ten. and Ala., drav<'ing its 

remote sources from the n. w. slope of Cum- 
berland mtn. Franklin co.. Ten., and flowing 



Franklin, Lincoln, and Giles cos. Ten. enters 
Ala., traversing limestone, and falling into 
Ten. r. in the s. e. angle of Lauderdale co., 
after a comj)arative course of 110 ms. The 
valley of Elk r. lies between those of Ten. 
and Duck rs. 

Elk Creek, p-o. in Elk Creek tsp. n. w. 
part of Erie co. Pa. by p-r. 30G ms. n. w. 
Harrisburg. 

Elk Ckeek, tsp. Erie co. Pa. on the heads 
of Cussewago, Conneaut and Elk creeks, 17 
ms. s. w. the borough of Erie. Pop. 1820, 
288, 1830^ 562. 

Elk Fork, p-v. in tho n. part of Jefferson 
CO. O. by p-r. 23 ms. northerly from Stcuben- 
ville, tho CO. st., 283 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 145 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Elk Grove, p-v. Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 
1,110 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Elkhart, co. of Ind. boundfid by La 
Grange co. e., tho Putawatomie territory 
s. E. and 8., St. Joseph's co. w., Berrien co. of 
Mich. N. w., and Cass co. of Mich. n. e. 
Length from s. to n. 26 ms., breadth 20, and 
area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 
25' to 41° 46', and in long, from 8° 45' to 9° 
8' w. W. C. The southwestern angle gives 
source to the Kankakee branch of Illinois, 
and delines wstrd. The northern part also 
declines wstrd., but is traversed in that di- 
rection by the main volume of St. Joseph r. 
Elkhart r., from which the co. derives ita 
name, enters the southeastern angle, and 
flowing N. N. w. falling into St. Joseph r. and 
receiving confluents from both sides, gives a 
slope in that direction to the body of the co. 
Pop. 1830, 935. 

Elk Heart Plain, p-v. Wabash co. Ind. by 
p-r. 616 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 196 n. n. e. 
Indianopolis. 

Elk Hill, p-o. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 59 
ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Elkiiorn, small r. of Ky. rising in Lafay- 
ette CO. near Lexington, and traversing Scott 
and Woodford, falls into the right side of Ky. 
in Franlclin co. 10 ms. below Frankfort, 
after a comparative course of 30 ms. 

Elkhorn, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 4 ms. from 
Frankfort. 

Elkiiorn, p-v. on a small river of the same 
name, in the s. w. part of Washington co. II. 
The p-o. is by p-r. 824 ms. w. W. C. and 52 
ms. s. s. w. Vundalia. The r. is a small stream 
rising near the northern border of Perry co. 
and flowing northwstrd. over Washington, 
falls into Kaskaskias r. near the boundary be- 
tween Washington and St. Clair cos. 

Elkland, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. I6l ms. 
N. Harrisburg. 

Elk Marsh, p-o. s. part Fauquier co. Va. 
22 mp. N. w. Petersburg. 

Elk Ridge, p-o. Giles co. Ten. by p-r. 91 
ms. s.s. w. Nashville. 

Elk Ridge liANoiNG, p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. on the right bank of Patapsco r. 9 ms. 
s. w. Baltimore. 

Elk Run, church and p-o. s. e. part of 



ELL 



152 



ELM 



Fauquier co. Va. 20 xns. n. n. w. Fredericks- 
burg. 

Elkton, p-t. and st. jus. Coecil co. Md. 
situated on the point between and above the 
junction of the two main brandies of Elk r., 
very nearly on the direct line and mid dis- 
tance between Philadelphia and Baltimore, 
or about 50 ms. following the road from each. 
Lat. 39° 36', long. 1° 13' e. W. C. The im- 
portance of Elkton as a travelling station has 
been lessened by the change of routes, and 
particularly by the opening of the Chesapeake 
and Del. canal. It is still, however, a neat 
village, and the depot of considerable trade. 
Elkton, p-v. s. part of Giles co. Ten. 
situated on the point and above the junction 
of Elk r. and Richland creek, 10 ms. s. s. e. 
Pulaski. 

Elkton, p-v. and st. jus. Todd co. Ky. 
situated on Elk creek, a branch of Red r. by 
p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. FranJifort. Lat. 36° 
51', long. 10° 13' w. W. C. 

Ellejoy, p-v. in the s. part of Blount co. 
Ten. by p-r. 534 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
208 s. of E. Nashville. 

Ellenuurgh, t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,222. 

Ellenton, p-v. and st. jus. Elbert co. Geo. 
about 70 ms. n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 73 
ms. N. n. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 05',' long. 
5° 52' w. W. C. 

Ellekslie, p-v. in the n. part of Susque- 
hannah co. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. n. from Mon- 
trose, the CO. St., and 287 ms. a little E. of n. 
W. C. and 179 n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Ellerslie, p-v. in the w. part of Harris 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 776 ms. s. w. W. C. and 134 
w. Milledgeville. 

Ellery, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 11 ms. 
s. E. Mayville, 54 sq. ms. with most of Cha- 
tauque lake, pretty good land, with oak, ash, 
bass, &c. ; recently settled, has many small 
streams. Pop. 1830, 2,002. 

Ellicott, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 30 ms. 
s. E. Mayville, 144 sq. ms., the n. and w. 
branches of Connewongo creek meet here, 
and are navigable for rafts. Mill seats 
abound ; the soil is various. Pop. 1830, 
2,101. 

Ei.LicoTTS, or Eleven Mile Creek, Gene- 
see and Erie cos. N. Y., joins Tonawanda 
creek near Lake Erie. 

Ellicotts Mills, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 
on the main stream of Patapsco, 10 ms. s. w. 
by w. Baltimore. The village straggling 
along the valley, and intermingled with mills 
and other manufactories, is in both Baltimore 
and Ann Arundel cos., and on the main road 
from Baltimore to the city of Frederick. 
The Baltimore and Ohio rail road, which 
leaves the city and follows the valley of the 
Patapsco, generally intersects the turnpike in 
Ann Arundel, part of Ellicott Mills. The 
vicinity is broken and romantic, and scenery 
formerly not suspected to exist 10 ms. from 
Baltimore, will no.w command attention, and 
become a fashionable place of resort, from 



the facility and pleasure of moving on the 
rail way. 

Elliottsburo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 
48 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Elliotts' Cross Roads and p-o. Cumber- 
land CO. Ky. by p-r. 151 ms. a little w. of s. 
Frankfort. 

Ellicottville, p-t. and st. jus. Cattaraugus 
CO. N. Y. 325 ms. w. Albany, 6 ms. by 15, 
is supplied with excellent mill sites by Great 
Valley creek. Pop. 1830, 626. 

Ellington, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 13 ms. 
N. E. Hartford. Greatest extent 6 by 9 ms., 
34 sq. ms., level w., broken e., good for 
grain, has a pleasant village, near which is 
Mr. Hall's academy. Pop. 1830, 1,455. 

Ellington, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,279. 

Elliot, p-t. York co. Me. e. Piscataquay 
r., which divides it from Newington and N. 
H. 107 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 
1,845. 

Ellis, r. Coos co. N. H. joins Saco r. in 
Bartlctt. 

Ellisburg, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. s. lake 
Ontario. First settled, 1797, 9 ms. square, 
level except s. e., watered by Great Sandy 
creek, and has many mill sites, with a tole- 
rable harbor on the lake Ontario, at the mouth 
of Great Sandy creek, and a navigation of 2 
ms. up each of its branches. Here is a salt 
spring. Pop. 1830, 5,292. 

Ellis Island, low, sandy reef of Flor. on 
the Bahama channel, and forming the s. e. 
boundary of Biscane bay. Lat. 25° 24', long. 
3° 20' w. W. C. 

Ellisville, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 
67 ms. N. N. e. Raleigh. 

Ellisville, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Miss, 
situated on a confluent of Leaf r. branch of 
Pascagoula, about 100 ms. due e. Natchez, 
and by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Jackson. Lat. 31" 
37', long. 12° 17'w. W. C. 

Ellsworth, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 24 ms. 
N. E. Castine, 8l Augusta, crossed by Union 
r. Pop. 1830, 1,385. 

Ellsworth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 ms. 
N. n. w. Plymouth, 52 n. n. w. Concord, 84 
N. w. Portsmouth ; contains 16,606 acres, 
has Carr's mtn. in n. and centre, much bad 
soil, but yields grain, maple sugar, clover 
seed, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,492. 

Ellsworth, p-v. Sharon, Litchfield co. 
Conn. 47 ms. w. by N. New Hartford. 

Elmira or Newtown, p-t. and half co. t. 
Tioga CO. N. Y. 32 ms. w. Owego, 16 e. 
Painted Post, 19 s. head of Seneca lake, 210 
w. by s. Albany, crossed by Chemung r., and 
there are mill seats on this and Elmira creek, 
with hills, and some good meadows. The 
land is held in fee. Pop. 1830, 2,962. 

Elmore, t. Orleans co. Vt. 17 ms.N. Mont- 
pelier, 33 e. Burlington, 6 ms. square. First 
settled, 1790, from Conn., is uneven, with 
Fordway mtn. n. w., hard wood and iron ore, 
sends streams to Lamoille and Onion rs. 
There are 3 school districta. Fop. 1830, 442. 



ELS 



153 



ENO 



Elsenborough, t. Salem co. N. J. on Del. 
r. s. w. Salem. Pop. 1830, 503. 

Elsworth, p-v. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. 
The p-o. is by p-r. 296 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
151 N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
803. 

Ely, p-v. Jennings co. Ind. by p-r. 574 ms. 
w. W. C. and 69 s. e. Indianopolis. 

Elyria, p-v. tsp. and st. jus. Lorain co. O. 
The village is by p-r. 377 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 130 a little e. of n. Columbus. It is 
situated on Black r. 10 ms. fron^ lake Erie, 
at lat. 41° 24', long. 5° 6' w. W. C. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830, GG3. 

Elyton, p-v. and st. jus. .Tefferson co. Ala. 
situated on the road from Tuscaloosa to 
Huntsville, 48 ms. n. e. the latter, and 88 
s. s. w. the former. Lat. 33° 35', long. 10° 
w. W. C. 

Emaus, p-v. s. part Lehigh co. Pa. situated 
near Little Lehigh creek, at the n. w. foot of 
the Blue Ridge, 10 ms. s. w. Bethlehem, and 
by p-r. 88 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. This 
village is one of the settlements of the United 
Brethren or Moravians, and is included in 
the tsp. of Salisbury. Pop. 1820, about 
100. 

Emanuel, co. Geo. bounded by Great 
Ohoope r. which separates it from Montgo- 
mery s. w., by Washington n. w., and Jefl'er- 
son N. Great Ogeechee r. which separates it 
from Burke n. e., Scriven e., Bullock s. e., 
Tatnell s. Length from e. to w. 56 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 1,120 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 32° 21' to 32'' 52', long, 
from 4° 51' to 5° 48' w. W.C. Surface 
generally level, soil sandy and barren. 
Chief t. Swainsboro'. Pop. 1820, 2,928, 
1830, 2,681. 

Embreeville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 
106 ms. ^.E. W.C. 

Emery, r. of Ten. having its source by 
several streams issuing from the s. e. slope 
of Cumberland mtn. in Bledsoe and Fentress 
COS., and flowing thence n. e, enter and unite 
in the s. angle of Morgan co., and abruptly 
inflecting to the s., separating Anderson from 
Roane, falls into Clinch r. opposite King- 
ston, after an entire comparative course of 
60 ms. 

Emery Iron Works and p-o. on Emery r. 
Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 141 ms. e. Nash- 
ville* 

.'''TErMMETTSBURG, p-v. N. part of Frederick 
CO. Md. on the road from the city of Frede- 
rick to Gettysburg, Adams co. Pa. 22 ms. a 
little E. of N. Frederick. 

Eminence, p-v. in the e. part Greene co. 
II. by p-r. 860 ms. from W. C. and 79 from 
Vandalia, in a nearly similar direction a little 
N. of w. 

Emison's Mills and p-o. Knox co. Ind 10 
ms. from Vincennes, the co. st., and by p-r. 
693 ms. w. W. C. and 136 ms. s. w. Indian- 
opoli.s. 

Emporium, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa. not lo- 
.cated in the p-o. list. 

Elsingborough, t. Salem co. N. J. 60 ms. 

20 



s. w. Trenton, s. Salem r., n. Alloway's cr., 
E. Del. r., opposite Del. city. Pop. 1830, 
503. 

Embden, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 46 ms. from 
Augusta, 16 N. Norridgewock, w. Kennebec 
r. just above Seven Mile brook. Pop. 1830, 
894. ^, 

Enfield, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ma. 
s. E. Hanover, 42 n. w. Concord, 105 n. n. w. 
Boston, with 24,060 acres, is hilly, with fish 
ponds and streams. Mascomy pond, 4 ms. 
long, has many islands, and receives Masco- 
my r. Here is a Shaker settlement. Pop. 
1830, 1,492. 

Enfield, p-t- Hampshire co. Mass. 81 ms. 
w. Boston, has several factories on Swift r. 
Pop. 1830, 1,056. 

Enfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. n. 
Hartford, s. Mass., e. Conn, r., 51 ms. by 6, 
33 sq. ms., is generally level, but high near 
the river, has a light, rich soil, which bears 
oak and walnut, grain and grass. Scantic r. 
has mill sites and meadows. First settled, 
1681, from Salem, as a part of Springfield, 
Mass. The village is pleasant, with fine 
elms. There is a settlement of Shakers in 
this town. At Thompsonville, on Conn. r. 
is an extensive manufactory of carpets, 
where Scoth weavers were first employed. 
Pop. 1830, 2,129. 

Enfield, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 5 ms. 
w. Ithaca, is hilly, but has pretty good soil. 
Pop. 1830, 2,690. 

Enfield, p-v. King William co. Va. by p-r. 
31 ms. N. E. Richmond. 

Enfield, p-v. on Beach Swamp creek, 
Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. direct line, 
by the road 88 ms., n. e. Raleigh. 

Enfield, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. about 15 
ms. w. of s. Halifax, the co. st., and by p-r. 
228 w. of s. W. C. and 74 n. e. by e. Ra- 
leigh. 

English Neighborhood, v. Bergen co. N. 
J. 12 ms. from N. Y. on the e. branch of 
Hackensack r., is pleasantly situated on w. 
bank of Hudson r., with good land, and 
settled by Dutch. 

English Towv, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 
18 ms. e. Princeton, 21 w. Shrewsbury, on 
Matchaponix creek, the s. branch of Rari- 
tan r. 

Ennisville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by 
p-r. 79 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Ennoree, r. of S. C. rising in Greenville 
dist. interlocking sources with those of Salu- 
da and Tyger rs., and generally about from 5 
to 10 ms. distant from the latter, falls into 
Broad r. after a comparative course of 75 
ms. 

Ense, p-v. Orange co. N. C. 6 ma. w. 
Hillsboro', the co. st. and by p-r. 302 s. s. w. 
W. C. and 47 n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Enosburo, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 35 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, 43 n. w. Montpelier. First 
settled, 1797 ; is very healthy, with hills and 
vallies, good for grass, crossed by Missisque 
and Trout rs, &c., with good mill sites, .' Q 
school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,560. 



ERI 



154 



ERR 



Ephratah, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,818. 

Epiirata or Tunkertown, p-v. on a branch 
of Conestogoe r. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. 
N. N. E.. Lancaster. 

Epping, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 20 ms. 
w. Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord, 8n. Exeter, 
nearly 20 sq. ms., has good soil, and is 
crossed by Lamprey and North rs. Pop. 
1830, 1,262. 

Epsom, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 12 ms. 
E. Concord, 45 n. w. Portsmouth; contains 
19,200 acres, is uneven, with McKoy's fort, 
Nat's and Nottingham mtns., generally bears 
grain and grass ; has Great and Little Sim- 
cook rs. which unite here. Pop. 1830, 
1,413. 

Equality, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. II. 
by p-r. 773 ms. w. W. C. and 137 ms. s. s. e. 
Vandalia. It is situated at the Forks of Sa- 
line r. 12 ms. N. w. by »v. Shawneetown, on 
Ohio r. at lat. 38° 45', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. 

Erie, largo lake of the U. S. and Upper 
Canada, forming a link in the great central 
chain of fresh water seas in the interior of 
North America. The greatest length of Erie 
is from the mouth of Maumee to the outlet 
of Niagara strait, within an inconsiderable 
fraction of 270 ms. The width varies from 
15 to 50 ms. The widest part from Ashta- 
bula CO. Ohio, to Middlesex in Upper Cana- 
da, narrowing towards both extremes. The 
depth of Erie is much less than that of either 
of the other Canadian lakes, not exceeding a 
mean of 120 feet, or 20 fathoms, and gene- 
rally very shallow towards its shores. The 
harbors are mostly obstructed by bars, and 
none having a depth of more than 6 or 7 
feet. From the w. this lake receives the 
Maumee, Raison, Huron, and Detroit rs. ; 
from the n. only the Ouse or Grand river, 
but from the s. the Portage, Sandusky, Hu- 
ron, Cayahoga, Grand Conneaut, Cattarau- 
gus and Bufl'aloe. Erie is united to On- 
tario by Niagara, with the Hudson by the 
Erie canal, with the Ohio, by the Ohio ca- 
nal, and with the higher lakes, by Detroit 
and St. Clair straits. With all the impedi- 
ments to navigation arising from defective 
harbors, the commerce on lake Erie is al- 
ready immense, and very rapidly augmenting. 
The position of Erie lake is in a singular 
manner favorable to its becoming the centre 
of an unequalled inland navigation. To the 
natural, and already completed artificial 
channels of connexion, may be, amongst 
some others of less obvious facility of execu- 
tion, noticed the route through Maumee and 
Wabash rs. That by the channels of Huron 
and St. Joseph's into the s. part of lake Mi- 
chigan, ^-c. 

Commerce on Lake Erie. — The following 
extract will serve to show the immense and in- 
creasing value ofnavigation of this lake. Tiiey 
are part of the remarks of Mr. Sill, of the 
house of representatives, on the bill making 
additional improvements of certain harbors, 
&c., delivered Feb. 18, 1831. " I have not 



ascertained the exact amount of the export 
trade of lake Erie during the past year. I 
have seen a partial statement of its amount, 
which proves it to be of great extent, and 
should it be estimated at 15,000 tons, which is 
probably below the actual amount, it would 
swell the aggregate amount of that trade to 
40,000 tons. 

Erie County, N. Y. bounded by Niagara 
CO. N., Genesee co. e., Cattaraugus andCha- 
tauque cos. s., lake Erie and Niagara r. w. 33 
ms. by 40, 950 sq. ms., has 16 towns. It has 
Tonnewanta creek iv. with EUicotts' ; Buffa- 
lo creek in the middle, with its branches, 
Cayuga, Seneca and Cazenove creeks, and 
on the w. Canquaga, Conjocketa, Two Sis- 
ters, Smoke's, Delaware creeks, and others. 
Oaks grow n, on a swelling gravelly loam', 
with limestone. 'A wet loam s. with beech, 
maple, &c., grass, grain, bog iron, limestone, 
water lime, gun flint, &c. Erie canal passea 
along w. and n. This co. suffered in the late 
war. Pop. 1820, 15,668, 1830, 35,710. 

Erie, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 23 ms. e. n. e. 
Buffalo, 260 w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,926. 

Erie, co. Pa. bounded w. by Ashtabula cov 
Ohio, N. w. and n. by lake Erie, n. e. by 
Chatauque co. N. Y., e. by Warren, and s, 
by Crawford cos. Pa. Greatest length along 
Crawford co., 45 miles, mean breadth 17, 
area 765 square ms, Lat. 42°, and long. 
3° w. W. C. intersect near the centre of this 
CO. Surface finely diversified by hill and 
dale, with a very productive soil. Chief 
town, Erie. Population 1820, 8,553, 1830, 
17,027. 

Erie, p-t. borough, port of entry, and st. 
of jus. Erie co. Pa. It is the same place 
formerly called Presque Isle by the French, 
from the peninsula which forms the harbor. 
The borough extends along the main shore, 
is well built and increasing. Pop. 1820, 635. 
The harbor is formed by the main shore pen- 
insula, and a sandy shallow or reef. The 
opening is to the n. e. having in common 
only 8 feet water on the reef. The depth 
within is more than adequate to the draught 
of any vessel navigated on lake Erie. The 
lake and inland trade of this place is already 
extensive and increasing. A turnpike road 
extends hence to Pittsburg, 136 miles, the 
two towns lying almost exactly n. and s. from 
each other. Lat. 42° 08', long. 3° 10' w. 
distant by p-r. 357 ms. n. w.. W. C. and 302 
N. w. by w. llarrisburg. 

Erie, p-v. and st. jus. Green co. Alabama, 
by p-r. 896 ms. s. w. W. C. and 47 s. s. w. 
I'uscaloosa. It is situated on the left bank 
of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa river. Lat. 
32° 43', long. 10° 54' w. W. C. 

Erie, town, Tioga co. N. Y. 12 miles n. e. 
Elniira, w. f^iyiita creek,' has no other mill 
stream, is hilly. Pop. 1830, 976. 

Ernest's Store, and p-o. Butler co. Ala. 
by p-r. 920 ms. s. w. W. C. and 125 ms. s. s. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Errol, town, Coos co. N. H. on w. side of 
Umbagog lake, w. M«. contains 35,000 acres, 



ESS 



155 



ESS 



iJ,5U0 of which is water, is crossed by Araer 
iscoggin river, which is lierc joined by 
several streams. ropuiation 1830, 8: 

Ervi.wa, ji-v. n. part ot Bucks co. Pa. IG 
ms.N. Doylestown. 

EiiwiNsviLLE, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C. by 
p-r. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Escambia, river of Florida and Alabama. 
The small stream called Escambia rises in 
Monroe co. Ala. and flowing s. over Bald- 
win, enters Florida, and falls into the much 
more considerable volume of Conecuh, though 
below their junction the united waters take 
the name of the lesser confluent. Now known 
as Escambia, tliis stream continues s. 40 ms. 
with an elliptic curve to the w. and gradually 
spreads into a bay, which is again lost in the 
more extensive sheet of Pensacola bay. (See 
Conecuch river.) 

Escambia, extreme western co. of Florida, 
bounded by Perdido river, or Baldwin co. 
Ala. w., by Monroe and Conecuch cos. Ala. 
N., by Walton co. Florida e., and the Gulf of 
Mexico s. It is nearly a square of 50 miles 
each side, or with an area of 2,500 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 16' to 31°, 
long, from 9° 38' to 10° 48' w. W. C. The 
surface rises gradually from the Gulf shore, 
from sandy plains to ridges of some eleva- 
tion. The soil with but partial exception is 
barren, and its natural state wooded wilh 
pine. The asperity of soil is in some mea- 
sure compensated by the fme harbor of Pen- 
sacola, and its confluent rivers. These rs. 
are the Escambia and Yellow Water, (see these 
articles, and also Conecuh and Pensaco'a.) 
Chief town, Pensacola. Pop. 1830,3,386. 

Escambia, p-v. Escambia co. Florida, on 
Escambia river, 78 ms. n. Pensacola. 

Esopus, town, Ulster co. N. Y. 4 miles s 



Brown's and Indian rivers, 10 school districts. 
Pop. 1830, 1,6G4. 

Essex, co. Mass. bounded by N. II. state 
N., the Atlantic ocean e. and s. e., Suflblk co. 
s. w., Middlesex co. w., has Merrimac river 
N., Ipswich river in the centre. Parker r. 
enters Plumb Island sound. Saugus river 
Lynn bay. The land is highly cultivated. It 
has an antiquarian and an agricultural society, 
and contains 27 towns. Pop. 1820, 74,655, 
1830, 82,887. 

Essex, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 12 ms. n. e. 
Salem, 25 n. e. Boston, is pleasant, has nav. 
igation on a creek, fishing and ship building, 
with a canal thro' the marsh from Ipswich 
bay, for rafts from Merrimack river. The 
small and useful coasting craft, called Che- 
bacco boats, derived their name from this 
place, which the Indians called Chebacco. 
Pop. 1830, 1,333. 

Essex, co. N. Y. bounded by Clinton and 
Franklin cos. n., lake Champlain and Vt. e., 
Warren co. s, Hamilton and Franklin cos. w., 
about 41 miles by 43 ; contains 1,763 square 
ms., has 16 towns, granite hills and mtns. of 
1,200 feet and comprises much of the iron 
region. It is about halfway between N. Y. 
and Quebec, on navigable waters. It has 
white and black oak, white and yellow pine, 
maple, beech, &c., much game and fish, Au 
Sable, Bouquet, Hudson and Scaroon rivers, 
water power, particularly the outlet of lake 
George. Limestone, marble, black lead, as- 
bestos, &c. are found. Population 1820, 
12,811, 1830, 19,387. 

Essex, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. n. e. 
Elizabethtown, 133 n Albany, w. lake Cham- 
plain, has pretty good land, landings and 
trade on the lake. From the village is a 
ferry to Charlotte village, has good farms and 



Kingston, 69 s. xVlbany, s. Walkill creek, w.jiron ore ; there is the curious split rock, and 



side Hudson river, about 2^ miles by 7, 12 
square ms. has good land, long cultivated by 
Dutch descendants. Pop. 1830, 1,770. 

Esorus, creek, Ulster co. N. Y. runs 58 
ms. into Hudson river, at Saugerties, 11 ms. 
below Catskill. 

Esperance, or Schoharie bridge, p-v. Sco- 
harie co. N. Y. 26 ms. w. Albany. 

Espy, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 84 ms. 
N. Ilarrisburg. 

Essex, co. Vt. forms the n. e. corner of the 
state, and is bounded by Lower Canada n., 
Connecticut river, (the line of N. H.) e. and 
s., Caledonia co. s. w., and Orleans co. w., 
23 ms. by 45. It is rocky and poor, and has 
but few inhabitants, and those chiefly on 
Connecticut river. Nulhegan river'hnd oth- 
ers enter Connecticut river. Passumpsic and 



is crossed by Bouquet river. Population 1830, 
1,543. 

Essex, co. N. J. bounded east by Staten 
Island sound, Newark bay, and Passaick r. 
which separate it from Staten Island and 
Bergen co., n. by the Passaick and Bergen, 
w. by Morris and Somerset, s. by Middlesex. 
Principal towns, Newark, Patterson, Eliza- 
beth. Pop. 1820, .30,793, 18.30,41,928. Altho' 
the smallest CO. (save one) in N. J. it is the 
most populous. It is an excellent agricultu- 
ral district, containing many prosperous man- 
ufactories, fine streams, and good facilities 
for transportation ; among which is the Mor- 
ris canal, which passes through it. 

Essex, co. Va. bounded a. e. by Middle- 
sex, s. w. and w. by King and Queen, n. w. 
by Caroline, andby Rappahannoc river which 



Moose rivers s. w., Clyde, &c. run into Can- separates it from Westmoreland n., and 



ida. Chief town, Guildhall. Pop. 1820, 
3,284, 1830,3,981. 

Essex, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 8 miles n. e. 
Burlington, 32 w. Montpelier, n. Onion river. 
First settled 1783, from Salisbury Conn, has 
few hills, is sandy 

s. and w., elsewhere, grass and h:ud wood. 
Onion river lias 2 falls ; there are also 



Richmond e. Length 28, moan breadth 10, 
area 280 square ms. Lat. 37, is intersected 
by the meridian of W. C. in the n. w. part of 
this CO. Surface moderately hilly. Chief 
town, Tappahannoc. Population 1820, 9,909, 
bears pine, rye and corn 1830, 10,531. 

Essex Hall, and p-o. in the n. part Har- 
ford CO. Md. by p-r. 22 ms. n. Belair, the cq. 



EVA 

E. W. C. and 45 miles 



156 



EXP 



St. 83 ms. N. E. W. C. and 45 miles e. of N.l st. jus. Wythe co. Va. by p-r. 329 miles s. w. 

Baltimore. by w. W. C. and 253 a little s. of w. Rich- 

EsTiLL, CO. Ky. bounded by Madison w., mond. Lat. 36° 56', long. 4° 05' w. W. C 



Clarke n. w., Montgomery n., Morgan n. e., 
Perry e. and s. e., and Clay s. Length from 
s. E. to N. w. 48 miles, mean breadth 18, 
area 864 square ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 30' to 37° 34', long, from 6° 15' to 7° 04' 
w. W. C. Kentucky river, by a very winding 
channel, traverses Estill, in its utmost length, 
receiving several confluents, particularly 
from the south. Chief town, Irvine. Pop. 
1820, 3,507, ly30, 4,618. 

EsTiLLViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Scott CO. Va. 
on Moccasin creek, between n. forkofHol- 
ston and Clinch rivers, by p-r. 445 ms. s.w. 
by w. W. C. and 348 a Httle s. of w. Richmond. 
Etna, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 63 ms. Au- 
gusta. Pop. 1830, 362. 

Etna Furnace, and p-o. Hart co. Ky. by 
p-r. 96 ms. s. w. Hartford. 

ETowy>H, river, Geo. in the Cherokee ter- 
ritory, rises in the western border of Haber- 
sham CO. flowing by a general course of s. w.l 
but with extensive inflections, 120 miles com- 
parative course to its junction with the Oosten- 
ahah to form the Coosa. The valley of the 
Etowah, lies between those of Chattahoochee 
and Oostenahah, and between latitude 34° 
and 35°. 

Etowah, Indian village, and st. of a p-o. ^s 
situated on Etowah river in the Cherokee 
nation, n. w. part of Geo. about 130 miles n. 
w. Milledgeville. This place and the river 
from which it has either derived or communi- 
cated its name, is with some absurdity in our 
books and on the p-o. hst changed to High 
Tower. 

EuBANKS, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 
88 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Euclid, tsp. and p-v. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. 
The p-v. is situated in the n. e. part of the 
CO. 10 ms. N. E. Cleaveland, the co. st. and 
by p-r. 363 ms. n. w. W. C. and 147 n. e. Co- 
lumbus. By the census of 1830, the tsp. 
contained a pop. of 1,099. 

Eugene, p-v. in the w. part of Vermillion 
CO. Indiana, by p-r. 658 miles tf. w. by w. W. 
C. and 86 n. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

EuTAW Springs, small stream of S. C. 
falling into Santee river at the point where 
the line between Charleston and Orangeburg 
districts intersects that river, about 60 miles 
N. N. w. Charleston. 

Evans, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 25 miles south 
Buffalo, w. lake Erie, n. Cattaraugus creek, 
has Delaware creek, Two Sisters, &c. ; has 
wet loam, is uneven, with beech, maple, hem- 
lock, bass, &c. Bad for corn, cold and 
changeable weather. Sturgeon point puts 
into the lake. Pop. 1830, 1,185. 

Evans Cross Roads, p-o. Williamson co. 
Ten. 32 ms.s. Nashville. 

Evansburq, p-o. Crawford co. Pa. 
EvANSHAM, or Wythe, court house, p v. and 



Evansville, p-v. and st. jus. Vanderburgh 
CO. Indiana, by p-r. 728 miles s. w. by w. W. 
C, 170 s. w. IndianopoUs, and 55 ms. w. of 
s. Vincennes. It is situated on the right 
bank of Ohio river, lat. 38°, long. 10° 38' w. 
W. C. 

Everetts, house and p-o. Lewis co. Ky. by 
p-r. 90 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Everettsville, p-o. Albermarle co. Va .by 
p-r. 128 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Everton, p-v. Fayette co. Indiana, by p-r. 
534ms. w. W. C. and 75 ms. s. of e. Indian- 
opolis. 

Evesham, town, Burlington co. N. J. ad- 
joining Gloucester county, and on the south 
branch of Rankolm creek. Population 1830, 
4,239. 

Ewing's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa. 
by p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg. 
Ewingsville, p-o. Coecil co. Md. 
E<viNGSviLLE, p-o. in the western part of 
Cooper CO. Mo. by p-r. 20 ms. w. Booneville, 
the CO. St. 71 W.Jefferson, and 1,043 miles w. 
W. C. 

Exeter, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 20 miles 
N. w. Bangor, 75 Augusta. Population 1830, 
1,439. 

Exeter, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. situa- 
ted at the falls of Squamscot or Exeter river. 
A branch of Pascataqua river, which here 
meets tide, is navigable for vessels of 500 
tons, and affords valuable mill sites. There 
are several manufactories, and the soil is va- 
rious. This town was first settled 1638, by 
Jonathan Wheelright &c. who left Mass. on 
account of his peculiar religious opinions. 
It suffered in early times from the Indians. 
Phillips' academy, founded here 1781, has 
furnished many valuable men. The building 
is 2 stories high, 76 feet by 36. The funds 
amount to ^80,000. Pop. 1830, 2,753. 

Exeter, town, Washington co. R. I. 24 ms. 
s. w. Providence, e. Conn, state, about 5 ms. 
by 12, contains 66 square ms., has primitive 
rocks, gravelly loam, uneven, good for dairies, 
and furnished with some mill seats by Wood 
river and its branches. Population 1830, 
2,383. 

Exeter, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 10 miles n. 
w. Cooperstown, 73 w. Albany, about 5i miles 
square, gives rise to Butternut and Wharton's 
creeks, is high and hilly, with good vallies. 
Pop. 1830, 1,690. 

Exeter, tsp. and p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. 10 
ms. above Wilkes-Barre. 

Exeter, p-v. in the w. part of Morgan co. 
II. by p-r. 852 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 130 n. 
w. Vandalia. 

Experiment Mills, and p-o. in the n. part 
Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 26 ms. n. Easton, 
the CO. seat. 2l6 n. n e. W. C and 128 n. e. 
by E. Harrisburg. 



FAI 



157 



FAI 



F. 



Fader's Mills and p-o. in the w. part of 
Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 103 vv. Richmond. 

Fabius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. 
E. Onondaga, 50 s. w. Utica, 125 w. Albany, 
5 ms. by 10, crossed by Chitteningo or. and 
other streams, which give mill sites. It is 
high land, good and level n., hilly s., 14 school 
districts. Marie is found in the n. e. with 
petrified branches and leaves. Many milita- 
ry enclosures are found n. e. with stumps of 
palisadoes and bones. Pop. 1830, 3,071. 

Factoryville, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 29 ms. 
from Augusta. 

Factoryville, p-v. n. e. part of Luzerne 
CO. Fa. about 20 ms. above Wilkes-Barre, 
and by p-r. 152 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Fair Bluff, p-o. Columbus co. N. C. by 
p-r. 124 ms. s. Raleigh. 

Fairdale, p-v. Susquehannah co. Fa. by 
p-r. 271 N. N. E. W. C. and 163 ms. n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

Fairfax, t. Kennebec co. Me. 25 ms. n. 
Augusta. 

' Fairfax, t. Frankhn co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, 37 n. w. Moutpelier. First set- 
tled in 1763, is level, with high soil, good for 
corn and rye, and watered by Lamoille r. 
and Brown r. Parmelee's and Stones brooks, 
the branches of Lamoille, has good mill sites. 
The great falls of Lamoille are curious, 11 
school districts. Fop. 1830, 1,729. 

Fairfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 9 ms. 
s. Norridgewock, 26 from Augusta, on Ken- 
nebec r. the most southern town in the co. 
Fop. 1830 2,002. 

Fairfax co. Va. bounded by the district of 
Columbia e., by Potomac r. which separates 
it from Prince George's co. Md. s. e., by Occo- 
quon cr. which separates it from Prince Will- 
iam CO. Va. s. and s. w., by Loudon co. n. w. 
and by Potomac r. which separates it from 
Montgomery co. Md. n. e. Length from s. e. 
to N. w. 25 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 
450 sq. ms. extending in lat from 38° 36' to 
39° 03', long, from 0° 03' to 0° 33' w. W. C. 
The surface of Fairfax is hilly and broken, 
with some good, but much sterile soil. Chief 
town, though not the st. jus. Matildaville. 
Mount Vernon, the resting place of Washing- 
ton, is on the Potomac r. in the s. e. part of 
the CO. Pop. 1820, 11,404, 1830, 9,204. 

Fairfax, C. H. and p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 21 



mill sites. It is uneven with good soil. 
Fairfield co. Conn, bounded by Litchfield 
CO. N., New Haven co. e.. Long Island sound 
E. and s.. New York, s. w. and w. It is w. 
of Housatonic r. triangular. Mean extent 
21 ms. by 30 ; contains 630 sq. ms. and has 
17 towns. It extends 40 ms. along the coast 
on Long Island sound, which is level, and 
abounds with bays, points, and harbors. The 
middle and n. parts are higher,an^ have some 
hills. The soil is a primitive gravelly loam, 
arable, and in Fairfield rich. Still r. falls 
into Housatonic; Pequonuc, Saugatuck, Ash, 
Naraton, Mill, Stamford, and Byram rs. into 
the sound. The best harbors are Bridgeport, 
and Black Rock, Mill r. Saugatuck, Norwalk, 
Stamford and Greenwich. The coasting 
trade, chiefly with New York, is important; 
and fishing is carried on, on the coast. Hats 
are made in great quantities at Danbury, and 
other manufactures exist to some e.\tent. 
There is some foreign trade. Fairfield and 
Danbury are co. towns. Pop. 1820, 42,739, 
1830, 46,950. 

Fairfield, p-t. and port of entry, Fairfield 
CO. Conn. 21 ms. w. New Haven, 58 n. e. N. 
Y., N. e. Long Island sound, mean extent & 
ms. by 9, contains 54 sq. ms. nearly level,, 
with good land, and a large and pleasant vil- 
lage which was burnt by the British in the 
revolutionary war. In a swamp 2 ms. w. o£ 
the village, the remains of the Pequod tribe, 
after fleeing from their country, in New Lon- 
don CO. were killed or taken prisoners by the 
Mass. and Conn, troops. The villages of 
Greenfield, Black Rock, Saugatuck and Mill 
r. are considerable, and the three latter have 
harbors and trade. At Greenfield and Sau- 
gatuck are academies ; Greenfield is on a fine 
hill, with excellent farms, and an extensive 
and delightful view. Pop. 1830, 4,246. 

Fairfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ins. 
N. E. Herkimer, 7C w. n. w. Albany, e. W. 
Canada cr. 4 ms. by 8, is high, hilly, well wa- 
tered, with a productive soil ; but few mill 
sites. It was settled principally from the 
eastern states. The college of Physicians 
and surgeons here, has 5 professors. Tlie 
village, which is situated on an eminence, is 
well built. Pop. 1830, 2,265. 

Fairfield, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 25 ms. 
E. Salem, e. Cohansey bay on the Del. lies 
between Cohansey and Nantuxet creeks. 



ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 129 n. Richmond. [and has several smaller streams entering the 
Fairfax, p-v. and st. jus. Culpepper co.l Del. r. with swamps along the shore. Pop. 

Va. 38 ms. a little n. of w. Fredericksburg, 1830, 1,812. 

and by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. W. C. lat. 38° 26', Fairfield, village Essex co. N. J. 3 ms. n. 

long. 1° 04' w. W. C. Caldwell. 

Fairfif.ld, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 27 ms. n. Fairfield, p-v. Adams co. Pa. at the foot 

E. Burlington, contains 60 sq. ms. First set- of Jacks mtn. 7 ms. s. w. by w. Gettysburg. 

tied 1788, has an academy. Blacker. aflTords Fairfield, p-v. Rockbridge co. Va. on one 

good mill sites, and joining Fairfield r. enters of the roads from Lexington to Stanton, 13 

Missisque r. in Sheldon. Smithfield pond, ms. n. n. e. the former, and 23 s. s. w. the 

Smiles long, has an outlet, on whicli are 'latter. 



PAI 



158 



FAL 



Fairfield, p-v. Lenoir co. N. C. b7 rns. b. I O rand r., and on the Boutlicrn shore of lake 



E. by. K. Ua)ui;;)i. 



Eric; ',i2 nis. n. e. Cleveland, and by p-r. 34'J 



Faiui'-iki.I), dJHt. S.('. boiiiidfjd n. by (Uios- n. w. W. C, and 1(J4 N. K. ColuriibiiH. Tlic 
tcr, N. K. by (!;ilawl)u r. scjiaraiiuf^ il (ioiri| iiioiitli of Grand r. aflbrdH a good harbor fur 
JjancaHlor and IvurBJiaw, s. >■:. by that part of vcNHfds drawini^ alxjut 5 feet water. 



KcrHliaw w. of (Jatawba r., h. by Riciiland, 
and by IJroad r. separating il from Lexington 
H. \v., Newljerry w. and tJnioiiN. w. Length 
from K. to w. 38 nis. mean lireadth 2ti, and 
area 79Gh(). mu. Extending in lat. fnnn '.ii° 
J 2' to 31" 32', long, from 3'= 41' to d" 20' w. 
W. C 'I'hJH distriel, filling the Hjiace from 
the Catawba to the IJroad r. ia divided inl<j 
two inclined plaiiiH, failing h. w. towards the 
latter, and n. k. towards tlie former stream. 
(;hief I. luniisboro. I'op. 1»20, 17,174, 1830, 
21,.'')4f;. 

J''aiiii'Ii;i,u, p-v. Tutnam co. Goo. 32 ms. n. 
w. Milledgevillc. 

l'"AniriKij>, p-v. s. w. part of Spencer co. 
Ky. 3.'* mw. s. k. Louisville and by p-r. 40 ms. 
H. w. Frankfurt. 

Faikkium), ji-v. Aniitc co. Miss, about CO 
ms. s. K. Nalelies. 



I'Aiii V)i;w, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. G ms. 
N. w. Flemingtovvn. 

Fairview, p-v. and tsp. on lake Eric in the 
N. w. part Erie co. Pa. The village stands 
near the lake shore at the mouth of VValniit 
(•r. 9 ms. s. vv. from the borough of Erie, and 
\>y v-r. 319 ms. n. w. W. C. Foj). of the tsp. 
1H.3(», 1,.'',2G. 

FAiRviiiw, p-v. Urookc co. Va. by p-r. 302 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Fairvjkw, p-v. in the s. part of (Jrecnvillo 
dist. S. C. by p.r. 509 ms. s. w. W. C. and 
1 1 7 ms. N. w. by w. Colimibus. 

Fairview, p-v. Oxford tsp. Guernsey co. 
O. by p-r. 105 ms. e.- of Columbus, 22 ms. 
eastward Cambridge, the co. st. and 294 n. 
w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 1G2. 

Fairview, p-v. in the e. part of Rush co. 
Ind. 14 ms. e. Rushville, the co. si. and by 



Fairfiei.i), p-v. IJath tsp. (Jrccne co. O. by j).r. 541 a little n. of w. W. C. and 54 h. e. 



p-r. 452 Ills, a little n. of w. W. (;. and 5G s 
w. by w. (Jolunibns. I'oj). 1(J30, 137. 

Fairmki.i), p-v. ill the n. part of Franklin 
CO. In<i. 3 ms. N. e. Prookville, the co. st. and 
by p-r. 524 ms. w. W. C, and 70 ms. s. e. by 
e. Indiaiiopolis. 

Faireikm), p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. II. 
by p-r. 75G ms. w. W. ('. and G9 s. e. Vanda- 
lia. It is situated on a branch of Little Wa- 
bash r., 4H ms. s. w. by w. Vinccnnes in Ind. 
lai. 38° 28', long. 1 1° 30' w. W. C. 

Fairiiavkn, ji-t. Ifntland co. Vt. 9 ms. n. e 



by E. Indianoj)olis. 

Fall IJitANcn, p-o. Washington co. Ten. 
about 280 ms. e. Nashville, and 430 s. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Fallino Brii)(;e, and p-o. s. e. part of 
Campbell co. Va. about 20 ms. s. s. e. Lynch- 
burg, and by p-r. lOG rns. h, w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Fall cit. Cayuga co. N. Y. runs .30 ms. 
into (Jayiiga lake, at Ithaca. It I'alls ailjout 
100 ft., 1 m. from its mouth. 

Fall River, p-v. Bristol co. Mass. at the 



Whitehall, GO s. liurliiigton, .'')2 N. Henninglon, jniouth of Fall r. on Mt. Hope bay. The de- 
K. N. \. First settled 1779, from ('onn. and scent of the stream is 140 ft. in GiJO yds. ami 
Mass., has a variety of soil, with iiine, hern- 1 turns machinery for several factories, 
lock, bireli, maple, nut, &c. INjultney and] Fallsinoton, ])-v. Ducks co. Pa. 4 ms. s. 
(-'astleton rs., and 4 school dists. Castleloii r. Ie. Trenton, 23 n. e. Phil, 
some years since changed its channel here,| Fallino >SrRiNf; Creek, a small branch of 
left several mills dry, cxjioscd old buried i.faekson's r. Palh co. Va. in the chaiintd ul' 
trees, and ruined the harbor. Pop. Ifj30, G75. 
I''airiiaven, ))-l. IJrislol co. Mass. 48 ins. 
s. Uoston, N. IJu/.zard's Pay, e. Acushnctt r. 
has some commerce, an academy, and a 
bridge of 3,9«0 ft. to N. IJedford, several 



which there is a fine fall of water, cstiinateil 
to be near 200 feet i)er])endicular fall. 

Falling Waters, p-o. in the vv. part oi 

Berkeley co. Va. by ji-r. 79 ms. n. w. W. ('. 

Falltown, ji-o. in the s. ])artof Iredell co. 

islands between, extend it 2,000 ft. more. { N. C. J3 ms. from Statesvillc, and by p-r. 151 



First settled ]7(i4, and in 1778, ihe village 
was defended against tin' Uritish, by Maj<jr 
Fearing. Pop- 1830, 3,034. 

I'Aini.EE, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 35 ms. n. 
Windsor, 17 n. Daitinouth college, w. Conn, 
r. First sellled I7()8, mouniainous, with lit. 
tie arable land, and has high iirecipiees on 
the river. The trees are [)ine and hemlock. 
Pickerel have been introduced into the pond, 
and greatly niultii)lied. A bridge crosses 
the Conn. r. to Orford, N. 11. Pop. 1830, 
G5G. 



w. Raleigh. 

Falls, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. about 170 ms. 
s. w. by w. Raleigh, and 420 s. w. W.C. 

Falls, p-v. Pickens dist. S. f :. by p-r. 550 
ms. s. w. VV.C. and 157.N. w. by w.l'olunibia. 

Falls ok Sciiuvlkill, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. 5 
ms. N. w. Phil, and lOl e. lldrrisburg. 

Fallston, p-v. Reaver co. Pa. about 260 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

P'allstown, Iredell co. N. C. {see Falltown, 
Iredell CO.) 

Falmouth, s-p. and p-t. Barnstable co. 



Fairton, village, Cumberland CO. N. .T. on i Mass. 19 ms. s. w. Barnstable, 72 s. by e. 



('ohansey creek, 3 ms. s. of Bridgeton. 

[''airmount, (i-v. Lancasler (^o. Pa. byp-r.jis level, cxcei)t some hills 
1 17 ms. N. K. VV. C. 13 N. E. liancaster cily, but ihc best on Cape did. 
and 43 v.. Ilarrisbur 



Boston, N. Atlantic ocean, e. Ihiz/ard's bay, 

. with ihin s<;-l, 

It has about 40 

mis, fresh and salt. Waipioil bay is a good 



Faiki'ort, p-v. and port at the moulh of; harbor, with a narrov and crooked rnlranee. 



FAR 



159 



FAU 



Wood's IIolo is another, with from 3 to 6 
fathoms. Tho inhabitants arc generally in 
the s. part, which is G or 8 ma. ironi Manila's 
Vineyanl. It lias considerable coasting trade, 
rop. 1830,2,548. 

Falmouth, p-v. on the left bank of Siisquc- 
hannah r. on the point below the niouth of 
eastern Conewugo creek, and at tho extreme 
w. angle of Lancaster co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. 
by w. liancaster, and 16 s. e. Ilarrisburg. 

Falmouth, p-v. on tho left bank of Kajjpa- 
liaiinoc r. in the s. part of Sljiflbrd co. Va. 
tlirectly opposite Fredericksburg, with an in- 
tervening bridge, by p-r. 58 ms. s. s. w. W. 
C. and ()8 n. Jlichniond. 

Falmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Pendleton co. 
Ky. by p-r. 502 ms. w. W. C, and GO n. k. 
Frankfort. It is situated on the point above 
the junction of the two main branches of 
Ijicking r. about 40 ms. s. s. e. Cincinnati, 
lat. 38" 40', long. T=> 18' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 
207. 

Fancy Bluff, and p-o. in tho s. part of 
Glynn co. Geo. 5 ms. s. Brunswick, tho co st. 
and 738 s. s. w. W. C. 

Fancy Hill, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va. 
by p-r. 210 ms. s. w. W. C. 

X'ANNF.TTaituRO, p-v. and tsp.on the w. bor- 
der of Franklin co. Pa. The village is sit- 
uated on tho main road from Shippensburg 
to Bedford, 17 ms. w. from the former, by 
j)-r. 10.') ms. N. N. w. W. C. and S.") a litttc s. 
of w. Ilarrisburg. The tsp. of Fannet ex- 
tends along the fine valley of the w. branch 
of ("onecoclieaguc, and between the cove or 
Tuscarora and Jordens mountains. Pop. of 
the tsp. 1820, l,747,andin 1830, 2,110. 

Farm, p-v. in Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 9 
ms. from Camesville, tho co. st. 585 ms. s. vv. 
W. C. and 122 n. Milledgcville. 

Faiimea, p-v. Ovid, Seneca co. N. Y. 

FARMiiiisvrLLE, p-t. Cataruugus co. N. Y. 
15 ms. N. E. Ellicottsville, 10 w. Genesee r. 
nis. by 8, has plenty of mill sites, though the 
streams aro small and few. Pop. 1830, 
1,005. 

Farminoton, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms. 
N. Augusta. Ilas an academy. Pop. 1830, 
2,340. 

Farmin«ton, p-t. Staflord co. N. II. 25 ms. 
E. N. E. ('oncord,26 n. vv. by. w. Portsmouth, 
is rough, but productive, with some meadow 
on Gocheco r. It is crossed by Blue Hills 
or Frost mtn., and from mt. Washington, the 
highest point, sliips may be seen without a 
fllass, olf Portsmouth, alid on the other side 
the White Hills, &,c. A rock of about GO tons 
is balanced by nature, and can be moved 
with one hand. Pop. 1830, 1,4G5. 

Farmington, t. Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,773. 

Farmlngton, P-t. Hartford co. C'onn. 10 
ms. w. Hartford, 30 n. New Haven, has 
much very rich meadow land on Farmington 
or Tunxis r. and is one of the richest agri- 
cultural towns in the state. The village is 
pleasant, contains some line houses, an aca- 
demy, &c, on a plain a little above tJiu mea- 



dows. The Farmington canal' affords boat 
navigation to Now Haven, and partly by the 
Hanipshiro and Hainixlcn canal to Wostfield, 
Mass. It was intended to extend it to North- 
ampton. The town contains about 70 sq. 
ms. nearly 7 ms. by 11. Talcott mtn. of tho 
range beginning at Neck llock, New Haven, 
and running far n. crosses it. There is much 
light sandy soil s. Montevideo, the seat of 
Mr. Daniel Wadsworth of Hartford, in the w. 
E. on the ridge of Talcott mtn. is a delightful 
place, with a pond, a country house, vtc. and 
an extensive view n. E.and w. over tho vallies 
Tunxis and Conn, up to mt. Tom, Mass. 

FAiiML\nTON, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. !) ms. 
N. Canandaigua, G ms. sq. is gravelly and un- 
dulated N., clayey, good for grass, and level 
s., large tracts of water limestone are found 
in tiio centre. It was principally settled by 
Fri(!n(ls, who were dairy farmers from Ches- 
hire, Mass. The people own the land in fee, 
and have good schools. Mud creek supplies 
mill scats. The villages are Salem v. and 
Brownsville. Pop. 18.30, 1,773. 

Farmiwjton, p-v. in the s.w. part of Bedford 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. s. Nashville, and 707 

:. S. W. W. C. 

Farminoton, i)-v. and tsp. in the N. w. part 
Trumbidi co. O. by p-r. 311 ms. n. w. W. C 
and 164 N. e. Columbus. Pop. of tho tsp. 
1830, 696. 

Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of Oakland 
CO. Mich. 26 ms. n. n. w. Detroit, and 564 
N. w. W. C. 

Farmington, p-v. and st. jus. St. Francois 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 912 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 
152 s. E. Jefferson, and 60 s. s. w. St. Louis. 
It is situated on the table land, from which 
flow the Big River, branch of Marramcc, 
northward, the extreme sources of St. Francis 
to the southward, and some comparatively 
small creeks n. e. into the Miss.; lat. 37° 
47', long. 13° 25' w. W. C. 

Farm Tavern, and p-o. Southampton co. 
Va. about 210 ms. s. W. C. and 00 s. s. z. 
Richmond. 

Farmville, p-v. on the right bank of Appo- 
mattox r. N. border of Prince Edward co. Va. 
by P-r. 81 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and 
about an equal distance w. Petersburg. 

Farnham, p-v. Richmond co. Va. about 85 
ms. N. E. Richmond. 

Farrowville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Fau- 
quier CO. Va. 64 ms. w. W. C. 

Fauciuier, CO. of Va. bounded by Frede- 
rick CO. N. w., Loudon n. e., Prince William 
E., Stafford s. E., and by Rappahannoc r. se- 
parating it from C;ulpcp|)er s. w. and w. 
Greatest length 45 ms., mean breadth 16, 
and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 24' to .3!)° 02', and in long, from 0° .32' to 
1° 5' w. W. C. 'Phc general slope is s. e., 
and down which flow the higher branches of 
Rappahannoc and Occoquhan rs. ~ Surface 
pleasantly broken, and soil tolerably produc- 
live, ('hief t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 23,103, 
18.30, 26,086. 

Fausse RjviEKi;, (False River,) once a 



FAY 



160 



FAY 



bend of the Miss., but now a lake of Louisi- 
ana, in the parish of Point Coupee. In or 
about 1714, the change was affected, from 
which both names were taken, that is Fausse 
Riviere, and Point Coupee, (Point Cut Off.) 
Previous to that era, the Miss, r., below Ba- 
you Sara, made an immense bend to the 
wstrd., curving until it returned so nearly 
upon itself as to leave only a narrow neck of 
land. This isthmus, gradually diminished on 
both sides, was at length worn through, and 
the vast river shortened its channel upwards 
of 30 rns. The old bed rapidly filled with 
alluvion near the new channel, but in all 
other parts, retained its forms and features, 
and is now a fine lake, lined with farms and 
farm houses, with a soil possessing the usual 
fertility of the Miss, banks. 

Fawn Grove, tsp. and p-v. s. e. part of 
York CO. Pa. The tsp. extends from Muddy 
creek to the Md. line. The p-o. is by p-r. 49 
ms. s. E. Harrisburg, and 22 in a similar di- 
rection from York. 

Fayette, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. w. 
Augusta, has several ponds on its e. border. 
Pop. 1830, 1,049. 

Fayette, t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. Ge- 
neva, 3 s. Waterloo, 18 n. Ovid, 188 w. by n. 
Albany, w. Cayuga lake, e. Seneca lake, s. 
Seneca r. about 7 ms. by 9. Seneca r. and 
Canoga creek supply mills. It is nearly 
level, and has gypsum and limestone. 

Fayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 
208 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Fayette County, Pa. bounded by Allegha- 
ny CO. Md. s. e., Preston and Monongalia cos. 
Va. s., by Monongahcla r. which separates it 
from Green co. of Pa. w., and Washington 
N. w., by Westmoreland n., and Somerset e. 
It approaches a square of 28 ms. each side, 
area 784 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
42' to 40° 10', and in long, from 2° 23' to 3° 
3'. The surface of this co. is every where 
broken by hills, and the eastern part is tra- 
versed from s. w. to n. e. by two chains of 
mountains. The soil is almost uniformly 
fertile. The Monongahcla, with a rather 
crooked channel, winds a navigable stream 
along the western border. The Youghio- 
ghany, after piercing a chain of mountains, 
enters Fayette from the s. f.., and breaking 
through hills and mountains, traverses it 
flowing to the n. w. The channel of the 
Youghioghany is part of the projected route 
of the Chesapeake and Ohio catial. Chief t. 
Union. Pop. 1820, 27,285, 1830, 29,237. 

Fayette, p-v. in the n. w. part of Montgo- 
mery CO. Va. 16 ms. e. Christiansburg, the 
CO. St., by p-r. s. w. W. C, 190 a little s. of 
w. Richmond. 

Fayetti', CO. of Geo. bounded s. by Pike, 
E. by Henry, n. e. by De Kalh, n. by ('amp- 
bell, and by I'lmt r. separating it from Cowe- 
ta w., and Merriwether s. w. Length 30, 
mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 33° 11' to 33° 40', and in 
long, from 7° 28' to 7° 46' w. W. C. Chief 
t. Fayciteville. Pop. 1830, 963. 



Fayette, co. of Ala. bounded by Marion 
N., Walker n. e., Tuacaloosa and Pickens s., 
and Monroe co. Miss. w. Length e. to w. 50 
ms., breadth 25, and area 1,250 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 33° 26' to 33° 47', and in 
long, from 10° 28' to 11° 25' w. W. C. This 
CO. slopes to the sthrd., and is drained by 
the Sipsey, Luxapatilla, and Battahatchy, 
branches of Tombigbee r. Chief t. Fayette 
Court house. Pop. 1830, 3,547. 

Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. Ala. 
by p-r. 874 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 50 ms. 
N. N. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Miss, by p-r. 1,127 ms. s. w. by w. W.C, 93 
ms. s. w. Jackson, and 19 n. e. Natchez. It 
is situated on Coles creek, and on the great 
road from Natchez towards Temiessee, &c. 
Lat. 31° 42', long 14° 18' w. W. C. 

Fayette, co. of Ten. bounded w. by Shel- 
by, N. w. by Tipton, n. by Haywood, e. by 
Hardiman, and s. by the Indian country in 
the state of Miss. Length from n. to s. 24, 
and same from e. to w., area 576 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 23', and in 
long, from 12° 12' to 12° 39' w. W. C. Chief 
t. Sumnerville. Pop. 1830, 8,658. 

Fayette, co. Ky. bounded s. w. by Jessa- 
mine, w. by Woodford, N. w. by Scott, n. by 
Harrison,, n. e. by Bourbon, e. by Clark, and 
s. E. by Kentucky r. separating it from Ma- 
dison. Length from n. to s. 25 ms., mean 
breadth 11, and area 275 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 37° 51' to 38° 13', and in long, 
from 7° 14' to 7° 38' w. W. C. This fine 
county is a true table land, from the centre 
of which flow streams like the radii of a 
circle. These streams all finally discharge 
into Kentucky, which touching on the s. e., 
semicircles the co. The chief t. Lexington. 
Pop. 1830, 25,098, or upwards of 91 to the 
sq. m. 

Fayette, co. of O. bounded by Highland 
s., Clinton s. w., Greene n. w,, Madison n., 
Pickaway n. e., and Ross s. e. Length from 
s. to N. 26, mean width 16, and area 416 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 21' to 39° 
43', and in long, from 6° 16' to 6° 38' w. W. 
C. The slope is a little e. of s. The s., 
central, and indeed greater part of the sur- 
face is in the valley of Paint creek, but some 
of the higher branches of Little Miami rise 
and issue from the n. w. angle, as do from 
the s. E. some creeks entering Deer creek, a 
tributary of Sciota r. The surface of this 
CO. is rather too level, though the soil is pro- 
ductive. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 1830, 
8,182. 

Fayette, co. of Ind. bounded by Franklin 
s., Rush w., Henry n. w., Wayne n. e., and 
Union e. Length from s. to N. 18 ms., mean 
breadth 10, and area 180 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 33' to 39° 47', and in long, 
from 8° 3' to- 39° 17' w. W. C. This co. is 
traversed by the main stream, and is chiefly 
comprised in the vallev of White Water r. 
Chief t. Coimereville. 'Pop. 1830, 9,112. 

FAYJiTTJi, CO. of 11. bounded s. e. by Clay, 



FAY 



161 



FIN 



s. by Marion, 3. w. by Clinton, w. by Bond, i Fearing, p-v. in tho southern pan of Wash- 
N. vv. by Montgomery, n. by Shelby, and Ei ington co. O. by p-r. 313 nis. a little n. of w. 



by Effingham. Length from i;. to w. 30 me., 
mean breadth 24, and area 720 eq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 38'=' 50' to 39° 12', and in 
long, from 11«> 44' to 12° 17' w. W. C. The 
slope is to tho s. s. e., and traversed in that 
direction by the main volume of the Kas- 
kaskia r., which leaves the co. at its extreme 
southwestern angle. Chief t. Vandalia, which 
is also the capital of the state. Pop. Ib30, 
2,704. The latter aggregate, however, in- 
cludes also the inhabitants of two recently 
formed cos. Effingham and Jasper. 

Fayktte Corner and p-o. in the eastern 
part of Fayette co. Ten. 9 ms. estrd. from 
Somerville, the co. st., and by p-r. 865 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. and 173 ms. in a nearly si- 
mil.'ir direction from Nashville. 

Favktteville, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. W. 
C. and 52 wstrd. Ilarrisburg. 

Favetteville Village, in the southwstrn. 
part of Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. 
W. C. 

Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Cumber- 
land CO. N. C. by p-r. 347 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 
61 in a very nearly similar direction from Ra- 
leigh, and by the land road up Cape Fear r. 
107 ms. above Wilmington. Lat. 35° 02', 
and long. 1° 50' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 2,868. 
This once flourishing depot is situated on the 
right bank of Cape Fear r. at the head of 
uninterrupted boat navigation. On May 29, 
1831, it was desolated by a most destructive 



W. C. 114 8. E. Columbus, and 8 Marietta. 

Federal Hill, p-o. in the eastern part of 
Hardy co. Va. by p-r. 125 ms. w. W. C. 

Federalsburo, p-v. in the extreme n. e. 
angle of Dorchester co. Md., and on Marshy 
Hope creek, 20 ms. a little s. of e. Easton, 
25 N. e. by E. Cambridge, and by p-r. 99 a 
little s. of E. W. C. 

Federaltox, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Athens co. O. by p-r. 344 ms. a little n. of w. 
W. C. and 73 s. e. Columbus. 

Feliciana. {See East Feliciana, West 
Feliciana.) 

Feliciana, p-v. in the western part ot 
Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 16 ms. wstrd. May- 
field, the CO. St., and 823 from W. C. and 284 
from Frankfort, in a similar direction s. w. by 
w. i w. 

Felicity, p-v. Franklin tsp. Clermont co. 
O. by p-r. 9 ms. wstrd. Batavia, the co. st. 
485 wstrd. W.C. and 116 s. w. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 199. 

Femmk Osage, p-v. in the wstrn. part of 
St. Charles co. Mo. 20 ms. wstrd. from St. 
Charles, the co. st. and by p-r. 896 wstrd. 
W. C. and about 20 n. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Fenner, p-t. Madison co. 12 ms. n. w. 
Morrisville. 

Fenn's Bridge and p-o. Jeflerson co. Geo. 
by p-r. 91 ms. estrd. Milledgeville. 

Fenwick's Tavern and p-o. St. Mary's co. 
Md. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Ferdinand, t. Essex co. Vt. n. Granby, 



fire, but is again rising from the ruin occa- is a poor tract of mountains and swamps, un- 
sioned by the calamity. We insert the fol- inhabited ; 23 sq. ms., watered by the great 
lowing for the display of a fine moral pic- branch of Paul's stream, 
ture. The humane feelings of the people of i Fernandina, p-v., city, s-p., and st. jus. 
other parts of the U. S. were not vainly ap-j Nassau co. Flor. by p-r. 776 ms. s. s. w. W. 
pealed to on the distress at Fayetteville, and , C, 8 ms. s. e. from the town of St. Mary's, 80 
contributions were raised in a little n. of w. St. Augustine, and 181 a little 

N. of E. Tallahassee. Lat. 30° 40', long. 4° 
41' w. W. C. It is situated on the northern 
end of Amelia isl., and nearly opposite to 
the mouth of St. Mary's river. Pop. 1830, 
198. 

Ferrisburg, t. Addison co. Vt. 19 ms. s. 
Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. | f3urlington, 34 w. Montpelier, e. lake Cham- 



M.iiiie, 


$125 


N. J. $805 S. C. 


.$9,100 


N. H. 


2!)0 


Pa. 12,7;}1 Geo. 


4,102 


Mass. 


14,.518 


Md. 6,820 Ten. 


45 


K.I. 


2,067 


Dist. Col. 870 Ohio, 


1,158 


Conn. 


3,002 


Va. 8,040 Miss. 


1,110 


N. Y. 


10,048 


N.C. 11,406 La. 


5,050 


:in aagregiitc am 
38. 


ount, including fractions, 


of«01,002 



Geo. by p-r. 700 ms. n. w. W. C. and 107 ms 
N. w. by w. Milledgeville. It is on a small 
branch of Flint r. Lat. 33° 27', and long. 7° 
36' w. W. C. 

Favetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. 
Ten. by p-r. 722 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
73 ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. It is on 
the right bank of Elk r., and on the direct 
road from Nashville in Ten. to Huntsville in 
Ala. Lat. 35° 10', long. 9° 37' w. W. C. 

Favetteville, p.v. and st. jus. Washington 



plain, settled 1784, from Bennington and 
Conn. It is supplied with excellent mill sites 
by Otter, Little Otter, and Lewis creeks. It 
has Basin harbor, and Otter and Little Ot- 
ter creeks, whose mouths are 80 rods a part, 
are navigable 8 and 3 ms. A ferry of 2 ms. 
crosses the lake from below Little Otter cr. 
Hilly N. level w. Has afforded e-xcellent 
timber for Quebec, maple, beecli, bass, &c. 
on uplands ; pine, oak, &-c. on low lands. It 
sends out many fat cattle, — 11 school districts. 



CO. Ark. by p-r. 1,285 ms. s. w. by w. i w.' Pop. 1830, 1,822. 

W. C. and 5!l7ms. n. w. by w. Little Rock. } Fife's, p-o. western part of Goochland co. 
Favston, t. Washington CO. Vt. 25 ms. s. E.fVa. by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 39 a 
Burlington, 16 s. w. Montpelief. First settled j little n. of w. Richmond. 

about 1798, is on the w. range of Green mtns. F'incastle, p-v. and st. ju&. Bottetourt co. 
broken, with little useful land, almost unin- Va. situated near the right bank ot Catawba 
habited, and has only a few streams of Madt cr. by p-r. 235 ms. s. w. W. C. 176 westward 
r. Pop. 1830, 447. Richmond, and 45 n. e. Chnstiansburg. Lat. 

21 



FIS 



162 



FLA 



37° 28', and long. 2° 57' w. W. C. This 
place contains the ordinary co. buildings, and 
a pop. of about 1,000. 

FiNDLAY, p-v. and Rt. jus. Hancock co. Mo. 
by p-r 502 ins. s. w. by w. W. C. and 114 n. 
N. w. Columbus. It i.s situated on Blan- 
chard's Fork of Auglaize r. on the road from 
Cincinnati to Detroit, lat. 41° 04', long. 6° 40' 
w. W. C. 

FiNDLAYRviLLE, p-v. Meckleuburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 363 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 s. w. by 
w. Raleigh. 

FiNEVwooD, P-V. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 
102 ms. 8. w. by w. Richmond, and 17 from 
Marysville. 

FiNLAVviLLE, p-v. in the n. w. part of Wash 
ington CO. Pa. about 12 ms. n. w. Washing 
ton, the CO. st. and 30 s. w. Pittsburg. 

Finney Mills, and p-o. Amelia co. Va. by 
P-r. 61 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Fischlie's Mills, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Jackson co. Ind. by p-r. 613 ms. west- 
ward W. C. and 59 southward Indianopolis. 
Fish Dam, p-o. south western part of 
Wake" CO. N. C. 12 ms. Raleigh. 

Fish Dam, p-o. western part of Union diet. 
S. C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

FisiiERSFiELD, p-t. Merrimac co. N. H. 33 
ms. N. N. w. Hopkinton, 30 from Concord. 
Pop. 1830, 797. 

Fishkr's Island, N. Y. Long Island sound, 
5 ms. s. w. Stonington, [see Souihold.) 

Fish's Store, and p-o. in the northern part 
of Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 37 nis. east- 
ward Milledgeville, and 659 ms. s. w. W. C. 
Fishing Creek, tsp. and p-v. in the north- 
eastern part of Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 199 
from W. C. and 89 from Ilarrisburg, and in 
a similar direction a little n. of E. Pop. of 
the tsp. 1830, 568. 

Fishing Creek, and p-o. Tyler co. Va. 
The creek rises in Tyler, flows n. w. into 
Ohio CO. and falls into Ohio r. in the south- 
western angle of the latter. The p-o. is sit- 
uated on the head waters of the cr. about 28 
ms. w. Morgantown, and by p-r. 238 n. w. by 
w. W.C. 

Fishing Creek, and p-o. in the northeas- 
tern part of Chester dist. S. C. The creek 
rises in York dist. near Yorkville, interlocking 
sources with Allison's creek of Catawba, 
and Bullock's of Broad r. and flowing s. s. e. 
enters Chester, witliin whii h it fails into Ca- 
tawba r. 20 ms. s. e. Chestcrville. The p-o 
is by the common road 60 ms. n. Columbia, 
and by p-r. 442 s. w. W. C. 

Fishkill, N. Y. a branch of Wood cr. 
Fishkill, N. Y. the outlet of Saratoga lake, 
joins the Hudson at Schuylerville. On the 
banks of this creek Burgoyne's army surren- 
dered to Gen. Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. 

Fishkill, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., v.. Hud- 
eon r. 14 ms. B. Poughkeepsie, 89 s. Albany, 
and 65. n. of New York. It derives its name 
from the Fishkill, which runs nearly central- 
ly througli it to the Hudson. There are 4 
landings on the Hudson. It is a place of 
considerable busincts. Tlic village of 



Fishkill is 5 ms. e. of the Hudson. This 
town was the first that was settled in the co. 
Here is the Matteawan cotton factory, the 
largest in the state, situated on the Fishkill, 
about half a mile from the Hudson. It produ- 
ces annually about half a million yards of 
cloth. Near this factory is Schenck's ex- 
tensive grain mill, which manufactures 50, 
000 bushels of wheat per annum. There is 
likewise an extensive wollen manufactory at 
this place. The Glenham wollen factory is 
about two ms. from the Matteawan factory. 
At this establishment are manufactured su- 
perfine blue and black cloths. The other 
settlements in this town, are the Upper Lan- 
ding, Low Point or Carthage Landing, Hope- 
well, New Hackensack, and Middlcbush. 
Pop. 1830, 8,292. 

Fishkill mtns. (see Matteawan.) 
Fitchburg, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 43 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 25 n. e. Worcester. Finely 
watered by Nockege r. a branch of the Nash- 
ua, and by two other streams, which render 
it an excellent town for manufactories ; and 
accordingly it has become an extensive man- 
ufacturing place. Pop. 1830, 2,169. 

FiTcnviLLE,p V. and tsp in the northern part 
of Huron co. O. p-r. 388 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 109 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus. 
Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 347. 

FiTzwiLLiAM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 13 
ms. from Keene, 60 from Concord, and 65 
from Boston. It was named in honor of the 
Earl of Fitzwilliam. This town was the 
residence of Brigadier Gen. James Reed, a 
revolutionary patriot. Pop. 1830, 1,229. 

Flanders, village, Morris co. N. J. on the 
s. branch llaritan, 12 ms. w. N. w. Morris- 
town. 

Flatbush, p-t. St. jus. Kings CO. Long Isl- 
and, 4^ ms. s. Brooklyn, 5 s. N. Y. Here is 
a flourishing academy, denominated Erasmus 
Hall. A battle was fought near this place, 
Aug. 27, 1776, in which the Americans were 
defeated by the British, and suffered a heavy 
loss. Pop. 1830, 1,143. 

Flat Creek, p-o. Campbell eo. Va. 11 ms. 
s. w. Linchburg, and by p-r. 119 s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Flat Creek, p-o. in the western part of 
Bath CO. Ky. by p-r. 494 ms. s. w by w. ^w. 
W. C. and 67 e. Frankfort. 

Flatlands, t. King's co. s. side and near 

w. end Long Island, 7J, ms. a little e. of s. 

N. Y. and 2 ms. s. Flatbush. Pop. 1830, 596. 

Flat Lick, p-o. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 224 

ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Flat Rock, p-o. eastern part of Powhatan 
CO. Va. 24 ms. w. Richmond. 

Flat Rock, p-o. in the western part of Bun- 
combe CO. N. C. by p-r. 285 ms. westward 
Raleigh. 

Flat Rock, p-o. in the northern part of Ker- 
shaw district, S. C, about 20 miles n. Cam- 
den, and by p-r. 53 >. k. Columbia. 

Flat Rock, p-o. in the eastern part of Bour- 
bon CO. Ky. by p-r. 504 ms. westward W. C. 
and 55 eastward Frankfort. 



FLO 



163 



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Flat 1{oi;k, p-o. on a large cr. of the same j 
name, soiitlieiu part of Shelby co. Ind. hyj 
p-r. 53 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Flat Woods, p-o. in the western part ofj 
Lewis CO. Ky. by p-r. 304 ms. w. W. C. 

Fi.KETwooD, p-v. Hinds co. Mies, by p-r. 
1,053 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and about 100 n. 
E. Natchez. 

Fr.K.Mi.vG, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 4 ms, s. 
Auburn. Pop. 1830, 1,461. 

Fleming, co. Ky. bounded w. by Nicholas ; 
N. w. by Mason ; n. e. by Lewis ; K. and s. e. 
by Lawrence, and s. w by Licking r. which 
separates it from Bath. Length s. e. to n. w. 
36 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 576, si]. 
ms., extending m lat, from 38° 06' to .38° 33', 
and in long, from 6° 22' to 6° 55' w. W. C. 
The slope of Fleming is to the s., soil produc- 
tive, and surface moderately hilly. Chief t. 
Flemingsburg. Pop. 1820, 12,186, and in 
J830, 13,499. 

Flemingburg, or Flemingsburg, p-v. and st. 
jus. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 498 ms. a little s. 
of w. W. C. and 79 eastward Frankfort. It 
is situated on the table land near the sources 
of creeks flowing northwards into O., and 
southwards into Licking r. lat. 38° 25', and 
long. 6° 40' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, G48. 

Flemington, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. 
N. J. 23 ms. N. N. w. Trenton. 

Fleming's, p-o. Weakly co. Ten. by p-r. 
834 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 westerly 
from Nashville. 

Fleming's, p-v. in the north-western part 
of Shelby co. Ind. 5 ms. n. w. Shelbyvillc, 
by p-r. 580 a little N. of w. \V. C. and 35 s. e. 
Indianopolis. 

Fletcher, t. Franklin co. Vt. 22 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, and 35 N. w. Montpelier. Pop. 
1«3(), 793. 

Flint, r. Ontario co. N. Y., waters Italy, 
Middlesex, Gorham, and Phelps, where it 
joins the Canandaigua outlet, at the village of 
Vienna, its whole course of 32 miles being a 
good mill stream. 

Flint, r. of Geo. (see Appalachicola, first 
paragraph.) 

Flint Hill, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 
104 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Flint Mills, and p-o. in the southern part 
of iVIadison co. Ala. 10 ms. s. from Ilunts- 
ville, by p-r. 716 s. w. by w. W. C. and 165 
N. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Flint Stone, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by 
p-r. 119 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Flood's, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 
180 ms. s. w. W. C, and 96 westward Uich- 
mond. 

Florence, p-t. Oneida eo. N. Y., 20 ins. 
N. w. Rome. Pop. 1830, 964. 

Florence, p-v. and st. jus. Lauderdale co. 
Ala. by p-r. 796 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, 146 
a little w. of N. Tuscaloosa, and 70 west- 
ward Huntsville. It is situated on the right 
bank of Tennessee r. at the mouth of Cypress 
«reek, and below the Muscle Shoals. Lat. 
34° 47', long. 10° 46' w. W. C. At seasons 
of high or even moderate height of water, 



steam boats ascend to Florence. The pop. 
is estimated at 1,500, and the place so advan- 
tageously situated, possesses a flourishing 
trade. 

Florence, p.v. Boone co. Ky. by p-r. 507 
ms. westward VV. C. and 70 n. Frankfort. 
Pop. 1830, 63. 

Florence, p.v. and tsp. in the western part 
of Huron co. O. The p-v. is situated on 
Vermillion r. by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. by e. Nor- 
walk, the co. scat, 395 n. w. W. C. and 127 
N. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of- the tsp. 1830, 
760. 

Florida, a canal, town, and p-t. Montgom- 
ery CO. N. Y., 8. shore Mohawk river, 35 ms. 
n. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,851. 

Florida, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 6 miles s. 
Goshen. 

Florida, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 25 miles 
N. E. Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Hoosic moun- 
tain lies between this town and Adams ; and 
Deerfield river rises on the eastern declivity 
of the mountain, on the Florida side. Pop. 
1830, 454. 

Florida, cape, promontory of the southeast- 
ern coast of Florida, projecting southward, &. 
enclosing on the ^.E. the bay of Biscane. 
On Tanner's U. S. map cape Florida is laid 
down at lat. 25° 38', long. 3° 10' w. W. C. 

Florida, extreme southern territory of the 
United States, bounded N. w. by Alabama, N. 
by Geo., E. by the Atlantic ocean and Baha- 
ma channel, s. by Cuba channel, and w. and 
s. w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Length, if we 
follow the curve from Perdido river to cape 
Sable about 660 miles. The breadth from 
Perdido river along the northern border, to 
the Atlantic ocean, is 375 miles, but the mean 
breadth being only about 84 miles, the area is 
55,400 square miles, or 35,456,000 statute 
acres. Extending in lat. from 25° to 31°, if 
we include only the continent, but embracing 
Thompson's island, the southern extreme is 
at lat. 24° 30'. In long, this territory lies 
between 3° and 10° 44' vv. W. C. 

Florida has a boundary along the Gulf of 
Mexico, from the mouth of Perdido, to cape 
Sable, 600 miles ; along the Cuba and Baha- 
ma channels, and Atlantic ocean from cape 
Sable to the mouth of St. Mary's river, 450 
miles ; in common with Geo. from the mouth 
of St. Mary's to that of Flint river, 240 miles ; 
I up Chultahooche nvcr to lat. 31°, 40 miles ; 
' in common with Alabama from Chattahooche 
It^o Perdido viver, 140 miles ; down Perdido to 
' its mouth, 40 miles ; entire outline, 1,510 ; 
with a perimeter exceeding 1500 miles, and 
extending through 6 degrees of lat. Florida 
presents some diversity of climate, but the 
j difference of relative level being but slight, 
the seasons at the extremes more nearly ap- 
proach an e(iuality of temperature than does 
any, other similar extent of lat. in the United 
States. The northern and part of central 
Florida is covered witli a dense lorest, ex- 
cept the partial clearing of land for agricul- 
1 tural and other purjjoses of human society, 
': but the southern section presents large spa- 



FLO 



164 



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ces of open, grassy, and in part marshy plains. 
Pine is the prevailing timber, but great vari- 
ety of other forest trees are intermixed. 

Sterility is the true general character of 
the soil, with, it is true, some favorable ex- 
ceptions. The value ofthe soil is, however, 
in some measure equalized with that of 
more fertile but more nthrn. land, by the high 
temperature of the climate of Florida. Oi 
cultivated vegetables the principal species 
are, of grains, rice and Indian corn ; the 
sweet potatne is produced in great abundance. 
Garden vegetables admit of immense varie- 
ty. Staples are cotton, indigo, and sugar. 
Of fruits, the orange, lime, several varieties 
of figs, the peach, pomegranate, and some 
others flourish. The olive and some species 
of the vilis vinefera (wine producing grape 
vine) might be produced perhaps to more ad- 
vantage than in any other section ofthe U. S. 
The profitable culture of the coffee plant and 
date palm, is more doubtful. 

That part of Florida extending along the 
northern shore ofthe Gulf of Mexico slopes 
towards that recipient of its rivers, with a 
general southern course ; Florida is traversed, 
advancing from east to west, by the rivers 
Suwannee, Oscilla, Ocklockonne, Appala- 
chicola, Choctaw, Yellow Water, and Es- 
cambia. The two latter are discharged into 
the fine sheet of water, which forms the har- 
bor of Fensacola. Choctaw opens into a wide 
bay of the same name. The Appalachicola 
forms a delta. Ocklockonne is discharged 
into the deep bay of Appalachie. The Su- 
wanne has a more southern influx than any 
ofthe preceding, and looses its volume in 
Vacasausa bay, lat. 29° 25'. 

With the Vacasausa bay the slope of Flor- 
ida bends with the peninsula, and Amasura, 
Anclota, Hillsboro', Charlotte, Gallivan's, 
and Young's rivers have a general western 
course. The St. John's of Florida is an 
anomaly amongst the rs. of the Atlantic coast 
ofthe United States. The source of this 
stream is rather indefinable, being derived 
from the flat grassy plains, about lat. 28, and 
flowing thence to the west of north, nearly 
parallel to the opposite Atlantic coast, has 
more the appearance of a sound than a river. 
The long eastern shore of Florida can hardly 
be regarded as having a slope. The level is 
general and very slightly broken by eleva- 
tions of any kind. On tjiis monotonous ex- 
panse, a shell bank appears an object of 
magnitude. 

Descending from the more general to 
the more specific features, we find the long 
nthru. parallelogram of J^lorida offering con- 
siderable diversity of surface. The rise from 
the mouth of St. Mary's to the dividing 
ground between its basin and that of Suwan- 
nee exceeds 200 feet. The ridges or table 
land, protruded southwardly between the other 
more western rivers, are perhaps still more 
elevated, but all imperceptibly decline, ap- 
proaching the sea coast until merged in the 
Bandy shores. The depth of the harbors may 



be seen under the respective heads of the 
rivers and bays. The table land between the 
basins of St. Mary's and Suwannee rivers 
stretches southward, and may be regarded 
as the spine of peninsula Florida, until grad- 
ually lost in.the plains between the sources of 
St. John's and Amasura rivers. 

Florida as a political subdivision compris- 
es two natural sections. The northern slope, 
already noticed, extending from the Atlantic 
ocean to Perdido river, deeply furrowed by 
the river channels, is followed by the penin- 
sula, properly so called. The two physical 
sections can have no actually defined line of 
separation, but a line drawn from the mouth 
of St. John's river to that of Suwannee, would 
afford a demarcation, having two natural 
points of termination. A base of calcareous 
rock commences in northern, and extends un- 
der perhaps all peninsular Florida. This 
friable stone breaks forth at St. Augustine and 
many other points, but is overlaid generally 
by deep superstrata of clay, shells, and sand. 
We insert the following description as being 
official. It is extracted from the files of 
congressional document, and from a Report 
of the engineer department, on the practica- 
bility of a canal across the peninsula of Flor- 
ida. Read in congress March 26th, 1832. 

" The part of the peninsula of Florida, 
compreliended between the southern bounda- 
ries of Georgia, and a line drawn from Tampa 
bay to cape Cannaveral, is an extensive pine 
forest, interspersed with numberless lakes, 
ponds, low savannahs, and cypress swamps, 
of various sizes. The country, though gen- 
erally flat, is, however, much undulated in 
some districts, and even hilly in many places. 
The ridge which divides the waters emptying 
into the Atlantic ocean from those running into 
the gulf, is sloping gradually from n. to s., and 
seems to become totally depressed south of a 
line drawn from the bay of Tampa to cape 
Cannaveral. Indeed all that great tract of 
country south of this line, is represented, by 
those best informed, as an extensive marsh, 
forbidding, during the rainy seasons (between 
June and October,) any land passage from 
the gulf to the Atlantic. The elevation ofthe 
dge above the level of the sea, has been 
found to be 152 feet at the head of St. Mary's 
river, near the Georgia line, 158 between 
Kinsley's pond, and Little Santa Fe pond, 
head of Santa Fe river, and 87 feet between 
the head branches of the Amaxura and Ock- 
lawaha rivers. 

"The soil is generally sand, except at pla- 
ces called hammocks, the soil of which is 
either a red-yellow, or black clay, mixed 
with sand. These hammocks are numerous, 
and much scattered throughout the country ; 
they vary in extent, from a few acres to thou- 
sands of acres, and form together but an in- 
considerable portion of the peninsula. On 
them, the- growth of tree is red oak, live 
oak, water oak, dog wood, magnolia and 
pine ; the red oak ])redoniinating. Whilst 
these hanimocks,under the auspicious climate 



F1.0 



of Florida, present a very productive arable 
land, the pine forests afford every facility to 
the raising of cattle ; and under this point of 
view, this pari of the peninsula may bo con- 
sidcred as a most valuable grazing country. 
" It is to be observed that, in Florida, the 
fern grass is exclusively peculiar to low 
grounds and heads of water courses. 

"If the upper stratum of the peninsula, is 
generally sand on both sides of tho ridge, and 
that to a depth of at least 5 or 6 feet, tho sub- 
stratum is not the same on both sides. On 
the eastern, it is clay mixed with a great deal 
of sand ; but on the western, it is, through- 
out, a kind of stratified rotten limestone, 
which frequently appears at the surface, and 
which at many places, is undermined by 
streams sinking abruptly to take their pas- 
sage through the cavernous parts of the 
mass, and to resume, at some distance down, 
their natural course. It is owing to tho nu- 
merous cavities of this rotten substratum, 
that the surface of the ground is seen inter- 
spersed with numberless inverted comic hol- 
lows, called sinks, the size of which varies 
from a few square yards to many acres. 

" The streams which run tlirough the pen- 
insula, present, generally, no flat bottom, or 
arable fluviatic deposito along their banks ; 
they force their course through the sandy 
upper stratum, and are fed more by lateral 
filtration than by tributaries. However, their 
margins are often trimmed with trees, such 
as live oak, water oak, magnolia, and laurel 
thicket, which receive chiefly their nourish- 
mcnt from moisture. 

" The sea along the western coast of the 
peninsula is shallow, from Tampa bay to 
Appalachic bay, and on a width varying from 
5 to 15 miles. From the latter to cape San 
Bias, this width diminishes, except at the in- 
tervening 'capes, where extensive shoals pro- 
ject out ; but from cape San Bias to lake 
Pontchartrain, the shore is generally bold, 
and the coast affords several good harbors.* 
As to the coast on the Atlantic, the sea is all 
along shallow, and offers no harbors except at 
the moufh of St. John's r. and St. Augustine." 
St, Mary's river ought to be added. 

" The shortest distance across tho penin- 
sula is about from St. Augustine, to a point on 
the gulf between the mouths of tho Suwan- 
nee and Amaxura rivers ; this distance is 
105 miles. The distance on a straight line 
from the mouth of the St. John to that of the 
Suwannee is 130 miles, and from the mouth 
of St. John to St. Mark, 170 miles." 

The long problem in theory seems to be 
solved, that is, the difference of level between 
the Atlantic ocean outside, and the Gulf of 
Mexico inside of the peninsula of Florida. 
On this subject the topographical engineers 
observe, " should the surveys be perfectly 
accurate, the level of low tide in the gulf 
would be 2 263-100 feet above that of low tide 



165 FLO 

in the Atlantic. On another hand it haa 
been shown, in describing the surveys rela- 
ting to the St. Mary's route, that the result of 
the leveling has given 3 55-100 for the dif- 
ference of the level between the gulf and the 
Atlantic. We must therefore consider it as 
probable, that, at low tide, tho elevation of 
the gulf at tlie moutli of the Suwannee, is not 
more than 3 or 4 feet above low tide at the 
entrance of St. John's into the Atlantic. 

Political Geography. In the census ol 
1830, Florida is subdivided into Eastern, 
Western, Middle and Southern ; of which the 
population was as follows : — 



' Tliis rharacter of roast between Mobile bay and 
laki- I'ontchnrtr.-iin, is only applicable oiitsicle of the 
iRJands. (Sec fancagotUa sound.) 





Whites, 


Free col'd, 


Slaves, 


Total, 


Eastern, 


4,r)l5 


:mo 


4,095 


8,950 


Wosti'rn, 


5,319 


3'M 


3,75.3 


9,408 


Middle, 


8,17.3 


19 


7,587 


15,779 


Southern, 


aG8 


83 


00 


517 



Total 18,375 



844 



15,501 



34,720 



The counties and their population, as ex- 
hibited in the census, is as follows : — 

Eastern Florida, Western Florida, Middle Floridn, 
Alarhu.i, 2,204 Escainl)ia, 1 Gadsden, 4,895 

IJuval, 1,970 .liickson, ( „ .^r, H.-iniilton, .5.53 

Nassau, 1,511 Walfon, p'.4"3 Jelferson, 3,312 

MosclicU), 7.13 Washington, J l,enn, 0,494 

St. .loliMs, 2,.538 Madison, 525 

All southern Florida is included in the 
county of Monroe. In the census, the popu- 
lation of tho counties, composing Western 
Florida, is not individually given. 

Of the foregoing population, there were 
white persons : — 





Male.s. 


Females 


Under 5 years of age, 


1,932 


1,807 


From 5 to 10, 


1,.333 


1,251 


" 10 to 1.5, 


J,015 


981 


" 15 lo 20, 


789 


923 


" 20 to 30, 


2,161 


1,447 


" 30 to 40, 


1,5.36 


H48 


" 40 to 50, 


700 


484 


" 50 to GO, 


430 


247 


" 60 to 70, 


194 


101 


" 70 to 80, 


57 


45 


" 80 to 90, 


10 


10 


" 90 to 100, 


5} 


5 


" 100 and upwards, 


1 






10,220 



8,149 



Total, 

Of the foregoing are deaf and dumb, under 
14 years, 2 ; 14 to 25, 0; 25 and upwards, 
3 ; Blind 2. 

Colored population, as follows : — 

Free. Slaves. 

Males. I'eins. Males. Fenir<. 

Under 10 years of age, 1.38 

From 10 to 24, 109 

" 24 to 36, 47 

" 36 to 55, 50 

" 55 to 100, 33 

" 100 and upwards, 



Hi 


2,.501 


2,.5liO 


1.30 


2,482 


2, 1 19 


70 


1,830 


1,501 


62 


948 


■;(W 


48 


224 


177 


I 





1 



Total, 383 401 7,985 7,510 

Deaf and dumb, colored, under 14 years, 
1 ; 14 to 25, 1 ; over 2.5, 1. 

From the preceding analysis of its distrib- 
utive population of 18.30, Florida contained the 
largest number of inhabitants of the three 
United States territories, Arkansas, Michi- 
gan, and Florida ; and of this aggregate 53 
percent are whites. The weight of the pop- 
ulation of Florida lies along the northern 



FLO 



1G6 



FLU 



parallelogram and above lat 28°. The-rela-i dangerous chain, is composed of Ball islands, 
tive distribution must at all future times re- JMatacumbe islands, Cayasbacos, the Pine 
main not greatly difl'erent from the present,] islands, Thompsons islands. Mule islands, 



as the productive soil and navigable rivers are 
in great part confined to the three northern 
sections. Extensive surveys have been made 
to determine the practicability of forming a 
canal across Florida, from the Atlantic ocean 
to the Gulf of Mexico. These surveys have 
been productive of much very valuable geo- 
graphical information, of which we have 
availed ourselves in this treatise, but the prac- 
tical construction of the proposed canal re- 
mains doubtful, and the doubts arise chiefly 
from the shallowness of the water on the gulf 
side of the peninsula. 

History. — The fine, sonorous name of Flor- 
ida, was imposed by the discoverer, John 
Ponce de Leon, from having made the coast 
on or about " Pasqua Florida," Palm Sunday, 
in 1512. The first attempt to form a civili- 
zed colony in Florida, was made by the 
French in 15G2, under Francis Ribault, but 
the colonists were, in 1565, surprised and 



Cayos Marques, and on th(j extreme w. the 
Tortugas. 

Florisant, p-v. in the northern part of St. 
Louis CO. Mo. situated between the Miss, and 
Mo. rivers, below their junction, 18 miles a 
little w. of N. St. Louis, and 872 westward 
W. C. 

Floijrnoy's Mills, and p-o. Telfair co. 
Geo. 772 ms. southwestward W. C. and 120 
sthrd. Milledgeville. 

Flowing Spring, p-o. Bath co. Va. 20G ms. 
s. w. W. C. and 164 a little n. of w. Rich- 
mond. 

Floyd, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 6 miles e. 
Rome, and 10 n. Utica. Pop. 1830, 1,699. 

Floyd, eastern co. Ky. bounded s. by 
Pike, s. w. by Perry, w. by Morgan, n. by 
Lawrence, and e. by the Tug or eastern 
branch of Big Sandy, which separates it from 
Logan CO. of Va. Length, from east to west 
50 miles, mean breadth 30, and area 1,500 aq. 



murdered by the Spaniards. This massacre miles. Extending in lat. from 39° 24' to S?"* 



was severely revenged by a French exped 
tion ; but the Spaniards remained masters of 
ihe country, and founded in 1565, the city of 
St. Augustine, in East Florida. West Florida 
was not colonized until 1699, when Pensaco- 
Ja was founded by Don Andre de la Riola. 
Though often invaded by French and English 
armaments, this province remained a part of 
Spanish America, until 1763, when it was 
ceded to Great Britain. By the definitive 
treaty of 1783, it was receded by Great Brit- 



ain to Spain. When Florida was a colony of s. s. w. and w., Washington n. w., Clark n 



Spain, and Louisiana of France, or irom 
1699 10 1763, the Perdido river was a com- 
ruon boundary, but when in 1769, Louisiana 
was taken into possesion by Spain, under the 
treaty of cession of 1763, they, for their own 
convenience, incorporated that part of Louis- 
iana between the Mississippi and Perdido 



55', and in long, from 5° 02' to 6° 10' west 
W.C. This county occupies an elevated ta- 
ble land, the eastern part slopirig northwardly, 
and down which flow the two main branches 
of Sandy river. From the southwestern an- 
gle flow the higher branches of Kentucky, 
and from the northwestern, the extreme sour- 
ces of Licking river. The face of the coun. 
try is hilly and broken. Chief town, Preston 
berg. Pop. 1820, 8,207, in 1830, 4,347. 
Floyd, CO. of Indiana, bounded by Harrison 



E. and E., apd the Ohio river, separating it from 
Jeff'erson dounty, Kentucky, s. e. Length 20 
miles, mean breadth 15, and area 300 square 
miles. Extending in lat. from 38° Ifi'lo 38° 
31', and in long, from 8° 44' to 9° 03' w. W. C. 
This CO. lies directly opposite Louisville, in 
Ky. The slope is southward ; surface hilly, 
river with Florida. This incorporation of land soil productive. Chief town. New Alba- 
part of Louisiana into Florida, involved Spain iny. Pop. 1831,6,361. 

in a controveisy with the United States, wheni Floydsburg, p-v. on Floyd Fork, southern 
the hitler government gained possession of part of Oldham co. Ky. 20 ms. n. e. by e. 
Louisiana. On virtue of claiming the latter, j Louisville, and 34 a little n. of w. Frankfort, 
as held by France previous to 1763, the Uni-i Floyd's Fork, r. of Ky. rises in Oldham 
ted States, in 1811, seized Baton Rouge, and ; co., flows thence s.s. w. over the eastern part 
all otlier parts of Florida west of Perdido, ex. i of .lefierson, and northern of Bullitt, falls 
ccpt Mobile, which also surrendered in 18 12. [into salt r. aj, Shepperdsville, after a compa- 
After a lengthened and interrupted negotia-i rative course of 35 ms. 



tion, Florida was ceded to the United States, 
February 22d, 18 19, by a treaty formed at 



Flukes, p-o. Bottetourt co. Va. 
P'lushing, p-t. Queen's co. n. side Nassau, 



Washington. This treaty was finally ratified! on Long isl. 15 ms. e. N. Y. Flushing v. 
by the King and Cortes of Spain, October 24th, j which stands at the head of Flushing bay, is 
1820, and February 22d, 1821, was ratified] a fashionable place of resort. In tliis town 
by the congress of the United States. Since i are still remaining, two of the while oaks, 
the latter period, there has occured no event| under whose shade George Fox, the founder 
in ilie history of Florida, worthy of particular] of Quakerism, held a religious meeting in 
notice. " 11672. Pop. 1830, 2,820. 

Florida Keys, is achain of isllels, rocks,] Flushing, p-v. in Flushing tsp. Belmont 
reefs, and sand banks, extending westward co. O. by p-r. 124 ms. e. Columbus, and 275 
from the southwardly part oi Florida, stretch- ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 114. 
ing in long, from 3i° to 6° 15' w- W. C. be- Fluvanna, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by Al- 
tween iat 24° 30' and 24° 45'. This very' bemarlc, n. e. by Louisa, s. e. by Goochland, 



FOR 



167 



FOR 



and s. and 8. w. by James r., which separates 
it from Buckingham. Length along Albe- 
marle 26, mean breadth 16, and area 41G sq. 
ras. Extending in lat. from 37° 3G' to 40°, 
and in long, from 1° 12' to 1° 43' w. W. C. 
Fluvanna r. enters it from Albemarle, and 
flowing s. E. divides it into two nearly equal 
sections. Surface agreeably broken. Chief 
t. Columbia. Population 1820, 6,704, 1830, 
8,221. 

FoGELSviLLE, p-0. Lehigh co. Pa. 

Folly, p-o. Gates co. N. C. by p-r. 186 ms. 
N. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Ford's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. 
by p-r. 227 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Forked Deer River, stream of Ten. rising 
in Carroll, Henderson, and McNair cos., and 
flowing over Madison, Gibson, Haywood and 
Dyer cos., falls into the Miss. r. in the nthrn 
part of Tipton, above the first of the Chick- 
asaw blufls, after a comparative course of 80 
ms. N. w. by w. The valley of Forked Deer 
lies between those of Obion and Big 
Ilitchie, and embraces an area of about 
2,000 sq. ms. 

Fork Shoals, p-o. on Saluda r. Greenville 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. w. Columbus. 

FoRSYTHE, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 
Geo. situated on Chussee creek, about 60 ms. 
a little s. of w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33°, and 
in long. 7° 5' w. 

Fort Adams, p-v. on the left bank of Miss. 
r. at Loftus Heights, Wilkinson co. Miss. 41 
ms. by the road s. Natchez. 

Fort Anne, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. de- 
rives its name from the fort here erected 
during the French wars, which stood at the 
head of batteaux navigation on Wood creek. 
The Champlain canal runs througli this town, 
62 ms. from Albany, 10 n. Sandy Hill, and 
11 s. Whitehall. The village of Fort Anne 
stands near the site of the fort, on the Cham- 
plain canal. Pop. 1830, 3,200. 

Fort Ball, p-v. in the western part of Se- 
neca CO. O. by p-r. 446 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 85 a little w. of n. Columbus. 

Fort Blount, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 
66U ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 70 n. e. by e. 
Nashville. 

Fort Claiborne. {See Claiborne, st. jus. 
Monroe, Ala.) 

Fort Covington, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 
on the St. Lawrence, at the month of Salmon 
creek, 15 ms. n. w. Malone, 235 from Alba- 
ny, and 53 e. n. e. of Ogdensburg. This 



Fort Crawford, Crawford co. Mich. (See. 
Prairie du Chien.) 

Fort Dale, p-v. Butler co. Ala. 132 ms, 
N. E. from Blakely, on Mobile r. and by p-r. 
152 ms. 8. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Fort Defiance, p-v. in the westert part of 
Wilkes CO. N. C. situated on the Yadkin near 
its source, 25 ms. above, and s. w. by w. 
Wilkesboro, the co. St., and by p-r. 428 ms. 
s. w. W. C. and 200 w. Raleigh. 

Fort Edward, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 
E. Hudson r. near the Great Hend. It is 2 
ms. s. Sandy Hill, 16 from Caldwell, and 22 
from Whitehall. The old fort, which gives 
the name to the town, was built by the Ame- 
ricans in 1755. The village is built on the 
Champlain canal, which here forms ft junc 
tion with the Hudson. A dam is built across 
the river at this place, for the purpose of sup- 
plying the canal with water, by moans of a 
feeder, which is half a mile long. The dam 
is 900 feet long, and 27 high. It cost. $30,000. 
Pop. 1830, 1,816. 

Fort Gaines, p-v. Early co. Geo. by p-r. 
175 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Fort Jackson, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. 
situated on the point between Coosa and Tal- 
lapoosa rs. immediately above the junction, 
96 ms. s. E. Tallapoosa. Lat. 32° 29', ajid 
long. 9° 23' w. W. C. 

Fort Gratiot, p-v. in the eastern part of 
St. Clair co. Mich., and on the point w. side 
of St. Clair r. where that stream issues from 
lake Huron, and just above the mouth of the 
river Dulude, by p-r. 597 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
71 n. n. e. Detroit. 

Fort Jackson, p-v. Plaquemines parish, 
La. 75 ms. below New Orleans. 

Fort Jefferson, p-v. Dark co. O. by p.r. 
103 ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 501 a little n. 
of w. W. C. 

Fort Lafayette, N. Y. on a reef of rocks 
in the Narrows, commanding the entrance of 
N. Y. bay. 

Fort Lee, Bergen co. N. J. a forry and 
landing place on the Hudson, 10 ms. above 
N. Y. near the site of the fort of same name. 
A turnpike road from Patcrson and Hacken- 
sack terminates at this place, and a steam- 
boat plies to N. Y. city. 

Fort Littleton, in the southeastern part 
Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 103 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 64 wstrd. Ilarrisburg. 

Fort Miller, p.v. Washington co. N- Y. 
on the Hudson, e. side, which here has falls. 



town and the fort within it derive their name around which there is a canal, with a dam 



from Gen. Covington, who was mortally 
wounded in the battle of Williamsburg, during 
our last war with Great Britain. St. Regis 



across the river for supplying the same with 
water, s. Sandy Hill 11 ms. 

Fort Richmond, N. Y. on the heights, at 



v. (Indian) is situated in this town. The! the s. k. point of Staten isl., on the w. of the 
chief of these Indians is a descendant of a Narrows, commanding the entrance of N. Y. 
daughter of Rev. Mr. Williams, minister of bay. 

Decrtield, Mass. She was carried into cap- Fort St. Philip, p-o. an important military 
tivity when Deerfield was destroyed by the establishment of the U. S. on the left bank of 



Indians, in the time of the old French war, 
and marrying an Indian, refused to return ; 
and so lived and died among the Indians. Pop. 
1830, 2,901. 



the Miss, parish of Plaquemines, La. 70 ms. 
below New Orleans. 

Fort Seneca, p-v. in Seneca tsp. Seneca 
CO. O. situated on Sandusky r. by p-r. 437 ms. 



FOR 



168 



FOX 



N. w. by w. W. C. and 94 a little w. of w. Co- 
lumbua. Pop. tsp. 1830, 369. 

Fort Smith, military station and p-v. as 
laid down by Tanner, is situated on the right 
bank of Arkansas r. on the extreme western 
border of Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 235 ms. 
above, and n. w. by w. Little Rock, and 1,303 
s. w. by w. i w. W. C. 

FoRTSMouTii, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by 
p-r. 92 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

FoRTSMOUTH, p-v. Page co. Va. by p-r. 63 
nis. N. w. Richmond, and 147 wstrd. W. C. 

Fort Snelling, military station and p-o. at 
tliQ mouth of St. Peters r. and Falls of St 
Anthony in Miss. r. The distance by p-r 
from Washington City is not given in the 
p-o. list, but as it is something above 200 ms. 
above Prairie du Chien, which latter is stated 
at 1,060 ms. from W. C., fort Snelling must 
amount to near 1,300 ms. from the seat of 
the general government. Lat. 44° 53', long. 
16° 13' w. W. C. These relative positions 
yield a bearing from W. C. to fort Snelling 
of 63° 33' w. ; distance 968 statute ms. 

Fort Towson, or Cantonment Towson, as 
laid down in Tanner's U. S. is situated almost 
on lat. 34° and 18° 07' w. W. C, about 10 ms. 
N. from the efflux of Kiameche into Red r. In 
the p-o. list of 1828, the p-o. at fort Towson 
is named in Miller co., distant 253 ms. from 
Little Rock, though on the map, even the 
road distance falls short of 180 ms. s. w. 
by w. 

Fortune's Fork, p-o. (See Gretna Green, 
Halifax co. Va.) 

Fort Valley, p-o. Crawford co. Geo. 48 
ms. by p-r. s. w.by w. Milledgeville. 

FoRTviLLE, p-v. Jones co. Geo. 31 ms. 
wslrd. Milledgeville. 

FoRTLMEs Fork and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. 
by p-r. 85 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Fort Washington, p-v. and military sta- 
tion of the U. S. on the left bank of Potomac 
r. at the mouth of Piscataway creek, in Prince 
George's co. Md. 15 ms. below, and very 
nearly due s. W. C. 

Fort Wayne, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co. 
Ind. by p-r. 561 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
141 N. w. Columbus, and also by the interme- 
diate road 160 ms. s. w. Detroit. This vil- 
lage occupies the very remarkable point 
above the junction of St. Mary's and St. Jo- 
seph's rs. and on the right bank of the for- 
mer. The united streams here take the 
name of Maumee. (See Maumee r.) Fort 
Wayne received its name in honor of the old 
veteran hero, who so much contributed to 
give peace and security to the new settle- 
ments in Ohio valley, and who found a grave 
at Presqu' Isle, now Erie in Pa. the 15th 
Dec. 1796. Fort Wayne stands at lat. 41° 
04', long. 8° 7' W. C. 

Fort Winnebago, as laid down by Tarmer, 
is situated on the portage ground between 
the Ouisconsin and Fox r. of Green bay. In 
the p-o. list it is placed in Jowaco. In the 
latter work the relative distances are not 
given, but measured on Tanner's U. S., it is 



distant, by the circuitous route of Pektano r., 
258 ms. N. w. Chicago, though only about 
150 in direct course, 143 above and s. w. 
fort Howard, at the mouth of Fox r., 150 ms. 
by the land route above Prairie due Chien at 
the mouth of Ouisconsin, and by actual cal- 
culation N. 57° w., 586 statute miles from 
W.C. 

Foster, p-t. Providence co. R. 1. 15 ms. w^ 
Providence ; well watered, and contains nu- 
merous sites for water works. Pop. 1830, 
2,672. 

FosTERTOwN, V. Evcsham, Burlington co. 
N.J. 15ms.E. Phil. 

FoTHERiNGAY, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by 
p-r. 201 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

FouLKSTowN, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Columbiana CO. O. by p-r. 166 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus, and 269 n. w. W. C. 

Fountain, co. of Ind. bounded byTippeca. 
noe on the n. e., Montgomery e., Parke a., 
Wabash r. separating it from Vermillion, s.w., 
and Wabash r. again separating it from War- 
ren w. and N. w. Greatest length along the 
eastern border 30 ms., mean breadth 16, and 
area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
58' to 40° 22', and in long, from 10° 06' to 
10° 26' w. W. C. Slope south wstrd. towards 
the Wabash. Chief t. Covington. Pop. 1830, 
7,619. 

FouNTAiNDALE, p-v. in the southern part of 
Adams co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. s. w. Harris- 
burg, and 71 n. W. C. 

Fountain Head, p-o. in the eastern part 
of Sumner co. Ten. 34 ms. n. e. Nashville. 

Fountain of Health, p-o. Davidson co. 
Ten. 6 ms. from Nashville. 

Fountain Inn and p-o. Chester co. Pa. 
Fountain Powder Mills and p-o. Hart co. 
Ky. by p-r. 101 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Fountain Spring, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by 
p-r. 72 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville, and 659 s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

FouRCHE A Renault, p-v. Washington co. 
Mo. by p-r. 128 ms. above and n. w. by w. 
Little Rock, and 921 ms. n. w. by w. I w. 
W.C. 

Four Corners, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 
404 ms. N. w. by w. W.C. and 125 n. Co- 
lumbus. 

Four Mile Branch arid p-o. Barnwell dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 90 ms. s. w. Columbia. 

Four Mile Prairie, p-o. Howard co. Mo. 
by p-r. 1,032 ms. w. W. C. and 214 ms. wstrd. 
St. Louis. 

Fowler, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on 
the Oswegatchie, 36 ms. s. Ogdensburgh. 
Well watered and timbered, and contains 
many sites for water works. It contains iron 
ore, and other valuable minerals. Pop. 1830, 
1,437. 

Fowler, p-v. and tep. in the northern part 
of Trumbull co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 12 
ms. nthrd. from AVarren, the co. si., 309 n. w. 
W. C. and 169 n. e. Columbus. 

Fox River, of II. and Mich, the main nthrn. 
branch of II., rises at lat. 43° 30', between 
Rock r. and Manawakee r., and flowing 



FOX 



169 



FRA 



thcnco by comparativo courses s. a. w. 160 
nis., falls into II. at Otawa, 86 ms. s. w. Chi- 
cago. Fox r. of II. receives no tributary 
streams of consequence ; its valley lies be- 
tween those of Rock r., the upper II., and 
wstrd. from lake Michigan. That part of 
Fox r. which is comprised in Micliigan or the 
higher part of its course, is nearly parallel, 
and from 20 to 25 ms. distant from the wstrn. 
shore of lake Michigan. 

Fox River, confluent of Green bay, is com- 
posed of two main and numerous minor 
branches. The two principal branches are 
Fox r. proper, and Wolf r. Fox r. proper 
is that remarkable stream which derives its 
source from the level table land estrd. from 
the Ouisconsin. The two higher branches 
approach each other in nearly opposite direc- 
tions, and uniting at fort Winnebago, leave a 
portage of less than 2 ms. from the navigable 
channel of the Ouisconsin. These higher 
constituents of Fox r. from their respective 
courses, seem to be natural tributaries of 
Ouisconsin, but reflowing, if we may use 
the expression, back upon their own courses, 
deflect to the northward, assume the name of 
Fox r., and continuing to the nthrd. 20 ms. 
dilate into Buflalo lake, and bend to the e. 
Buftalo lake, an intervening strait, and Fuck- 
awa lake, occupy 25 ms. of this curious r., 
which, leaving the latter, inflects abruptly to 
the wstrd., again estrd., and finally north 
eslrd. The last course is maintained 55 ms. 
to the influx of Wolf r. from the nthrd. Wolf 
r. has its sources interlocking with those of 
Ontonagon of lake Superior. Flowing thence 
s. s. E. 120 ms. unites with and loses its name 
in Fox r. Below the mouth of Wolf r.. Fox 
r. inflecting to s. e. dilates into Menomonie 
lake, and thence with a short intervening 
strait, opens into the comparatively large 
Winnebago lake. The latter sheet of water 
stretches from s. to n. 30 ms. with a breadth 
varying from 2 to 10 ms. Fox r. enters its 
western side near the middle, and issues 
from the northwestern angle. Below Win- 
nebago lake Fox r. inflects again to the n. e., 
but with an elliptic curve to the estrd. 45 ms. 
comparative course to the head of Green bay 
at fort Howard. 

The general course of Fox r. from the por- 
tage at fort Winnebago to its final eflSux into 
Green bay, is a little e. of n. e., and distance, 
by comparative course, 130 ms. Such is, 
however, the great and numerous inflections 
of the stream and lakes that the navigable 
distance perhaps exceeds 200' ms. 

The valley of Fox r. lies between that of 
Green bay and the upper Ouisconsin. In 
fact Green bay is the continuation and lower 
depression of the Fox r. valley, and both 
contribute to form links of the navigable 
route from lake Mich, to the Miss. r. by the 
Ouisconsin. Including Wolf r. the Fox r. 
valley extends from lat. 43° 30' to 46", and 
in long, from 10° to 12° 12' w. W. C. 
FoxBOROUGH, p-t. Norfolk CO. Mass. 24 ms. 

22 



w. Boston. Well watered, and contains 
manufactories. Fop. 1830, 1,165. 

FoxcKOFT, p-t. Penobscot co. Mo. 35 ma. 
N. w. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 677. 

Fox, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 119 ms. 
N. w. Ilarrisburg. 

FoxnuRG, p-v. at the extreme southern an. 
gle of Venango co. Pa. situated on the point 
between and above the junction of Alleghany 
and Clarion rs. about 100 ms. n. n. e. Pitts- 
burg. 

Fox's Creek and p-o. Lawrence co. Ala. 
by p-r. 129 ms. n. Tuscaloosa, and 758 s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

P^oxTowN, p-o. Madison co. Ky. 6 ms. n. w. 
Richmond, the co. st., and by p-r. 543 s.w. 
by w. i w. W. C. 

FoxviLLE, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 56 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Fov's Store and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by 
p-r. 410 ms. s. W. C. and 193 s. e. Raleigh. 

Framingiiam, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 
ms. w. Boston. Finely watered by Sudbury 
r. a branch of Concord r. The manufactur- 
ing business is here carried on on a large 
scale. Pop. 1830, 2,313. 

Francestown, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 12 
ms. from Amherst, 55 from Hanover, 27 from 
Concord, and 60 from Boston. It contains a 
quarry of free-stone. Very eligibly situated 
for business, being on the great thoroughfare 
from Windsor to Boston. Population 1830, 
1,541. 

Francisburg, p-v. Union co. Ky. by p-r. 
204 ms. s.w. by w. Frankfort. 

Franconia, p-t. Grafton co. N. 11. 28 ms. 
from Haverhill, 74 n. Concord, and 140 from 
Boston. A large proportion of the town is 
mountainous. There is a singular natural 
curiosity in this town, called the Profile, situ- 
ated on a peak about 1,000 feet high, pre- 
senting a front of solid rock, a side view of 
which exhibits a striking profile of the human 
face, every feature being conspicuous. The 
town contains an iron mine, said to be inex. 
haustible, yielding the richest supply in the 
U. S. There are two iron manufactories in 
the town; the ore of them is very extensive, 
manufacturing 12 to 15 tons per week. There 
is a highly impregnated mineral spring in the 
town. Pop. 1830, 447. 

Fra>'conia, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. 
Pa. The p-o. is 30 ms. n. w. Phil. The tsp. 
is on the s. side of the n. e. branch of Per- 
kiommg creek. Pop. 1820, 848, 1830, 998. 
Frankford, p-v., tsp. and borough, Phil. 
CO. Pa. 5 ms. n. e. from the central part of 
the city of Phil. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,405, 
1830, 1,633. 

Frankford, p-v. near the right bank of 
Greenbriar r. Greenbriar co. Va. 12 ms. n. \. 
e. Lcvvisburg, by p-r. 257 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Frankford, p-v. in the n. w. part of Pike 
CO. Mo. 94 ms. n. w. St. Louis. 

Frankfort, t. vSussex co. N. J. Pop. 
18.30, 1,996, 

Frankfort, p-t. Waldo co. .Me. w. Penob. 



FRA 



170 



FRA 



scot r., head of navigation, 26 ms. n. Cas-l manufacturing town. The Franklin cotton 

tine, 12 s. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 2,487. | manufacturing company, was incorporated 

FuANKFoaT, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on] in 1813. Capital $200,000. In this town, ia 

the Erie canal, in which town there are 3 1 the private hospital of Dr. Nathaniel Miller, 



locks on said canal, terminating the level 
from Salina, a distance of G9i miles without 
a lock. This town is situated s. of the Mo- 
hawk, 8 ms. w. Herkimer, and 86 w. n. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,620. 

Frankfort, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 25 ms. a 
little ^. of w, Pittsburg, -and 30 a little w. ofN. 
Washington, Pa. 

Frankfort, p-v. near the right bank of 
Patterson's creek, northern part of Hampshire 
CO. Va. 15 ms. s. Cumberland, Md. and by 
p-r. 119 ms. N. w. by. w. W. C 

Frankfort, p-t. St. jus. for Franklin co. 
and of government for the state of Ky. It is 
situated on the right bank of Ky. river, 24 ms. 
N. N. w. Lexington, 53 a little s. of e. Louis- 
ville, by the p-r. 86 s. s. w. Cincinnati, and 
538 s. 83i w. W. C. At seasons of high 
water steam boats are navigated to PVankfort, 
and the Ky. r. is navigable for down stream- 
boats, to near 200 ms. following the stream 
above that town. In 1810, the population 
was 1,092, of whom 407 were slaves ; in 
1820, the aggregate was l-,679, of whom 643 
were slaves ; in 1830, the population amount- 
ed to 1,682. Lat. 38° 12', long. 7° 52' w. W. C. 
Frankfort, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 620 miles northwest by west 
i vv. W. C. and 50 ms. n. n. w. Indianopolis. 
It is situated on the South Fork of Wild Cat 
river. Lat. 40° 20', long. 9° 30' w. W. C. 
Franklin, co. Vt. n. w. part of the state 



Bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. Orleans co., 
3. Chittenden co., w. Grand Isle co., from 
which it is separated by a part of lake Cham, 
plain, 34 ms. from e. to to w. and about 33 
from N. to s., containing 730 square ms. Shire 
town, St. Albans, a place of considerable 
business. The Missiscpie river waters the 
■ N. part of this co. and the Lamoille the s. 
The E. part extends on to the western range 
of the Green intns. and is high and broken, 
the w. part is generally level, and is a very 
fine farming country. It began to be settled 
immediately after (he close of the revolution. 
Very fine marble is found in abundance in 
Swanton, and large (luantitics of iron ore in 
Highgate. Population 1820, 20,469, 1830, 
24,525. 

Franki.in, p-t. N. part Franklin co. Vt. 36 
ms. N. E. Burlington, and 51 n. w. Montpclier. 
Much injured by a large pond near the centre. 
Pop. 1830, 1,129. 

Franklin, co. Mass. bounded n. by N. IL, 
E. by Worcester co., s. by Hampshire co., 
and w. by Berkshire. Watered by Connec- 
ticut, Deerfield, and Miller rivers. Few 
tracts of country exceed this for the extent 
and value of its water powers. Shire town, 
Greenfield. Population 1820, 29, 268, 1830, 
29,501. 

Franklin, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 miles 



a distinguished physician and surgeon of that 
place. Here also resides that eminent di- 
vine. Rev. Nathaniel Emmons, D. D. Pop. 
1830, 1,662. 

Franklin, p-t. New London co., Connecti- 
cut, 34 miles from Hartford. Diversified 
wj,th hills and dales, best adapted to grazing. 
Watered by the Shetucket and a branch of 
the Yantic. 9 school districts. Population 
1830, 1,196. 

I'^anklin, CO. N. Y. on the n. line of tho 
state, bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by 
Clinton and Essex counties, s. by Essex and 
Hamilton, and w. by St. Lawrence co. The 
w. line is 60 miles long. Greatest breadth 
30 ufis.Kcontaining 1,506 square ms. In the s. 
w. part are some lofty ridges of the Peru 
mtns. the rest is rather level than hilly. Small 
streams numerous. A number of email lakes 
or ponds. Capable of being rendered a 
pretty good farming country. Here are 
mines of iron ore, and some indications of 
other ruBtals. Chief town, Malone. Pop. 
1820, 4,'439, 1830, 11,312. 

Franklin, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the 
Susquehannah, 13 miles n. w. Delhi. Sur- 
face broken, hilly, and mostly mountainous. 
WclKwatered, and reputed healthy. Has 
various kinds of manufactories. Population 
1830, 2,786. 

Fkanijlin, town, Somerset co. N. J. bound- 
ed by the Raritan and Millstone river, and 



south byj^the comity of TVIiddlesex. This t. 
includes the N. J. part of New Brunswick. 
Pop. 1830, 3,352. 

FRANi*LiN,/'town, Bergen co. N. J. on the 
N. Y. line, 'bounded n. w. by Pornpton, s. E. 
by Harrington. Pop. 1830, 3,449. 

F"rankjf.in, town, Gloucester co. N. .T, ad- 
joins l?*Eilem CO. E. of Woolwich and Green- 
wich. •5op.:i830, 1,574. 

Franklin, co. of Pa. bounded by Bedford 
w., Huntingdon n. w., Mifflin n.. Perry and 
Cumberland n. e., Adams e., and Washing- 
ton, Md. s. Length s. to n. 40 ms. , mean 
breadth 18, and area 720 square ms. Ex- 
lending in lat. from 39° 43' to 40° 18', and in 
long, from 0°28' to 1° 09' w. W. C. This co. 
is bounded on the e. by tho continuation in 
Pa. of the Blue Ridge, and is traversed in a 
N. N. e. direction by several chains of the Ap- 
palachian system. The slope of the south- 
ern and central parts are towards the Poto- 
mac, and down which flow the various bran- 
ches of the Conecocheague and Antictam 
creeks, in nearly a southern direction. The 
Conedogwinnet rises in the northern section, 
and flows n. e. towards the Susquehannah. 
The great valley of the Conedogwinnet and 
Conecocheaque, for in reality these two 
streams flow in opposite directions along the 
same valley, has a limestone base towards 



Boston. Finely watered by Charlesi the Blue Ridge, and one of clay slate towards 
river and its branches, and is a flourishing the Kittatinny, or as there locally called, the 



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I'UA 



North or Blue Jiitn. Fraiiklia co. may, with 
ilio excci)tion oCtlio N. lo. and s. k. sections, 
))c considurod as nearly co-extcnsivo with 
tlio valley of the Conccochcague. The soil, 
especially where resting on limestone strata, 
highly productive in grain, grasses, and fruit. 
Chief town, (-'hambersburg. Topulation 1620, 
31,80-2, 1830, 35,103. 

Fkanki.in, i)-t. borough and st. jus. Venan- 
go CO. Pa. stuatcd on the rigiit hank of Alle- 
ghany r. and French creek at their junction, 
70 ms. N. Pittsburg, and about 65 a little e. 
of .s. Erie. Lat. 41° 2-1', long. 2° 55' w. W. 
C. Pop. 1820, 252, 1830, 410. 

Frankhn, tsp. Adams co. Pa. on Marsh 
creek, another of York co., on the head of 
liernmdian cr., another in the northern part of 
Huntingdon co., another in Westmoreland 
CO. on the head waters of Poketon's and 
Turtle or., and another in Green co. on the s. 
fork of Ten Mile cr. ' 

Franklin, co. of Va. bounded k. by Pitt- 
sylvania; s. E. and 3. by Henry; s. w. by Pa- 
trick; by the the Blue Ridge which separates 
it from Montgomery w., and Botetourt n., 
and by Roanoke, r. which separates it from 
Bedford n. e., length 30, mean breadth 25, 
and area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 46' to 37° 13', in long, from 2° 4l' to 3° 
18' w. VV. C. The slope of this co. is to the 
E. and s. E., and down which flow, beside 
Roanoke r. Black Water, Pig, and Irwine rs. 
The elevation of surface, about equal ta that 
of the adjoining co. of Bedford, or about C50 
feet above the ocean tides. It comprises a 
part of the valley between Blue Ridge, and 
Turkey Cock mtn. and is moderately hilly, 
.soil productive. Chief t. Rocky Mount. Pop 
1820, 12,017, 1830, 14,911. 

Franklin, p-t. and st.jus. Pendleton co. Va. 
on the middle branch of the South fork of 
Potomac, by p-r. 171 ms, s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 17 1 N. w. by w. Richmond, Lat. 38° 42', 
and long. 2° 26' w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of N. C. bounded s,* w. by 
Wake ; n. w. by Granville ; n. k. by Warren ; 
and s. E. by Nash. Length 30, mean breadth 
18, and area 540 sq. ms., lying between lat. 
35° 49' and 3G° 16', and long. 1° 02' to 1° 32' 
w. W. C. Tar r. enters it from the n. w. and 
flowing southeasterly, divides it into nearly 
equal sections. The entire slope of the co. 
is to the s. E.; chief t. Louisburg. Pop. 1820, 
.9,741, 1830, 10,665. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood co. 
N. C. by p-r. 311 ms, westward Raleigh and 
18 w, Waynesville. 

Franklin, co. of Geo. bounded .s. e. by 
Elbert ; s. by Madison ; s. w. by Jackson ; w. 
by Hall ; ^, w. by Habersham, aud n. e. by 
Tugaloo r. separating it from Pickens dist. 
S. C, Length from s.w. to n. e. 34 ms. mean 
breadth 20 ms., and area 680 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in long, from 5° 50' to 6° 33' w. W. C. 
The slojie of this co. is southeastward with 
the general course of Tugaloo r. The cen- 
iral and western sections are, however, drain, 
ed by and are nearly commensurate with the 



higher branches of the north fork of Broad 
r. Chief t, CarnesviUe, Pop. 1830, 10,107. 
FnANiciiiN, p-v. Troup CO. Geo. by p-r. 762 
ins..s, w. W. C, and 143 w. Millodgcville. 

Franklin, one of the northwestern cos. of 
Ala. bounded n, by Ten. r. separating it from 
Lauderdale, e. by Lawrence co,, s, e, by 
Walker, s. w. by Marion, and w. by the Chic- 
kasaw territory of Ala. Greatest length 
iilong the eastern boundary 38 ms. mean 
width 18, and area 084 sq. ms. extending in 
lat. from 34° 18', and in long, from 10° 36' 
to 1 1° 04' w. W. C. The southern part slopes 
to the northwestward, and is drained by the 
sources of Bear cr., the northern part tails to 
the N. towards Ten. r. Chief ts. Russellvillc, 
Tuscambia, and Bainbridge. Pop. 1830, 
11,078. 

Franklin, p-v. in the northern part of Hen- 
ry CO. Ala. by p-r. 850 ms. s. w. W. C. and 
238 s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Franklin, co, of Miss, bounded w. by 
Adams', n. w. by Jefferson, n. e, by Copiah, 
E. by Lawrence, s. e. by Pike, s. by Amite, 
and s. w. by Wilkinson. Length from e. to 
w. 36 ins. mean breadth 20, area 720 sq. ins. 
lying between lat. 31° 22' and 31° 40', and 
long. 13° 40' and 14° 18' w. W. C. It is 
chiefly drained by the various branches of 
Ilomochitto r. though tiie extreme sources of 
Amite rise in the southeastern angle ; soil 
near the water courses productive, but in the 
intervals barren pine woods, staple cotton, 
surface moderately hilly. Chief t. Meadville. 
Pop. 1820, 3,881, 1830, 4,622. 

Franklin, p-v. Yazoo co. Miss, by p-r. 
1037 ms. s. w. by w. W, C. and 120 n. k. 
Natchez, 

Franklin, p-v. and st.jus, St Mary's par- 
ish, La, by p-r. 1344 ms. s. w. by w, W, C. 
and 141 a little s. of w. New Orleans, It is 
situated on the Teche r. 22 ms. above its 
mouth, lat. 29° 52', long. 14° 37' w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of Ten. bounded w. by Lin- 
coln,!*, w. by Bedford, N. E. by Warren, E. and 
s. E. by Cumberland mtn. which separates it 
from Marion, and by Jackson co. in Ala., 
length from the Ala. line n. n. e. 42 ms., mean 
breadth 20, and area 840 sq. ms. lying be- 
tween lat. 35° and 35° 34', and long. 8° 36' 
and 9° 21' w. W. C. Falling by a not very 
rapid declivity from Cumberland mtn., this co. 
discharges from its northern extremity the 
extreme sources of Duck r. flowing west- 
ward, whilst the central and southern parts 
arc drained by the higher branches of Elk, 
Paint, Rock, and other streams, flowing to 
the s. w. and s. into. Ten. r. Though broken, 
the soil is productive. Chief t. Winchester, 
the St. jus. near the centre, Metcalfboru', in 
the N. E. and Sulein s. w. Pop. 18'20,16,57 1, 
1830, 15,626. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Williamson co. 
Ten. by p-r. 732 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
18 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville, It is situa- 
ted on Harpcth r. Lat. 35° 53', long. 9° 50' 
w. W. C. 
Franklin, co. of Ky. bounded w by Shelby, 



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172 



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N. w. by ilenry, n. by Owen, e. by Scott, s. E.ltant from the Miss. r. on the w., and the Wa- 
by Woodford, and s. w. by Anderson. Length bash and Ohio on the east. It is a table land 



20, mean breadth 10, and area 200 sq. nis. 
lying between laL'SS^ 06', and 38° 24', and 
long. 7° 42' and 7° 59' w. W. C. Ky. r. en- 
ters from the s. and traversing in a direct, 
tion nearly N. divides {his co. into two not 
very unequal sections. ElkRorn r. also tra- 
verses the E. part, entering from Scott and fal- 
ling into Ky. r. about 8 ms. below Frankfort. 
In 1820, the population amounted to 11,024, 
but it then included what is now comprised 
in Anderson. In 1830, the pop. was 9,254<' 
Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Simpson co. 
Ky. situated on Drakes cr. branch of Big 
Banner r. and on the road from Nashville in 
Ten. to Bowling Green in Ky. 55 ms. a little 
E. of N. from the former and 22 a little w. of 
s. from the latter place, and by p.r. 162 ms. s. 
w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 44', and long. 9° 29' 
w. from W. C. Pop. 1830, 280. 

Franklin, co. O. bounded s. by Pickaway, 
s. w. and w. by Madison, n. w, by Union, n. 
by Delaware, n. e. by Licking, and s. e. by 
Fairfield. Length 25, mean breadth 22, and 
area 550 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
37' to 40° 08' and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 
16' w. W. C. The slope is directly south- 
ward, and in that direction the co. is traver- 
sed by Whetstone and Sciota rs. which, enter- 
ing on the northern border, and uniting bc- 



from which Muddy creek and its branches 
flow southwestward into the Miss., and the 
western confluents of Saline r. southeastward 
into Ohio r. Though rather level it has there- 
fore two slopes, that on the western side to- 
wards the Miss, and that of the east towards 
the Ohio. Chief t. Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 
1,7G3, 1830, 4,083. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. II. 
by p-r. 802 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and 102 
a little e. of 8. Vandalia. 

Franklin, co. of Mo. bounded n. e. by St. 
Louis CO., E. by Jefferson, s. e. by Washing- 
ton, 8. w. CO. unknown, w. by Gasconade, 
N. w. by Missouri r. separating it from Mont- 
gomery, and n. by Missouri r. separating it 
from St. Charles co. Length 36 ms. mean 
breadth 30, and area 1080 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in lat. from 38° 10' to 38° 44', and in 
long, from 13° 44' to 14° 20' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the northeastward, and 
the surface about equally divided between 
the vallica of Maramac and Missouri. The 
southern and southeastern parts are drained 
by the former, whilst the northern section is 
drained by short creeks into Missouri. The 
surface is hilly. Chief town, Union. Pop. 
1820, 2,379, 1830, 3,484. 

Franklin, p-v. Howard co. Mo. about 188 



tween Franklin and Columbus, the combined ms. a little k. of w. St. Louis. Neither dis- 



waters, assuming the name of Sciota, contin- 
ue south over the residue of the co. The 
eastern side is also traversed in a southern 
course by Big Walnut, as is the western by 
Darby cr. The soil is productive. Chief t. 
Columbus, St. jus. for the co. and capital of 
the state. Pop. 1820, 10,291, 1830, 14,741. 
Franklin, p-v. Warren co. O. {See Frank, 
linton, same co. and state.) 

Franklin, co. of Ind. bounded by Dear, 
borne s., Ripley s. w., Decatur w.. Rush n. w., 
Fayette, and Union n., and Butler co. of O. 
E. Length 24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 17' to 39° 33', 
and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 17' w. W. C. 
This CO. is almost entirely comprised in the 
valley of White Water r. the main volume of 
which traverses it from n. w. to s. e. The 
surface rather hilly. C^hief t. Brookville. 
Pop. 1820, 10,763, 1830, 10,190. The appa- 
rent decline in pop. of this co. ought to be 
explained. In 1820, it contained great part 
of what is now comprised in Fayette and 
Union coimties. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co. Ind. 
by p-r. 20 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis, 
and 593 westward W. C. It is situated on 
a small tributary ot the Driftwood fork of 
White r., lat. 39° 30', long. 9° 05' w. W. C." 
Franklin, co. of II. bounded by Johnson s.. 
Union s. w., Jackson w., Perry n. w., JefTer- 
sonN., Hamilton n. e., and Gallatin e., length 
from s. to N. 36, breath 24, and area 864 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 37' to 38° 
08', and in long, from 11° 47' to 12° 14' w. 



tance nor relative position given in the P. O. 
list. This Franklin is a distinct p-o. from 
Old Franklin in the same co. [See Old Frank, 
lin.) 

Franklin, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Oakland co. Mich, by p-r. 7 ms. n. w. Pontiac, 
the CO. St. 33 n. w. Detroit, and 559 north- 
westerly from W. C. 

Franklin Academy, and p-o. Upson co. 
Geo. by p-r. 82 ms. westward Milledgeville. 
FRA^KLI^DALE, p-0. Bradford co. Pa. by 
p-r. 169 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Franklin Furnace, and p-o. Sciota co. O. 
by p-r. 106 ms. southward Columbus, and 
434 westward W. C. 

Franklin Mills, and p-o. Portage co. O. 
by p-r. 326 ms. northwesterly from W.C., and 
133 N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Franklin SETTLEMtNT, Chicot co. Ark. by 
p-r. Ill ms. s. E. Little Rock. 

Franklin SauARE, and p-o. in the north, 
em part of Columbiana co. Ohio, by p-r. 288 
miles northwesterly from W. C. and 158 n. e. 
by E. Columbus. 

Franklinton, p-v. on Scota river, Frank- 
lin CO. Ohio, situated directly opposite Co- 
lumbus. Pop. 1830, 331. 

Franklinton, p.v. in Franklin tsp. n. w. 
angle of Warren CO. Ohio, 11 miles n. n. w 
Lebanon, the co. st. and by p-r. 481 westrd. 
W. C. and 84 s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 584. 

Franklintown, p-v. and st. jus. parish of 
Washington, La. situated on the Bogue Chitto 
river, 60 miles a little w. of n. New Orleans, 



W. C. The body of this co. is about cqui-dis- 1 and 84 nearly due e. St. FrancisviUe, lat. 30° 



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173 



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50', in long. 13° 08' west Waeliington City. 
Franklintown, p-v. in the norlhwcstetn 
part of York co. Pa. by p-r. 17 miles s. s. w. 
Harrisburg, and by direct road about 22 n. w. 
the borough of York. 

Franklinville, p-v. and st. jus. Lowndes 
CO. Georgia by p-r. 829 miles s. s. w. i s. w. 
W. C. and 187 s. Milledgeville. 

Frankstown Branch, northwestern con- 
stituent of the .Tuniatta, rises in the eastern 
slopes of the Alleghany chain, between the 
sources of Kaystown branch and those of 
Bald Eagle creek. The sources of Franks 
town are extended from the n. k. angle of 
Bedford, over the northwestern part of ilun- 
lingdon into Centre county. Flowing like 
vadii from the circumference to the center of 
a circle, the numerous branches of this river 
unite in Ihmtingdon co. near tho village of 
Petersburg, where assuming a course of s 
southeast passes the borough of Hunting, 
don and two miles below unites with Rays- 
town branch and forms the Juniata. The 
two constituents of Juniata above their junc- 
tion drain a space to 5 miles by 25, or 1,625 
square miles, composed of lateral nUn. chains 
and narrow, but in many places highly produc- 
tive vales. The immediate valley of Franks- 
town branch has become of great statistical 
importance from being a part of the route of 
the Pa. canal. I 

Frankstown, tsp. of Huntingdon co. Pa. 
on Frankstown branch. Pop. 1821), exclu- 
sive of the two villages of Frankstown and 
Holladaysburg, 1,297. 

Frankstown, p-v. Huntingdon county. Pa. 
in Frankstown tsp. situated on the left bank 
of Frankstown river, 20 miles a little s. of w. 
from the borough of Huntingdon. It is at the 
village of Frankstown that the eastern sec- 
tion of transvorsed division of the Pennsylva- 
nia canal connects with the rail-road over the 
Alleghany mtn. The village or point of con- 
nection is 910 feet above the level of Atlantic 
tides, and the summit level of the rail road, 
has a similar relative elevation of 2,291 
feet. 

Frazer, p-v. in the western part of Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 128 ms. n. e. W. C. and 74 
eastward Harrisburg. 

Frederica, p-v. Kent co. Delaware, 13 ms. 
s. Dover. Pop. 1820, 250. 

•Frederica, p-v. and sea port, on St. Simons 
islands, Glynn co. tieorgia, 12 ms. s. Darien, 
and by p-r. 198 ms. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Frederick, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa. on 
the right side of Pcrkiomen creek, 9 ms. n. e. 
Pottstown. Pop. 1820, 927. 

Frederick, co. of Maryland, bounded n. by 
Adams, and n. e. by York co. Pa., the s. e. 
mtn. lorms its boundary from the mouth of 
Monocacy to the Pa. line, separating it on 
the e. from Baltimore, and on the s. e. from 
Ann Arundel and Montgomery cos. On the 
B. w. the Potomac river, between the s. e. 
mtn. and Blue Ridge, separates it from Lou- 
don CO. Va., and on the w. the Blue Ridge 
constitutes its line of separation from Wash- 
ington co. 3Iaryland. Length from s. w. to 



N. E. 42 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 776 

square miles. Lying between lat. 39° 14' 
and 39° 43', and between 8' e. and 39' w. 
W. C. Except its higher sources in Adams 
CO. in Pa. the valley of' Monocacy is entirely 
in, and together with the small valley of Co- 
toctin creek, on the s. w. is conunensurate 
with, Frederick co. in Maryland. A minor 
ridge, the Cotoctin mtn. detaches from the 
Blue Ridge, in the n. w. part of Frederick, 
stretches in a southwardly direction between 
the Cotoctin and Monocacy vallies, termi- 
nates near the Potomac river at the mouth of 
Monocacy creek. Wit1i the exception of the 
Cotoctin ridge, though Frederick is bounded 
on two sides by mtns., the surface is not even 
very hilly, and in places is level. The soil ' 
is generally fertile in grain, fruit and pas- 
turage. It is one of the best cultivated sec- 
tions of Md. Chief town, Frederick. Pop. 
1820, 40,459, 1830, 45,793. 

Frederick, city, p-t. and st. jus. Freder- 
ick ' CO. Maryland, situated on the great 
western road from Baltimore, 47 miles west- 
ward from the latter, 2 ms. w. from Monoca- 
cy bridge, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 
Lat. 39° 24', long. U° 24' w. W. C. Pop. 
1830, 7,255. Frederick is in size, wealth, 
and the elegance of its buildings, the second 
town of Maryland, and is increasing in all 
respects. The adjacent country is pleasant 
[and well cultivated. 

I Frederick, co. Va. bounded on tho n, w. 
by the Kittatinny chain, in part which sepa- 
rates it from Hampshire, on the n. w. it reach- 
es Morgan, n. Berkley, n. e. Jefferson. The 
Blue Ridge separates it on the e. from Lou- 
don, and on the s. e. from Fauquier. A direct 
line from the Blue Ridge to Shenandoah river, 
and thence up that stream to tho mouth of 
Cedar creek, and along the n. e. border, the 
mean width 20, and 6G0 square miles. Joy- 
ing between lat. 38° 50', and 39° 25', long, 
0° 48', and 1° 28' w. W. C. 

The surface of this county is very much 
diversified by hill, and mtn. scenery, and by 
diversity of soil. It occupies s. from ihc 
Potomac part of the continuation of the great 
valley, in which arc shuated Lebanon, the 
lower part of Daupliin, the greatest part of 
Cumberland and Franklin counties, Pennsyl- 
vania, and Jefl'crson and Berkley counties, 
Vaginia. The Shenandoah river traverses 
the southeastern border meandering along 
the northwestern base of the Blue Ridge. Ope- 
([uan, Back and Sleepy creeks, flowing n. n. p.. 
into the Potomac, also rise in Frederick. Tlic 
slope of tho county is of course northcstrd. 
in a similar direction with the streams. The 
ground near Harpers Ferry and along the 
Potomac is about 200 feet above tide water, 
and allowing a similar rise from the Poiomac, 
the mean height of Frederick would be about 
400 feet. The soil of this county is highly 
productive, though the face of the county is 
considerably broken by mtn. ridges. Chief 
town, Whichester. Population 1&20,'24,70(), 
1830, 2(i,046. 
Fredericsjjurg, port of entry, p-t. and st.jns. 



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174 



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isjxjitsylvania county, Virginia, situated un 
the right bank of the Rappahanuoc river, by 
p-r. 57 miles s. s. w. W. C. and 66 miles a 
little E. of ^. Richmond. Lat. 38° 19' long. 
0° 28' w. W. C. Placed at the head of tide 
water this is a very prosperous port ; vessels 
of 140 tons can be navigated to the foot of 
the falls. The staples of domestic produce, 
grain, with its products, tobacco, &c. Pop. 
1830, 3,308. 

Fredericksburg, p-v. on the left bank of 
Ohio river, in the n. e. angle of Gallatin co. 
Ky. about 40 miles directly n. Frankfort. 

Frederickton, (see city of Frederick, 
Frederick co. Maryland.') 

Fredericksburg, p-v. in the northern part 
of Holmes co. O. 8 ms. n. Millersberg, the 
CO. seat, by p-r. 342 n. w. by w. W. C. and 
95 northeastward from Columbus. 

Fredericktown, p-v. on Monongahela r. 
below the mouth of Ten Mile creek, in the 
southeastern angle of Washington county, 
Pennsylvania, 22 miles s. e. Washington the 
CO. seat, by p-r. 213 s. w. by w. W. C. and 
2Ufi a little a. of w. Ilarrisburg. 

Fredericktown, p-v. on Ky. river, north- 
western angle of Washington county, Ky. 8 
nis. N. w, 8pringiield, the co. seat, by p-r. 
<510 miles s. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 59 s. w. 
Frankfort. Pop. 1830. 58. 

Fredericktown, p-v. in Wayne tsp. north- 
ern part of Knox co. Ohio, 7 ms. a little w. of 
N. Mount Vernon, the co. seat, by p-r. 382 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 52 n. n. e. Colum- 
bus. Pop. 1830, 161. 

Frederigktown, p-v. and st. jus. Madison 
CO. Mo. by i)-r. 894 ins. a little s. of w. W. C. 
90 ms. s. St. Louis, and 40 ms. s. w. St. Gene 
vieve. It is situated on one of the north- 
western branches of St. Francis river, lat. 
37° 32', long. )3o21' w. W. C. 

Fredo.nia, p-v. Chatauque county, N. V. 
{See I'omfret.) 

Fredoima, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 632 ms. westward W. C. and 
122 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Fredonia, p-v. Montgomery co. Tenn. by 
p-r. 55 ms. n. w. Nashville. 

P'liEEiiUKG, p-v. Union co. Pa. 10 ms. s. s. 
E. New Btalin, and by p-r. 48 ms. a little w. 
of N. Ilairishurg. 

Fruedinsuuhg, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 10 ms. 
s. w. Orvvicsburg, and by i)-r. 53 miles n. e. 
Ilarrisburg. 

Freedom, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 28 miles n. 
W.Augusta. Pop. 1830, 867. 

FiiEEDOfti, P-V. Dutchess co. N. Y. 8 miles 
E. Poughkccpsio, well watered, and has a 
good supply of mill seats. A good tsp. ol 
land, ami highly cultivated. lias various 
kinds of manufactories. 

FuKKDOM, p-t. Caturaugus co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
N. E. lOllicoiiville. First rate as to soil, tim- 
lier, and lace of the counlry very level. "Well 
watered. Pop. 18.i0, 1,.'')0"5. 

Freedom, 1)-v. in llie norlliern pari ol 15al- 
tirnoro co. Md. about 30 ms. n. n. w. Balti- 
more, ^md by p-r. 63 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 



P'reedom, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Portage co. Ohio, and in the tsp. of the same 
name. The p-v. 9 ms. n. w. Ravenna, the co. 
scat, by p-r. 328 n. w. W. C. and 141 n. e. 
Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 341. 

Freehold, or Monmouth, p-t. and st. jus. 
Monmouth co. N. J. 20 ms. s. e. New Briuis- 
wick, 30 E. Trenton. Pop. 1830, 5,481. A 
battle was fought in this town June 28, 1778. 
Freehold, Upper, town, JVIonmouih co. 
N. J. bounded n. e. by Freehold, n. w. by 
Middlesex co., w. by Burlington, s. e. by Do- 
ver. Pop. 1830, 4,826. 

Freeman, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 33 ms. n. 
w. Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, 724. 

Freemansdurg, p-v. in the southern part of 
Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 187 ms. n. e. W. 
C. and 97 ms. a little n. of e. Harrisburg. 

Freeman's Creek, and p-o. Lewis county, 
Virginia, by p-r. 249 ms. westward W. C. 

Freeman's Store, and p-o. Jones co. Geo. 
26 ms. westward Milledgeville. 

Freeman's Store. {See Green Hill, 
Jones CO. Geo.) 

Freeport, p-t. Cumberland co. Mo. head 
of Casco bay, 20 miles n. Portland. Pop. 
1830, 2,023. 

Freeport, town, Livingston co. N. Y. 10 
ms. s. E. of Geneseo. 

Freeport, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. on the 
Alleghany river above the mouth of Bulfalo 
creek, and about 2 miles below the mouth 
of Kiskiminitas river, 15 ms. by land beluw 
Kittatinny, and 25 above Pittsburg. 

FiiEi'i'ORT, i)-v. in Freeport Isp. and in the 
southwestern part of Harrison co. Ohio, 12 
ms. westward from C'adiz, the co. st. and by 
p-r. 297 s. w. by w. W. C. and 107 a little n. 
of E. Columbus. Pop. of the village, 1830, 
211, and of the tsp. exclusive of the vil- 
lage, 980. 

Freemason's Patent,N.Y. 5000 acres.grant. 
cd June 12, 1771, then in Albany co. now in 
Oneida and Herkimer cos. 

Freetown, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 40 miles s. 
Boston, and 9 s. e. Taunton. Pop. 183U, 
1,909. 

Freetown, town, Cortlandt co. N. Y. 
about 9 ms. s. e. Homer, and 142 w. Albany. 
Pop. 1!.30, 1,0.54. 

French Broad, river of N. C. and Tenn. 
formed by two branches, French Broad and 
Nolachucky. The French Broad rises in 
the Blue Ridge at the extreme southern part 
of Buncombe co. N. C. Flowing thence 
n a northwardly direction 50 ms. comjiara- 
tive course, receiving tributary creeks from 
ihu Blue Ridge on one side, and a ridge of 
hills on the other, turns to n. w. and at the 
Warm Springs traverses the Bald mtn. and 
enters Tenn. Continuing the latter course 
20 ms. receives Pigeon river from the left, 
and 5 ms. below joins the Nolachucky. Pig- 
con river branch rises in Haywood, N. i'. 
and flowing by a course of n. n. w.50 miles, 
ak-^o traversing the Bald mtn. joins the Krench 
Broad as already noticed. The Nolachucky, 
similar lo the French Broad, derives its high- 



FRI 



175 



FUL 



er sourcea from the Blue Ridge, in the north- 
ern part of Buncombe county. The various 
branches traversing the mtn. valley, unite, 
and breaking through Bald ratn. enters Tonn. 
where assuming a western course over the 
southern angle of Washington, and separa- 
ting Greene and Jefferson from Cocke joins 
the French Broad almost exactly on lat. d6°. 
The united stream, by a general western 
course, but with a sthrn. curve, after travers- 
ing Jetferson and Sevier cos. enters Knox, 
and falls into Holston river, 4 or 5 ms. above 
Knoxvillc, after an entire qpmparative 
course from the sources of French Broad of 
liJO nis. Tlio whole valley drained by the 
various confluents of this stream forms a tri- 
angle of 90 ms. base and 70 perpendicular, 
area 3,150 square ms. 

FiiENcii CiucKK, a largo branch of the Al- 
leghany r. of the O. heads in Clymer, Cha- 
tauque CO. N. Y. 10 ms. s. lake Erie. 

French Creek, absurdly so called, rises 
in Chatauque co. N. Y. Flowing thence s. 
w. 20 ms. enters Erie co. Pa. where gradu- 
ally curving to s. s. w. and s. receives the 
Cussawago at Meadville, and still curving, 
turns to s. e. and finally joins the Alleghany 
r. at Frankhn, after a comparative course of 
80 ms. having drained part of Chatauque co. 
N. Y. the central parts of Erie and Crawford, 
with the nrthestrn. part of Mercer and the 
nrthwstrn. of Venango co. Pa. It is naviga- 
ble into Erie co. within a few ms. from Wa- 
ter ford. 

French Creek, and p-o. Lewis co. Va. by 
p-r. ^67 ms. wstrd. from Richmond. 

French Grant, p-v. Sciota co. O. by p-r. 
420 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 111 sthrd. Colum- 
bus. 

Frenchman's Bay, Me. between Mt. Des- 
ert isl. and the peninsula of Goldsboro, long. 
68° vv. lat. 44° 20'. 

French Mills, v. {See Fort Covington.) 
French's Mills, and p-o. Bradford co. Pa. 
by p-r. 268 ms. n. Sv. C, and 1C2 n. n. e. Ilar- 
risburg. 

French's Mills, and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. 
by p-r. 405 ms. s. W. C. and 188 s. e. by e. 
Raleigh. 

Friend's Grove, p-v. Charlotte co. Va. by 
p-r. 195 ms. s. s. w, W. C. and 104 s. w. by 
vv. Richmond. 

Frenciitown, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on 
Del. r. 30 ms. above Trenton. 

Frienushh', t. Lincoln co. Me. 30 ms. e. 
Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 634. 

Friendship, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms 
8. w. Angelica. Pop. 1830, 1,502. 

Friendship, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md. by 
p.- 40 ms. Annapolis. 

Friendship, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Sunip- 
ter dist. S. C. by p-r. 501 ms. sthwstrd. W. C. 
and 64 s. e. Columbia. 

Friendsville, p-v. in n. w. part of Susque- 
hanna CO. Pa. on the road from Montrose to 
Owego ; 12 ms. n. w. from the former, and 
25 s. E. from the latter, and by p-r. 166 n. n. 
E. Harrisburg. 



j Frog's Point. {See Throg's Point.) 
I Front Roval, p-v. in the extreme sthestrn. 
part of Frederick co. Va. 20 ms. a little e. of 
s. Winchester, and by p-r. 74 w. W. C. 

Frostbukg, p-v. Alleghany co. Md. situa- 
ted on the united road, and on the Back-bone, 
or Alleghany mtn. at an elevation of 1792 
feet above the Atlantic tides ; 9 ms. w. and 
1,155 feet above Cumberland on the Potomac, 
and by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Frost Run, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 6 ms. 
above Wiliiamsport, and 101 above Harris- 
burg by p-r. 

Frost's Iron Works, and p-o. in the wstrn. 
part of Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 6 ms. wstrd. 
from Germantown, the co.-seat, 361 s. w. W. 
C. and 133 n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

FiiosTviLLE, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Cuyahoga co. O. by p-r. 368 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 136 N. e. Columbus. 

Frozen Run, p-v. formerly called Lyco- 
ming, in Lycoming tsp. Lycoming co. Pa. 
See Lycoming tsp. 

Fruit Hill, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
179 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

f\uir's, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Callaway 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 951 ms. w. W. C, 48 n. Jef- 
ferson, and 150 n. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Fryeburg, p-t. Oxford co. Mc. on the Saco, 
which here has a remarkable bend, winding 
for 36 ms. through the town. The village of 
Fryeburg stands on a plain, surrounded on all 
sides, except towards the south, by lofty moun- 
tains. It contains a flourishing academy, 
whose funds consist of 15,000 acres of land. 
It is 60 ms. N. vv. of Portland, and 120 n. by 
E. of Boston. Pop. in 1830, 1,353. 

Frysburg, p-v. in the estrn. angle of Le- 
high CO. Pa. 12 ms. s. e. Allcntown ; 12 ms. s. 
Bethlehem ; and by p-r. 102 ms. n. e. by e. 
Harrisburg. 

Fulghampton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Co- 
piah CO. Miss, about 50 ms. s. w. Jackson, 
and an equal distance n. e. by e. Natchez. 

Fullwood's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg 
CO. by p-r. 152 ms. sthwstrd. from Raleigh. 

P'uLTON, p-v. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 137 
ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

P'uLToN, p-o. Sumpter dist. S. C. on the 
road from Eutaw Springs to Statesburg, by 
p-r. 51 ms. s. e. Columbia. 

Fulton, p-v. in the nrthestrn. part of Tip- 
ton CO. Ten. by p-r. 218 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Fulton, p-v. Hamilton co. O. 3 ms.,estrd. 
Cincinnati, by p-r. 494 vv. W. C. and 109 s. w. 
by w. Columbus. 

Fulton, p-v. and st. jus. Callaway co. Mo. 
by p-r. 967 ins. vv. W. C. 32 n. n. e. Jefferson, 
and 150 a little n. of w. St. Louis. Lat. 39° 
II' and long. 11° 52' vv. W. C. 

P'uLTON, Fulton CO. 11. (See Letoistowv, 
Fulton CO. II.) 

FuLTON, CO. of li. bounded s. w. by Schuy- 
ler ; vv. by Macdonough ; n. w. by Warren ; 
N. by Knox ; n. e. by Peoria ; and s. e. by Il- 
linois r. separating it from Tazewell. Length 
from s. to N. 33 ms. mean breadth 24, and 



GAL 



176 



GAL 



area 792 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° I 
12' to 40° 42' and in long, from 12° 50' to 13° 
25' w. W. C. This co. is chiefly drained by! 
tlie Kickapoo creek. Tlic slope stheetrds.t 
towards Illinois r. The latter stream, oi)-| 
posite to the upper part of the co. dilates into i 
Peoria lake, a sheet of water upwards of 20 
miles in length, with a breadth from ^ a mile 
to 2 miles. The face of the co. is diversified 
by hill and dale ; soil highly fertile. Chief t. 
Peoria, called in the p-o. list, Fulton. Pop. 
1830, 1,841. 

FuLTONiiAM, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Mus- 



kingum CO. O. by p-r. 345 n. w.by w. i w. W. 
C. and 55 e. Columbus. 

FuNDY, Bay of, sets up between Cape Sa- 
ble in Nova Scotia, and Mt. Desert isl. Me. 
The tides at Cumberland, N. B. at the head 
of the bay, and at some other places, often 
rise to the height of 70 ft. in the spring ; and 
from 30 to 60 ft. at other points along the 
bay. 

FuNKSTowN, p-v. on the left bank of Antic, 
tarn creek, Washington co. Md. 3 ms. s. s, e. 
Hagerstown, and 22 n. w. from the city of 
Frederick. 



a. 



Gadsdkn, CO. of Flor. bounded s. by the 
Gulf of Mexico, by the Appalachicola r. 
which separates it from Washington w., Jack- 
son N. w., N. by Decatur co. Geo. and on the 
E. the Ocklockomie r. whicli separates it 
from Leon co. Flor. Ijcngth from Cape .St. 
George, includmg Appalachicola bay, 75 ms. 
mean breadth 28, and area 2,100 sq. ms. Chief 
town Quincy. Pop. 1830, 4,895. Extending 
in lat. from 29° 39' to 30° 40', and in long, 
from 7° 26' to 8° 08' w. W. C. 

Gainkk, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. on the canal, 
22 ms. N. Batavia. Soil, mostly a rich loam, 
watered by Otter, Marsh and Sandy creeks. 
Pop. 1830, 1,833. 

Gainesboro, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 13 ms. 
s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 144 n. w. by w 
W. C. 

Gainesboro, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co 
Ten. on the right bank of Cumberland r. 68 
ms. N. E. by E. Nashville. Lat. 30° 24', long. 
8°42'w. W. C. 

Gainesburg, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 
22 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Gaink's Cross Roads, p-o. Culpepper co. 
Va. by p-r. 97 ms. southwesterly from W. C. 
and 128 n. n. w. Richmond. 

Gaine's Cross Roads, p-o. Boone co. Ky. 
by p-r. 68 ms. a little e. of n. Frankfort, and 
25 8. s. w. (jincinnati. 

Gaine's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by 
p-r. 934 ms. s. w. W. C. and 204 s. e. Tus- 
caloosa. 

Gainesville, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 28 
ms. 3. Batavia. Soil a loamy gravel, heavily 
timbered ; bog iron ores. Pop. 1830, 1,934. 

Gainesville, p-v. and st. jus. Hall co. of 
Geo. 167 ms. a little w. of n. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 34° 22', long. 6° 42' w. W. C. 

Galen, t. Selieca co. N. Y. 12 ms. N.Wa- 
terloo. Contains about 70,000 acres. Soil 
principally good, excepting 4000 acres of 
marsh, being part of the great Cayuga marsh. 
The Erie canal passes through the whole 
extent of the town. There is a salt spring 
on the eastern margin, capable of supplying 
any quantity of good water. 

Galena, p-v. and st. of jus. Joe-Daviess co. 
II. by p-r. 990 ms. from W. C, and 326 w. n." 
w. ^ N. Vandalia. .\ccording to Tanner it is 



situated on Fever r. 5 nis. above its influx 
into the Miss. r. lat. 42° 19', long. 13° 22' w. 
W. C. These relative geographical jiositions, 
give the bearing from W. C. to Galena n. 
71i° w. very nearly, and the direct distance 
771 statute ms. within an inconsiderable frac- 
tion. 

Galena derives its name from the abun- 
dant mines in its vicinity, of the Galena ore 
of lead, (see Joc-Davicss co.) 

Galion, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Richland co. O. by p-r. 398 ms. n. w. by. w. 
W. C, and 81 a little e. of n. Columbus. 

Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Sumner co. Ten. 
siiuated on the road from Nashville to Glas- 
gow, in Ivy. 31 ms. n. e. from the former, and 
62 s. w. from the latter place. Lat. 36° 20', 
and long. 9° 24' w. W. C. 

Gallatin, co. of Ky. bounded by Grant co.' 
E., Owen s. E., Henry s., Oldham s. w., and by 
Ohio r. which separates it from Jefl'erson in 
Ind. N. w., and from Switzerland Ind. n. The 
Ohio r. where it bounds Gallatin co. Ky. 
flows by a course of nearly w. and the great- 
est length of the co. lies parallel to that 
stream 36 ms. ; mean breadth about 10, and 
area 360 sq. ms., lying between lat. 38° 33' 
and 38° 50', and long. 7° 45' and 8° 25' w. 
W. C. Ky. r. enters the southern border, and 
flowing thence n. w. falls into Ohio r. at the 
CO. St. Port William. The surface is hilly 
but soil fertile. Pop. 1820, 7,075, in 1830, 
6,674. 

Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Copiah co. Miss, 
situated on the southern branch of Bayou 
Pierre 65 ms. n. e. by e. Natchez, and 40 ms. 
s. w. Jackson. Lat. 31° 51', long. 13° 35'. 

Gallatin, p-v. in the western part of Parke 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 639 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. 
C. and 77 w. Indianopolis. 

Gallatin, co. of II. bounded s. by Pope, w. 
by Franklin, n. w. by Hamilton, n. e. by 
White, N. E.by e. by the lower part of Wabash 
r. separating it from Posey co. of Ind., E. by 
Ohio r. separating it from Union co. Ky., and 
s. e. by the Ohio r. separating it from Living- 
ston CO. Ky. Greatest length from south to 
north 40 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 792 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 27' to 38°, 
and in long, from 11° 08' to 11° 48' w. W, C. 



GAL 



177 



GAR 



This large co. is a natural section in itself 
being nearly commensurate with the valley 
of Saline river. The slope is to the e. e. in 
the general direction of Saline r, though the 
base of its plain, the channels of Wabash 
and Ohio rivers, extend from north to south 
very nearly; as the Ohio opposile Gallatin 
CO. of II. continues the course of lower Wa- 
bash. Saline r. derives its name from exten- 
sive springs of water, impregnated with com- 
mon culinary salt (muriate of soda,) which is 
manufactured in considerable quantities in 
this CO. Chief town, Shawneetown. Pop. 
1830, 7,405. 

Gallatin's r. one of the extreme south- 
western sources of Missouri proper. This 
stream rises in one of the Cliippewayan val- 
lies, about lat. 44°, long. 32° w. W. C., and 
interlocking sources with those of Yellow 
Stone r. on the cast, Madison's river on the 
west, and with a mountain chain intervening, 
opposite to those of Lewis r. Flowing north- 
wards unites with Madison's and Jefferson's 
rs. to form Missouri. The very elevated val- 
ley from which issue these remote fountains 
of Missouri, is one of those interesting moun- 
tain basins, of which Bohemia in Europe, and 
Mexico in North America, are striking ex- 
amples. [See Missouri r.) 

Gallia, co. of O. bounded s. w. by Law- 
rence, w. by Jackson, n. w. by Athens, n. by 
Meigs, and n. e., e. and s. e. by Mason co. 
Va., from which it is separated by Ohio r. 
Length from south to north 30, mean width 
16, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 34' to 39°, and in long, from 5° 07' 
-to 5° 30' w. W. C. This co. lies opposite to 
the mouth of Great Kenhawa, is traversed by 
Raccoon creek, and though bounded by the 
Ohio r, on the east, the slope is parallel to and 
not towards that stream. The surface of the 
whole CO. with but little exception is broken, 
the soil various, but in part very productive. 
Chief town, Gallipolis. Pop. 1820, 7,098, 
1830, 9,733. 

Gallipolis, p-v. and st. jus. Gallia co. O. 
by p-r. 362 ms. w. W. C. and 108 s. e. Co- 
lumbus. It is situated on a rather elevated 
second bottom, on the right bank of Ohio r. 
nearly opposite Point Pleasant in Mason co. 
Va., at the mouth of Great Kenhaway. This 
place and Gallia co. were named by the 
original French settlers under M. D'Hebe- 
court. This small colony were fixed on Ohio, 
about the beginning of the French revolu- 
tion. The place now contains, according to 
Flint, a court house, jail, two places of pub- 
lie worship, an academy, three steam mills, 
one printing office, 80 houses, and 12 mercan- 
tile stores. Pop. 1830, 75.5. Lat. 38° 51', 
long. 5° ll'w. W. C. 

Gallivemts Ferry, over Little Pedee, and 
p-o. in the northwestern part of Hony district 
S. C. 22 ms. N. w. Conwaybro, and by p-r. 
3 38 ms a little n. of e. Columbia. 

Galloway, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 
1830, 2,960. 

Galveston, Bmal! village of La. in the pa- j 

23 



rish of Iberville, situated on the right bank of 
Amite r. immediately below the mouth of 
bayou Iberville, about 20 ms. n. n. e. Donald- 
sonville, and 25 southeastward Baton Rouge. 

Galway, p.t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. 
w. Ballston Spa, a good tsp. for agriculture. 
Gypsum is said to have been discovered in a 
state of solution in a spring in this town. Pop. 
1830, 2,710. 

Gamage's, p.o. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 38 ms. 
eastward from Tuscaloosa. 

Gambier, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. Knox co. O. 
by p-r. 5 ms. e. Mount Vernon, the co. st. 370 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 50 n. e. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 220. 

Gamble's Mills, and p-o. in the n. w. angle 
of Richland co. O. by p-r. 12 ms. northwards 
from Mansfield, the co. st. 398 n. w. by w. 
W. C. and 81 n. n. e. Columbus. 

Gamble's p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 223 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Gandy's p-o. Morgan CO. Ala. by p-r. 104 
ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Gap, p-v. on tlje eastern border of Lancas- 
ter CO. Pa. and on the Phil, road 16 ms. s. e. 
by E. Lancaster and 48 ms. w. Philadelphia. 

Gardner, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. w. Ken- 
nebec r. Contains a flourishing Lyceum. 
Well situated for manufactures, 6 ms. s. Au- 
gusta, Pop. 1830, 3,709. 

Gardner's Bay and Island, end of Long 
Island, N. Y. celebrated for its dairies. From 
6,000 to 7,000 weight of cheese are made an- 
nually. The neat profits of the farm average 
about $5,000. 

Gardner, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 25 ms. 
N. Worcester, and 58 n. w. Boston. Face of 
the town uneven. Soil good for grass, and 
most other products. Pop. 1830, 1,023. 

Gardner's Bridge, and p-o. Martin co. N. 
C. by p-r. 140 ms. eastward from Raleigh. 

Gardner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa 
co.Va. by p-r. 72 ms n. w. Richmond, and 101 
s. w. W. C. 

Gardner's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. 
C. by p-r. 51 ms. westward from Raleigh. 

Gardner's Tavern, and p-o. Hanover co. 
Va. 21 ms. from Richmond. 

Garland, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 28 ms. n. 
w. Dangor. Pop. 1830, 621. 

Garner's Ford, and p-o. Rutlierford co. N. 
C. by p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Garnet, p-v. in the southern part of Henry 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 530 ms. n. "w. by w. ^ w. W. 
C. and 44 a little n. of e. Indianopolis. 

Garoga or. rises in Johnstown, Montgome- 
ry CO. N. Y. and runs s. w. about 20 ms. to 
the Mohawk, and is a fine mill stream. 

Garrard, co. of Ky. bounded by Rockcas- 
tle N. e., Lincoln s. w., Mercer n. w., Ky. r. 
which divides if from .Tessamine n., and by 
Madison n. e. Length 30, mean breadth 8, 
and area, 240 sq. ms. Lying between 37° 28' 
and 37° 52', and long. 7° 16' and 7° 42' w. 
W. C. It is composed of the space between 
Dicks r. and Paint Lick rjreek, and is a high- 
ly productive tract. Chief town, Lancaster, 
Pop. 1820,10,851, 1830, 11,871. 



GAT 



178 



GEN 



Garrkttsville, p-v. Portage co. O. 

Garwood's Mill, and p-o. southeastern part 
of Logan co. Ky. by p-r. 10 nis. eoutheastwarcl 
Bellcf'ontaine, the co. st. 448 n. w. by w. W. 
C, and 52 n. vv. by w. Columbus. 

Gasconade r. confluent of Mo. in the state 
of Mo. rises interlocking sources with those 
of the southeastern branches of Osage r. and 
the numerous branches of White, Black, and 
Maramec rs. The extreme sources of Gas- 
conade are in Wayne co., but Howing thence 
towards the n. e. enters Gasconade co. which 
it traverses to its entrance into Mo. r. at the 
village of Gasconade, after a comparative 
course of 140 ms. The valley of this r. lies 
between lat. 37° and 38° 40', and between 
long. 14° 25' and 16° 0' w. W. C, 

Gasconade, co. of Mo. bounded e. by 
Franklin, s. and s. w. by counties unknown, 
N. w. by Osage r. separating it from Cole co., 
N. w. by Mo. r. separating it from Calaway 
CO. and Mo. r. on the n. e. separating it from 
Motgomcry co. Length from e. to w. 45, 
mean breadth 28, area 1,2G0 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in lat. from 38° G7' to 38° 32', and in 
long, from 14° 20' to 15° 08' w. W. C. This 
CO. is traversed and bisected into two very 
nearly equal sections by Gasconade r. the 
general slope being to the n. eastward, toward 
Mo. r. The southeastern angle giving source 
to the Bourbeun branch of the Maramec. 
Chief town, Gasconade. Pop. 1830, 1, 545. 

Gasconade, p-v. and st. jus. Gasconade co. 
Mo., is situated on the point above the junc- 
tion of Gasconade with Mo. r. 80 ms. a little 
N. of w. from St. Louis, and by p-r. 47 ms. a 
little N. of E. Jefierson. Lat. 38° 40', long. 
14° 32'w. from W.C. 

Gassa way's Mills, and p-o. in the eastern 
j)art of Monroe co. O. by p-r. 304 ms. west- 
ward W. C, and 150 eastward Columbus. 

Gates, t. st. jus. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany. The post borough of Ro- 
chester, the seat of the co. buildings, is in 
this town. The Erie canal extends e. and w. 
through this tsp., crossing the Genesee r. at 
the Falls by a stone aqueduct. Pop. 1830, 
1,631. 

Gates, county of N. C. bounded cast by 
Pasquotank, southeast by Perquimans, by 
Chowan or Mcherin r. which separates it 
from Hertford s., and Northampton s. w., by 
Southampton co. Va. n. w., and Nanscmond 
N., lying between lal. 36° 18' and 36° 30', 
and between long. 10 minutes w. and 20 e. 
from W. C. Pop. 1820, 6,837, in 1830, 7,866. 
(iates CO. is well situated for navigation, as 
besides being bordered by Chowan r. that 
stream receives within the co. the united wa- 
ters of Nottaway and Black water. 

Gates, C. H. and p-o. in the forks of Ben- 
nett's cr. Gates co. N. C about 45 ms. s. w. 
Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 214 ms. n. e. by e. 
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 12' e. W. C. 

Gatesville, p-v. and st. jus. Gates co. N. 
C. by p-r. 254 ms. s. W. C. and 141 n. e. by 
E. Raleigh. It is situated on the main road 
from Raleigh to Norfolk in Virginia, and nt 



the forks of Bennett's cr. a small branch of 
Chowan r. lat. 36° 23', long. 0° 14' e. W. C. 

Gaulei', river of Virginia, rises in Ran- 
dolph, Pocahontas, and Green Briar counties, 
by numerous creeks which unite in Nicholas, 
and flow by a course of a little s. of w. falling 
into the right side of the Great Kenhawa 
river, at the head of the Great Falls. The 
valley ofGauley river is about 60 miles long, 
and lies between those of Elk and Green 
Briar rivers. 

Gaulev Bridge, and p-o. on tho Great 
Kenhawa r. Kenhawa co. Va. by p-r. 278 ms, 
a little N. of w. Richmond and 344 s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Gebharts, p-o. in the western part of Soni- 

erset co. Pa. by p-r. 175 ms. n. w. from W. C. 

Geigeu's Mills, and p-o. in the southeastern 

part of Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. n.n. e. 

W. C. and 63 eastward Harrisburg. 

Gelostek, p-v. Kalamazoo co. Michigan, 
about 140 ms. w. Detroit. 

General Pike, p-o. late Phoenixvillc, 
Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. W. C. 
and 77 s. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Genesee, co. N. Y. bounded by lake Onta- 
rio N., by Monroe and Livingston counties e., 
s. by Alleghany and Cattaraugus, and w. by 
Erie and Niagara cos. Extreme length n. 
and s. 54 ms., extreme width 29^, containing 
1,280 square ms. or 819,200 acres. Lands 
heavily timbered, on the lake Erie table land. 
Soil loamy or gravelly, good for wheat and 
grass. Its surface undulating, extensive 
champaigns, small swells, and broad vallies. 
Limestone, iron ore, water lime, salt springs, 
and various clays are among its mineral pro- 
ductions. It produces vast quantities of 
maple sugar. 

A tract about 40 miles wide, along Gene- 
see river, is the best land in'all the state, and 
equal to any wheat country in the world, and 
yet till within about 20 years, was unknown 
as such. Multitudes of New Englandcrs 
passed it, and went to settle on cold poor 
land, where 30 bushels of corn and potatoes 
only, satisfied them. At length a man named 
Rogers made an experiment on the alluvial 
Genesee land with wheat, and raised im- 
mcnse crops. Now it yields 60 bushels of 
corn to the acre, 25 of wheat ; the latter 
at an expense (rent included] of only 33 and 
sometime 25 per cent. 

Ancient mounds are numerous, mere bury. 
ing grounds, where bones are found in heaps, 
much decayed, laid horizontally. Indian 
skeletons are often washed out of the banks 
in sitting postures, with implements, &c. 
Broaches and crosses are sometimes found, 
which were brought from Canada. Consump- 
tion is not known in this region ; but cutane- 
ous disorders abound. There are no manu- 
factories except flour mills, &c. Threshing 
is done by machines, which cost from .^80 to 
f|150 each. Population 1820, 39,835, 1830, 
51,992. 

(Jenesee, river, rises on the great table 
land, or Grand Plateau of Western Penn.«iyl- 



GEO 



179 



GEO 



vania, runs n. across the western part of N. 
Y. and empties into lake Ontario. Near its 
mouth, at Cartilage, there uro falls of 75 feet, 
and at Rochester, just above, of 'JG feet, and 
some rajjids for 2 miles further, from the 
head of which, the feeder leads into the Erie 
canal. In the town of Nunda, at the n. end 
of Alleghany co. are two other falls near each 
other, of tiO and 90 feet. At the falls at 
liochestcr, the notorious Sam Patch lost his 
life. It was here, that he made his " last 
leap," which proved fatal to him. 

Genesko, p-t. St. jus. Livingston co. N. Y. 
27 miles s. s. w. Rochester, and 238 from Al- 
bany. Surface undulating. In Fall brook 
is a cascade nearly 100 feet, almost perpen- 
dicular. Pop. 1830, 2,675. 

Genuva, village and p-o. ((See Seneca.) 

Geneva, p-v. and tsp. in the western part 
of Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. 
W. C. and 180 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of 
the tsp. 1830, 771. 

Geneva, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
the CO. by p-r. 585 ms. w. W. C. and 53 s. e. 
Indianopolis. 

Genito, p-v. on the left bank of Appamat- 
tox river, in the southeastern part of Pow- 
hatan, CO. Virginia, by p-r. 34 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Genoa, p-v. and tsp. Delaware co. O. The 
p-v. is in the southern part of the county, 17 
ms. north waril from Columbus, and 392 ms. 
N. w. bv w. W. C. Pop. of tlie township, 
18:}0, (i.W. 

<4enoa, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 20 miles s. 
Auburn, and 185 from Albany. Surface 
gently uneven. Soil remarkably fertile. 
Well supplied with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 
2,7ti8. 

(i entry's Store, and p-o. Spencer co. 
Indiana, about lliU ms. a little w. of s. In- 
dianopolis. 

(iENi'sviLLK, p-o. Abbeville district, S. C. 
by [>-r. 102 nis. a little n. of w. C'olumbia, and 
.^.iiti s. w. W. C. 

CJeor<;es Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by 
p-r. 168 nis. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

GEoiKiEsvii.LE, p-v. Yazoo CO. Miss, by p-r. 
81 nis. northward from Jackson. 

(iEORUEsvu.LE, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. and in 
the southwestern angle of Franklin co. Ohio, 
13 nis. s. w. C^olunihus, and by p-r. 409 s. w. 
by w. i w. VV. C. Pop. 1830, 39. 

(teoroetown, town, Lincoln co. Me. at the 
mouth of the Kennebec, 15 ms. s. w. Wis- 
casset. Pop. 1830, 1,258. 

GEoiifiKTowx, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 
ms. s. w. Morrisville, and 106 w. Albany, good 
for grazing, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,094. 

Georgktown, p-v. on the left liaiik of the 
Ohio river, imnicdiaiely above tlu! mouth of 
Mill creek, and of the Virginia line, Beaver 
CO. Pa. 35 ms. by land w. n. w. Pittsburg. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co. 
Delaware, on the height of land between 
the sources of Nanticoke and Indian rivers, 
37 ms. a little e. of s. Dover. Lit. 38° 43', 
long. 1" 37' E. W. C. 



Georgetown, port of entry, and p-t. at the 
head of the tide, and on the loft bank of Poto- 
mac river, Washington co. Dist. Columbia. 
It extends in length along the Potomac, and 
in breadth up Rock creek, rising by a bold 
acclivity from both streams. The Chesa. 
peake and Ohio canal passes through this 
town. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic 
college, and of considerable commerce. The 
progressive population is shown by the 
subjoined table. (iSee article District Co- 
lumbia.') 

Whites, Free Col'd, Slaves, Total' 

1810, 3,235 551 1,162 4,948 

1820, 4,940 894 1,526 7,360 

1830, 6,057 1,209 1,175 8,441 

Georgetown, district of S. C. bounded by 
Santee river, which separates it from Charles- 
town dist. 8. and s. w., by Williamsburgh 
dist. w. and n. w., by Horry dist. n. and n. e., 
and by the Atlantic e. and s. e. Length 
nearly parallel to the ocean 40 miles, mean 
breadth 26, and area 1,040 square ms. Ly- 
ing between lat. 33° 05' and 33° 46', and long. 
2° 13' and 2° 50' w. W. C. The surface of 
this district is a plain, in many places 
marshy, but much of the river soil is very 
productive, and as it is in a remarkable man- 
ner traversed by rivers, the commercial ad- 
vantages are extensive. Beside the outlets 
of Santee river, Winyau bay is the estuary 
of Waccamaw, Great Pedee, and Black rs. 
All those confluents of Winyau, unite at, or 
near Georgetown, the mart and st. jus. of the 
district. Rice and cotton are the principal 
staples. Population 1820, 17,603, 1830, 
19,943. 

Georgetown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus. 
Georgetown dist. S. C. situated on the point 
above the junction of Sanipit creek and Pedee 
r. ; the bo<ly of the town is, however, on the 
former. About 3 ms. above, the Port Pedee 
receives l:ilack r. from the w., and directly 
opposite, and e. from the harbor. Waccamaw 
comes in from the n. n. e. Vessels of 11 feet 
draught are admitted over the bar of Pedee 
and up to Georgetown. Having an extensive 
and well cultivated interior, Gorgetown car- 
ries on an extensive commerce. Lat. 33° 
21', and long. 2° 22' w. W. C. Georgetown 
is distant by the road 70 ms. n. e. Charleston, 
by p-r. 151 ms. s. e. by e. Columbia, and 480 
s. s. w. W. C. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Ky. 
situated on tiie n. branch of Licking r. by 
p-r. 20 ms. e. Frankfort. It contains, be- 
sides the ordinary co. buildings, a bank, 
priming office, and several places of public 
worship. Lat. 38° 14', and long. 7° 31' w. 
W. C. 

Georgetown, p-v. Copiah co. Miss, about 
45 ms. a little n. of e. Natchez, and by p-r. 
57 s. s. w. Jackson. 

Georgetown Cross Roads and p-o. in the 
N. E. part of Kent co. Md. 15 ms. n. e. Ches- 
tertown, atid 40 n. n. e. Baltimore. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Brown co. 



GEO 



180 



GEO 



O. by p-r. 480 ms. w. W. C, 104 s. s. w. Co- 
lumbus, and 45 b. e. by k. Cincinnati. It is 
situated on Wliite Oak creek, and in the 
southwestern part of the co. Lat. 38° 53', 
long. 6° 51' w. W. C. Population 1830, 
325. 

Georgia, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 18 ms. n. 
Burlington, and 41 n. w. Montpelier, being 
situated on lake Champlain. Mill privileges 
numerous. The soil is in general rich and 
productive. There is a natural bridge over 
one of the streams. Population 1830, 
1,897. 

Georgia, one of the U. S., bounded s. and 
s. w. by Flor., w. by Ala., n. w. by Ten., n. 
by N. C, N. E. and e. by S. C, and s. e. by 
the Atlantic. The greatest line that can be 
drawn in Geo. is from the mouth of St. Ma- 
ry's r. to the N. w. angle of the state, in a di- 
rection N., 40° 41' w. ; 394 statute ms., and 
carefully measured by the rhomb, the area is 
found 62,083 sq. ms., therefore the mean 
breadth is 157i ms. very nearly. Extending 
in lat. from 30° 20' at the extreme southern 
bend of St. Mary's r. to 35 n. on the Ten. 
and N. C. line. In long, it extends from 3° 
57', at the mouth of Savannah r., to 8° 42' w. 
W. C at the northwestern angle of Ten. 
Georgia occupies the great inclined plain, 
from which the peninsula of Florida is pro- 
truded, and from which, on the s. e. the rivers 
run into the Atlantic, and s. w. into the gulf 
of Mexico. From the southern border of 
Geo. this great plain rises by a gradual ac- 
clivity from the inundated Atlantic border, to 
at least 1,200 feet elevation above the tides, 
without estimating the ridges of mountains. 
The difference of height being equivalent to 
3 degrees of temperature, and the lat. differ- 
ence amounting to 4° 40'; the whole ex. 
treme of temperature included in Geo. is 7°n 
Fahrenheit. It is found both from vegetable 
life and from experiments made with the 
thermometer, that the seasons on the Atlan- 
tic coast have at least two degrees higher 
temperature than those of places on equal 
height, and the same latitude in the basin of 
Miss. From all the preceding causes the 
state of Georgia presents a very marked va- 
riety of seasons and of vegetable production. 
In both these respects, the latter, however, 
arising from the former, gives to the state a 
range of vegetable existence wider than that 
of any other state of the U. S. It is physi- 
cally divided, like the two Carolinas, into 
three zones. First, the flat sea border, in- 
cluding numerous small islands ; second, the 
sand hill zone, spreading by an indefinite out- 
line between the sea border, and the third, a 
hilly and part mountainou.s tract, beyond tiie 
lower falls of the rivers. The sea sand al- 
luvial border, in part diurnally inundated by 
the ocean tides, with some fertile, but much 
sterile soil, may be called the tropical cli- 
mate of Georgia. Here, along the streams, 
the season of summer is sufficiently long and 
warm to mature the sugar cane, orange, 
olive, date, palm, and many other tender 



plants. The second, or sand hill region, with 
equal diversity of soil, produces maize and 
cotton, as the most valuable staples. But the 
third, the hilly and mountainous section, 
abounding in excellent soil, pure fountain 
water, and a more salubrious air, is for hu- 
man residence, much the finest part of the 
state. Here the bread gracus, the apple, 
peach and plum, the green pasture, and rich 
meadows in summer and autumn, and in win- 
ter the denuded forest, announce a climate of 
northern texture. The description of these 
zones must, nevertheless, be taken as gene- 
ral ; where they separate, the features are so 
blended as to defy exact demarcation, but on 
the other hand, if we assume the two ex- 
tremes, the contrast is indeed strongly mark- 
ed. No two regions could, in every physical 
feature, differ much more essentially than 
does the low, flooded, bilious Atlantic border, 
cut by the St. Mary's, Santilla, Altamaha, and 
Ogeechee rs., and the elevated, broken, rocky 
tract, from which arc poured the clear and 
pure confluents of the Coosa and Ten. One 
very remarkable circumstance in the climates 
of the southern sections of the U. S. may be 
here appropriately noticed. Sweet oranges 
are reared on the Atlantic coast as high as 
Beaufort dist. in S. C. or to 32° 30' n., and 
the fan palm, and live oak grow as indigenous 
vegetables as far as the mouth of Cape Fear r. 
in N. C, lat. 34°. On the Miss, the live 
oak ceases below 30° 30' n., and the fan 
palm (palmetto) at about 31° n. Sugar cane 
cannot be cultivated to advantage in La. 
above lat. 30° 30', whilst that plant flourishes 
along the entire sea border of Georgia into 
S. C. In brief, it may be stated that at one 
extremity Georgia produces wheat, and at 
the other sugar, and taking the whole state, 
amongst many more staples of less value, we 
may enumerate sugar, rice, indigo, tobacco, 
cotton, wheat, rye, oats, and maize. The 
range of garden vegetables is also immense. 
Such are the natural advantages possessed 
by this extensive state, that its advance in 
wealth and population since the American 
revolution has been so rapid, that of the At- 
lantic states, it has been second only to N. Y. 
in relative progression. Though from many 
causes, seminaries of education have lan- 
guished in the southern states, this primary 
object of human policy has met with conside- 
rable attention in Georgia. Franklin college, 
at Athens, Clark co., is the incipient step to- 
wards a projected university. A branch of 
their plan of instruction was to have an aca- 
demy in every co. This has in part been af- 
fected ; but necessarily remains imperfect in 
the recently settled cos., many of wliich 
were not designated at the taking of the cen- 
sus for l!i20. 

Table of the free, slave, and aggregate 
population of the counties and state of Geor- 
gia, from the abstract of the returns of the 
census for 1830, to which is annexed the 
population of the counties and state in 
1820. 



GEO 



181 



GEO 



Counties. 



Appling, 

Bak.'r, 

UulUwiii, 

Bibb, 

Bryan, 

Bullock, 

Burke, 

Butts, 

Camden, 

Campbell, 

Carroll, 

Cliatliain, 

Clarke, 

Columbia, 

Coweta, 

Crawford, 

Decatui-, 

De Kalb, 

Dooly, 

Early, . 

KrtiiiH'i^m, 

Elbert, 

Emm;inuel, 

Fayette, 

Franklin, 

Glynn, 

Greene, 

Gwiiinett, 

Habcrsliam, 

Hall, 

Hancock, 
Harris, 

Henry, 
Houston, 

Irwin, 

Jackson, 

Jasper, 

Jefferson, 

Jones, 

Laurens, 

Lee, 

Liberty, 

Lincoln, 

Lowndes, 

Madison, 

Mac Intosb, 

Marion, 

Merriwether, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

Morgan, 

Muscogee, 

Newton, 

Oglethorpe, 

Pike, 

Pulaski, 

Putnam, 

Kabun, 

Randolph, 

iticliniond, 

Scriven, 

Talbot, 

Taliaferro, 

Talnall, 

Tel lair, 

Thomas, 

Troup, 

Twiggs, 

Upson, 

Walton, 

Ware, 

^V'arren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

Wilkes, 

Wilkinson, 



Free. 



1,28'J 

978 

2,75:< 

4,16G 

737 

],S)37 

5,li)l 

3,aGl 

1,492 

2,705 

2,932 

4,649 

5,467 

4,574 

3,031 

3,595 

2,546 

8,394 

1,799 

1,511 

1,712 

6,589 

2,208 

4,317 

7,737 

799 

5,079 

10,957 

9,762 

10,567 

4,640 

2,836 

7,995 

5,175 

1,071 

6,221 

6,809 

3,662 

6,516 

3,214 

1,369 

1,609 

2,869 

2,118 

3,387 

1,204 

1,327 

3,028 

8,849 

934 

5,226 

2,263 

8,152 

5,670 

4,376 

.3,141 

5,5.54 

2,117 

i,r,m 

5,398 
2,410 
3,841 
2,199 
1,534 
1,571 
2,131 
3,611 
4,5iJ4 
4,456 
7,766 
1,144 
6,253 
5,91 1 
687 
5,277 
5,591 



Slaves. 



Total, 1 299,292 



179 

275 

4,542 

2,988 

2,402 

650 

6,642 

3 ,683 

3,086 

618 

487 

9,478 

4,709 

8,032 

1,372 

1,718 

1,308 

1,648 

336 

540 

1,212 

5,765 

465 

1,187 

2,370 

3,908 

7,470 

2,332 

909 

1,181 

7,180 

2,269 

2,571 

2,194 

109 

2,783 

6,322 

3,647 

6,829 

2,375 

311 

5,624 

3,276 

335 

1.259 

3,794 

109 

1,394 

7,353 

335 

6,820 

1,240 

3,003 

7,940 

1,773 

1,765 

7,707 

.59 

682 

6,246 

2,366 

2,099 

2,735 

506 

565 

1,168 

2,188 

3,.507 

2,557 

3,163 

01 

4,693 

3,909 

276 

8,960 

1,922 



total 1830 



217,531 



1,468 

1,253 

7,295 

7,1.54 

3,139 

2,587 

11,833 

4,944 

4,578 

3,323 

3,419 

14,127 

10,176 

12,600 

5 003 

5,313 

3,854 

10,042 

2,135 

2,051 

2,924 

12,354 

2,673 

5,. 504 

10,107 

4,567 

12,549 

13,289 

10,671 

11,748 

11,820 

5,005 

10,566 

7,:i69 

1,180 

9,004 

13,131 

7,3oa 

]3,.345 
5,589 
1,680 
7,233 
6,145 
2,453 
4,646 
4,998 
1,436 
4,422 

16,202 
1,209 

12,046 
3,508 

11,155 

13,618 
6,149 
4,906 

13,261 
2,176 
2,191 

11,644 
4,776 
5,940 
4,934 
2,010 
2,136 
3,299 
5,799 
8,031 
7,013 

10,929 
1,205 

10,946 

9,820 

963 

14,237 
6,513 



1820. 



516,823 



1,264 
7,734 

3,021 

2,578 
11,577 

4,342 



14,737 

8,767 
12,695 



768 
3,018 

11,788 
2,928 

9,040 
3,418 

i:!,.580 
4,589 
3,145 
5,086 

12,734 



411 

8,355 
14,614 

7,056 
16,500 

5,436 

6,695 
6,458 

3,735 
5,129 



1,862 
13,520 



14,046 

5,283 

15,475 

524 

8,608 
3,941 



2,644 
2,104 



10,640 

4,192 

10,630 
10,627 



20 to 30, 

30 to 40, 

40 to 50, 

50 to 60, 

60 to 70, 

70 to 80, 

80 to 90, 

90 to 100, 

100 and upwards 



Females. 

24,0.36 

13,974 

8,427 

5,089 

2,664 

987 

268 

65 

20 

153,288 143,518 



340,947 



Of the foregoing population of 1830, were 
white persons : — 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 33,027 30,958 

From 5 to 10, 23,709 22,590 

" 10 to 15, 18,584 17,088 

" 15 to 20, 15,186 16,452 



Total, 

Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14 
years, 50 ; 14 to 25, 51 ; 25 and upwards, 
44 ; Blind 150. 

Colored population. 

Free. Slaves. 

Males. Ferns. Males. Fema. 

Under 10 years of age, 368 347 . 38,367 38 102 

From 10 to 24, 353 330 34,253 33,917 

" 24 to 36, 224 231 19,440 20,.527 

" 36 to 55, 186 185 12,818 12,325 

" 55 to 100, 118 126 3,847 3,765 

" 100 and upwards, 12 6 92 78 

Total, 1,261 1,225 108,817 108,714 

Free colored and slaves who arc deaf and 
dumb, under 14 years, 26 ; 14 to 25, 21 ; 25 
and upwards, 12 ; blind, 123. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

296,806 2,486 217,531 516,823 

On comparing the aggregate population of 
Georgia for 1820, with that of 1830, it will 
be seen in that decennial period, the ratio of 
increase has been over 51 per cent. 

Government. — The first constitution of 
Georgia was adopted February, 1777. The 
second in 1785, which was amended in 1789, 
and the third, last, and existing constitution 
in May, 1798. The legislature consists of a 
senate and house of representatives, elected 
each annually. To be elegible to the senate, 
demands one year's residence in the district 
from which elected, 3 years an inhabitant of 
the state, 9 years citizenship of the U. S., 23 
years of age, and a possession within the co. 
of a freehold estate of $5U0, or of taxable 
property to the amount of $1,000. The se- 
nate is composed of one member from each 
CO. The house of representatives is com- 
posed of iTiembers from all the cos., which 
were formed at the date of the constitution, 
or which might be formed subsequently, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers of free 
white persons, and including three fifths of 
all the people of color. Enumerations are 
made septennially ; each co. to have at least 
one, and not more than four members. Mem- 
bers of the lower house must be 21 years of 
_ , must htave been seven years a citizen, of 
the U. S., 3 years an inhabitant of Georgia, 
residing at least 1 year in the co. immedi- 
ately preceding his election, from which he 
may be chosen ; and be possessed, in his own 
right, of a settled freehold estate of the value 
of .^250, or of taxable property to the amoimt 
of ,1^500, within the co., for at least 1 year 
preceding his election. Absence on the pub- 
lic business of the state, or of the U. S., ex- 
cuses from the otherwise requisite residence ; 



GEO 



182 



GER 



and the required property must be clear of all 

incumbrance. The executive power is vested 
in a governor, who holds his office 2 years, 
and is elected by the general assembly ; he 
must, when elected, have been a citizen of 
the U. S. 12 years, of the state of Georgia 6 
years, have attained to the age of 36 years, 
and possess 500 acres of land, of his own 
right, within the state, and other property to 
the amount of $4,000, and whose estate shall 
on a reasonable estimation be competent to the 
discharge of iiis debts over and above that sum. 
To exercise the right of suffrage, demands ci- 
tizenship, '21 years of age, and the actual pay- 
ment of taxes. The judiciary is composed 
of a supreme and inferior courts. Judges of 
the supreme court are elected by the people, 
for the term of 3 years, and are removeable 
by the governor on the address of two thirds 
of both houses of the legislature, or by im- 
peachment. Inferior judges are elected an. 
nually. No religious obligation, test, or dis- 
qualification is admitted, nor is any person 
to be denied the enjoyment of any civil right 
merely on account of his religious principles. 
Amendments to the constitution are made by 
vote of two thirds of both branches of the 
legislature, at two succeeding sessions. 

History. — Of the thirteen original states of 
the U. S. Georgia was settled most recently. 
The patent under which this colony was es- 
tablished was granted by George II. 1732, to 
21 persons, under the title of "the trustees 
for settling the colony of Georgia." The 
name was given in honor of the royal grantor ; 
and the first settlers arrived at Charleston in 
January, 1733, under the command of general 
James Oglethorpe. In the spring of that 
year, the foundation of Savannah was laid, 



Florida to Great Britain. From this epoch 
Georgia prospered, though vexed and re- 
tarded by Indian warfare, and by the war of 
the revolution. Indeed no other state of the 
U.S. has suffered more, if so much, from 
the proximity of the Indian tribes, nor has 
any other of the original colonies, Virginia 
excepted, ceded to the U. S. so much of char- 
tered territory. By different conventions, all 
of the new states of Ala. and iVIiss. n. of lat. 
3l°, or about 100,000 sq. ms. have been 
yielded to the general government. At pre- 
sent, 1830, Georgia holds a resjjectabie rank 
amongst her sister states. The value of her 
exports in 1817 amounted to between 8 and 
9 millions of dollars, and which has since 
been gradually augmenting. (See article 
U. S.) 

Gkren's Store and p-o. Guilford co. N. C, 
by p-r. 101 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Germanna, p-v. on the right bank of Rapid 
Ann r. in the n. e. angle of Orange co. Va. 20 
ms. by land above Fredericksburg, and by p-r. 
72 ms. s. w. W.C. 

German, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 15 ms. w. 
Norwich, and 115 w. Albany. Contains 
abundance of fine mill seats. liands very 
rich along the streams. Pop. 1830, 884. 

German Flats, p-t. s. Mohawk, Herkimer 
CO. N. Y., 5 ms. s. e. Herkimer, and 75 from 
Albany. A remarkably rich soil. It lies on 
the grand canal. Here stood fort Herkimer. 
In 1757, the settlements in this town were 
desolated by lire and sword. Pop. 1830, 
2,466, 

Germans, p-v. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 981 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C and 14t) n. e. t)y e. Co- 
lumbus. 

German Settlement, and p-n. Preston co. 



but from the blind feudal principles of grant- [Va. by p-r. 170 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
ing land, and the defective characters of! Germantown, t. ColumI>ia co. N. Y. v.. of 
most of the colonists, tlie advance was very ] the Hudson, 12 ms. s. of the city of Hudson, 
slow in the first years of settlement. Time | Surface gently undulating, soil good (or grass, 
and experience meliorated these municipal | &-c. Poorly watered — remarkahly well tiin- 



evils ; but as a feeble colony, the ravages of 
war could not be averted. Spain, even in 



bered — noted for fruit. Pop. 1830, !>G7. 
Germantown, p-v. and st. jus. Hyde co. N. 



times of peace, claimed the country; and injC. situated on a small bay ofl'ninlico sound, 
war, her colonies in Florida, and the West j or rather of Pamlico r. about 40 ms. a little s. 
Indies, facilitated an invasion of Georgia, and j of e. Washington, at the mouth of Tar r. and 



)y p-r. 149 ms. in nearly a similar direction 
Lat 35° 24' and long. 0° 



what was perhaps fully as injurious, retalia. 
tion was equally facile. In fact, the first se-| from Raleigh, 
rious attempt at conquest was made in 1740, 1 e. W. C. 
when general George Oglethorpe made an I Germantown, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. It is a 
attempt to seize St. Augustine, and was re- 1 double line of houses, with the Heriding road 
pulsed with loss. In 1742 the Spaniards in I as a street, extending upwards off nis. from 
their turn invaded Georgia, and were also I its commencement, G ms. from I'hil. Mt. 
defeated in their design. Laboring under so Airy college is located in Genu intown. Pop. 
many combined burthens, the exports of 1830, 4,G28. 

Georgia in 1750 fell short of »i^50, 000. In Germantown, p-v. about the centre of Fau- 
17.52 the charter was changed, and the pro- quier co. Va.by p-r. 133 ms. n. w. by w. Ra- 
vince became a royal colony, when more li- leigh. 

beral principles of trade and tenure were Germantown, p-v. in the s. w. part of Ma- 
adopted. A general representative assembly son CO. Ky. by p-r. 81 ins.N. r.. Frankfort.' 



was established in 1755, and was in 1763 fol 
lowed by a cession of all the country between 
the Aliamaha and St. Mary'.? rivers. The 
latter grant was one of the meliorating con- 



eequences to Georgia, of the cession of hnnbus. Pop. oftlie tsp. 1830, 4,70it 



Germantown, p-v. in German tsp. and in the 
nrthvvstrn part of Montgomery co. O. 15 ms. 
s. w. Dayton, the co. st. by p-r. 487 n. w. by 
i w. W. C. and 90 ms. a little s. of w. Co- 



GIB 



183 



GIL 



Gehman Valley, Morris co. N.J. abcauti-terscd by Patokar. The sthestni. angle gives 
I'ul and rich valley, through which runs the source to Great Pigeon creek, a confluent of 
s. liiiuicii ut' Rarilan r. IG ins. vv. Morristown. O. r., and declines sthrdly. towards tliat com- 

(inRUAuusTowN, p-v. in the sthrn. part of! paratively large recipient. Face of the co. 



Berkley co. Va. 18nis. n. Winchester 

Geriiv, t. Chautauque co. N. Y. 18 ms. E. 
Mayville. Well watered. The timber con- 
sists of beech, maple, birch, basswood, ash, 
elm, oak, walnut, hemlock, &c. Pop. 1830, 

J, no. 

Gettysihjrg, p-y. borough and st. jus. Ad- 
ams CO. Pa. situated on a fine elevated site 
between Marsh and Rock creeks of Monoca- 



broken. Chief t. Princeton. Pop. 1830, 
5,418. 

GiLEAD, p-t. Oxford CO. Me. on the An- 
droscoggin, 30 ms. w. Paris. Pop. 1830, 377. 

GtLEAD, p.v. nnd st. jus. Calhoun co. II. by 
p-r. 907 ms. w. from W. C. ; 1^6 ms. a liltle 
N. of w. from Vundalia, and 50 ms. n. n. w. 
from St. Louis in Mo. It is situated between 
the Miss, and II. rs. near the right bank of 



cy r. 115 ms. a little s. of w. Phil, and by p-r.; the latter : lat..39° 03', long. 13° 37' w. W^C. 
44 ms. s. s. w. Ilarrisburg. Lat. 30° 50' andj Gilford, t. StrrJVord co. N. H. s. side lake 
long. 0° 14' w. W. C. it is a very pleasant iWinnipiseogce, 23 ms. n. E.Concord. Con- 
town, in a well cultivated and delightful vicin-j tains an academy, 11 schools, a valuable pa- 
nagc, e.vtending mostly in a single street j per manufactory, and other useful mills and 
along the main and direct road from Phil, to machinery. Pop. 1830, 1,870. 
Pittsburg. GjLEs, co. of Va. bounded n. by Monroe ; n. 

GiiBNT, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 11 ms. e. k. by Botetourt; s. k. by Montgomery; s. by 
Hudson. * Excellent land, well supplied with Wythe ; s. w. by Tazewell ; and w. by the 
mill seats and mills. Pop. 1830, 2,783. I Great Flat Top mtn. which separates it from 

Ghent, p-v. Gallatin co. O. on the left bank | Logan. The form of this co. is a rude ap. 
of O. r. opposite Vevay, Switzerland co. Ind. i proach to a half moon, and the length between 
by p-r. 52 ms. a little w. ofN. Hartford. [the points about 70 ms. Lying between lat. 

GiioLsoNS, p-o. Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 259:37° OG' and 37° 43' and long. 3° 15' to 4° 15' 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankforf. [ w. W. C. Surface a congeries of mtn. ridg- 

Gholsonville, p-v. on the left bank of Me- 



herin r. JJrunswick co. Va. by p-r. 78 ms. s. s 

vv. Richmond. 

Gibbons' Tavern, and p-o. Delaware co. 

Pa. by p-r. 94 ms. s. e. by e. Harrisburg, and 

12G N. E. W. C. 

GiBBONsviLLE, (Scc WatefvUet.) 
Gibraltar, p-v. in Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 

1,012 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. This place is not 

located on Tanner's map, but relatively with 

Cassville, and Galena in II. it must be be- 



es and intervening vallics, extending in a n. 
E. and s. w. direction. The mtn. vallios are 
cut and traversed almost at right angles by 
the Great Kenhawa, which pouring from the 
elevated vales between the Blue Ridge and 
Alleghany, in a n. n. e. course, suddenly in- 
flects to N. w. and passing the latter, enters 
Giles : breaking through several more minor 
chains, and receiving Greenbriar from Mon. 
roe, Kenhawa r. pursues its nrthwstm. course 
towards O. At the mouth of Sinking creek 



twecn the two latter, and about 22 ms. above! into Kenhawa, in the estrn. and upper part of 
Galena. the co. opposite the mouth of Greenbriar, the 

Gibson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. [water surface is 1,333 feet above the Atlan- 
177 ms. N. N. E. Harrisburg. j tic tides. We may therefore safely assume 

Gibson co. of Ten. bounded-by Dyer w. ;i 1,600 feet, as the mean level of the cultivated 



Obion N. w. ; Weakly n. ; Carroll e. ; Madi- 
son s. ; and Haywood s. w. Length 30 ms. 
mean breadth 22 ; area 660 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, 
long. 12° w. W. C. intersect near the centre 



land of Giles. Tliis height is fully equivalent 
to 4 deg. o£ Fahrenheit, and would give to 
Giles a winter climate equal to that on n. lat. 
41° along the Atlantic margin. Chief t. Pa- 



of this CO. The slope of this CO. is wstrd. to- risburg. In 1820, the pop. was 4,522 only, 
wards the Miss. r. and down which flow vari- and at that epoch it included a large tract now 
ous branches of Forked Deer, and Obion j comprised in Logan co. Pop. 1830, 5,274. 
rs. Chief t. Gibbonsville. Population 1830, Giles, C. H.Giles co. Va. {See Paris. 
5,801. \hurg.) 

Gibson Port, p-v. of Gibson co. Ten. about Giles, one of the sthrn. cos. of Ten. bound- 
150 ms. a little s. ofw. Nashville. cd w. by Lawrence; n. w. by Hickman; n. 

Gibson Port, Claiborne co. Miss. (Sccj by Maury ; e. by Hickman ; and s. by Mad- 
I'ort Gibson, same co.) lison and Limestone cos. of Ten. It is very 

GiiisON, CO. of Ind. bounded n. by White r. jncarly a square of 30 ms. and area 900 sq. ms. 



sei)arating it from Knox co. ; n. e. and e. by 
Pike ; s. e. by Warrick ; s. by Vanderberg ; 
s. w. by Posey, and w. and n. w. by Wabash 
r. separating it from Wabash co. II. (Great- 
est length from e. to w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 
16, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat.'r. 
from .38° 12' to 38' 34' and in long, from 10°lki 



Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 25' and trav. 
ersed by long. 10 w. from W. C. Elk r. 
winding sthrdly. traverses the s. e. angle of 
this CO. but the much greater part is drained 
by Richland creek, and other branches of Elk 
Surface moderately hilly. Chief t. Pulas- 
Pop. 1820, 12,558; lfi30, 18,703. 



22' to 11° 04' w. from W. C. Slope of the' Gill, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 90 ms. n. w 
nrthrn. and wstrn. section very nearly due w. Boston. Fine land, beautifully situated n. & 
and in that direction the lalhrn. part is trav- ' w. Conn, r- which here makes a bend. Mil 



GLO 



184 



GLO 



ler's Falls are in the Conn, adjoining this t. 
Pop. 1830, 1,407. 

Gill Land's Creek, N. Y. [See Willsbo- 
rough.) 

GiLLMANTOWN, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 17 
ms. from Concord, 44 from Portsmouth, 78 
from Boston, and 522 from W. C. Very hil- 
ly and rocky— ^well watered — contains iron 
ore and mineral springs — has a flovirishing 
academy. Pop. 1830, 3,816. 

GiLsuM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 37 ms. s. 
Concord. Has good mill privileges. Pop. 
1830, 642. 

Gladwin, co. of Mich, bounded by Arena 



ually owned in this town. Rocky and uue- 
ven. The principal part of Gloucester is a 
peninsula, connected with the main by a very 
narrow isthmus, across which is a canal for 
the passage of small vessels. On the south- 
east side of the town is Thatcher's island, 
on which are two light houses. This town 
is a charming place in the warm season. Pop. 
1830, 7,510. 

Gloucester, p-t. Providence co. R. I. 16 
ms. from Providence. Surface generally un- 
even. Extensive and valuable forests. Che- 
pachet river runs through the centre of the 
town, upon which river, near the centre of 



CO. E., Midlands, and ter. not yet divided into! said town, is a considerable village called 



COS. w. and n. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each 
side, area 576 sq. ms. E.vtending in lat. from 
43° 50' to 44° 10' and in long, from 7° 08' to 
7° 35' w. W. C. Tittibawassee r. or the 
nrthrn. branch of Saginaw r. drains the body 
of this CO. flowing by a general sthrn. course. 
The centra] part of Gladwin is about 150 ms. 
N. N. w. Detroit. 

Ginseng, p-v. Logan co. Va. about 380 ms. 

B. w. by w. W. C. 

Glade Run, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 
214 ms. N. w, W. C. 

Gladden's Grove, and p-o. Fairfield co. S. 

C. 31 ms. N. Columbia. 

Glady Creek, Cross Roads and p.o. Ran- 
dolph CO. Va. 60 ms. s. e. Clarksburg, and by 
p-r. 223 wcstrd.W.C. 

Glasgow, p-v. on the head of Christiana 
creek, New Castle co. Del. 15 ms. s. e. Wil- 
mington, and by p-r. 98 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Glasgow, p-v. and st. jus. Barren co. Ky. 
116 ms. 8. s. w. Frankfort, and 89 ms. n. n, 
e. Nashville, in Ten. lat. 37° 01' long. 8° 4& 
w. W. C. 

Glassborough, p-v. Gloucester co. N. J. 
20 ms. s. e. Phil. Here is a glass factory. 

Glastenbury, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. e. 
Conn. r. Timber, oak, chestnut, &.c. — well 
watered — contains cotton, woollen, and iron 
manufactories, &c. and fine sliad fisheries in 
the Conn. ; also a mineral spring. It has 13 
school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,SreO. 

Glastenbury, t. Bennington co. Vt. 9 ms. n. 
e. Bennington, 25 n. w. Brattleborough. 
Land a great part high, broken, and incapa- 
ble of being settled. Pop. 1830, 59. 

Glen, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. on the 
canal, 8 ms. s. Johnstown. Pop. 1830, 2,451. 

Glencoe, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 
124 ms. nrthwstrdly. from W. C. 

Glenn's, p-o. Gloucester co. Va. by p-r. 92 
ms. E. Richmond. 

Glen's Falls, v. & p-o. (See Queensbury.) 

Glenville, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y. n. 
Mohawk r., 5 ms. n. w. Schenectady. Has 9 
school houses. Pop. 2,497. 

Gloucester, p-t. and port of entry, Essex, 



Chepachet, where are a number of cotton 
fkclories, and some additional water works. 
Contains twelve schools. Population 1830, 
2,522. 

Gloucester, co. N. J. extends from the 
Delaware river to the Atlantic, bounded n. 
E. by Burlington, s. w. by Salem, Cumber- 
land and cape May. Pop. 1830,28,431. Prin- 
cipal towns, Woodbury, and Camden. The 
lands along the Delaware, extending inland, 
are highly cultivated for fruit, vegetables, &c. 
for the Philadelphia market. In the interior, 
are pine lands, and several forges, and manu- 
factories of glass, &c. 

Gloucester, town, Gloucester co. N. J. 
bounded n. e. by Waterford, s. w. by Dept- 
ford, s. w. by Gloucester t. Pop. 1830, 2,332. 

Gloucester Town, t. Gloucester co. N. J. 
on the Delaware, between Deptford and 
Newton, bounded n. k. by Gloucester. Pop. 
1830, 686. 

GJ;loucester, co. of Va. bounded n. w. by 
King and Queen, n. by Piankatank river, 
which separates it from Middlesex, n. e. by 
North river, which separates it from Mat- 
thew.s, e. by Chesapeake or Mobjack bay, 
and s. and s. w. by York r. which separates 
it from York and James city cos. Length 
28 miles, mean width 10, and area 280 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 37" 
35' and in long, from 0° 14' to 0° 42' e. W. 
C. Chief town, Gloucester. Pop. 1820, 
9,678, 1830, 10,608. 

Gloucester, court house, Gloucester co. 
Va. p-o. near the centre of the co. by p-r. 88 
ms. E. Richmond. 

Glover, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 33 miles e. 
Montpelier. Contains 8 school houses. This 
town is noted for the following remarkable 
occurrence. A pond, a mile and a half long, 
and half a mile wide, situated partly in this 
town, and partly in Greensborough, on the 
6th ot June, 1810, on having a small outlet 
opened, broke loose through the quicksand, 
of which its bank was in that place principal- 
ly composed, and in ITy minutes was entirely 
emptied, its waters rushing forth in a mighty 



Mass. 30 ms. n. e. Boston, and 16 n. e. mass, 60 or 70 feet in height, and 20 rods in 
Salem, situated on cape Ann, n. extremity of width, levelling forests and hills, filling up 
Mass. bay. One of the most considerable i the valleys, sweeping away houses, barns, 
fishing towns in the state, with a harbor) cattle, &c. and giving the inhabitants time 
open a)id accessible to large ships at all sea- 1 barely to escape with their lives into the 
sons. About 10,000 tons of shipping are us- 1 mountains. In thas manner did it deluge the 



GOO 



185 



GOU 



country for tlio space of 10 iiis. So rapidly 
rtovved tlie torrent, that it reached lake Mcni- 
phrcniagop, 27- nis. distant, in about 6 hours 
I'roni tlic time of its getting vent. Nothing 
now remains of tho pond but its bod. a part 
of which is cultivated, and a part overgrown 
with buslies and wild grass, with a small 
brook running through it, which is now at 
the head of Barton river. Pop. 1830, 902. 

Glynn, co. of Geo. bounded by Camden co. 
s. w., Wayne n. w., Altamaha river which 
separates it from Mcintosh n. e., and the At- 
lantic ocean s. e. It lies very nearly in form 
of a square of 25 nis.; area 625 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 31° to 31° 29', and in 
long, from 4° 22' to 4° 58' w. W. C. St. Si- 
mons, and .Ickyl islands, constitute the At- 
lantic border of Glynn. The whole surface 
is level and cut by interlocking water courses. 
Where the soil admits of culture, the climate 
is suitable to rice, indigo, tobacco, sugar 
cane, &c. The orange tree and fig tree I 
nourish. Chief towns, Brunswick and Fred- 
erica. Pop. 1820, 3,418, in 1830, 4,567. 

Gnadenhutten, p-v. Clay tsp. Tuscarawas 
CO. Ohio. The tsp. is in tho southern part of 
the CO. The post village is situated on Tus- 
carawas river, 11 ms. s. New Philadelphia, 
the CO. at. Pop. of the p-v. 1830, 49. 

Godfrey, Savannah post office, Colleton 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 1 14 miles sthrd. Columbia. 

(iodfrey's Ferky, and p-o. by p-r. 151 ms. 
a little s. ofE. Columbia. The ferry is over 
the Great Pcdee, about 10 miles above the 
mouth of Lynches creek or river. 

GoFFSBORo', p-o. Washington parish, La. by 
p-r. 1147 ma. southwcstward W. C. and 83 
N. N. w. New Orleans. 

GoFFSTOwN, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 
12 ms. from Amherst, 16 from Concord, and 
55 from Boston, w. Merrimack river, at 
Amoskeag falls. Piscataquog river runs 
through its centre, and falls into the Merri- 
mac. Good land. The timber, oak, sever- 
al sorts of pine, hemlock, beech, and maple. 
A great number of masts, for tho English 
navy, have been furnished from this place. It 
is the present residence of Hon. David L. 
Morrill, late governor of the state, and mem- 
ber of congress. Pop. 1830, 2,208. 

GoLAN.sviLLE, p-v. Caroline co. Va. by p-r. 
29 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 56 nearly due n. 
Richmond. 

Golden, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 

Golden Grove, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

GoLcoNDA, p-v. and st. jus. Pope co. II. by 
p-r. 791 ms. s. s. w. i w. W. C. and 160 ms. 
s. e. E. Vandalia. 

(ioLDsnoRoiion, town, Hancock co. Me. 40 
ms. E. C^nstinc. Pop. 1830, 880. 

Gold Mene, p-v. Chesterfield dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 449 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 101 ms. n. 
-E. Columbia. 

Goocrn.AND, co. of Va. bounded by Flu- 
vanna N. w., Loui.sa n., Hanover .\. e., Henri- 
co s. E., and James river which separates it 
from Powhatan s., and Cumberland s. w. 

21 



Length 28, mean breadth 12, and area 336 
square ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 31' 
to 37° 51', and in long, from 0° 47' to 1° 20' 
w. W. C. Goochland slopes to tho s. and is 
drained by several small creeks falling into 
James river. Chief town, Hardensvillo. Pop. 
1820, 10,007, 1830, 10,369. 

Goochland, court house, and p-o. Gooch- 
land CO. Virginia, by p-r. 32 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Goode's Bridge, and p-o. in the sthrn. part 
Chesterfield co. Va. 38 nis. s. w. Richmond. 

GooDFiELD, p-v. Rhea co. Tcnn. by p-r. 
151 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Good Luck, formerly Magruder's p-o. 
southwestern part of Prince George's co. 
Md. by p-r. 18 ms. s. e. W. C. and 40 ms. e. 
w. Annapolis. 

Goodson's, p-o. Montgomery CO. Va. by p-r. 
299 miles s. vv. W. C. and 221 westward 
Richmond. 

Goodson's, p-o. Cumberland co. Ky. by 
p-r. 634 miles s. w. by w. W. C. and 122 s. 
Frankfort. 

Good Spring, p-o. Williamson co. Tcnn. 12 
ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Goodwynsville, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. 7 
ms. s. Dinwiddle court house, and 47 s. s. w. 
Richmond. 

Gooseberry Island and Rocks, of! cape 
Ann, Mass. 

Goose Creek, or river, branch of Roanoke 
river rising in the southeastern vallies of 
Blue Ridge, 4 or 5 ms. s. w. from the peaks 
of Otter, and flowing thence s. e. over Bed- 
ford CO. falls into Roanoke river, in the west- 
ern angle of Cnmpbell co. Va. after a com- 
parative course of 30 ms. 

Goose Creek, post office, on the preceding 
creek, in the western part of Bedford co. Va, 
10 ms. westward Liberty, the co. st. 

GoosEPOND, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. by 
p-r. 86 ms. n. n. e. Millcdgevillo. 

GoRDONsviLLE, p-v. at tho eastern foot of 
South Weatmtn. and on the source of North 
Anna rive«prange co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. 
by w. Frcoericsburg, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. 
Richmond, and 115 s. w. W. C. 

GoRDONsviLLE, p-v. Smyth co. of Tep. 6 ms. 
from Carthage, and by p-r. 81 ms. though di- 
rect only about 50, eastward Nashville. 

GoRDONTON, p-o. Persou CO. N. C. 60 ms. 
by p-r. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Gore, a tract of land lying w. of Williams- 
town, Mass. 140 ms. n. w. of Boston, 2 ms. 
wide at s. end, and tapering to a point at the 
Vt. line. 

Gorham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 9 ms. n. 
W.Portland. If has n considerable village, 
in which is an aondcmy. Pop. 1830, 2,988. 

GoRiiAM, i)-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. e. 
Canandaigua. Flint creek runs, across the 
E. part, and supplies mill seals. It contains 
j23 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,081. 
I GoRHAM, P-V. in the eastern part of Daviess 
CO. Ky. 8 ms. s. e. Owensburg, or Owensbo- 
I ro', the CO. st. and 150 s. w. by w. i w, 
: Frankfort. 



GOW 



186 



GRA 



GoBHAM, p-v. Daviess co. Ky. by p-r. 152 
niB. B. w. by w. from Frankfort, 

Goshen, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 43 ms. w. 
Concord. Soil particularly good for grass. 
Timber, maple, birch, beech, hemlock, 
spruce, and some oak. Maple sugar is here 
manufactured to a considerable extent. Pop. 
1830, 772. 

Goshen, town, Addison co. Vt. 31 ms. s. 
w. Montpelier, and 43 n. w. Windsor. Con- 
iiderably mountainous. Watered by Leices- 
ter river. Contains iron ore, and the oxide 
of manganese ; 6 school districts. Popula- 
tion 1830, 555. 

Goshen Gore, Caledonia co. Vt. There 
are two gores of this name, both in this co. 
the largest contains 7,339 acres, the smaller, 
2,828. 

Goshen, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 ms. 
w. Boston, and 12 n. w. Northampton. Sev- 
eral minerals, among which is the emerald, 
are found here. Pop. 1830, 617. 

Goshen, p. t. Litchfield co. Conn. 32 ms. w. 
Hartford, and 42 from New Haven. It is the 
highest land in the state. The sugar maple 
is the predominant forest tree. It contains 
various kinds of manufactories — 8 school 
dists. It is remarkably healthy. Pop. 1830, 
1,734. 

Goshen, p-t. and half-shire town, Orange 
CO. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Hudson r. 110 s. Albany, 
and 60 n. N. York. Contains 12 schools. 
Fop. 1830, 3,361. 

Goshen, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 12 ms. 
s. Allentown. 

Goshen, small village in the sthrn. part of 
Loudon CO. Va. about 35 ms. w. W. C. 

Goshen, p-v. Lincoln co. Geo. about 45 ms. 
above Augusta, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Goshen, p-v. in the estrn part of Iredell 
CO. N. C. 11 ms. estrd. Statesville, the co. st. 
and 157 ms. westrd. Raleigh. 

Goshen, p-v. in Goshen tsp. nrthrn. part of 
Clermont co. O. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Colum- 
bus. Pop. 1830, 139. ^ 

Goshen Hill, p-v. between Ennoree and 
Tyger rs. sthrn. part of Union dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 107 ms. n. w, Columbia. The real road 
distance between those two places about 50 
ms. 

Goshen Mii-ls, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Md. 

Goshensville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. 

GovERNEUR, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 
23 ms. s. Ogdensburg. Received its name in 
honor of Governeur Morris. It has a great 
diversity of soil, and is situated on the Os- 
wegatchie r. Pop. 1830, 1,4.30. 

GovANSTowN, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Bal- 
timore CO. Md. by p-r. 42 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Governor's Island, N. Y. directly s. of the 
city of N. York, formins the harbor in the 
East r Belongs to government and is strong- 
ly fortified. 

GowANSViLLE, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 121 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

GowDYSviLLE, p-v. Uuion dist. S. C. by p-r. 



454 ms. s. w. W. C. and 89 n. w, Columbia. 

Graceham, p-v, Frederick co. Md. on the 
road from Hagerstown to Westminster, 15 
ms. N. Frederic, and 81 ms. n. n. vv. W. C. 

Grafton co. N. H. 58 ms. long, and 30 at 
its greatest breadth, containing 828,623 acres, 
besides a large tract of ungranted land.— 
Bounded n, by Coos co., e. by Strafford, s, by 
Hillsborough, and w. by Vt. It is watered by 
Conn, r., Pemigewasset, Lower Amonoosuck, 
and many smaller streams — somewhat moun- 
tainous — contains fine tracts for pasturage, a 
large proportion of arable land, and on the 
rivers extensive and fertile intervals — there 
are in the co. 36 towns — the sessions of the 
superior court and of the court of sessions 
are holden alternately at Haverhill and Plyui- 
outh. Pop. 1820, 32,989 ; 1830, 38,632. 

Grafton, t. Grafton co. N. H. 36 ms, n, w. 
Concord, and 13 s. e. Dartmouth college — 
well watered — rocky, hilly, and mountainous. 
Pop. 1830, 1,207. 

Grafton, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 36 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, and 22 s. w. Windsor — contains 
good mill seats — surface uneven — abounds in 
a great variety of minerals — contains an im- 
mense quantity of soap stone — 11 school 
dists. Pop. 1830, 1,439. 

Grafton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms, 
s. w. Boston, and 8 s. e. Worcester, on the 
Blackstone canal. Watered by Blackstone 
r. ; contains flourishing manufactories, one of 
which has a capital of $500,000, at which is 
manufactured twine and duck, from flax and 
hemp. Pop. 1830, 1,889. 

Grafton, p-t. Rensselaer co, N. Y, 11 ms. 
E. Troy. Soil principally an argillaceous 
loam ; timber, hemlock, white pine, fir, 
spruce, maple, &c. ; contains 10 school hous- 
es. Pop. 1830, 1,681. 

Grafton, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Medina 
CO. O. by p-r. 367 ms. nrthwstrdly. W. C. 
and 129 n. n. e. Columbus. 

Graham's Station, and p-v. Meigs co. O, 
by p-r. 352 ms. w. W. C. and 103 e. e, Co- 
lumbus. 

Graham's Bridge, and p-o. Richmond co, 
N. C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Raleigh, 

Grahamsville, orGrahamstown, p-v. near 
the centre of Beaufort dist. S. C. 74 ms. s. w, 
by w. and by a rather ciroiitous road from 
Charleston, and 10 s. Coosawhatchie the st. 
jus. for the dist. 

Grainger, co. of Ten. bounded by Clinch r. 
which separates it from Claiborne co. n. w., 
by Hawkins co. n. e., by Jefferson s. e. and 
Knox, s. w. Length 3!S ms. breadth 10, and 
area 320 sqare ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 08' to 360 30/ and in long, from 6o 03' to 
6° 40' w. W. C. This co. being bounded on 
the N. w. by Clinch, and traversed on the s. 
E. by Holston r. has some very fine r. soil, but 
the body of the co. is hilly, and in part rocky 
and mountainous. A minor ridge called 
Chesnut Ridge, stretches to the s. w. and n. 
e. between the two rivet»=i, and divides Grain- 
ger mto two not very unequal parts. Chief 
t. Oresville. Pop. 1820, 7,650 ; 18.S0, 10,066. 



GRA 



187 



GRA 



Granberry's, p-o. ill the sthrn. part of 
Twigg'9 CO. Geo. 8 itis. sthrd. Marion, tlie co. 
St. and 45 .s. w. Millcdi,'eville. 

Grandy, t. Essex CO. Vt. 47 ms. n. e. Mont- 
pelier, Vt. Pop. 1830, 97. 

Granby, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 90 ms. 
w. of Boston. In a cavern recently discov- 
ered here, were found two decayed statues 
originally formed of wood or earth. The 
(late of 1760 was on the walls. Pop. 183 J, 
1,064. 

Granbv, p-t. Hartford co. Conn, bordering 
on Mass. 17 ms. ^. n. w. Hartford. The sur- 
face is diversified with mountain, hill, and 
dale ; it has within its limits a great variety 
of limber, and contains several kinds of min- 
erals. It is pretty well watered, and con- 
tains various kinds of manufactories, 16 
school dists. and a small village in the centre 
of each of the located religious societies. 
Here is the Newgate, once the state prison, 
which was formerly a cavern, and originally 
opened and wrought as a copper mine. — 
Since the removal of the prison, this mine has 
been purchased by a mining company, and 
wrought with some success. Pop. 1830, 
2,722. 

GiiANDV, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. s. w. Os- 
wego village, 12 ms. above Oswego, 25 n. of 
Salina, and 155 w. of Albany. Surface mod- 
erately uneven ; soil generally fertile ; tim- 
ber, pine, oak, maple, beach, &c. The Oswe- 
go falls are between this town and Volney ; 
there are 8 schools in the town. Pop. 1830, 
1,423. 

Granbt, p-v. and st. jus. Lexington dist. S. 
C situated on the right bank of Congaree r. 
nearly opposite Columbia. Lat. 33° 58' long. 
4'^03' w. W. C. 

Grand r. or Neosho r. a branch of Ark. r. 
rises in the angle between Ark. proper, 
Kamsae, and Osage rs., flows by a general 
course ofs. s. e. upwards of 200 ms. by com- 
parative courses, and falls into Ark. at Can- 
tonment Gibson. The valley of Grand r. 
stretches from lat. 35° 47' to 38° 40', and 
though some of its branches rise in the state 
of Mo. the great body of the valley lies westrd. 
of that state and of the Ter. of Ark. between 
17°and20° w. W. C. 

Grand r. a branch of Mo. r. about lat 42°, 
between the sources of Raccoon fork of Des 
Moines r. and Naudaway branch of Mo. and 
flowing thence sthrdly. about 100 ms. enters the 
state of Mo. ; inflecting thence a little e. of s. 
li;0 ms. falls into the left side of Mo. by direct 
course 2j0 ms. above St. Louis. This stream 
and its confluents water upwards of 5000 sq. 
ms. in the nrthwstni. angle of Mo. Its val- 
ley lies between long. 16° and 17° 30' w. 
W. C. 

Grand r. stream of Mich. Ter. and conflu- 
ent of Lake Mich, rises, interlocking sources 
with th'ise of Huron, Lake Erie, Resin, 
and also with those of St. Joseph's and Kala- 



a little s. of w. from Detroit, about n. lat. 42". 
Flowing thence by comparative courses n. >'. 
w. about 100 ms. the chunncl abruptly inflects 
to the wstrd. which latter course is continued 
70 ms. to its final influ.x into lake Mich, at 
lat. 43° 08'. Some of the nrthestrn. conflu- 
ents of Grand r. interlock with those of Sag- 
inaw r. and the main body of the valley of the 
former, lies between those of Saginaw and 
Kalainazoo. 

Grand, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthwstrn. part 
of Marion co. O. ; the p-v. is 74 ms, n. n. w, 
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 317. 

Grand Blanc, p-v. Oakland co. Mich. n. n. 
w. Detroit. 

Granj> Cakamn, p-v. Brown co. Mich. — 
The names or position of these two latter not 
on Tanner's map ; nor is the relative position 
of either given in the p-o. list. 

Grande, p-v. Crittenden co. Ark. 141 ms. 
by p-r. N. E. by e. Little Rock, and 932 ms. s. 
w. by w. i w. W. C. 

Grand Gulf, abrupt and remarkable bend 
of the Mississippi r. at the influx of Black r. 

Grand Gulf, p-v. on the Grand Gulf and 
Miss, r., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Clai- 
borne CO. state of Miss, by the land road 50 
ms. above and n. n. e. Natchez. 

Grand Isle co. Vt. boimded n. by L. Can- 
ada, on the N. line of Alburgh, the rest of the 
CO. consisting of isl'u. in lake Champlain. It 
is 28 ms. long from n. to s. and about 5 ms. 
wide, containing 82 sq. ms. ; streams small, 
having scarcely a good mill privilege in the 
CO. ; surface generally level, and very rich 
and productive ; chief t. North Hero. Pop. 
1820, 3,527; 1830, 3,696. 

Grand Isle, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 18 ms. 
N. Burlington. Pop. ;8.'i0, 643. 

Grand Island, N. Y. in Niagara river 12 
ms. long, and 2 to 7 wide, commencing about 
3 ms. below Black Rock, and terminating a 
mile and a half above Niagara Falls ; con- 
taining 17,800 acres. Soil strong and rich. 
A large marsh in the centre. It is well 
wooded. Here was acted the farce of laying 
the foundation of the Jewish city of Ararat. 

Grand or Ciiilnucook lake. Me. the 
source of St. Croix r. 30 ms. long, and about 
5 broad. 

Grand Traverse, Strait and Islands, 
between lake Michigan and Green Bay. 
This strait opens at lat. 45° 30', and is filled 
with small islands, which render the entrance 
from lake Michigan into Green Bay rather 
intricate. 

Grand Traverse, bay, or the outlet of Ot- 
tawa river, Mich. Amongst the confusion of 
naming rs. by the same name, or by one ap- 
propriated to another object, this alTords an 
instance. Directly opposite Grand Traverse 
Strait and Islands, init on the contrary shore 
of lake Michigan, opens Grand Traverse bay. 
The Ottawa r. rising on the peninsuala of 
Vlichigan, and flowing to the n. w. about lat. 



mazoo rs. flowing into Lake Mich. The 1 45, widens to a bay, which with u length of 
extreme sources of Grand r. are on the flat la- 30 nis. terminates in lake Michigan, and is 
ble landot'^he Mich.peninsula, about 80 ms. [known as Grand Traverse Bay. 



GRA 



188 



GRA 



Granger, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 235 
ma. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Granger, p-v. and tsp. Medina «o. O. by 
p-r. 348 ms. n. w. by w. of W. C. and 12] n. 
N. E. Columbia. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 676. 

Grant, co. of Ky. bounded a. and s. w. by 
Owen, Gallatin N. w., Boone N.,and Pendleton 
E. Length 23, mean width about 8, and area 
184 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 30' 
to 38° 48', and in long, from 7° 35' to 7° 47' 
vv, W. C Eagle or. a branch of Ky. r. winds 
over a part of Grant, and is tho only stream 
of consequence in the co. Chief town, 
Williamsville, or Williamstown. Pop. 1820, 
1,805, 1830,2,987. 

Grantham, t. Sullivan co. N. II. 12 ms. s. 
E. Dartmouth college, and 45 n. w. Concord. 
Croydon mtn. runs through the west part of 
the town. Soil productive. Well watered by 
numerous brooks and rivulets. Contains a 
medicinal spring, and a bed of paint. Pop. 
1830, 1,079. 

Grantlev's, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 
59 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Grant's Lick, and p-o. Campbell co. Ky. 
by p-r. 76 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. 

Grantsville, p-v. Green co. Geo. by p-r. 
52 ms. northward Milledgeville. 

Granville, t. Hampden co. Mass. 120 ms. 
s. w. Boston, and 18 s. w. Springfield— a 
handsome and flourishing town. Pop. 1830, 
1,649. 

Granville, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 
about 60 ms. n. e. Albany. Soil excellent ; 
surface handsomely diversified, and well 
watered with springs, rivulets, &.c. It con- 
tains an academy, and 19 schools. It has a 
marble quarry ; and common slatestone, and 
limestone are also found. It contains like- 
wise various kinds of manufactories. Pop. 
1830, 3,882 



opposite St. Regis Island. It is 125 ms. long. 
It is naturally connected, with the Oswegat- 
chie in Canton. 

Grass Lake, p-v. .Tackson co. Mich, by p-r. 
88 ms. w. Detroit. 

Grassy Crbek, and p-o. Pendleton co. Ky. 
by p-r. 68 ms. n. n. e. from Frankfort. 

Grassy Creek, and p-o. Burke co. N. C. 
about 200 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Grassy Point, p-v. Madison co. O. by p-r. 
61 ms. westward Columbus. 

Gratiot, co. of Mich, bounded by Saginaw 
CO. E. , Clinton s., Montcalm w., Isabella n. w., 
and Midland n. e. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each 
side, area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 43° 08' to 43° 28', and in long, from 7° 
22' to 7° 48' w. W. C. The slope to the south- 
west, and drained by some of the higher 
northern sources of Grand r. of lake Michi- 
gan. The central part is about 110 ms. n. w. 
from Detroit. 

Gratiots Grove, p-o. Joe-Daviess co. II. 
17 ms. N. E.byE. Galena, and by p-r. 972 n. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Gratis, p-v. 2 ms. from Eaton, the co. st. 
Prebble co. O., and 94 a little s. of w. Co- 
lumbus. 

Gratz, p-v. in Wiconisco valley, in the 
northern angle of Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 46 
ms. a little e. of n. Harrisburg. 

Grave Creek, or Elizabethtown, p-v. of 
Ohio CO. Va. 12 ms. below Wheeling, and by 
p-r. 352 N. w. by w. W. C. This creek and 
village take their name from very extensive* 
tumuli, scattered over an elevated bottom or 
plain. The author of this article visited this 
plain twice in 1794, previous to the plough or 
other operations of farming having much dis- 
turbed the remains. At that epoch, one very 
large conical mound surrounded by a ditch, 
t was itself environed by numerous and similar, 



Granville, p-v. on Duncard or. near the! though smaller tumuli. The remains of the 
southern border of Green co. Pa., but in Mo-i roads, sloping down the banks from the plain, 
nongalia CO. Va., about 12 ms. n.w. Morgan- | were also perfectly distinguishable; as was 
town, and by p-r. 211 ms. n. w. by w. W. C.j the trench of a work, in form of a parallelogram. 



Granville, p-v. Monongalia co. Va. 217 
ms. N. w. by w. i w. W. C. 

Granville, co. of N. C. bounded by War 



Graves, co. Ky. between Ten. and Miss. 
., bounded by McCracken n., Calloway e., 
Weakly co. of Ten. s., and Hickman in Ky. 



ren e., Franklin s. E., Wake s.. Oranges. w.,jw. Length 33, mean breadth 20, and area 
Person w., and by Halifax co. of Va. n. w.,J660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' 
and Mecklenburg CO. of Va. n. Length 36, 1 to 36° 58', and in long, from 11° 35' to 11° 
mean width 23, and area 828 sq. ms. Ex- 56' w. W. C. Chief town, Mayfield. Pop. 
tending in lat. from 36° 03' to 36° 30', and in 1830, 2,503. 



long, from 1° 20' to 1° 50' w. W. C. The 
southern part of this co. is drained by creeks 
flowing s. into Neuse r., the centre is travers- 
ed by Tar r. whilst the northern section slopes 
towards, and is drained by creeks flowing 
into Roanoke. Chief town, Oxford. 
1820, 18,216, 1830, 19,343. 

Granville, p-v. and tsp. in the southwest- 
ern part of Licking co. 0. The village is 
by p-r. 28 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 6 
ms. westward Newark, the co. si. Pop. ofl 



Gravelly Hill, and p-o. Bladen co. N. C. 
by p-r. 101 ms. s. Raleigh. 

Graves, p-o. in the western part of Madi- 
son CO. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Gravesend, t. Kings co. N. Y. 9 ms. s. N. 
Pop. Y. on the coast; a bathing resort. Pop. 565, 

Gray, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 20 ms. n. 
of Portland. Pop. 1^830, 1,575. 

Grayson, co. of Va, lying between the Blue 
Ridge and Iron mtn., bounded w. by the Iron 
mtn. which separates it from Washington; n. 



the tsp. 1830, 1,781, and of the village 3G2.! vv. and n. by the Iron mtn. separating it from 
Grape Island, and p-o. Tyler co. Va. byj Wythe ; n. e. by Montgomery co.; e. and s. e. 

p-r. 273 ms. westward W. C. by Blue Ridge, separating it from Patrick co.; 

Grass r. N. Y. enters the St. Lawrence,: and s.e. by Surrey, and s. w. by Ashe coun- 



GRE 



189 



GRE 



liesN.C. The greatest lenylli of Grayson 
is about 70 ins. from the extreme western 
angle on lion mtn. to tlio extreme eastern on 
Blue Ridge ; mean width 12, and area H 10 sq. 
ma. Extending in Int. iVoni 3G° 33' to 3G° 53', 
and in long, from 3° 2b' to 4" 40' w. W. C. 
Grayson is the most eastern ol the soutliern 
COS. of Va. which are comprised in the valley 
of Ohio r. Great Kenhawa r. rising in Ashe 
CO. of N. C. flows northeastwardly into Gray- 
son, and thence turning eastward about 20 
. nis. along the line between Va. and N. C. and 
turning to n. n. e. traverses Grayson, which it 
leaves by piercing the Iron mtn. This co. is 
apart of the Great Valley west of the Blue 
Ridge, and slopes northward, drained by in- 
numerable creeks (lowing from the two boun- 
ding channels into the Great Kenhawa, hero 
called New River. C'omparing the mean 
elevation of Grayson, with that of Wythe, 
Montgomery and Giles, wo cannot assume 
, for the former less than 1,G00 feet above the 
ocean level, (see Gilea ^-c.) Chief town 
of Grayson, Greensville. Pop. 1820, 5,598, 
1830, 7,675. 

Grayson C. H. and p-o. (see Greensville, 
Grayson co. Va.) 

Ghavson, C. H. and p-v. Grayson co. Va. 
by p-r. 354 ms. s. w. W. C., and 276 s. w. by 
w J w. Richmond. 

Grayson, co. of Ky. bounded w. by Ohio 
CO., N. w. by Hancock or by Rough creek, 
branch of Green r., n. by Rough creek, sepa- 
rating it from Breckenridge, N.E. and E. by 
Hardin, s. e. by Nolin's creek, separating it 
from Hart, s. by Edmonson, and s. w. by But- 
ler. Length from e. to w. 40, moan breadth 
20, and area 800 sq^ ms. Extending in lat. 
from 37° 10' to 37° 38', and in long, from 8° 
58' to 9° 40' w. W. C. This co. occupies 
part of the peninsula between Green r. and 
Rough creek, the central part being u table 
land, from which small creeks flow into the 
two bordering streams. The general slope 
is to the wstrd., as both the bordering rivers 
flow in that direction. Chief t. Litchfield. 
Pop. 1820, 4,U55, 1830, 2,504. This county 
must have been divided in the intermediate 
time. 

Gray's Settlement, and p-o. Erie co. Pa. 
by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Graysville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 
96 ms. westward Harrisburg. 

Great Bay, Rockingham co. N. H. The 
western branch of the Piscataqua, 4 miles 
wide, empties north east through Little 
Bay. 

Great Bay, Strafford co. N. H. connected 
with Winnipiseogeo lake, and heads Winni- 
pisseogee r. 



Great Crossings, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 15 ni8< 

N. E. Frankfort. ' 

Great Kenhawa. (See Kuiihavm.) 

Great Mills and p-o. at the head of St. 
Mary's r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 81 
ms. s. s. E. W. C. and almost due s. Anna- 
polis. 

Great Salt Works, or Saltsburg, at the 
forks, and on the right bank of Conemaugh 
r., a p-v. Ind. co. Pa. about 30 ms. a little N. 
of E. Pittsburg, and 211 wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Great Ogeechee. {Sec Ogeechee r.) 

Great Valley, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 
14 ms. s. e. from Ellicottville. Pop. 1830, 
647. 

Great Works River, Mo. enters the Pe- 
nobscot r. 2 ms. below the Great Falls. 

Greece, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. at the 
mouth of Genesee r. Pop. 1830, 2,574. 

Green River, considerable navigable 
stream of Ky. having its most remote source 
in Lincoln co. heading with Dick's r., and 
with the extreme northern branches of Cum- 
berland r. Flowing thence westwardly, in- 
clining a little to the n., receiving, beside 
numerous creeks, the comparatively large 
tributaries of Big Barren, from the s. and No- 
lin and Rough creeks from the n. The main 
stream enters Ohio r. after a comparative 
course of about 200 ms. The valley of 
Green r. extends from n. lat. 36^° to 37° 65', 
and is in length 170 ms., with a mean breadth 
of 40 ms., and area 6,800 sq. ms. It has 
the vallies of Salt and Ohio rs. n. and that of 
Cumberland s. 

Green, t. Sussex co. N. J., joins Warren 
CO. 6 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 1830, 801. 

Green Bank, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by 
p-r. 242 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Green Bay, p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r. 
94 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Green Bay, Brown and Chippewa cos. 
Mich. The sheet of water to which this title 
has been given is usually regarded as a part 
of lake Michigan, though in geographical 
strictness. Green bay is itself a lake con- 
nected with Michigan by a strait called Grand 
Traverse. (See Grand Traverse IsLtnds.) 

Green Bay, considered as a separate sheet 
of water from lake Michigan, though con- 
nected by a common strait, extends from s. w. 
to N.E. 120 ms. ; the width varies, but is ge- 
nerally about 25, and the mean breadth would 
be rather underrated at 20 ms. The south- 
western extreme branches into two large 
arms. Sturgeon bay to the estrd. and Fox r. 
bay to the wstrd. {See Fox r. of Green hay.) 
Besides Grand Traverse Islands, there are 
other islands in Green Bay, the largest of 
which, Menomonie island, w. of the Grand 



Great Bend, p-v. on the left bank of the j Traverse, is about 25 ms. in length, but corn- 
East Branch of Susquehannah r. at the mouth iparatively narrow. Vessels of 200 tons bur- 
of Salt Lick creek, Sustiuehamiah co. Pa. then are navigated into and through Green 



15 ms. N.N. e. Montrose, and by p-r. 170 n. n 
E. Harrisburg. 

Gkeat Bridgf., i)-v. Norfolk co. Va. situ- 
ated on Southern r. 12 ms. s. s. v.. Norfolk, 
and by i).r. 124 s. e. by e. Richmond. 



Bayto the mouth, and some distance ni)Fox 
r. Menomonie r. enters Green Bay from the 
northwstrd., and 50 ms. n. v.. .from the influx 
of Fox r. 

Green Bay, p-v. IJrown co. Midi, by |).r. 



GRE 



190 



GRE 



1,037 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 511 ms. in 
nearly a similar direction Detroit. 

Green Brier, r. of Va. rising in the nthrn. 
part of Pocahontas co. over which it flows, 
and entering and traversing Green Brier co., 
falls into Great Kenhawa, after a compara- 
tive southwestern course of 90 nis. Green 
Brier has its remote sources in the same 
ridges with those of Cheat r. branch of Mo- 
nongahela, and those of the South branch of 
the Potomac. The valley of Green Brier 
lies between those of James and Ganley rs. 
It is an elevated region. The water level is 
from actual admeasurement, 1,333 feet at the 
efflux of Green Brier into Great Kenhawa. 
The mean height of the farms above the 
ocean level cannot fall much, if any, short of 
], 500 feet. 

Greenbrier, co. of Va. bounded by Nicho- 
las N. w., Pocahontas n. e., Alleghany e., 
Monroe s., and Great Kenhawa r. separa- 
ting it from Logan n. w. and w. Length from 
s. w. to >.E. 60 ms., mean breadth 22, and 
area 1,320 square miles. Extending in lat. 
from 37° 40' to 38° 18', and in long, from 3° 
to 4° 3' w. W. C. It is principally drained 
by Green Brier r. and confluents ; but from 
the western margin numerous creeks flow n. 
westwardly into Gauley r. Surface broken, 
and in part mountainous. The mean eleva- 
tion of the farms above the ocean level, at 
least 1,.'>00 feet. Chief t. Lewisburg. Pop. 
1820, 7,040, 1830, 9,006. 

Green Castle, p-v. in the southern part 
of Franklin co. Pa. situated at mid-distance 
between Chambersburg and Hagerstown, 11 
ms. from each, and 77 n. w. W. C. 

Green Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Putnam co. 
Ind. by p.r. 614 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 
and 42 w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 42'. 

Green Creek, p-v. and tsp. northern part 
of Sandusky co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. Ill 
ms. N. Columbus, and 434 ms. n. w. by w. VV. 
C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 444. 

Greeniiush, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on 
Hudson r. opposite Albany. The high ground 
above the village was an important canton- 
ment during the late war. There is an aca- 
demy, board and instruction !|20 or !|25 per 
quarter. Pop. 1830, 3,216. 

Greene, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 39 ms. n. 
Portland, on the Androscoggin. Pop. 1830, 
1,324. 

Greene County, N. Y. bounded by Scho- 
harie and Albany cos. n., the Hudson r. e., 
Ulster CO. s., and Del. co. w. Area about 
508 sq. ms. It is crossed by the Catsberg 
mtns. Pop. 18t'0, 22,996, 1830, 29,525. 

Greene, southwestern co. of Pa. bounded 
by Washington co. n., by Monongahela r. se- 
parating it from Fayette e., by Monongalia 
CO. of Va. s., Tyler co. Va. s. w., and Ohio 
CO. Va. w. Length e. to w. 32 ms., mean 
breadth 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Extending 
in hit. from 39° 42' to 40° 01', and in long. 
from 2° 57' to 3° 35' w. W. C. About two 
thirds of the surface slopes estrd. and is 
drained by the numerous branches of Ten 



Mile and Dunkard creeks into Monongahela 
r. The western side slopes to the wstrd. and 
is drained by Fish and Wheeling creeks. 
Surface very broken, and along the line of 
separation between the confluents of Ohio 
and Monongahela rs. the aspect is mountai- 
nous. The soil is, however, almost invaria- 
bly productive. Chief t. Wayncsburg. Pop. 
1820, 15,554, 1830, 18,026. 

Greene, co. of N. C. bounded by Lenoir 
s., Wayne w., Edgecombe n., and by Sandy 
creek, separating it from Pitt e. Length 20 
ms., mean breadth 12, and area 240 sq. mg. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 32' to 35° 40', and 
in long, from 0° 35' to 0° 50' w. W. C. Chief 
t. Snow Hill. Pop. 1820, 4,533, 1830, 6,4 iS. 
Contentney creek or river, a branch of Neuse 
r. traverses this co. from the n. w. to s. e. 
giving the surface a general slope in that di- 
rection. 

Grekne, CO. of Geo. bounded n. w. by 
Clark, N. E. by Oglethorpe, e. by Talliaferro, 
s. E. by Hancock, and by Oconee r. which se- 
parates it from Putnam s. w., and Mprgan w. 
Lengtli 28, mean width 18, and area 504 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 22' to 33° 43', 
and in long, from 6° 5' to 6° 31' w. W. C. 
The Oconee r. enters the northern border, 
and receiving Appalache from the n. w., be- 
comes thence a boundary to the extreme 
southwestern angle of the co. Chief t. 
Greensboro'. Pop. 1820, 13,589, 1830, 12,549. 

Greene, co. of Ala. bounded by Pickens 
n. w., Tuscaloosa n. e.. Perry e., Marengo s., 
and by Tombigbee r. which separates it from 
the ('hoctaw country s. w. and w. I-ength 
38, mean width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 32° 32' to 32° 57', and in 
long, from 10° 40' to 11° 20' w. W. C. This 
county being bounded by the Tombigbee, and 
traversed from n. to s. by Tuscaloosa r. its 
down stream navigable facilities are very 
great. The surface is hilly, but having con- 
siderable river bottom, much of its soil is 
excellent. Chief t. Erie. Pop. 1820, 4,.'>54, 
1830, 15,026. 

Greene, co. of Miss, bounded by Jackson 
s., by Perry w., Wayne n., and by Mobile co. 
Ala. E. Length 36, mean width 24, and area 
864 sq. rns. Extending in lat. from 30° 55' 
to 31° 27' and in long, from 11° 37' to 11° 58' 
w. W. C. Chickasawhay r. enters the nthrn. 
border of this co., and winding to the slhrd. 
receives Leaf r. from the n. w., and the union 
of the two near the southern border of the co. 
forms the Pascagoula r. {See article Chirk- 
asaw bay.) The general feature of the sur- 
face of Green co. is that of pine forest, of 
course most of the soil is sterile. Staple, 
cotton. Chief t. Greensboro'. Pop. 1820, 
1,445, 1830, 1,854. 

Greene, co. of East Ten. bounded by 
Cocke CO. s. w., Jefierson w.. Bays mm., se- 
parating it from Hawkins n.w., Washington 
N. E., ami by the Iron nitn., separating it from 
Bnnt'otnbe co. N. C. s. e. Length 32, mean 
width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 35° 52' to 36° 20', and in long. 



GRE 



191 



GRE 



from 50 35' to 6° lO' w. W. C. This co. oc 
cupics part of an elevated valley between two 
Appalachian chains, and is in a peculiar man- 
ner diversified by hill, dale, mountain, and r. 
scenery. The Nolachucky r. rising in Bun- 
combe CO. N. C, and in Washington Ten. 
enters and traverses Greene co. in a western 
direction, receiving from the nthrd. Lick 
creek and numerous other streams of lesser 
size. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 11,328, 
1830, 14,410. 

Greene, co. of Ky. bounded by Barren 
s. w., Hart w., Hardin n. w. and n., Casey e., 
and Adair s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 
ms., mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 07' to 37° 30', and 
in long, from 8° to 8° 35' w. W. C. The 
slope wstrd., and in that direction traversed 
by the main volume of Green r. which re- 
ceives within its limits, numerous tributary 
crs. from the n. e. and s. e. Chief t. Greens- 
burgh. Pop. 1820, 11,943, 1830, 13,138. 

Greene, co. of O. bounded s. e. by Clinton, 
s. w. by Warren, w. by Montgomery, n. by 
Clark, N. E. by Madison, and e. by Fayette. 
Length 28, mean breadth 18, and area 500 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 30' to 39° 
51', ?ind in long, from 6° 38' to 7° 8' w. W.C 
This CO. is drained by some of the higher 
branches of Little Miami. Slope south 
wstrd. Chief t. Xenia. Pop. 1830, 14,801 

Greene, co. of Ind. bounded by Daviess 
s., Knox s. w., Sullivan w.. Clay n. w., Owen 
N. e., Monroe e., and Lawrence s. e. It is a 
parallelogram. Length 30 ms. from e. to w., 
breaddi 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 56' to 39° 12', and in long, 
from 9° 42' to 10° 17' w. W, C. Slope a lit- 
lie w. of s., and in that direction traversed, 
and nearly equally divided by tlie main stream 
of the western Fork of White r. Chief t. 
Bloomfield. Pop. 1830, 4,242. 

Greene, co. of II. bounded by Morgan n . 
Macoupin e., Madison s. e., Miss. r. sepa- 
rating it from St. Charles co. Mo. s., II. r., 
separating it from Calhoun co. Ind. w., and 
still by II. r. separating it from Pike co. Ind. 
N. w. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 
30', and in long, from 13° 08' to 13° 35' w. 
W. C. The general slope is southwestward 
towards II. r., and in that direction is drained 
by Otter, Macoupin and Apple creeks. Chief 
t. CarroUton. Pop. 1830, 7,674. 

Greene, tsp. and p-o. Harrison co. O. The 
p.o. is by p-r. 271 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
13! a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Greene Mou.ntains, Vt. The range be- 
gins near New Haven, Conn, and runs nearly 
parallel to Conn. r. till it passes into Lower 
Clanada. It gave the name to Vermont, 
through the middle of which it passes. Mans- 



divides; and a spur called the Height of 
Land runs n. e. into the w. part of Caledonia 

CO. 

Greene River, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 

Greenfield, tsp. and p-v, Erie co. Pa 
Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 654. 

Greenfield, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 38 
ms. s. w. Concord. Pop. 1830, 946. 

Greenfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. w. 
side of Conn, r., 21 ms. n. Northampton. 
Pop. 1830, 1,540. 

(iREEN FIELD, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 36 ms. 
N. Albany. Pop. 1830, 3,151. 

Greenfield, p-v. Madison tsp. Highland 
CO. O. It is situated in the northeastern an- 
gle of the CO., and on Paint creek, 67 ms. s. 
s. w. Columbus, and 20 n. e. Hillsboro', the 
CO. St. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 399. 

Gree.vfield, p-v. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 
114 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Greenfield, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Johnson co. Ind. 10 ms. s. e. Indian- 
opolis. 

Greenfield, p-v, and st. jus. Hancock co. 
Ind. This village, called in the p-o. list, 
Hancock court-house, is situated near the 
head of Sugar creek, 21 ms. by p-r. n. e. by 
E. Indianopolis. Pop. 1830, 1.33. 

Greenford, p-v. Columbiana co. O, 

Grken Garden, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 37 
ms. N. e. Nashville. 

Green Hill, formerly Freeman's Store, 
p-o. Jones CO. Ga. 

Green Hill, p.o. Columbiana co. O. 295 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Greenland, p-t, Rockingham co. N. H. 4 
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, on Great bay. Pop. 
1830, 681. 

Greenmont, p-o. King William co. Va, 53 
ms. from Richmond. 

Greenock, p-v. and st. jus. Crittenden co. 
•Ark. by p-r. 938 ms. s, w. by w. W. C. 

Green Pond, a beautiful lake in Morris co. 
N. J. giving name to a ridge of mountains 16 
ms. N. Morristowii. 

Green River, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C. 

Green's p-o. Jefferson co. Al. by p-r. 66 
ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Green's p-o, Grayson co. by p-r. 130 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. 

Greensboroitgh, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 27 
ms. N.K. Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 784. 

Greensboro', p-v. Greene co. Pa. 

Greensboro', p-v. Caroline co. Md. 8 ms. 
a little N. of e. Denton. 

Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Guilford co. 
N. C by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. by w. Ruleigli. 
Lat. 36° 07', long. 2° 52' w. W. C. 

Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. 
Geo. by p-r. 40 ms. a very little k. of N. Mil- 
ledgevillc. Lat. 33° 33', long. 6° 12' w. 



field North Peak is the highest elevation, W. C. 

4,279 feet above lake Champlain. Those! Greensboro', p-v. in the southeastern p^rt 

nearest this in height are Camel's Back, {of Greene co. Al. 40 ras. almost directly s. 

Shrewsbury mtn., Mansfield, South Peak and 1 Tuscaloosa. 

Killington Peak, the last 3,924 feet. The Greenburoii, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 

range is crossed by several turnpike roads.!28 ms. n. York, on the Hudbon. Pop. 1830, 

In the s. part of VVushington co. the rangel 2,195. 



GRE 



192 



GRE 



Greensburo, p-v. in tho northern part of 
Mecklenlnirg co. Va. 10 ms. n. n. e. Boyilton, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 93 s. s. w. Richmomh 

GiiKE.NScuRo, p-v., borough and st. jus. 
Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 192 nis. n. w. 
W. C It is situated on one of tho head 
branches of Sewickly creek, 32 ms. s. e. by 
E. Pittsburg. It is a neat village, composed in 
great part of a single street along the great 
western r. Lat. 40° 18', long. 2° 34' w. W. 
C. Pop. 1830, 810. 

Greensbuhg, small village on tho loft bank 
of Monongahela river, and in the southeast- 
em angle of Green CO. Pennsylvania, 20 ms. 
by land above Brownsville. 

Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. 
I^. situated on Greene river, 120 nis. n. e. 
Nashville, in Tenn. and by p-r. 82 ins. s. w. 
Frankfort. Pop. 1830, GG9. 

Greensburg, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 304 miles n. w. 
W. C. 

Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Decatur co. 
Ind. by p-r. 559 ms. w. W. C. and 55 s. e. In- 
dianopolis. Lat. 39° 16', long. 8° 30' w. 
W. C. 

Green's Fork, and p-o. Wayne co. Ind. 
by p-r. 75 ms. a little n. of e. Indianopolis. 

Greensville, p-v. and st. jus. Grayson co 
Va. This place, called in the p-o. list Gray- 
son court house, is situated on the right bank 
of New river, or the higher part of tircat 
Kenhawa, 25 ms. s. s. e. Evansham, and by 
p-r. 354 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 3G° 38', 
long. 3° 55' w. W. C. 

Greentown, p-v. in Lake tsp. Stark co. 
Ohio, 11 ms. N. vv. Canton, the st. jus. for the 
CO. Pop. 1830, 85. 

Greentrek Grove, and p-o. Stewart co. 
Tenn. by p-r. 94 miles n. w> by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Greenup, northeasterly co. of Ivy. bounded 
s. by Lawrence, w. by Lewis, n. w. by Ohio 
river, separating it from Sciota co. state of 
Ohio, N. E., again by Ohio river, separating 
it from Lawrence co. state of Ohio, and e. by 
Big Sandy river, separating it from Cabell 
CO. Va. Length from west to cast, 48 ms. 
mean breadth 16, and area 768 square ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° 44', 
and in long, from 5° 30' to 6° 23' w, W. C. 
Slope as of the adjoining co. of Va. Cabell 
is to the northward. The greatest jjart of 
Greenup ia drained by. Little Sandy and Ty- 
ger's creeks. Chiel town, Grcenupsburg. 
Po|). 1820, 4,311, 1830, 5,852. 

Greenup, or Greenupscurg, p-v. and st. 
jus. Greenup co. Ky. situated on Ohio river, 
at the mouth of Little Sandy river, by p-r. 
138 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° .32', 
long. 5° 46' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 204. 

Greenville, ilist. S.C. bounded by Spar- 
tanburg e., Lawrence co. s. e., Anderson s. 
w., Pickens w., and Buncombe co. N. C n. 
Length fro.m s. to n. 47 ms. mean width 15, 
and area 705 square ms. Extending in lat. 
from 34° 28' to 35° 10', and in long, from 5° 
JU' to 5° 40' w. W. r The slope nearly to 



the southward, falling from the Blue Ridge, 
which bounds it on the north. On the west 
it is limited in all its length by Saluda river, 
which separates it from Anderson and 
I'ickens districts. It is drained by the 
branches of Saluda, Reedy, Ennoree, and 
Tyger rivers. The surface is finely di- 
versified by mtn. hill and valley scenery, 
with much excellent soil. Chief town, 
Greenville. Population 1820, 14,530, 11130, 
16,476. 

Green Valley, p-v, Warren co. Pa. by 
p-r. 233 ins. n. w. Ilarrisburg'. 

Green Valley, p-v. on Cowpasture river, 
Bath CO. Va. by p-r. 230 ms. s. w. by w. 
Washington City, and 181 n. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Green Village, p-v. and tsp. Franklin co. 
Pa. The p-o. is about 5 ms. n. k. Cham- 
bcrsburg. 

Greenville, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 17 ms. 
N. w. Catskill, on Catskill river. Population 
1830, 2,565. 

Greenville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 155 ms. n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

Greenville, one of the southern counties 
of Va. bounded by Brunswick w., NotaVay 
river separating it from Dinwiddle n. w., by 
Notaway river again separating it from Sus- 
sex N., a part of Sussex and apart of South- 
ampton E., and by Northampton co. N. C. on 
the s. Length 22, meaii width 14, and area 
308 square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
30' to 36° 48', and in long, from 0° 20' to 0° 
46' w. W. C. Meherin river entering the 
western border, traverses it southeasterly and 
divides it into two not very unequal sections, 
and being bounded on the north by Notaway 
river. It is well situated, commercially. 
Slope eastward with a slight inclination to 
the south. Chief town, Hicksford. Pop. 
182G, 6,858, and in 1830, 7,117. 

Greenville, p-v. in the southern part of 
Augusta CO. Va. 11 ms. s. s. w. Stanton, and 
136 N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Greenville, p-v. and st.jus. Pittco.N. C. 
situated on the left bank of Tar river, 23 ms. 
by land above Washington, and by p-r. 105 
ms. a little s. of e. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 35', 
long. 0° 24' w. W. C. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Greenville 
(list. S. C. situated on, and near the head of. 
Reedy river, by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. 
Lat. 34° 50', long. 5° 27' w. W. C. 

Greenville, \S-v. and st. jus. Merriwether 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 1'53 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 
ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. 
Aln. situated on a creek of the Sapulga 
branch of Conecuch r. about 120 ms. n. e. 
Mobile, and by p-r. 151 ms. s. s. e. Tusca- 
caloosa, lat. 31° 42', long. 9° 46' w. W. C. 

c;reen"ville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefterson co. 
Miss, situated on a branch of Coles creek, 24 
ms. N. N. E. Natchez. Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 
9' w. W. C. 

Greenville College, and p-o. Green co. 



GRE 



193 



GUI 



Ten. is laid down on Tanner's map of the 
Uunitcd States, about 4 ms. a little e. of s. 
Greenville, the co. st. This is the most an- 
cient collegiate establishment made in the 
United States, westward of the Appalachian 
mountains, being founded in 1794, four years 
previous to Transylvania University, Ky. 
According to the statement of Mr. W. R. John- 
son, head of education, art. U.S. in the Phil 
adelphia edition of Brewster's Encyclopedia, 
published this year, 1832, Greenville col- 
lege, had students 32 ; volumes in the college 
library, 3,500, and the annual term of instruc- 
t tion included 42 weeks. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Green co. 
Tenn. situated 71 ms. a little n. of e. Knox- 
ville, and by p-r. 232 ms. e. Nashville, lat. 
36" 07.' 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Muhlenberg 
CO. Ky. situated on a small branch of Green 
river, by p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 
Pop. 1830, 217. 

Greenville, p-v- and st. jus. Dark co. O. 
by p-r. 501 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 
103 westward Columbus. It is situated on 
Greenville creek, a branch of Great Miami 
river, lat 40° 06', long. 7° 36' w. W. C. Pop. 
1830, 160. 

Greenville, p-v. in the western part of 
Floyd CO. Ind. 9 ms. n. w. New Albany, the 

CO. St. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Bond co. II. 
20 ms. s. w. by w. Vandalia, and 801 w. W. 
C. lat. 38° 53'. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. 
Mo. by p-r. 908 ms. a little s, of w. W. C. and 
about 120 a very little w. of s. St. Louis, 
lat. 37° 06'. 

Greenwich, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 
ms. e. Northampton. Pop. 1830, 813. 

Greenwich, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 48 ms. 
w. N. Haven, on Long Isl. Sound. Pop. 
1830, 3,805. 

Greenwich, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. on 
Hudson r., contains a number of manufacto- 
ries on the Battenkill. Union v. is 5 ms. from 
the r., 37 ms. n. e. Albany. Pop. 1 830, 3,850. 

Greenwich, t. Cumberland co. N. J. on the 
Del. bounded e. by Cohansey cr., w. by Sa- 
lem co. Pop. 1830, 912. 

Greenwich, p-v. in the town of the same 
name, Cumberland co. N. J. on Cohansey cr. 
6 ms. s.w. of Bridgeton. 

Greenwich, t. Gloucester eo. N. J. on Del. 
r. boimded n. e. by Deptford, s. w. by Wool- 
wich. Pop. 1830, 2,657. 

Greenwich t. Warren co. N. J., in the s.w. 
end of the co., bounded on Del. r. &■ Muscon- 
etcunk, 31 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 1830,4 ,486. 

Greenwich, p-v. and tsp. in the estrn. part 
of Huron co. O. by p.r. the p-o, is 384 nis. n. 
w. by w. W. C, and 105 n. n. e. Columbus. 

CSreenwood, t. Oxford CO. Me. 5 ms. n. w 
Paris. Pop. 18.30, 694. 

(JREENwooD, p-v. iirthestrn. part of Colum 
bia CO. Pa., by p-r. 92 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg 

Greenwood, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. 81 ms 
N. w. Columbia. 

25 



Greggville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. 54 ms. 
wstrd. W. C. 

Gregstown, v. Somersetco. N. J.,6 ms. n. 
E. Princeton. 

Gretna Green, formerly Fortune's Fork, 
p-v. Halifax, N. C, by p-r. 216 ms. s. W. C, 
and 86 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Griersburg, Beaver co. Pa. {See Darling- 
ton, same co.) 

Griffinsburg, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 90 
ms.s. w. W. C. 

Griggsby's Store and p-o., Fauquier co. Va. 
61 ms. from W. C. 

Griggstown, v. Somerset co. N. J., on 
Milstone r., and the Del. and Raritan canal, 
12 ms. w. New Brunswick. 

Grimville, p-o. Berks co. Pa. 

Griswold, t. N. London co. Conn. 6 ms. n. 
e. Norwich, on Quinebaug r. Pop. 1830, 
2,212. 

Groton, t. Grafton co. N. H., 45 ms. n. w. 
Concord. Pop. 1830, 689. 

Groton, t. Caledonia co. Vt. I6 ms. e. 
Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 836. 

Groton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 34 ms. N. 
W.Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,925. 

Groton, p-t. N. London co. Conn, at the 
mouth of Thames r. opposite N. London. 
Fort Griswold is on the summit of a hill com. 
manding N. London harbor ; a monument 
has been erected there, by subscription, in 
memory of the capture of the fort, and a cruel 
massacre, made by British troops under Ben- 
edict Arnold, September 6th, 1781. Pop. 
1830, 4,750. 

Groton, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 14 ms. N. 
e. Ithaca. There are mills, &.c. on Fall cr. 
and two villages, Moscow and Peru. Pop. 
1830, 3,597. 

Grove, p-v. Tazewell co. II., by p-r. 196 
ms. N. Vandalia, and 748 ms. n. w. by w. i w. 
W. C. 

Grove Hill, p-o. Clark co. Al., by p-r. 127 
ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Groveland, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 6 ms. 
s. Geneseo. On Genesee r. is Williamsburgh 
v. Pop. 1830, 1,703. 

Grove Level, p-o. Franklin co., Geo. by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Groveville, v. Burlington co. N. J. on 
Crosswick cr. 3_ms. n. e. Bordentown. 

Guanos, {See Brooklyn, N. Y.) 

Guernsey, co. O. bounded s. e. by Monroe ; 
by Morgan s. w. ; Muskingum w. ; Coshoc- 
ton N. w. ; Tuscarawas n. ; Harrison n. e., 
and Belmont e. Length from sth. to nrth. 28 
ms. ; mean breadth 25, and area 700 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 51' to 40° 12' ; and 
in long, from 4° 13' to 4° 43' w. W. C. It is 
almost commensurate with the higher valley 
of Wills' cr. ; slope nrthwstrdly. in the gencr- 
al course of that stream ; surface hilly, with 
good soil. Chief t. Cambridge. Pop. 1820, 
9,292; 1830, 1^,036. 

Guilderlandt, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., J2 
ms. w. Albany. Norman's Kill and its 
branches furnish mill seats ; Hamilton v. 8 
ms. from Albanv. Pop. 1830, 2,742. 



HAB 



194 



HAC 



GuiLDHAix, p-t. and 8t. jus. Essex oo. Vt., 
opposite Lancaster, with two bridges over 
Conn, r., 50 ms. n. b. Montpelier ; it has mill 
seals, a court house and jail. Pop. 1830,481. 

GuiLFOHD, t. Penobscot co. Me., 49 ms. n. 
E. Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, G55. 

Guilford, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 31 ms. e. 
Bennington. 350 acres of land were appro- 
priated to schools, and 500 acres to the gov- 
ernor ; the last include Governor's mtn. a bar- 
ren tract ; it has several mills. Pop. 1830, 
1,760. 

Guilford, p-t. and borough, N. Haven co. 
Conn., 15 ms. e. Now Haven, on Long Isl. 
sound ; it has two harbors. Pop. 1830, 2,344. 

Guilford, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 108 
me. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 3,634. 

Guilford, p-v. York co. Pa., byp-r.TSms. 
K.W. C. 

Guilford, p-v. and tsp. Medina co. O., p-o. 
by p-r. 103 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp 
1830, 625. 

Gulf Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. 

Gulf (The), p-o. Chatham co. N. C, 16 
ms. WBtrd. Pittsboro', the co. at,, and 49 ms. 
wstrd. Raleigh. 

Gulf Stream, (See art. Atlantic ocean.) 

Gull Islands, at the mouth of Long Isl. 
sound. They are two. Great and Little ; on 
the latter is a light house. 

Gunpowder, r. of Maryland. This stream 
has its remote sources near the line of demar- 
cation between Pa. and Md., but enters the 
latter as mere rills ; pursuing a general 
sthestrn. course over Baltimore co., by com- 
parative distance 30 ms. it receives a large 
or. from the nrthestrd., called the Falls of 
Gunpowder, and having met the tides, inflects 
to the sthrd. 10 ms. widening into a bay, 
which is finally merged in the larger sheet of 
the Chesapeake. Gunpowder is navigable 
for small vessels to Joppa, at the confluence 
of the two branches, and near the head of 
tide water. 



GusTAVUB, p-v. and tsp. nrthrn. part of 
Trumbull co. O., 99 ms. n. Warren, the co. Bt> 
and 319 ms. n. w. W. C. 

GuTHRiEsviLLB, p-o. wstm. part Chester oo. 
Pa., by p-r. 72 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Guyandotte, r. of Va., rising in Logan co. 
from the nrthwstrn. foot of the Great Flat 
Top mtn. and flowing thence n. n. w. draining 
a valley between those of Great Kenhawa 
and Sandy rs., enters Cabell co. and falls into 
O. r. below Barboursvillo, after a compara- 
tive course of about 100 ms. 

Guyandotte, Litte, cr. of Va., falling into 
O. r. between the mouths of Guyandotte and 
Great Kenhawa rs., and for some ms. above 
its mouth constitutes the boundary between 
Mason and Cabell cos. 

Guyandotte, p-v. Cabell co. Va., by p-r. 
401 ms. s. w. by w. i w. W. C. 

Guy's Mills, and p-o., Crawford co. Pa. 

Gwinn's Mill, and p-o. Monroe co. Va., 
by p-r. 277 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

GwiNNET, CO. Geo., bounded n. e. by Hall ; 
E. by Jackson ; s. e. by Walton ; s. by New- 
ton ; s. w. and w. by De Kalb ; and n. by 
Chattahooche r. Length 36 ms. ; mean width 
18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 330 50' to 34° 12', and in long, from 6° 
47' to 7° 28' w. W. C. Lat 34° extends across 
Gwinnet, along very nearly its greatest 
length, and divides it into two nearly equal 
portions. This natural geographical limit al- 
so passes upon a dividing ridge, from which 
flow nrthwstrdly. some confluents of Chat, 
tahooche, and ethrdly. the extreme sources 
of Ockmulgeo r. Gwinnet, therefore, occu- 
pies a part of the summit ridge between the 
rs. of the Atlantic slope, and those of the 
Gulf of Mexico. Chief t. Lawrcnceville. 
Pop. 1820, 4,589 ; 1830, 13,289. 

Gwynned, or Gynncd, p-o. and tsp. Mont- 
gomery CO. Pa. on the heads of Tonamcnsing 
and Wissahiccon crs. 18 ms. n. n. w. Phil. 



H. 



Habersham, co. of Geo., bounded by Turo- 
ree r. separating it from Rabun n. e. ; the 
Tugaloo r. separating it from Pickens dist. S. 
C. E. ; Franklin co. of Geo. s. e. ; Hall s. ; 
Chestatec r. w. ; and Macon co. in N. C. n. 
Length 38 ; mean breadth 20, and area 760 
sq, ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 27' to 
350, and in long, from 6° 20' to 6° 55' w. W. 
C. Habersham embraces an elevated and 
remarkable natural section ; from it flows to 
the N. w. the sources of Hiwassce branch ol 
Ten. r. ; from the wstm. part flows the sour- 
ces of Etowah, or the most nrthcstrly. foun- 
tains of Mobile ; in the central parr rises the 
extreme nrthrn. sources of Chattahooche ; 
whilst from the estrn. side are discharged the 
most nrthwstrly. constituents of Savannah r. 
It is in this co. and in the wstrly. border of] 
Rabun, that the Blue Ridge declines to the 



w., forming the nucleus from which the 
streams are discharged like radii from a com- 
mon centre. The mean height of Habersham, 
independent of the mtn. ridges, must be at 
least 1,500 feet, or an equivalent to near 4 de- 
grees of temperature ; assimilating the win- 
ter climate to that on the Atlantic border, on 
lat. 39°. Chief t. Clarksville. Pop. 1820, 
3,171 ; 1830, 10,671. 

Hackersville, p-v. Lewis co. Va., by p-r. 
246 ms. w. W. C. 

Hackettstown, v. Warren co. N. J., on 
the w. side of Muskonetcunk r., 22 ms. w. 
Morristown, 4 ms. n. Schoolley's mount. The 
Morris canal passes 1 m. n. w. of this place. 

Hackinsack, r. N. J., rises in Rockland co. 
N. y. runs 14 ms. and enters N. J., empty- 
ing into Newark bay ; navigable 15 ms. 

Hackinsack, p-v. and st. jus. Bergen co. 



HAG 



195 



HAL 



N. J., on the w. side of H»ckinsack r., 14 
ms. N. N. y., 14 N. N. E. of Nowark, and 7 
ms. E. of Putcrson. Tlioro is a handsamu 
court house, 2 churches, a bonk and acad- 
emy in the v. 

Hackney's Cross Roads, and p-o. Chatham 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 38 ms. w. Kalcigh. 

Hahuam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 33 ms. 
s. llariford, on the w. side Conn. r. Granite 
is quarried here. Pop. 1830,2,830. 

Haddonfieli), v. Gloucester co. N. J., on 
Cooper's cr. 9 ms. e. Camden. 

Hadensville, p-v. Todd co. Ky., by p-r. 
188 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Hai>ley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. on tlie 
«, side Conn. r. opposite Northampton, (to 
which it is connected by a bridge across the 
Conn.) and 97 ms. w. Boston; the Hopkins 
academy here is very respectable and flour- 
ishing ; this is a fine farming town, and the 
meadows are the finest in New England ; the 
manufacture of brooms in this town is very 
€xtensive ; the crop of broom corn in 1831, 
was estimated at 150 tons, and the value of 
the brush and seed alone, at $21,7.")0 ; the 
whole crop of 18 Jl, was manufactured into 
brooms within iho town, and great qnaniitios 
of this article are annually scattered hence, 
through the U. S. Pop. 1H30, 1,886. 

Hadluy, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. 
Ballstown Springs, 51 N. Albany. Much 
timber is sawn at the falls on the Mohawk. 
Fop. 1830, 829. 

Habley's Mills, and p o. by p-r. 43 ms. 
westward Raleigh. 

Hakklem, p.:. N. York co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. 
New York. Tiie heights wore fortified in 
the revolutionary war, and in the late war. 
A canal is projected to cross Manhattan island 
iiero. 

Haerlkm r. N. Y. co. N. Y. is a strait on 
the N. side of ^lunhattan island, 6 me. long, 
and from | to J m. wide. 

Haeklem, p-v. and tsp. called on the cen 
sus tables Harlem, in the southern jiart of 
Delaware co. O. The p-v. 20 ms. northward 
from Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 532. 

Hagerstown, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Md. situated on a fine limostouo valley 
2 nis. westward from Antictam creek, 72 ms. 
N. w. by w. from Baltimore, luid by p-r. G9 
ms. N. w. W. C. Lat. 39° .39', and long. 0° 42' 
w. W. C. It is a well built and thriving town, 
with a well cultivated, fertile and wealthy 
neighborhood. It contains the tisual 
buildings, a female academy, numerous pri- 
vate schools, with several places of public 
worship. By the census of 1830, the pop. 
of this place stood, ^ 



VVliitee, Males. Fems. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 
1,307 2,075 326 309 3,371 

Hague, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. on lake 
George, 22 ms. n. e. Caldwell. Brant lake 
and Rogers Rock, are in this town. Pop. 
1830, 721. 

Haguk, p-v. eastern part of Westmoreland 
CO. Va. by p-r. IIG ms. s. e. Richmond. 



Hailstonk, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va. ty 
p-r. 91 nts. B. s. w. Richmond. 

Hadierts' p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 25 ms. 
BOUthwestward Tuscaloosa. 

Halfmoon, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. on 

Hudson r. 14 ms. n. Albany. Clifton Park, 

the borough, and Newtown, arc small villa- 

es. The Erie and Champlain canals, run 

through the town. Pop. I!j30, 2,042. 

Half Moon, tsp. and p-o. southern part of 
Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. Harris. 
burg. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,092. 

Halfway House, and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md.by p-r. 15 ms. from Annapolis. 

Halfway House, and p-o. eastern part of 
York, Va. 84 ms. s. e. byE. Richmond. 

Halifax, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 9 ms. e. w. 
Brattleborough, has a male and female school 
for the higher branches. Pop. 1830, 1,5G2. 

Halifax, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 13 ms. n. 
w. Plymouth, 35 s. e. Boston. Pop. 1830, 
709. 

Halifax, co. of Vn. boimdcd by Pittsylva- 
nia w., Roanoke r. wldch separates it from 
Campbell n., and Charlotte n. e. and e., by 
Mecklenburg co. Va. and Granville of N. C. 
S.K., and Person co. of N. C. s. Length 33, 
mean breadth 23, and area 759 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 30° 30' to 37° 02', and in 
long, irom 1'= 38' to 2° 12' w. W. C. Though 
the Roanoke curves semicircularly round the 
northern and eastern border of this co. the 
slope is almost directly eastward ; Dan r. en- 
ters at the 8. w. angle and flowing n. e. by e. 
over the co. receives within it Banister r. 
from the northwest, and Hycootoo from the 
southwest, and thus augmented, joins tlie 
Roanoke at tho extreme eastern angle of the 
CO. It is a well watered co. with much ex- 
cellent soil. Chief town, Banister. Pop. 
1820, 19,060, 1830, 28,034. 

Halifax, p-v. and tsp. on tho left bank of 
Susquehannah r. ot tho mouth of Armstrong 
cr. Dauphin CO. Pa. 18mp. above, and north- 
wards Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,772. 

Halifax, C. H. Halifox co. Va. {See Ban- 
ister.) 

Halifax, co. N. C. bounded by Roanoke r. 
which separates it from Northampton n. e. 
and e., and from Bertie s. e., by Martin co. s., 
by Fishing cr. separating it from Edgecombe 
and Nash s. w., and by Warren w. Length 
45 ms., mean width 16, ond area 720 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 57' to 36° 28', and 
in long, from 0° 18' to 1° 03' w. from W. C. 
This CO. is crossed by the great primitive 
ledge which separates tho sea sand alluvion, 
from the hilly, or intermediate region between 
the tide waters, and the mountain system in 
the interior of the continent. By the joint 
exertions of N. C. and Va., a canal and 
sluice navigation has been completed along 
the Roanoke, from Weldon in Halifax co. N. 
C. to Salem in Botetourt co. Va. (see art. 
Roanoke, Halifax co. of N. C.) posseses the 
advantages of tide and r. navigation, with 
extensive bodies of fertile soil, and a climate 
admitting the profitable cultivation of cotton. 



HAM 



196 



HAM 



Chieftown, Halifax. Pop. 1820, 17,237, 1830, 
17,739. 

Halifax, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus 
Halifax co. N. C. situated on the riglu bank 
of Roanoke r. 90 ms. s. w. by w. from Nor- 
folk in Va. and by p-r. 103 n. e. froni Raleigh 
in N. C. Lat. 36° 18', long. 0° 38' w. W. C. 
Vessels of 45 tons ascend to this port and 
there come in contact with the extensive 
navigation of Roanoke r. above tide water. 

Hall, co. of Geo. bounded by Habersham 
N., Franklin e., Jackson s. e., Gwinnet s. w., 
and Chestatee or Chattahooche r. w. Length 
35, mean breadth 15, and area 525 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 34= 03' to 34° 28', and 
long. 6° 28' to 6° 53' w. W. C. This co. 
similar to Gwinnet and Habersham, occupies 
a part of the table land between the waters of 
the Atlantic and those of the Gulf of Mexico. 
The whole southeastern side slopes to the s. 
E. discharging into Franklin, the extreme 
sources of Broad r. branch of Savannah r. 
and into Jackson, the higher fountains of 
Oconee. The western and northern sections 
are drained by Chestatee and Soquire, uniting 
near the middle of the co. to form Chattahoo- 
che. Chief town, Gainesville. Pop. 1820, 
5,086, 1830, 11,748. 

Halloca, p-v. Muscogee co. Geo. by p-r. 
134 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Hallocksburg, p-v. Bourbon CO. Ky. by p-r. 
37 ms. eastward Hartford. 

Hallowell, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. on Ken- 
nebec r. at the head of the tide, 2 ms. below 
Augusta, 54 n. e. Portland. It is one of the 
most wealthy, populous, and flourishing towns 
in the state. The principal village is on the 
w. bank of the r. It is navigable to this place 
for vessels of 150 tons. The Hallowell gra- 
nite is very celebrated, and is extensively 
quarried and wrought. Pop. 1830, 3,9C1. 

Halls r. N. H. forms the boundary between 
L. Canada and N. H. from its source in the 
highlands, to its junction with the Connecticut 
r. at Stewartstown. 

Hallsboro, p-v. Chesterfield co. Va. by p-r. 
17 ms. from Richinond. 

Halls Cross Roads, and p-o. at the head 
of the N. E. branch of Bush r. Harford co. Md. 
30 ms. N. e. from Baltimore. 

Hallsville, p-v. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 33 
ms. slhwestrc?. Richmond. 

Hallsville, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 
106 ms. s. E. from Raleigh. 

Hallsville, p-v. in the western part of 
Fairfield district, S. C. by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Hallsville, p-o. Ross co. O. by p-r. 50 
niB. southward Columbus. 

Halsellville, p-o. Chester district, S. C. 
by p-r. 50 ms. N. Columbia. 

Halseyville, p-v. Chester dist, S. C. by 
p-r. 47 ms. n. from Columbia. 

Hamcaugh's, p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by 
p-r. 82 ms. w. W. C. 

Hamburgh, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 9 ms. s. 
Buffalo. Surface variable. Climate always 
dripping with an overload of moisture. Con- 



tains 17 schools. Population 1830, 3,351. 

Hamburgh, village Sussex co. N. J. on the 
Wallkill 12 ms. n. e. Newton. 

Hamburg, flourishing p-v. on the left bank 
of the Schuylkill r. immediately below the 
gap where that stream passes the Kittatinny 
mtn. Berks co. Pa. 16 ms. above Reading. 
It is composed in great part of a single street 
extending along the great western road, and 
nearly parallel to the r. Pop. 1830, about 
5u0. 

Hamburg, p-v. on Savannah r. directly op- 
posite to Augusta, in Geo. and in the south- 
ern part of Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 
ms. s. w. Columbia. A rail road is in pro- 
gress from this town to Charleston. [See rail 
roads and canals.) 

Hamburgh, p-v. Calhoun co. II. by p-r. 136 
ms. w. Vandaha. 

Hamden, t. N. Haven co. Conn. 5^ ms. 
from N. Haven, and 32 ms. from Hartford. 
It contains several kinds of minerals. A mass 
of copper weighing 90 lbs. was once disco- 
vered on one of the Greenstone hills of the 
town. Soil generally fertile. Timber, waU 
nut, oak of the various kinds, and other deci- 
duous trees. It contains numerous mill pri- 
vileges, an extensive gun manufactory, and 
other manufactories of various kinds. Pop. 
1830, 1,669. 

Hamilton, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. 
E. Boston. A neat and pleasant town. Soil 
good. Surface sufficiently level for beauty or 
utility. Pop. 1830, 748. 

Hamilton, co. N. Y. bounded n. by St. 
Lawrence and Franklin cos., e. by Essex, 
Warren, and a small part of Saratoga cos., §. 
by Montgomery co., and w. by Herkimer co. 
It is 60 ms. long n. and s., 30 ms. wide e. 
and w. containing 1800 sq. ms. or 1,152,000 
acres. Its surface is elevated. It is traver- 
sed by mtns. abounding with swamps. The 
principal part of the land is of little value. 
Pop. 1820, L251, 1830, 1,325. 

HamiltOxN, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. situated 
on the Chenango r., being the seat of the N. Y. 
Baptist theolog. seminary, founded in 1819 by 
the Baptist education society of the state of 
N. Y. It has an edifice of stone, 64 feet by 
36, erected at the expense of the inhabitants 
of the village ; several scholarships, each 
endowed with $1000 ; and a library, 8 ms. 
s. e. Morrisville, and 25 s. w. Utica. Fop. 
1830, 3,220. 

Hamilton, village, Albany co. N. Y. (See 
Guilderlandt.) 

Hamilton College, N. Y. (See Paris.) 

Hamilton, river, N. Y. (See Olean.) 

Hamilton, town, Gloucester co. N. J. 
Pop. 1830, 1,424. 

Hamilton's Store, and p-o. Loudon co. 
Va. by p-r. 37 ms. w. W. C. 

Hamilton, p-v. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 
120 ms. E. Raleigh. 

Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Harris co. Geo. 
named on the post office list, Harris court 
house, and stated by p-r. 112 ms. from 
Milledgeville, course a little s. of w .; on Tan- 



HAM 



197 



HAM 



net's U. S. it is laid down at 3li° 41', long. 8" 
03' w. W. C. 

Hamilton, co. of Ten. bounded by Mari- 
on w., Bledsoe N. w., Riicu n. e., and Ten. 
river E. s. Ji. and s. Extending in lat. (roni 
35° 04' to 35° 41', and long, from 8° to 8° 22' 
w. W. C. The eastern tit. southestrn. sections 
of this CO. occupy part of the slope descend- 
ing easterly from Waldcn's Ridge, to Ton. r. 
The northwestern section is a parallelogram 
of about 8 by 10 nis. sloping westerly from 
Waldcn's Ridge to the Scquatche river. The 
Ten. inclined plain is about 32 ms. in length 
along the river, with a width of 12, area 384 
square ms. The whole co. having a super- 
ficies of 464 square ms. Chief town, Ham- 
ilton court house. Pop. 1820, 821, in 1830, 
2,274. 

Hamilton, court house, and p-o. Hamilton 
CO. Ten. about 120 ms. s. e. by e. from 
Nashville. 

Hamilton, co. Ohio, bounded w. by Dear- 
born CO. Ind., N. by Butler co. O., n. e. by 
Warren, e. by Clermont, s. e. by Ohio river, 
separating it from Campbell co. Ky., and s. 
w. by Ohio river, separating it from Boone 
CO. Ky. Length from cast to west 30, mean 
breadth 16 miles, and area 480 square ms. 
Lat. 39^ 02' to 39° 20', long. 7° 18' to 7° 48' 
w. W. C. This CO. occupies a part of that 
great buttress of hills, which skirt the right 
bank of Ohio river from its head near Pitts- 
burg, to below the influx of Wabash. Great 
and Little Miami traverse Hamilton in deep 
vallies. The surface of the co. is hilly, but 
the soil in an especial manner productive. 
Bituminous mineral coal abounds. The 
Miami canal, connecting the stream of Great 
Miami with the Ohio, reaches the latter in 
Cincimiati. In 1830, this co. exclusive of the 
city of Cincinnati, contained a population of 
22,317, and including the inhabitants of that 
city 52,317, or with the city a distributive 
population of 109 to the sq. m. 

Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. O. 
25 ms. N. Cincinnati. It is situated on the 
left bank of Great Miami, lat. 39° 22'. Pop. 
1830, 1,079. 

HaiMilton, CO. Ind. bounded s. e. by Han- 
cock, s. by Marion, w. by Boone, n. by , 

and E. by Madison. It is a square of 21 ms. 
each way, 441 square ms. Lat. 39° 57' to 
40° 13', long. 8° 53' to 9° 15' w. W. C. Slope 
s. s. w. and in that direction is traversed by 
the main stream of White river, and also by 
some of its tributaries. Chief town, Nobles- 
ville. Pop. 1U30, 1,757. 

Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 
Miss, situated on Battahatchce river, 15 ms. 
N. N. E. Columbus, 237 n. e. Natchez, and 70 
N. w. Tuscaloosa, in Ala. 

Hamilton, co. of II. bounded s. by Galla- 
tin, s. w. by Franklin, n. w. by Jeflerson, n. 
by Wayne, and e. by Wiiite. It is a square 
of 24 ms. each way, 576 square ms. Lat. 
37° 59' to 58° 16'. Long. 11° 25' to 1 1° 46' 
w. W. C. This CO. is a table land; from the 
southwestern angle rises the Raccoon branch 



of Muddy river, the northern part is drained 
by Wayne's fork of Little Wabash, whilst 
the central and rather most extensive section 
gives source to the north branch of Saline r. 
The slopes are consequently s. w. towards 
the Mississippi in the general direction of 
Muddy river, s. e. towards Ohio river by the 
course of the Saline, or eastward towards the 
Wabash, with the branches of Little Wa- 
bash. Chief town, MacLeansboro'. Pop. 
1830, 2,616. 
Hamilton, co. of Florida. This co. is, as laid 
down on Tanner's U. S. map, bounded n. 
by Lowndes and Ware counties, Geo., e. and 
s. by Little Sawannah, and w. by Withla- 
cuchee river. Length 34 ms. mean breadth 
17, and area 578 square miles. Extend- 
ing in latitude from 30° 20' to 30° 29', and 
in long. 5° 52' to 6° 28' w. W. C. This co. 
slopes southward, and is drained by the va- 
rious branches of Suwaimee river. Chief 
town, Micco. Pop. 1830, 553. 

Hamilton, village, on the west hank of 
Schuylkill, opposite to and adjoining Phila. 
of which city it is really a suburb, extending 
principally along West Chester, Darby and 
Lancaster roads. The site rises by a fine 
acclivity from Schuylkill, and affords elegant 
seats for houses, many of which are the sum- 
mer retreats of the citizens of Phila. The 
village and the city are connected by Perma- 
nent Bridge. 

Hamlet's, p-o. Stewart co. Teim. by p-r. 
67 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 
Hamlinton's, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 150 
ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Hamorton, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 107 
ms. n. e. W. C. 

Hamor's Store, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa. 
129 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Hampden, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. w. Pe. 
nobscot river, 10 ms. s. s. w. Bangor, 29 ms. 
N. w.Castine. Pop. 1830, 2,020. 

Hampden, co. Mass. contains 19 towns, 
bounded n. by Hampshire, e. by Worcester, 
s. by Conn, line, w. by Berkshire. Chief 
town, Springfield, e. Coim. river. Excellent- 
ly watered, by the passing of Conn, river 
through its centre from n. to s., by Chickapee 
river from the e., and Westfield river from 
the west. The Farmington canal passes 
through the width of the co. and opens a di- 
rect communication with New Haven. — 
Steam-boats now pass up the Conn, river 
through this CO. Pop. 1830, 31,640. 

Hampden, p-v. Walton co. Geo. by p-r. 82 
ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Hampden, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part 
of Geauga co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 127 
ms. N. e. from Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 
1830, 530. 

Hampshire, co. Mass. contains 23 towns. 
Northampton is the chief, by whicii runs the 
Conn, river, and tiirough tJie centre of the 
CO. from N. to s. A branch of Swift river 
waters the e. and a branch of Westfield river 
the w. parts of the CO. It is bounded n. by 
Franklin, e. by Worcester, s. by Hampden, 



HAM 



198 



HAN 



lying wholly in the valley of the Conn. The 
soil is of the best quality. Population 1830, 
20,210. 

Hampshire, co. of Va. boutided by Morgan 
N. E., Frederick e., Hardy s. and s. w., and 
the Potomac river separating it from Alle- 
ghany CO. in Md. n. w. and n. Length 40, 
mean breadth 24, and area 9G0 square ms. 
Extending in lat. from 1° 28' to 2° 12' w. W. 
C. The slope of this mountainous co. is to 
the northeast, traversed in that direction by 
the south branch of Potomac and several les- 
ser streams, with lateral mtn. ridges inter- 
vening. Though so much broken by mtn. 
much of the soil on the streams is excellent. 
The lowest part along the two branches 
of Potomac, exceeds an elevation of 500 
feet above tide water. Chief town, Romney. 
Pop. 1820, 10,889, in 1830, 11,279. 

IIampstead, p-t. Rockingham co, N. H. 
24 ms. from Portsmouth, an ill shaped town, 
having about 30 angles. The soil hard, 
strong land, favorable to the growth of oak, 
walnut, and elm, with some chestnut, maple, 
&c. Pop. 1830, 913. 

Hampstead, town, w. angle of Rockland co. 
N. Y. 130 me. s. Albany. Surface broken. 
Crossed on the w. by Ramapo river, which 
here receives a stream, that also supplies 
mill scats, abounding with falls. The iron 
works in this town employ a great number of 
hands. Ramapo works, on Ramapo river, 
employ 300 hands and give support to about 
700 persons. Dater's works, 2 ms. above 
these on the same river, support about 140. 
The town has various oflier manufactories, 
among which is a cotton factory, containing 
5000 spindles, and employing 200 women 
and children. 

Hampstead, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 25 ms. 
from Baltimore. 

Hampstead, p-v. in the southeast angle of 
King George's co. Va. by p-r. 90 ms. s. W. 
C. and 82 n. n. e. Richmond. 

Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on 
the sea coast, 7 ms. from Exeter, 13 miles s. 
w. Portsmouth, and 50 ms. from Concord. 
Pleas<nntly situated. Its beaches are little 
inferior to the far famed Nahant beach, and 
have long been the resort of invalids and par- 
ties of pleasure. It has a singular bluff called 
Boars Head. Pop. 1830, 1,102. 

Hampton, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 8 ms. 
N. E. Windham, and 37 e. Hartford. Sur- 
face uneven. Soil, a gravelly loam, strong 
and fertile, and well adapted to grazing. 
Timber, oak, walnut, chestnut, and other de- 
ciduous trees. Well watered, and contains 
some mill privileges, and a variety ^of manu- 
facturing establishments. It has 10 school 
districts. Pop. 1830, 1,101. 

Hampton, town, Washington co. N. Y. 6 



Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa. by p-r. 90 
ms. N. W. C. 

Hampton, p-v. and st. jus. Elizabeth City 
CO. Va. by p-r. 199 ms. a little e. of s. W. C. 
and 16 n. n. w. Norfolk. It is a seaport on a 
small bay of Hampton Roads, on the n. side 
3 ms. N. w. Old Point Comfort. 

Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa. by p-r. 31 
ms. s. w. Harrisbnrg. 

Hampton, p-t. and st. jus. Elizabeth City co. 
Va. situated on a small bay of Chesapeake 
bay, or rather of the estuary of Jarnes r. 16 
ms. N. N. w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 93 s. e. by e. 
Richmond. Lat. 37° 02', long. 0° 44' e. , 
W. C. * 

Hampton Falls, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 
on the sea coast, 45 ms. from Concord, 41 
from Boston, and 16 s. w. Portsmouth. Soil 
moderately good. Pleasantly situated. Pop. 
1830, 583. 

Hampton Roads, local name of the mouth 
of James r. opposite the mouths of Nanse- 
mond and Elizabeth rs. Towards the Che- 
sapeake bay, Hampton Roads is defined on 
the N. by Old Point Comfort, and on the s. by 
Point Willoughby ; within James r. the termi- 
nation is indefinite. This sheet of water is 
sufHciently deep for the largest ships of war. 
The U. S. commissioners, appointed to ex- 
amine the lower part of Chesapeake bay in 
1818, reported, that, although extensive, 
Hampton Roads admitted the erection of ade- 
quate defences against an enemy's fleet. 

Hamptonville, p-v. Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 
151 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hamtramck, p-v. Wayne co. Mich. 13 ms. 
from Detroit. 

Hanan's Bluff, p-o. Yazoo co. Miss, by 
p-r. G9 ms. nthrd. Jackson, and about 120 n. 
n. e. Natchez. 

Hancock co. bounded by Penobscot co. n., 
Washington co. e., by the Atlantic e., and by 
Penobscot bay and r. w. This co. is very ir- 
regular, and includes numerous islands off the 
coast, and several peninsulas. Lat. from 
about 44° 10' to 45° 10', and long, from 8° 
15' to 9° 10' w. W. C. This co. in 1820 con- 
tained a pop. of 31,290. Since which the co. of 
Waldo, w. Penobscot bay and r. has been di- 
vided from it. Chief t. Castino. Pop. 1830, 
24,347. 

Hancock, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 19 
ms. e. Keene, 35 s. w. Concord, and 22 from 
Amherst. The soil generally productive ; w. 
part of the town mountainous ; the rest agree- 
ably diversified with plain, hill, and dale. 
Named in honor of governor Hancock of 
Boston, one of the original proprietors. 
There are 9 school houses. Here is a ma- 
mifactory of excellent and elegant fowling 
pieces and rifles. Pop. 1830, 1.217. 

Hancock, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. 



ras. s. E. Whitehall, 70 n. n. e. Albany. Tim- w. Boston. This is a strip of land about 3 

ber, maple, beech, &c. interspersed with uns. wide, extending along the western boun- 

bcautiful groves of white pine. Well water- (lary of the state for more than 20 ins. A 

ed and healthy, and remarkable for the branch of the New Lebanon (N. Y.) Sha- 

growth of its apple trees, which produce ex- kcrs reside within its limits. Pop. 1830, 

cellent fruit. It has 7 schools. Pop. 1830, 1,052. 
1,069. ' 



HAN 



199 



HAN 



Hancock, p-t. s. an^le, Del. co. N. Y. 27 
ni8. a. w. Delhi, find G5 w. Kingston. A rough, 
hilly tract of land. The k. branch of the 
Del. r. runs through the centre of this town, 
and the principal business of the inhabitants 
is getting lumber that descends the Del. to 
Phil. It contains 5 schools. Pop. 1830, 
766. 

Hancock, flourishing p-v. situated on the 
left bank of Potomac r. Washington co. Md. 
39 ms. a little n. of e. Cumberland, 27 n lit- 
tle N. of w. Hagerstown, and by p-r. 03 ms. 
N. w. W. C, 

Hancock, p-v. Union diet. 8. C. {See 
IJancockmlle, same district and state.) 

Hancock, co. of Geo. bounded by Green 
N. w., Taliaferro n., Great Ogeechoe r. sepa- 
rating it from Warren n. e. and e., Washing- 
ton s., Baldwin s. w., and Oconee r. separa- 
ting it from Putnam w. Length 30 ms., mean 
width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 33° 04' to 33° 32', in long, from 5« 
50' to 6° 22' w. W. C. Tho slope of this co. 
is to the s. drained by various branches of 
Oconee and Great Ogcechee rs. Chief town, 
Sparta. Pop. 1820, 12,734, 1830, 11,820. 

Hancock, co. II. bounded by Warren n., 
McDonough n. e. and E., Schuyler s. e., 
Adams s., and by the Miss, r., separating it 
from the state of Mo. below, and from the 
unappropriated n. w. territory above the 
mouth of Des Moines r. Length from s. to 
N. 33, mean breadth 22, and area 726 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 11' to 40° 38', 
long, from 13° 52' to 14° 26' w. W. C. It 
may be observed under this head that the 
valley of Miss, between the mouths of Rock 
r. and II. r. is very restricted on tho e., the 
streams rising near, but flowing from that 
great stream to tho southcstrd. towards the 
II. r. Amongst these tributaries of Illinois, 
Crooked creek, or more correctly Crooked r. 
rises in and drains the eastern part of Han- 
cock CO. The western part slopes wstrd. 
towards Miss, r., the central part being a 
table land between the two vallies. Chief t. 
Montebeflo. Pop- 1830, 483. 

Hancock, one of two southeastern cos. of 
Miss, boimdcd by Pearl r. which separates it 
from St. Tammany's parish of La. s. w., and 
Washington parish of tho same state w., by 
. tho CO. of Marion, Miss. n. w., Perry and 
Jackson cos. n. e. and e., and tho Gulf of 
Mexico, or rather lake Borgne s. Length 
GO, and breadth 28, area 1,680 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 30° 12' to 31°, and in long. 
from 12' to 0° 54' w. W. C. Tho declivity 
of this CO. is in tho direction of the streams, 
about s. s. E. The surface towards the nthrn. 
border waving or hilly, but gradually becom- 
ing more level towards lake Borgne. The 
whole CO., with very little exception, was in 
its natural state, covered with pine ; the soil 
thin and sterile. Pearl r., from its length, 
and the surface it drains, promises more na- 
vigable facility than from nature it affords : 
the mouth is shallow and obstructed. In front 



of Marianne and Malheurcux, arc part of a 
lino of sand banks, which extend along the 
coast of Flor., Ala., Miss., and merge into the 
Delta of tho Miss. r. in La. (See lake 
Borgne.) It is on tho lake shore of Hancock 
CO. that tho marshy coast of the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, so remarkable along tho front of La. is 
followed by a solid, dry, pine covered, though 
still low shore. Chief t. Shieldsboro'. Pop. 
1820, 1,594, 1830, 1,962. 

Hancock, co. Ind. bounded by Rush s. e., 
Shelby s., Marion w., Hamilton N. w., Madi- 
son N., and Henry n. e. Length 20, mean 
width 18, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 42' 
to 39° 58', long. 8° 35' to 8° 58' w. Slope 
sthrd., and in that direction drained by the 
northwestern sources of the Driftwood fork 
of Whiter. Chief t. Greenfield. Pop. 1830, 
1,436. 

Hancock, C. H. Hancock co. Ind. (See 
Greenfield, same co.) 

Hancocksvili.e, marked on the p-o. list 
Hancock, p-v. in the northern part of Union 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. w. Colum. 
bus. 

Hanginq Fork, p-o. Lincoln co. Ky. 53 
ms. s. Franltford. 

Hanoing Rock, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by 
p-r. 99 ms. n. w, by w. W. C. 

Hannibal, p-t. s. w. corner of Oswego co. 
N. Y. 11 ms. 8. Oswego, 160 from Albany. 
Watered by several mill streams. Surface 
gently uneven, soil fertile. It has 9 schools. 
Pop. 1830, 1,794. 

Hanover, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 53 ms. n. 
w. Concord, 102 from Portsmouth, \li from 
Boston, and 495 from W. C, situated on Conn. 
r. Timbered with maple, beech, birch, ash, 
&c. Surface agreeably diversified with hill 
and dale. It contains less waste land than 
any other town in the co. Crossed by Moose 
mountain from n. to s. Dartmouth college is 
located in this tovini. It received its name 
from William, earl of Dartmouth, ono of its 
principal benefactors, and was founded 1770. 
It is situated in a beautiful village, half a 
railo from the Conn r. The college buildings 
are, a handsome edifice of wood, 150 feet by 
50, three stories high, for undergraduates, 
and for other purposes ; an edifice of brick, 
called medical house, 75 feet by 32, three 
stories high, a convenient chapel, and a green 
house for botanical purposes. Students, 
1831-2, 153. Total Alumni 2,250. The 
college library contains 6,000, and the stu- 
dents 8,000 volumes. Commencement, last 
Wednesday but ono in August. Here is also 
tho N. H. medical school, which is connected 
with the college. There are three professors, 
and students, 1831-2, 98. Lectures com- 
mence 2 weeks after the college commence- 
ment. Pop. Hanover, 1830,2,361, 

Hanover, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 22 ms. 
s. Boston, divided from Pembroke by North 
r., a stream of some magnitude. Pop. 1830, 
1,303. 

Hanover, p-t. n. angle Chatauquc co. N. 



of Hancock co. Cat isl. and the two groupes|Y., on the shore of lake Erie, ,30 ms. n, e 



HAR 



200 



HAR 



Mayville, 37 s. w. Buffalo. It is washed on 
the N. by Cataraugus creek, at the mouth of 
which there is a harbor for small vessels, 
with about 4 feet water over the bar at the 
entrance. It is a good tsp. of land, well 
watered, moderately uneven. It has 20 
schools, kept 4 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
2,614. 

Hanover, t. Burlington co. N. J. on the 
Monmouth line, bounded s. by Northampton, 
w. by Springfield. Pop. 1830, 2,859. 

Hanover, p-t. Morris co. N. J. on the Pas 
saic, 16 ms. n. w. Elizabethtown. Pop. 1830, 
3,718. 

Hanover, p-v. and borough, in the south- 
western part of York co. Pa. 20 ms. s. w. the 
borough of York, and 33 s. s. w. Harris- 
burg. 

Hanover, co. of Va. bounded by the Chick- 
ahomina r. or Henrico s., Goochland s. w., 
Louisa N. w.. North Anna r. or Spottsylvania 
N., North Anna r. or Caroline n. e., Pamunky 
r. or King William e., and New Kent s. e. 
Length 45, mean width 14, and area 630 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 29' to 38° 05', 
and in long. 0° 15' w. to 0° 57' w. W. C. 
North Anna r. is the recipient of the creeks, 
which drain the northern part of Hanover, 
whilst the Pamunky enters from the w. tra- 
versing the CO. in an easterly direction, and 
after draining the central section, unites with 
North Anna at the extreme southwestern an- 
gle of Caroline, sthrd. from the junction of 
North Anna and Pamunky ; the united water 
is known by the latter name, and the body of 
Hanover co. lies between the Chickahomina, 
and that r. with its general slope n. estrd. The 
surface is hilly, and soil of every extreme, 
from best river alluvion to barren sand. 
Chief t. Hanover. Pop. 1820, 15,267, 1830, 
10,253. 

Hanover, C. H. Hanover co. Va. (See 
Woodville, same co. and state.) 

Hanover, p-v. and tsp. in the northeastern 
part of Licking co. O. by p-r. the p-o. is 41 
ms. northestrd. from Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1830, 709. 

Hanover, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Shelby co. Ind. 23 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Hanoverton, p-v. Hanover co. Va. situated 
on the right bank of Pamunky r. 31 ms. n. e. 
Richmond, and by p-r. 94 s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 
37°42',long. 0o23'w. W. C. 

Hanoverton, p-v. in Hanover tsp. in the 
central part of Columbiana co. O. The p-v. 
is 7 ms. s. w. by w. New Lisbon, the co. St., 
and 145 n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1830, 2,043. 

Hansford, p-v. Kenhawa co. Va. by p-r. 
356 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. 

Hanson, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ms. s. 
Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,030. 

Harbour Cape, the n. extremity of Wells 
bay. Me. Long. 70° 24' w., lat. 43° 18' n. 

Harbour Creek, tsp. and p-o. in the nthrn. 
part of Erie co. Pa. The p-o. is 6 ms. \. e. 
(he borough of Erie. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
!,104. 



Hardiman, CO. of Ten. bounded by Lafay- 
ette w., Haywood n. w., Madison n., McNair 
E., and tho state of Miss. s. It is a regular pa- 
rallelogram 30 ms. from s. to n., and 24 from 
e. to w., area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° to 35° 27', and long, from 11° 50' to 
12° 14' w. W. C. This co. is entirely drained 
by the constituent creeks of Big Hatchee r., 
and slopes to the n. n. w. Chief t. Bolivar. 
Pop. 1830, 11,655. 

Hardimans Cross Roads, and p-o. William- 
son CO. Ten. 34 ms. from Nashville. 

Hardin, co. of Ten. bounded by McNair 
w., Henderson n. w.. Perry n. e., Wayne e., 
Lauderdale in Ala. s. e., and Chickasaw co. 
in the state of Miss. s. w. Length from s. 
to N. 32 ms., breadth 24, area 768 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat.>from 35° to 35° 28', and long, 
from 11° 03' to 11° 28' w. W. C. The Ten. 
r. enters near the middle of the southern bor- 
der, flows northwardly with a western curve, 
to near the northern side of this co.. and then 
turns to N. E. leaving it at the northeast angle. 
On the western side the valley of Ten. r. is 
very narrow ; the sources of Big Hatchee 
rising on the border between Hardin and 
McNair cos. On the eastern side also the 
slope of Ten. is narrow, and almost confined 
to Hardin co. The co. is therefore composed 
of two narrow inclined plains falling towards 
the Ten. Chief town, Hardensville. Pop. 
1830, 4,868. 

Hardin, co. Ky. bounded by Grayson s. w,, 
Breckenridge w., Meade n. w.. Rolling fork 
of Salt r. or Nelson n. e., Washington e., 
Greene s. e. and Hart s. Length 60, mean 
width 20, and area 1,200 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 37° 22' to 37° 52', and in long, 
from 8° 20' to 9° 18' w. W. C. The general 
slope of this co. is to the s. w. being in that 
direction drained by various creeks flowing 
into Green r., the northern part, however, 
slopes to the n. and is drained by creeks flow- 
ing into O. or Salt r. Chief town, Elizabeth, 
town. Pop. 1820, 10,498, 1830, 12,849. 

Hardin, co. O. bounded by Union s. e., Lo- 
gan s., Allen w., Hancock n., Crawford n. e., 
and Marion e. It is very nearly a sq. of 24 
ms. each way, 576 sq. ms. in area. Lat. 40° 
32' to 40° 51', long. 6° 24' to 6° 52' w. W. C. 
This CO. occupies a table land from which the 
branches of Sandusky and those of Blan- 
chard's r. flow to the north ; the extreme 
sources of Sciota s. e., those of Sandy creek, 
branch of Great Miami s. w., and those of 
Au Glaize r. west. Chief town. Hardy. Pop. 
1830, 210. 

Hardin, p-v. in the western part of Shelby 
CO. O. by p-r. 12 ms. n. w. from Sidney, the 
county scat, and 88 miles n. w. by w. Colum- 
bus. 

Hardinsburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Brecken- 
ridge CO. Ky. 35 ms. w. from Eliabethtow.n, 
29 s. 9. w. from Brandenburg, on O. r. and by 
p-r. 1 10 ms. s. w. by w. from Frankfort. Lat^ 
37° 47', long. 9° 28', w. W. C. 

Hardinsburg, p-v. Dcarbon co. Ind. by p-r. 
98 ms s, E. Indianopolis. 



HA.R 



201 



HAR 



Hardins Tavern, and p-o. Albemarle co. 
Va. by p-r. 130 ms, 8. w. W. C. 

Hardinsville, p-v. St. jus. Hardin co. Ten 
situated on the right bank of Ten. r. 40 ms 
N. w. Florence in Ala. and about 120 ms. s 
w. by 3. Nashville. Lat. 35° 12', long. 11° 
18'w. W. C. 

Hardinsville, p-v. southeastern part of 
Shelby co. Ky. 10 ras. s. w. Frankfort. 

Hardiston, t. Sussex CO. N. J. Pop. 18 0, 
2,588. 

Hardwick, p-t. w. part of Caledonia co. Vt. 
21 ms. N. E. Montpelier, 73 n. Windsor. Sur- 
face pleasantly diversified with large swells 
and valleys. The r. Lamoille runs circuitous- 
ly through it, furnishing a number of excel- 
lent mill privileges. Timbered with maple, 
beech, birch, &c. Contains sulphur springs, 
and 9 school districts. Pop. 1830, l,2l6. 

Hardwick, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 70 ms. 
w. Boston, 20 n, w. Worcester. Surface une- 
ven. Soil fertile, adapted to grass and fruit 
trees. Pop. 1830, 1,885. 

Hardwick, t. Warren co. N. J. 10 ms. s. 
w. Newton. Pop. 1830, 1,9G2. 

Hardy, co. of Va. bounded by Hampshire 
N. E., Shenandoah s. e., Rockingham s., Pen- 
dleton s. w., Randolph w., and Alleghany co. 
of MJ. N. w. Length 12, mean width 17, and 
area 714 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 
43' to. 39° 18', and in long, from 1° 43' to 2° 
30' w. W. C. The surface of Hardy inclines 
to N. E. and is traversed in that direction by 
the south branch, and several other confluents 
of Potomac, with lateral chains of mtns. in- 
tervening, which also extend in a similar di- 
rection with the rivers. The surface is indeed 
excessively broken, rocky, and sterile, though 
tracts of excellent river lands lie detached 
between the mtn. ridges. The mean eleva- 
tion of the arable land perhaps exceeds 1,000 
feet above the ocean level. Chief town, 
Moorfield. Population 1820, 5,700. 1830, 
6,7m. 

Hardy, p-v. Hardin co. O. by p-r. 66 ms. n. 
w. Columbus. 

Harewood, p-v. Susquohannah co. Pa. by 
p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Ilarrisburg. 

Harford, p-v. und tsp. Susquchannah co. 
Pa. situated between Vanwinkle.s and Mar- 
this branches of Tunkhannock r. 12 ms. s. 
e. Montrose, and 40 a little e. of n. Wilkes- 
barre. 

Harford co. of Md. bounded by Susquc- 
hannah r. scparatingit from Coecil n. e., by 
*the head of Chesapeake bay, separatmg it 
from Kent s. e., by Baltimore co. s. ^. and w., 
and by York co. in Pa. n. Length 30, mean 
width 16, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 39° 19' to 39° 43' nearly. The south- 
ern part of this co. is drained principally by 
Bush r. and slopes to the southward. The 
northern is drained by Deer cr. or r. and de- 
clines eastward, towards the Susquchannah. 
The soil of this co. is very diversified, from 
..best to worst. Chief town. Belair. Pop. 
1820.15,924,1830,16,319. 

Harford, p-v. and named in the p-o. listl 

26 



Harford C. H., it? situated at the head of Bush 
r. bay 26 ms. n. e. Baltimore. 

Harlan, co. of Ky. bounded w, and n. w. by 
Knox, N. by Perry, n. e. by Pike, and e. s. e. 
and a. by Cumberland mtn. which separates 
it from Lee, the extreme southwestern co. of 
Va. Length 48, mean width 10, area 480 eq. 
ms. This co. contains the extreme higher 
sources of Cumberland r. and is in great 
part confined to a narrow valley between 
Cumberland mtn. and the Laurel ridge, with 
an inclination to tho s. w. It extends in lat. 
from 36° 36' to 37°, and long, from 5° 49' to 
6° 24' w. W. C. The mean elevation of the 
arable surface of this co. is propably above 
1000 feet above the ocean level, which would 
yield a mean temperalure equal to that of be- 
tween 38 and 39 on the Atlantic coast. Chief 
town. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 1830. 2,929. 

Harlan, C. II. and p-o. {See Mount Plea- 
sant, Harlan co. Ky.) 

Harlansburg, (iSee Harlensburg, Mereer 
CO. Pa.) 

Harleesville, p-v. on Little Pedee r. in the 
northern part of Marion dist. S. C. about 54 
ms. s. 8. w. Fayettevillo in N. C. and by p-r. 
121 N. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Harlem, t. Kennebeck co. Me. 16 ras. E. 
Augusta. 

Harlem, (<See Haerlem, N. Y.) 

Harlensburg, p-v. southeast angle of Mer- 
cer CO. Pa. 50 ms. n. n. w. from Pittsburg. 

Harmonsburg, p-v. Crawford co. Pa. 

Harmony, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 25 ms. e. 
Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, 925. 

Harmony, p-t. Chatauque eo. N. Y. 15 ms. 
3. Mayville, bounded s. by Pa. Land heavily 
timbered with beech, maple, ash, butternut, 
&c. — moderately uneven, better adapted to 
grass than grain. 12 schools kept 6 months 
in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,989. 

Harmony, p-v. Warren co. N. J. 12 ms. 
s. Belvidere. 

Harmony, p-v. on the Conequeneesing cr. 
Butler CO. Pa. 14 ms. s. w. by w. Butler, and 
28 n. n. w. Pittsburg. This village was fbun- 
ded by the Harmonists. 

Harmony, p-v. York dist. S. C. by p-r. 85 
ma. N. Columbia. 

Harmony, p-v. Washington co. Mo. about 
60 ms. s. s. w. St. Louis. 

Harmony Grove, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by 
p-r. 56 ms. northward Milledgeville. 

Harpers Ferry, Jefl^erson co. Va. 22 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frederic, 25 almost due s. Ha- 
gerstown, and by p-r. 65 a. w. by w. W. C. 
Lat. 39° 29', long. 0° 42' w. W. C. The vil- 
lage is situated on the right bank of Potomac, 
and on the point above the mouth of Shenan- 
doah r. This place, the seat of one of the 
U. S. armories, has risen at the justly cclebra- 
ted pass of the Potomac through the Blue 
Ridge. The level of low water at the jimc- 
tion of the'two rs. is 182 ft. above tide water 
at Georgetown. The place and vicinity has 
the romantic aspect of an immense anipiii 
theatre, and is amongst the situations of 
the U. S. most worthy of « visit, whether 



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the object be science, or the gratification 
of taeto. 

IlAnrsnflFiBLD, p-t. Delaware oo. N. Y., 80 
ms. H. B. Delhi, 56 a. w. Albany, and 51 from 
Catekill. Contains good mill eoats ; soil 
well adapted for grass ; surface broken, with 
hills and valliee ; land well watered by springs 
and brooks ; Timbered with maple, beech, 
bass-wood, ash, &c. ; has 11 schools. Pop. 
1830, 1,976. 

Harfersfield, p-v. and tsp. in the north 
wstm. part of Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. the 
p-o. is 10 ms. N. w. Jefferson, the co. et. 
Pop. tsp. 1830, 1,145. 

Harpersville, p-o. {See Coleeville.) 
Harpersville, p-v. Shelby co. Ala., by p-r. 
77 ms. cstrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Harpeth, small r. of Ton., rising In and 
draining the greatest part of Williamson co. 
Flowing thence n. w., enters and traverses 
the western part of Davidson, and draining 
the estrn. part of Dickson, falls into Cumber- 
land r. on the border between Dickson and 
Davidson co. after a comparative course of 
55 me. 

Harpswell, t. Cumberland co. Me., 40 ms. 
E. Portland. Pop. 1830, 1,352. 

Harrington, t. Bergen co. N. J. Pop. 
1830, 2,581. 

IIarrinq's Store, and p-o. Hinds co. Miss., 
about 150 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Harris, co. of Geo., boimdod by Troup n. 
w. ; Merriwother n. e. ; Talbot e. ; Musco- 
gee s. ; and the Chattahoocho r. separating 
it from the state of Ala. w. It is very nearly 
a parallelogram, 20 me. by 22, area 440 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 35' to 32° 
50', and long, it is bisected by 8° w. from W. 
C. The slope of this co. is wcstrd., and is 
drained by small water courses, flowing in 
that direction in Chattahooche r. Chief t. 
Hamilton. Pop. 1830, 5,105. 

IIarrisrurgh, p-t. near n. w. corner of 
Lewis CO. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Brownvillc, and 
65 N. Rome. Soil a dark, loose, moist loam, 
good for grain, but better for grass ; timber- 
ed with large and heavy maple, beech, elm, 
&.C. ; surface pretty level; well watered; 
contains good mill privileges, and 6 school 
dists. Pop. 1830, 712. 

IIarrikuuuo, p-v., borough and st. jus. for 
Daiiphin co. and of the government of I'u., 
".)G nis. N. w. by w. from Phil. ; 35 ms. from 
Lancaster, and 110 a very Utile e. of n. W. C. 
Lat, 40° 10', long. 0° 07' e. W. C. Harris- 
burg is built at nearly parallel linos or right 
angles to the Susquehannah r., on a peninsu- 
la between that r. and Pa.xton cr. The nrihrn 
part of the site is a swelling hill, which grad 
ually sinks to a plain towards the mouth of 
Paxton. Opposite the borough the Susque- 
hannah is divided into two channels by an isl., 
the widest being that next the town. Over 
these channels and isl., and extending from 
near the central street, is a substantial brid 
^ resting on stone piers, but a frame and lluor- 
*\ ing of wood above, and roofed with the latter 
material. The bridge, includin;? the i.j1. it 



nearly a mile from shore to shore. On the 
highest part of the same swell on which tho 
town is built, and to tho K. of the latter, stands 
the capitol, a substantial, and as a whole, an 
imposing building, from the cupola of which 
is one of the finest panorama views in the U. 
S. This view cannot properly be called a 
landscape ; it is a circle of landscapes, em- 
bracing the swelling and cultivated co. 
around, relieved by r. and mtn. scenery. A 
C. H. and number of places of public worship 
are contained in the body of the borough. 
Pop. 1820, 2,990 ; in 1830, 4,312. 

IIarrisruro, p-v. Lancaster dist. 8. C, by 
p-r. 82 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Harrisburo, p-v. Haywood co.. Ten., situ, 
ated in tho n. e. part of the co. on the s. branch 
of Forked Deer r., about 150 ms. s. w. by w. 
Nashville. 

Harrisburo, p-v. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 
64 ms. cstrd. Indianopolis. 

Harris' Gore, a tract of land of 6,020 acres, 
s. w. corner of Caledonia co. Vt. Mountain- 
ous and uninhabited. 

Harrison, t. Cumberland co. Me., 41 mB. 
N. w. Portland. 

Harrison, t. Cortland co. N. Y., 15 ms. s. 
E. Homer, and 143 w. Albany. A pretty 
good township of land. 

Harrison, t. Westchester co. N. Y., 30 ms. 
from N. Y., and 3 e. White Plains. Land 
under good cultivation ; contains an abundant 
supply of mill seats ; 6 schools 11 months in 
12. Pop. 1830, 1,085. 

Harrison, co. Va., bounded s. by Lewis ; 
w. by Wood ; n. w. by Tyler ; n. by Monon- 
galia, and by Tiggart's Valley r., which sep- 
arates it from Preston N. e. ; and Randolph s. 
E. Length 50, mean breadth 22, area 110 
sq. ms. Extending in lat- from 39° 03' to 
39° 35', long. 2° 53' to 3° 55' w. W. C. The 
wstrn. branch of Monongahela r. enters the 
Bthrn. border of Harrison, and winding n. n, 
E., receives from both sides numerous creeks, 
which drain the central and much most con- 
siderable part of this large co. The wstrn. 
jjart, however, declines wstrd. and is drained 
i)y the sources of Middle Isl. cr. The sur- 
face of tho whole co. is very broken, but gen- 
erally fertile. Chief t. Clarksburg. Pop. 
1820, 10,932 ; 1830, 14,722. 

Harrison, co. of Ky., bounded by Scott s. 
w. ; Owen w. ; Pendleton n. w. and n. ; 
Bracken n. e. ; Nicholas e ; and Bourton s. 
Length 30, mean breadth 12, aroa360 sq.ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° .34', long. 
7° 04' to 7° 30' w. W. C. This fine small co. 
is traversed in a nrthrly. direction, and divi. 
dod into two very nearly equal sections, by 
the w. branch of Licking r. Soil generally 
fertile. Chief t. Cynthiana. Pop. 1820, 
12,271 ; 1830, 13,234. 

Harrison CO. O., bounded s. E. by Bel- 
mont ; s. w. by Guernsey ; w. by Tuscara- 
was ; N. w. by Stark ; n. by C^ohimbiana ; and 
li. by Jetfertion. Length Irom sth. tonrth. 27 
inti , mean breadth 18, and area 486 sq. mt-. 
Lat 10^ 10' to 40- 33'. Ijng. 3° 50' to 4° 2<!' 



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w. W. C. The dividing ridge between the 
vallicfl of O. and Tuscarawas rs. extends 
from Htii. to nrtli. the entire length of this co., 
dividing it into two unequal sections. The 
cstrn. eido slopes to the est. and gives source 
to crocks (lowing over Jefferson into O. r. 
The wstrn. side declines wstrd. towards the 
Tuscarawas ; surface excessively broken and 
hilly, but soil highly fertile. Chief t. Cadiz. 
Pop. 18.30, 20,916. 

Harrison, p-v. in Baltimore tsp. and north 
west border of namilton co. O., 25 ms. n. w. 
Cincinnati. Pop. 1830, 173. 

Harrison, co. Ind. bounded by Crawford 
N. w. ; Washington n. ; Floyd n. e. ; O. r. 
separating it from Jefferson co. Ky. e. ; and 
O. r. separating it from Mcado co. Ky. s. and 
s. w. Length from sth. to nrth. 36 ms. ; 
mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat 
38<5 to 38° 26' and long. 8o 48' to 9° 20' w. 
W. C. Slope e. w. towards, and at right an- 
gles nearly, to that part of Ohio r. between 
Otter cr. of Ky., and Blue r. of Ind. Surface 
excessively hilly and broken, but soil e.\eel- 
lent. Chief.t. Corydon. Pop. 1830, 10,273. 

HAitRisoNnuRC, p-v. and st. jus, Rocking- 
iiam CO. Va.,24 ms. n. n. e. Stanton, 40 n. n 
w. ChaTlottevillo, and by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. Lat. 38° 25', long. 1° 48' w. W. C 

HARRisoNnuRO, P-V. and st. jus. Catahoola 
parish. La. about 40 ms. n. w. by w. Natchez. 
Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 54' w. W. C. 

Harrisonburo, p-v. and st. jus. Conway 
CO. Ark. Tcr., by p-r. 1,104 me. s. w. by w. 
W. C, and 40 ms. n. w. Little Rock. Lat. 
.35° 5', long. 15° 30' w. W. C. 

Harri.son's Mills, and p-o., Charle-sCity 
oo. Va., by p-r. 32 ms, s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Harris's Lot, and p-o. Charles co. Md., by 
p-r. 3« ma. sthrd. W. C. 

Harrison Valley, and p-o. Potter co. Pa., 
188 ms. N. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Harrisonville, p-o. Monroe co. II., situa- 
ted on the Miss. r. opposite Herculaneum in 
Mo., 12 ms. sthwstrd. Waterloo, the st. jus. 
of the CO., and 113 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Harrisville, j>-v. in the extreme n. w. an- 
gle of Butler CO. Pa., 55 ms. almost duo n. 
Pittsburgh. 

Harrisville, p-v. on Nottaway r., in the n. 
E. angle of Brunswick co. Va., by p-r. 57 ms. a 
little w. of s. Richmond. 

Harrisville, p-v. in the nrihestrn. part of 
Harrison co. O., by p-r. 8 ms. n. Cadiz, and 
1.32 N. E.by E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 314. 

Haruisville Reserve, p-v. Medina co. O., 
1 1 1 ms. n. e. Columliia. 

IlARRonsBURo, p-v. and st. jus. Mercer co. 
Ky., situated near the main source of Salt r., 
31 ms. a very little e. of s. from Frankfort. 
Lat. 37° 44', long. 7° 48' w. W. C. This place 
was amongst the most ^rly towns founded in 
Ky. ; in 1830 contained a iiop. of 1,051. 

Hart, co. of Ky. bounded by Edmonson 
w. ; Nolin Fork of Green r. which separates 
It from Grayson n. w. ; Raccoon cr. which 
s<!(>arates it from Harden n. ; Greene e. ; and 
Mnnen s. Length 24, mean breadth 18. area 



433 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 06' 
to 37° 25', and long, from 8° 28' to 9° 03' w. 
W. C. Tho main body of Green r. traverses 
Hart in a s. w. by w. direction, and receiving 
creeks from each side drains tho co. The 
surface is generally level, and in its natural 
statu, in u great part composed of a species 
of soil deceptively called barrens, as much of 
it in this and adjacent cos. is highly fertile. 
Chief t. Mumfordsvillc. Pop. 1820, 4,184; 
1830, 5,191. 

IIartfield, p-v. WBtrn. part of Tipton co. 
Ten., 10 ms. Covington, tho co. st., and by 
p-r. 207 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. 

Hartford, p-t. Oxford co. Mo., 12 ms. w. 
E. Paris. It is very hilly, being at the ex- 
tremity of a spur from the White mtns. Pop. 
1830, 1,294. 

Hartford, co. Conn., situated in tho w. 
central section of the state, principally within 
tho valley, and on both sides of Conn. r. ; is 
bounded by Hampden co. Mass. n. ; by Tol- 
land CO. E. ; New London co. p. e. ; Middle- 
sex and New Haven cos. s. ; and the cos. of 
New Haven and Litclifiold w. Lat. 42° trav- 
erses itfl northern, and 4° e. W. C. its wstrn. 
I)order. It forma nearly a nquarc, is about 
30 ms. in length n. and s., and 25 in width , 
and comprises an area of about 727 sq. ms., 
or 465,280 acres. This co., as a whole, will 
rank before any other in the state ; and in ma- 
ny respects before any in N. England. Tlie 
soil is rich, various and fertile ; well adapted 
to grain, fruit, and almost every thing of 
which the climato admits, and is for the most 
part highly cultivated. The co. is intersect- 
ed nearly in tho centre by Conn. r. ; w. by the 
Greenstone (locally Talcott) mtns. ; and b. e. 
by a high range of hills. Tho surface is un- 
dulating, abounding in the fertile and varied 
scenery common to much of the valley of the 
Conn., and is timbered with various kinds of 
the oak, walnut or hickory, elm, maple, ash, 
&c. &c. It is watered by several streams, 
among which is the Tunxis or Farmington r. 
on the w. ; and Freshwater, Scantic, Podunk, 
and Hockanum, on the e. A groat variety 
of manufactories arc carried on in this co. ; 
among them, that of cotton, (according to a 
recent return to tho Secretary of the Treas- 
ury,) employs a capital of ^260,000, consu- 
ming annually .509,000 lbs. of cotton; and 
the woollen manufacture employs a capital of 
$311,500, consuming about 600,000 lbs. of 
wool per ann. The towns and villages, which 
arc numerous, are generally pleasant; many 
of them are populous and wealthy. Pop. 
1820,47,261; 1830,51,141. 

Hartford, city and p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 
one of the seats of government of the state, 
and St. jus. for the co., is situated at the head 
of sloop navigation on the w. side of Conn r., 
50 ms. from its mouth, at lat. 41° 45', and 
long. 4° 15' e. W. C. It is 123 ms. n. e. N. 
York, 34 n. n. e. New Haven, 15 n. Middle- 
town, 44 N. w. New London, 74 w. Provi- 
dence, 100 w. s. w. Boston, and 97 s. e. A1- 
liany. The legislature of tht state assciu- 



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bles alternately at this place and New Haven 
— the odd years at the former. The city is 
over a mile inlength, and f the of a mile wide ; 
surface undulating, sloping gradually from 
the principal street to the Conn. ; it is irreg- 
ularly laid out, and is divided e. and w. by 
Mill, or Little r. Across this stream a fine 
bridge of free stone has been thrown, which 
connects the two parts of the city. This 
structure is 100 feet wide, supported by a 
single arch, 7 feet in thickness at the base, 
and 3 feet 3 inches at the centre ; the chord 
or span of which is 104 feet ; elevation from 
the bed of the river to the top of the arch, 30 
feet 9 inches. Another bridge across the 
Conn., covered, 1,000 feet long, and which 
cost over f 100,000, unites the city with East 
Hartford. ^Hartford is very advantageously 
situated foV business, is surrounded by an 
extensive and wealthy district, and communi- 
cates with the towns and villages on the 
Conn, above, by small steam boats, (now 8 in 
number) two of which, for passengers, ply 
daily between Hartford and Springfield. The 
remainder are employed in towing flat bot- 
tomed boats of 15 to 30 tons burthen, as far 
as Wells r., 220 ms. above the city. The 
coasting trade is very considerable, and there 
is some foreign trade, not extensive, carried 
on. Three steamboats form a daily line bo 
tween here and New- York. The manufac- 
tures of this city, by a late return made to the 
Secretary of the Treasury, exceed $900,000 
per ann. ; among these are various manufac- 
tures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ; block tin 
and pewter ware ; printing presses, and ink ; 
a manufactory of iron machinery ; an iron 
foundry; saddlery, carriages, joiners tools, 
paper hanging, looking-glasses, umbrellas, 
stone ware, a brewery, a web manufactory, 
cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, cloth- 
ing for exportation, soap and candles, 2 man- 
ufactories of machine and other wire cards, 
operated by dogs ; &c. &.c. More than twice 
as many books are published here, annually, 
as are manufactured in any other place of 
equal pop. in the U. S. There are 15 peri- 
odicals ; 12 weekly newspapers (5 sectarian), 
2 semi-monthly and 1 monthly. The city is 
well built, and contains many elegant public 
and private edifices. The state house, in 
which are the public offices of the state, is 
surmounted by a cupola, and is a very hand- 
some and spacious building. The city hall, 
built for city purposes, is also spacious, and 
elegant ; it has two fronts, with porticos, sup 



dumb, the Retreat for the insane, and Wash- 
ington college, arc all beautifully located, in 
the immediate vicinity of the city. The 
Asylum, the first institution of the kind in 
America, incorporated in 1816, was founded 
under the auspices of Rev. T. H. Gallaudet, 
who visited Europe with that object. The sys- 
tern of deaf and dumb instruction in the U. S., 
which is uniform, proceeded from this institu- 
tion, and in some respects differs from any oth- 
er. By the aid of a considerable fund.pupils are 
instructed and supported, at a yearly expense 
of $115 ; a sum much below the actual cost. 
Beside the Principal, there are 9 teachers in 
the institution, which contains 138 pupils, ma- 
ny of whom are taught cabinet making, shoe 
making, and tailoring ; females are taught 
the latter, as well as boys. The principal 
building is 130 feet long, 50 wide, and 3 sto- 
ries high, beside a basement and dormitory. 
Total number of pupils, 412. The Retreat 
for the insane was instituted principally by 
the munificence of the citizens of Hartford, 
and ranks high among the first institutions of 
the kind. The edifice is both spacious and 
elegant ; it has an entire front of 254 feet : 
viz. a centre 50 feet, two wings 70 feet each, 
and ends each 32 feet ; centre and ends 3, 
and wings 2 stories high ; and basement. 
The grounds belonging to the Retreat are 
spacious, and highly improved. Washington 
college, founded in 1826, has two edifices of 
free stone ; one 148 feet long by 43 wide, and 
4 stories high, containing 48 rooms ; the oth- 
er 87 feet by 55, and 3 stories high, contain- 
ing the chapel, library, mineralogical cabinet, 
philosophical chamber, laboratory and recita- 
tion rooms. There are 5,000 vols, in the col- 
lege library, and 2,500 in the libraries of the 
different societies. A complete philosoph- 
ical apparatus, cabinet of minerals, and bo- 
tanical garden and green house, belong to the 
institution. The faculty consists of a presi- 
dent, 6 professors, and 2 tutors. Students, 
about 60. Commencement 1st Thursday in 
Aug. 

The Alms house, with a farm on which the 
able inmates are employed, is conducted on 
a plan of remarkable economy, and nearly 
supports itself. The public schools arc nu- 
merous, and there are several excellent pri- 
vate schools. Mill r. has several water priv- 
ileges, which are improved ; and about 2 ms. 
from the city is an extensive quarry of wall 
stone, suitable for building and other purpo- 
ses. The location of the city is in every re- 



ported each by 6 massy columns. In the city spect delightful ; it is surrounded with a fer- 



are 1 1 places of public worship — 5 for Con. 
gregationalists, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 
1 Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 Rom. Catholic, 
and 1 African ; several of these are very hand- 
some, and the Episcopal, a gothic edifice, is 
much admired for its elegance. There are 
4 banks, including a branch of the U. S. B., 
with an aggregate capital of $2,856,400 ; a 



tile and indeed exuberant soil, and is not ex. 
ceedcdby any other inland town in the varie- 
ty and beauty of its scenery. Hartford was 
settled 1635, the city incorporated 1784, and 
is memorable as the seat of the Hartford 
convention. Pop. city, including the t. 1830, 
9,789; city, 7,076. 

Hartforu, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 54 



bank for savings ; 3 fire and marine insurance ms. a little e. of n. from Albany, 8 e. Sandy 
offices, an arsenul, museum, two markets. Hill. Wood cr. runs along the n. w. corner ; 
&c. The American asylum for the deaf and 15 schools, 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,420. 



P 



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Hartford, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. 
Geo. situated on the left bank of Ockmul- 
gee river, about GO nis. s. r,. w. Millcdgcvillc, 
latitude 32° 20', long. 0° 30' w. Washington 
City. 

IIahtford, p-v. and st. jus. Ohio co. Ky. 
situated on the left bank of Rough creek, 
near the centre of the co. by p-r. 147 ms. s. w. 
by w. Frankfort, and 45 n. Russcllvillo, lat. 
37° 25', long. 9° 56' w. W. C. 

Hartford, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part 
of Trumbull co. Ohio. Tho p-o. is by p-r. 
175 ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 
1830, 859. 

Hartford, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

Hartland, p-t. Somerset co. Mo. Pop. 
1830, 718. 

IIartland, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. w. Conn, 
river, 50 ms. s. e. Moiitpclier, 62 n. e. Ben- 
nington, 100 from Boston. A rich farming 
town, pleasantly diversified with hills and 
vallies. Watered n. e. by Queechy river, s. 
by Lull's brook, vi'hich aflbrd some of the best 
mill privileges in the state. The town con- 
tains a valuable bed of paint. There are 18 
shool disiricts. It has a variety of manufac- 
tories. Pop. 1830, 2,503. 

Hartland, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 22 ms. 
N. w. Hartford, bounded n. by Mass. line. 
Hilly and mountainous. Tolerable for gra- 
zing, but poor for grain. Timbered with 
beech, maple, chestnut, and evergreen. Wa- 
tered by the e. branch of Farmington river. 
Fop. 1830, 1,221. 

Hartland, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. on lake 
Ontario, 12 ms. n. e. Lockport, and 30 e. n. 
-E. Lewiston. Land good, 11 school districts. 
Croosed by the Ridge road, on which stands 
Hartland village, 2 ms. n. Erie canal, 10 ms. 
N. E. Lockport. This town contains salt 
springs. Pop. 1830, 1,584. 

Hartleton, p-v. and tsp. of Union co. Pa. 
12 ms. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 65 ms. n. 
N. w. Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
1,737. 

Hart's Crosb Roads, and p-o. Crawford 
CO. Pa. 

Hart's Grove, p-o. Ashtabula co. Ohio. 
Hartsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. about 25 
ms. Phila. 

Hartsville, p-v. on the right bank of 
(Cumberland river, in the extreme southeast- 
ern angle of Sumner co. Ten. by p-r. 43 ms. 
N. e. by E. Nashville. 

Hartwell's Basin. {See Pcrrinton.) 
Hartwick, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 6i ms. s. 
w. Cooperstown, 70 w. Albany. Watered 
by the Susquehannah, Oak's creek, the outlet 
of Caniaderaga or Schuyler's lake, and the 
Otsego creek, which supply u great abun- 
dance of mill seats. Surface considerably 
broken and hilly ; well watered by springs 
and brooks ; 14 schools kejit 6 months in 12. 
A literary and theological seminary was es- 
tablished here in 18 1 6, by members of the 
Lutheran church. i'oi>. Ib30, 2,772. 

Harvard, p-t. Worcester co. Muss. 20 ms. 
N E Worcester, 30 .n w Bo-siun Divided 



by Nashua river from Lancaster and Shirley. 
Soil good, especially for fruit. Here is a 
settlement of Shakers. Pop. 1830, 1,600. 
Harvard University. (See Cambridge.) 
Harvey's p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p.r. 241 
ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Harvey's Store, and p-o. Charlotte co. 
Va. 108 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Harvevsville, p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. 94 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

Harwich, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 79 ms. 
8. E. Boston, bounded e. by the Atlantic. 
Pop. 1830, 3,974. 

Harwinton, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 
ms. w. Hartford. Elevated and hilly. The 
timber consists principally of deciduous trees. 
Lands best adapted to grazing. Watered by 
the Naugatuck, and the Lead Mine rivers. 
Contains vtirious kinds of manufactories, 11 
school districts, and an academy. Pop. 1830, 
1,516. 

Haskinsville, p-v. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 
151 ms. westward Nashville. 

Hat (The), tavern and p-o. Lancaster co. 
Pa. by p-r. 54 me. from Harrisburg. 

Hatboro', p-v. situated near the northeast- 
ern border of Montgomery co. Pa. and on a 
branch of Penepack creek, 17 ms. n. Phila. 

Hatciiersville, p-o. Chesterfield co. Va. 
by p-r. 12 ms. from Richmond. 

Hatciiy, Big. [See Big Hatchy river.) 
Hatfield, p-t, Hampshire co, Mass. w. 
Conn, river, 5 ms. n. Northampton, 95 w. 
Boston. Soil various, but valuable. This 
town unanimously protested against the rev- 
olutionary war, and was the head quarters of 
the Shay's insurrection, but its patriotism 
has since been undoubted. It is supposed 
that tho farmers of this town now stjill feed 
three times as many oxen as were fattened 
in all the towns of Old Hampshire, 100 years 
ago. Pop. 1830, 893. 

Hatfield, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa. 24 
ms. N. N. w. Phila. Pop. 1830, 835. 

Hatteras, q very remarkable cape of the 
Atlantic coast of the United Slates, in N. C. 
Pamlico sound is inclosed on the ocean side 
by a long low reef of sand and rock stretch- 
ing 65 ms. from Ocracock inlet on the s. w. 
to New inlet on the n. e. Cape Hatteras, 
properly so called, is the salient point of this 
reef, jutting in the Atlantic ocean, at lat. 35° 
12', and long. !« 35' e. W. C. This low but 
stormy promontory, is a true cape of winds 
and a point of interest and dread in naviga- 
ting tho Atlantic coast of the United States. 
Havana, p-v. Greene co. Al. by p-r. 26nis. 
s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Havana, p-v. in tho northwestern part of 
Sangamon co. II. by p-r. 123 ms. n. n w. Van- 
dalia. 

Haverford, p-v, Delaware co. Pa. 6 ms. 
from Phila. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 980. 

Haveruill, p-t. and half shire town, Graf- 
ton CO. N. H. 31 ms. n. w. Plymouth, 27 nis 
above Darhnouth college, 70 N.CJoncord, 132 4|» 
from Boston. It is siiuaiod on Comi. river. 
Watered by Olivenan and Ilazen brooks. A 
plca.sunt town Has ;i htndsomc village, de. 



HAY 



206 



HAZ 



nominated Haverhill corner, lying at the s. 
w. angle of the town. Pop. 1830, 2,151. 

Haverhill, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 30 ms. n. 
Boston. A handsome and flourishing town, 
at the head of sloop navigation on the Mor- 
rimac, being situated on the n. side of that 
river. It has an academy. An elegant and 
costly bridge, 800 feet long, across the river, 
connects the principal village with Bradford. 
Four miles below is Rocks village, where is 
another bridge nearly 1000 feet long. Pop. 
1830, 3,896. 

Haverstraw, p-t. Rockland co. N. Y. 36 
ms. N, N. York, w. Hudson river, which hero 
spreads into Haverstraw bay. It includes 
Stony point with the old forts, Clinton and 
Montgomery, together with Dunderberg, or 
Thunder mtn. It has many good mill seats 
and several landings, with wharves, sloops, 
and some trade. There is an academy in 
the village of Warren. Pop. 1830, 2,306 

Havre De Grace, p-v. and sea port, situa- 
ted on the right bank of Susquehannah river, 
near its mouth, 36 ms. n. e. Baltimore. Lat 
3D0 33', long. 0°58'e.W. C. 

Haw, r. of N. C. rises in Rockingham and 
Guilford cos. and flowing thence eastward, 
unite in Orange, when turning to s. e, the 
united stream traverses Orange, and Chat- 
ham and in the s. e. angle of the latter at 
Ilaywoodboro, joins Deep river to form the 
main Cape Fear river. The union of Haw 
and Deep river is in a uiircct Imo about 30 
ms. s, w. by w. Raleigh. 

Haw, river, p-o. in the northwestern part 
of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 65 miles n. w. 
Raleigh. 

Hawfield, p-v. westrn. part of Orange co. 
N.C.byp-r. 14 ms. westward Hillsboro', and 
55 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hawke, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 19 ms. 
s. w. Portsmouth. Had 500 inhabitant.*! 
more in 1775, than it has had since. Soil un- 
even. Ithas 3 schools. Pop. 1830, 520. 

Hawkinsville, p-v. Pulaski co. Geo. about 
70 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Hawlev, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 120 miles 
N. w. Boston, 14 s. w. Greenfield. Situated 
on the Green mtn. range, and well watered 
by several branches of Deerficid river. Pop. 
1830, 1,037. 

Hawsville, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. 

Ky. by p-r. 130 ms. a little s. of w. Hartford. 

Haye's Cross Roads, and p-o. Richland co. 

Ky. 14 ms. from Marsficld, the st. jus. and 71 

N.N.E. Columbus. 

Hay Market, p-v. in the northern part 
ot Prince William co. Va. situated on the 
head ofOccoquon crock, by p-r. 38 ms. a|by w. 
little s. of w. W. C. 5,334 

Haynes' p-o. Grainger co. Tenn. by p-r. 
231 ms. cstrd. Nashville. 

Haynesville, p-v. Lowndes co. Al. bjsp-r. 
120 ms. but by direct road GO ms. westward 
Tiiscaloosa. 

Haysdoro', village of Davidson co. Ten. 

^.n Cumberland nvcr, 7 ms. above Nashville. 

HayV Mills, and p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. 



by p-r. Ill miles westward Washington 
City. 

Hayesville, p-v. Franklin CO. N. C. by p-r. 
31 ms. N. E. Raleigh. 

Haywood, co. N. C. bounded e. by Picken's 
district S. C, Rabun co. in Geo. s. w., Cowee 
branch of Ten. which separates it from Ma- 
con CO. N. C., w. by the Iron or Bald mtn. 
separating it from Blount, Sevier, and Cocke 
Cos. of Ten. on the n. w., and by a nameless 
chain of mtns. separating it from Buncombe 
E. The greatest length of Haywood is from 
the 8. w. to the N. E. angle, 63 ms., the mean 
width 30, area 1,890 square ms. Extending 
in lat. from 35° to 35° 46', and long, from 5° 
38' to 6° 43' w. W. C. The extreme south- 
ern section of Haywood is occupied by the 
Blue Ridge, from the southern side of which 
rise and flow southwardly the extreme high- 
er sources of Savannah river. The Blue 
Ridge, however, forms merely the border of 
the CO., the far greatest part of the surface 
sloping to the n. w., and is drained on the 
western side by Cowee and Tukasccgec 
branches of Ten. and on the eastern by 
Pigconriver, branch of French Broad. These 
streams rising in Blue Ridge flow northwest- 
ward, and pierce the Iron mtn. about 50 ms. 
asunder at the extremes of the co. If n cor- 
rect estimate can be made from the courses 
of the streams, Haywood co. is amongst the 
most elevated sections of the United States. 
The arable vallies must be from 1,500, to 
1,800 feet above the ocean level, giving a 
temperature as low in winter as that on the 
Atlantic ocean at the mouth of the Del. Chief 
town, Franklin. In 1820, Haywood com- 
prised what is now Macon, and the census, 
4,073, included both cos.; in 1830, Haywood 
contained 4,578 inhabitants. 

Haywood, C. H., N. C. (See Waynesville, 
Haywood en. N. C.) 

Haywood, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. {See 
Hayvioo(lboro\) 

Haywood, co. of Ten. bounded s. e. by 
riardinian, s. by Lafayette, w. by Tipton, n. 
w. by Dyer, n. e. by Gibson, and e. by Madi- 
son. Length 30, mean width 20, area GOO sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 22' to 35° 
48', and long. 12° 07' to 12 32' w. W. C. The 
southern part of this co. is drained by the 
Hatchce and its branches, the main stream 
entering the s. E. angle and traversing the co. 
in the direction of n. w. by. w. Tlie s. 
branch of Forked Deer r. enters the eastern 
border and loaves the co. near the n. w. angle, 
flowing nearly parallel to the Big Hatchce. 
The slope of the whole co. is therefore n. w. 
Chief town, Brownsville. Pop. 18.30, 

IIayvvoodsboro, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by 
by p-r. 38 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. It is sit- 
uatoil m tlie s. E.part of the co. and the point 
above the confluence of Haw and Deep rs 
and at the head of Cape Fear r. 

Hazard Forge, and p-o. Hardy co. Va. by 
p-r. 135 ms. westward W. C. 

H.^/LEuiiEEN, p-v. m the norihciii part o[ 



% 



^. 



HEL 



207 



HEN 



Madison CO. Ala. 12 me. nlmoet due n. Hnnte- 
ville. 

IIazlb Patch, p-v. Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 
101 ms. 8. B. E. Frankfort. 

IIazlewood, p-o. Chester diet. S. C. about 
GO ms. N. Columbus. This place was former- 
ly midway. 

Head of Coosa, p-o. in the Cherokee tcr. 
state of Geo. by p-r. 196 ms. n. w. Milledge- 
ville, and G43 southwcstvvard W. C. 

Head OF Navigation, p-v. Spartanburg dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Head of Sassafras, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Kent CO. Md. about 50 ms. n. e. by e. Balti- 
more. 

Head's, p-o. southom part of Fayotto co 
Geo. by p-r. 100 ms. n. w. by w. Millcdgcville. 
Health Seat, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 
58 ms. northward Raleigh. 

Heard, co. Geo. relative position uncertain. 
Tlie C. H. is given in the p-o. list at 153 ms. 
from Milledgeville. 

Heard, C. H. and p-o. Heard co. Geo. by 
p-r. 153 ms. from Milledgeville. 

He.vtu, p.1. Franklin co. Mass. 125 ms. n. 
w. Boston, 12 N. w. Greenfield, bounded n. 
by Vt. line. Pop. 1830, 1,199. 

Hebron, p-t. Oxford co. Mc. 35 ms. n. w. 
Portland. Pop. 1830,915. 

Hebron, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 ms. from 
Plymouth, and 40 from Concord. Pop. 1830, 
540. 

Hebron, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 20 ms, s. e. 
' Hartford. Surface uneven — Soil considera- 
bly fertile — watered by Hop r. a branch of 
the Willimantic, and several small streams. 
It contains a considerable number of manu- 
factories, and 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 
1,939. 

Hebron, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 52 ms. 
N. N. e. Albany, 6 n. Salem. Surface broken 
by hills, somo of large size. It hasnorivcrs 
and is therefore destitute of mill seats. Soil 
productive, and well watered. 19 schools 
kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,68G. 

IIedron, p-v. in the northern part of Greene 
CO. Ala.by p-r. 38 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Hebron, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 17 ms. 
b'juthcastward Millcdgcville. 

Hecktown, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 191 
ms. N. e. W. C. 
» Hector, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. lying be- 
tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 17 ms. w. 
Ithaca and 187 w. Albany. Surface broken 
by elevated ridges. 24 school districts. Pop. 
1830,5,212. 

Hedricks, p-v. southwestern part of York 
CO. Pa. 18 ms s. s. w. from tho borough of 
York and 40 n. n. w. Baltimore. 

Heidlessburg, p.y. Adams co. Pa. 11 ms. 
N. N. E. Gettysburg and 27 s. a. w. Ilarris- 
burg. 

Helderberg, orHelleberg, ranges of hills 
of a mountain character, extending from the 
Cdtbkill mtns. to the Mohawk near Schonec 
lady. 

Helena, p-v. Pickciib dist. fc?. C. by p.r. IW 
nia. N. w. Columbia ' 



Helena, p-o. and st. jus. Iowa co. Mich- 
position uncertain. 

Helena, p-v. and st. jus. Phillips co. Ark. 
situated on tho right bank of Misa. r. in a 
direct course about 100 ms. a little s. of e. 
but by p-r. 151 from Little Rock. Lat. 34° 
28', long. 13° 39' w. W. C. 

Hellen, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 122 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

IIellerstown, p-v. in the sthrn. angle of 
Northampton co. Pa. 4 ms. s. e. Bethlehem. 

Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate. (See Horll 
Oatt.) 

Helm's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 281 
me. 6. w. W. C. 

Hemlock Lake, 6 ma. long. East comer 
of Livingston co. N. Y. 

HEMPniLL's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg 
CO. Va. 140 ms. e. s. w. Richmond. 

Hemphill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 167 
ms. s. 6. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Hempstead, p-t. Queens co. N. Y. s. side 
Long Island, 22 ms. a little s. of e. of New 
York. Hempstead plains lie principally in 
this town, and arc 15 ms. long by 4 broad. 
14 school districts, schools kept 10 months in 
12. Pop. 1830, 6,215. 

Hempstead, co. Ark. as laid down on Tan- 
ner's map of tlie U. S. is bounded by Red r. 
separating it from Texas s. w., by Sevier co. 
of Ark. w., by Clark n. n. e. and e., and by 
Lafayette s. Length from s. e. to n. w. 75, 
mean width 15, area 1,125 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 33° 32' to 34°, and long. 15° 42' to 16° 50' 
w. W. C. Tho sthrn. and wstrn. part of this 
CO., is drained into Red r., tho nthrn. and estrn. 
into little Mo. branch of Washitau. Tho sur- 
face is generally thin and sterile. Chief t. 
Washington. Pop. 1830, 2,512. 

Hempstead, C. H. and p-o. [See Washing, 
ington, same CO. Ark. ter.) 

Henderson, p-t. JelFerson co. N. Y. on 
lake Ontario, 8 ms. s. of Black r. mouth. Soil 
productive. Timber — oak, walnut, clm,boech, 
&c. 12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,428. 
Henderson, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. 280 ms. 
by p-r. N. w. W. C. 

Henderson's, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. by 
p-r. 227 ms. s.w. W. C. 

Henderson, co. of Ky. bounded by Green 
which separates it from Daviess k., by 
Hopkins s., Union w., aijd by O. r. separating 
it from Posey, Vanderburg, Warwick, and ~ 
Spencer cos., Indiana, n. Length parallel to 
the general course of O. r. 40 ms., mean 
width 18, area 720 sq.ms. Extending in lat. 
from 37° 30' to 37° 58', and in long, from 10° 
20' to 11° 12' w. W. C. The course of Green 
r. near its discharge into the O., and the 
general slope of Henderson co. is to the 
nrthrd. Chief t. Henderson. Pop. 1820, 
5,714, 1830, G,G59. 

Henderson, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. 
Ky. situated on the left bank of O. r. about 44 
nib. by water above the moutii of Wabash r- 
;ijid by p-r. 103a littles, of w. Frankfort. 
CR. 37° 48'. long. 10° 42' .w. W. C. 

IJenderho.v, CO. of Ten. bounded by Ptriv 



HEN 



208 



HER 



js., Hardin ». E., McNair s. w., MadiBon w., 
and Carroll n. It is very nearly a sq. of 28 
nw. each side; area 784 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat, from 35° 24' to 35° 48', and in long, 
from 11° 14' to 11° 44' w. W. C. Though 
the eastern border of Henderson approaches 
with u mean distance of 10 ms. from Ten. r. 
the central part is a table land from which 
tjie water courses flow, like radii from a com- 
mon centre. From the southwestern angle 
issue the sources of the s. branch of P'orked 
Deer r.; from the wstrn. side flows the mid- 
dle branch of tho same stream, whilst, from 
the N. w. angle, flow tho extreme sources of 
Obion r. The wstrn. slope of the co. is there- 
fore to the wstrd. towards Miss. Tho estrn. 
pajt declines towards Ten. but even there, 
crs. flow like diverging radii. Sugar cr. north- 
wards. Beech r. cstrds., and Doe cr. to tho s. 
E • Chief t. Lexington. Pop. 1830, 8,748. 

IIendersonville, p-v. st. jus. Nottaway co. 
Va. situated on little Nottaway r. 65 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. Lat. 37° 04', long. 1° 18' w. 
W. C. 

Hendersonville, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 44 
ms. N. K, Nashville. 

Hendrensville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p.r. 
40 ms. wstrd. Frankford. 

Hendricks co. Ind. bounded s. by Morgan ; 
w. by Putnam ; n. w. by Montgomery ; n. by 
Boone ; and e. by Marion. It is a square of 
21 ms. each way; area 441 sq. ms. lat. 39° 
40' to 39° 56', long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W. C. 
Slope sthrd. and drained by diflerent branches 
•of the main volume of White r. Chief town, 
Danville. Pop. 1830, 3,975. 

Hendrick's Store, and p-o. Bedford co Va. 
239 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Hendrysburg, p-o. Belmont co. O. 
IlENLorEN Cape, the ethrn. salient point at 
the mouthof Del. r. opposite and (by Tanner's 
U. S. Pa. and N. J.) between 12 and 7 3 ms. 
asunder. By the same authorities, the lat. 
is by the Pa. and N. .1. 38° 45' and by the U. 
S. 38° 47'. The long, is by the former map 
1° 58' and by the latter 1° 53' e. W. C. 

Henlofen Coal Mines, and p-o. Fentress 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 124 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

IIenniker, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 ms. 
w. Concord, 27 from Amherst, 75 from Bos- 
ton. Watered by Contoocook r. Contains 
excellent water privileges. Soil as various 
and fertile as any in the co. Pop. 1830, 
1,725. 

Henrico, co. of Va., bounded s. and s. w. by 
James r. which separates it from Chickihomi- 
nar. which separates it on the n. from Hano- 
ver, and N. E. from New Kent ; and on the s. 
E. it has Charles City co. The greatest 
length from s. e. to n. w. 30, mean width 10, 
area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 
17' to 37° 40', and long. 0° 20' to 0° 49' w. 
W. C. This CO. is composed of a central 
ridge with two narrow inclined plains, fulling 
towards James r. to the s. w., and Cliickiho- 
miny to the n. k. The surface is broken bv 
waving hills ; soil very rmich diversified. 
I Chief town, Kichmond. The entire pop 



1820. 33,667, of whom, 12,067 were contained 
in tho city of Richmond in 1830. 

Henrietta, p-t. Monroo co. N. Y. 11 ms. 
8. Rochester. Peculiarly good for grazing 
12 school districts. Pop. 1830, 2,322. 

Henrietta, p-v. northwestern part of 
Lorain co. O. by p-r. 133 ms. n. n. e. Co- 
lumbus. 

Henry Cape, of Va. the sthm. salient 
point at the mouth of Chesapeake bay. On 
Tanner's U. S. cape Henry is in lat. 36° 55', 
long. 1° 02' E. W. C. It is the extreme north- 
eastern angle of Princess Ann co. Va. 

Henry, co of Va. bounded by Patrick w., 
Franklin n., Pittsylvania e. and Rockingham 
CO. N. C. s. It is in form or nearly so of a 
rhomb, and about equal to a sq. of 20 ms. each 
side, area 400 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36^0 to 36° 50', long. 2° 44' to 3° 08' w. 
W. C. The slope of this co. is rapid, and to 
the s. E. The extreme sthwstrn. angle is 
crossed by the two branches of Mays r., but 
the much greater part of the area of the co. 
is included in the valley of Irvine r. which 
enters at the n. w. and leaves the co. at tho 
s. E. angle. Chief t. Martinsville. Pop. 1820, 
5,624, 1830, 7,100. 

Henry, co. Geo. bounded by Butler s. e.. 
Pike s., Fayette w., De Kalb, Ockmulgee r, 
separating it from Newton, n. e. Length 33, 
mean width 18, and area 594 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in lat. from 33° 12° to 33° 42', and long, 
7° 02' to 7° 28' w. W. C. This is one of the 
COS. of Geo. which occupies a part of tho di- 
viding plain between the waters of the Atlan- 
tic and those of the Gulf of Mexico. Tho 
wstrn. part is drained by the sources of Flint 
r. whilst from the estrn. section the waters 
flow s. e. into the Ockmulgee. Chief town, 
McDonough. Pop. 1830, 10,567. 

Henry, sthestrn. co. of Ala. bounded w.by 
Dale, N. by Pike, e. byChattahooche r. which 
separates it from Early co. Geo., s. by Jack- 
son, and s. w. by Walton co. Flor. Length 
from s. to n. 48, mean width 28, area 1,.344 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 31° 42'. 
The northwestern part of this co. is drained 
by different branches of Choctawhatcho ; the 
estrn. and sthm. by crs. flowing into Chatta- 
hoochc r. ; surface generally covered with 
pine, and soil sterile. Chief t. Columbia. 
Pop. 1830, 3,955. 

HE^'RY, CO. O. bounded e. by Wood, s. by 
Putnam, s. w. by Paulding, w. by Williams, 
and n. by Lenawe co. Mich. Length from 
s. to N. 32 ms., breadth 27, and area 804 sq. 
ms. Lat. 41° 06' to 41° 39', long. 6° 50' to 
7° 20' w. W. C. This co. lies entirely in the 
valley of Great Miami, and is traversed by 
the main volume of that i,. flowing northeast- 
ward, and dividing the co. into two not very 
unequal sections. Chief town, Damascus. 
Pop. 1830, 262. 

Henry, p-v. Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 7J» 
ina. e. Columbus. 

Henry's Cross Roads, and p-o. Sevier cu 
Ten. by p-r. 182 ms. e. Nashville. 

IlEhBERT'b Cross Koad.s, and p o. Ilfir 



HER 



209 



IIIC 



ford county, Mil. 29 miles n. e. Baltimore. 
IIkrculanaelm, p-v. and 8t. jus. Jeflcrson 
Of. Mo. by p-r. 88G ms. a little h. of w. W. C. 
and 30 below, and a little w. of s. St. Louis. 
It is situated on the right bank of the Miss. r. 
nearly opposite Harrison in II. It is the usu- 
al landing place from the lead mines in Wash- 
ington CO. Pop. about 300, lat. 38° 15', long. 
13o24'w. 
Uerekord, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 
IIiiREFORU, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 
29 ms. from Baltimore. 

IIerefords, p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 329 
ms. N. w. by w. Richmond and 31G westward 
W. C. 

IIkrkimer CO. N. Y. lies between Oneida 
and Montgomery cos. embracing the Mohawk 
r., and is bounded n. by St. Lawrence and 
Montgomery cos., s. by Otsego, w. by Oneida 
and Lewis. Greatest length n. and s. 85 ms. 
greatest width 22, containing 1,290 sq. ms. 
or 725, GOO acres. The Mohawk r. and the 
grand canal run through the heart of the pop. 
of this CO. its whole width. It has a pretty 
large proportion of hilly land, and as great a 
diversity of soil as any in the state. Watered 
by branches of the Oswegatchie and Black r., 
and by W. Canada creek. The East Canada 
creek forms the eastern boundary. Pop. 
1!{30, 35,870. 

Herkimer, p-t. and st. jus. of Herkimer 
CO. N. Y. N. Mohawk, 14 ms. s. e. Utica, 79 
w. N. w. Albany, extending along the Mo- 
hawk r. nearly 15 ms. Land of a superior 
quality. The village of Herkimer stands on 
the w. side of W. Canada creek. The village 
of Little Falls is situated at the Little Falls 
of the Mohawk r. The scenery here abouts 
is grand and interesting ; 13 school districts ; 
schools kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
2,486. 

Hermitage, p-v. in the western part of 
Prince Edward co. Va. 87 ms. s. w. by w 
Richmond. 

Hermox, t. Penobscot co. Me. 7 ms. w 
Bangor. Pop. 1830, 535. 

Herndon's p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 19 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hermjonsville, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 33 ms. 
from Frankfort. 

Heron, Pass of, the strait uniting Mobile 
bay to Pascagoula sound. It is enclosed to 
the N. by the main shore of Ala., and to the s. 
by Dauphin Isl. At mid tides it admits the 
passage of vessels drawing 6 feet water. 

Herrin's p-o. Humphreys co. Ten. by p-r. 
81 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Herriotville, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by 
p-r. 211 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Hertford, p-v. and st. jus. Perquimans co. 
N. C. about 50 ms. a little w. of s. Norfolk 
in Va. and i)y p-r. 200 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Lat. 36° 13', long. 0° 36' e. W. C. 

Hertford County, N.C. bounded by Ber- 
tie s., by Northampton w., Roanoke r. which 
separates it from (Jalcs n. and n. e., and Cho- 
wan bay, which separates it from Chowan co. 
B. E, Length 28, mean width 12, and area 

27 



356 sq. me. E.\tcnding in lat. from 36° 11' to 
36° 27', and in long, from 0° 20' e. to 0° 12' 
w. W. C. Tho slope of Hertford is to the 
N. E. PoUacasty, Loosing, and Pine creeks, 
all flow in that direction into Roanoke or 
Chowan r. Chief t. Wynton. Pop. 1820, 
7,712, 1830, 8,.541. 

Hetrick's p-o. York co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. 
nthrd. W.C. 

HiBERNiA, p-v. on Missouri r. opposite Jef- 
ferson, Callaway co. Mo, 981 ms. by p-r. w. 
W.C. 

HicKLENS, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 31 ms. 
from Milledgcvillc. 

Hickman County, Ten. bounded by Wayne 
n. w.. Perry w., Dickson n., Williamson n. e., 
Maury E., Giles s. e., Lawrence s. Length 
38, mean width 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 23' to 35° 51', 
long, from 10° 12' to 10° 45' w. W. C. The 
southern part of Hickman is drained by the 
Duflulo branch of Duck r., flowing over it 
westerly, but full three fourths of the whole 
surface is included in the valley, which also 
flows westerly, receiving creeks from each 
side. Chief t. Vernon. Pop. 1C20, 6,080, 
18.30, 8,132. 

Hickman, southwestern co. Ky. bounded 
by Mayfield's r. separating it from McCrack- 
en N., by Graves e.. Weakly co. Ten. s. e., 
Obion CO. Ten. s. w., and w. by the Miss. r. 
separating it from New Madrid and Scott 
cos. of Mo. Length 31, mean width 18, and 
area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
30' to 36° 57'. The slope of this co. is 
wstrd. towards Miss. r. and is drained in that 
direction by Mayfield's r. and little Obion. 
Chief t. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 5,198. 

Hickman's p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by 
p-r. 208 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Hickory, small p-v. Washington county 
Pa. 

Hickory Creek and p-o. southern part of 
Warren co. Ten. The p-o. is 10 ms. sthrd. 
McMinville, the co. St., and 74 ms. s. e. by e. 
Nashville. 

Hickory Flat, p-o. Gwinnct co. Geo. by 
p-r. 130 ms. N.N. w. Milledgeville. 

Hickory Fork and p-o. Gloucester co. Va. 
by p-r. 85 ms. e. Richmond. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. 
C. by p-r. 181 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. York dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 89 ms. n. Columbia. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by 
p-r. 81 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Hickory Grove and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Ala. by p-r. 142 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Bond co. II. 30 ms. 
wstrd. Vandulia. 

Hickory (J ROVE, p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 
45 ms. w. St. Louis. 

Hickory Hill, p-v. (Jh Coosaw r. northern 
part of Beaufort dist. S. C. 70 ms. w. Charles, 
ton, and by p-r. 93 a little w. of s. Colum. 
bia. 

Hickory Mountain, p-v. Chatham co. N. 
C. by P-r. 4G ms. w.strdly. Raleigh. 



HIL 



810 



HIL 



HicKet-oni), p-v. and et. jus. Grennvillc co. 
Va. situated on tho right bank of Mchorin r. 
by p-r. G9 ms. almost exactly due s. Rich- 
iiiond. Lat. 3G° 37', long. 0° 35' w. W. C. 

HicKSTowN, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Flor. 

1 1 iGGiNsroRT, p-v. in the southern part of 
Brown co. O. by p-r. Ill ms. s. s. w. Colum- 
bus. 

lIjGiiGATE, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. on Missis- 
qne bay, 33 ms. N. Burlington. Pop. 1830, 
2,038. 

High Gkove, p-v. Nelson co. Ky. near 
Bardstown, and 54 ms. s. w. by w. Frank 
fort. 

HiGiiTSTOwN, P-V. Middlesex co. N. J. 3 
ms. s. Cranbury, 12 n. e. Bordentown. 

Highland, co. O. bounded s. e. by Adams, 
s. w. and w. by Brown, n. w. by Clinton, n. by 
Fayette, n. e. by Ross, and e. by Pike. Lat. 
39° 0' to 39° 22', long. 6° 16' to 6° 47' w. W. 
C. This CO. derives its name from occupy- 
ing a table land between the Ohio, Sciota, 
and Little Miami vallies. The southeastern 
sources of Paint creek flow to the n. e. to- 
wards the Sciota ; those of Brush and Eagle 
creeks, sthrd. towards Ohio r., and the estrn. 
branches of Little Miami wstrd. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken. Soil various, but 
generally productive. Chief t. Hillsboro'. 
Pop. 1820, 12,308, 1830, 10,345. 

Highlands, N. Y. (See Matteawan mtns.) 
ITiGH Plains, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r. 
89 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

High Rock, p-o. Rockingham co. N. C. by 
p-r. 74 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

High Shoaxs, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by 
p-r. 234 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

High Spire, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. 6 ms. 
from Harrisburg. 

High Tower, p-v. Cherokee tcr. Geo. on 
Etowah r. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 
This is one amongst ihe many Indian names 
mutilated to suit tho English idiom ; it is a 
corruption of Etowah. 

Hiliiam, p-v. in the western part of Over- 
ton CO. Ten. 14 ms. wstrd. Monroe, co. st. and 
109 ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. 

riiLLEGAs, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 
170 ms. N.E.W.C. 

Hill Grove, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. s. w.by w. Richmond. 

HiLT.Hoi'SE, p-v. in the northern part of 
Geauga co. O. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Columbus, 
and 336 n. w. W. C. 

HiLLiARDSTON, p-v. Nash CO. N. C. 10 ms. 
northestrd. Nash court house, and 54 n. n. e. 
Raleigh. 

Hillsborough County, N. H. bounded n. 
by Grafton co., e. by Rockingham, s. by 
Mass., w. by Cheshire co. Greatest length 
52 ms., greatest width from e. to w. 32 ms. ; 
containing 1,245 sq. ms., or 796,800 acres. 
Surface generally uneven ; mountains, Kear- 
earge, Ragged, Lyndenborough, Sunapee, 
Unconoonock, Crotclied, and Society Land. 
"Well watered. The Merrimack, the Con- 
tocook, the Nashua, the Souhcgan, and the 



Piscataquog, are the principal rivers. It has 
several mineral springs. It possesses many 
advantages for manufacturing establishments. 
Chief towns, Amherst and Hopkinton. Pop. 
1820, 35,781, 1830, 37,762. 

fliLLsnoRouGH, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 
23 ms. from Amherst, 24 w. Concord, 70 
from Boston. Well watered by Contocook 
and Hillsborough rs. Land uneven. Pop. 
1830, 1,792. 

Hillsborough, t. Somerset co. N. J., lies 
w. of the Miistone, and e. of the Raritan, 15 
ms. w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1830, 2,878. 

Hillsboro', p-v. on the U. S. road, Wash- 
ington CO. Pa. very nearly mid-distance be- 
tween Washington, Pa. and Brownsville, and 
11 ms. from each; by p-r. 2'2l ms. n. w. W, 
C. This village stands on ground elevated 
J, 750 feet above the Atlantic level. It ex- 
tends in a single street along the road. 

Hillsboro', p-v. in the western part of 
Caroline co. Md. situated on Tuckahoe creek, 
about 13 ms. n. n. e. Easton, and 46 s. e. Bal- 
timore. 

Hillsboro', p-v. at the eastern foot of the 
Blue Ridge, northern part Loudon co. Va. by 
p-r. 51 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Orange co. N. 
C. by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 04', 
long. 2° 7' w. W. C. It is situated on Eno r. 
one of the higher branches of Neuse r. 

Hillsboro', p-v. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. 61 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Hillsboro', p-v. Madison- co. Ala. 
Hillsboro', p-v. Franklin co. Ten. by p-r. 
85 ms. s. s. E. Nashville. 

Hillsboro', v. of Davidson co. Ten. 11 ms. 
w. Nashville. 

Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Highland co. 
O. by p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 441 
ms. w. W. C. It is situated on the head of the 
s. w. branch of Paint creek, in a fine healthy 
country. Lat. 39° 12', long. 6° 35' w. Pop. 
1830, 566. 

Hillsboro', p-v. in the eastern part of 
Fountain co. Ind. 61 ms. n. w. by w. Indian- 
opolis, and 20 ms. eastward Covington, the 

CO. St. 

Hillsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. II. by p-r. 28 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, 
and 809 ms. w. W. C. Situated on Shoal 
creek branch of Kaskaskias r. Lat. 39** 08', 
long. 12° 32' w. 

Hill's Bridge and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. 
by p-r. 83 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

HiLLTOWN, post tsp. Bucks CO. Pa. about 
22 ms. N. Philadelphia. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
1,670. 

Hillsdale, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
K. Hudson. Surface broken. 15 schools, 
kept 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,446. 

lliLLSDALE, one of the southern cos. of 
Mich, bounded by Williams co. O. s.. Branch 
CO. Mich, w., Calhoun n. vv., Jackson n., and 
Lenawee e. Length from s. to n. 32 ms., 
breadth 26, and area 8.32 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
.38' to 42° 06', long. 7° 21 to 7° 50' w. W. C. 
Hillsdale co. is in an especial manner a table 



HIN 



211 



HOL 



land. The sources of 8t. Joseph's branch ofj by the Ashuelot, besides which, it has sev 
Great Mauineo rise in and drain the 8tlirn.| oral other streams. It contains iron ore, and 



and central part of tlic co. leaving it by a 
sthrn. course. Along the eastern margin 
rises Bean or Tiffin's r. another branch ot 
Maumee, flowing also to the sthrd. The 
northwestern angle gives rise to the extreme 
sources of St. Joseph's r. of lake Michigan, 
flowing to the n. w., and finally from the 
northeastern angle issue to the estrd. the 
extreme sources of the river Raisin. To the 
above it may again be added, that the extreme 
sources of Grand r. of lake Mich, rise on the 
southern border of Jackson co., and almost 
on the northern margin of Hillsdale. It must 
therefore be obvious that the latter occupies 
the central plateau of Michigan, from which 
literally, the streams flow like radii from a 
common centre. Chief t. Sylvanus. 

Hill's Gkovk, and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 
100 ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Hill's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 
84 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Hillville, p-v. in the northwestern part of 



sonic otiior minerals and fossils. Those arc 
found in West River min. which, some years 
since, suffered a slight volcanic eruption. 
Timber, pitch and white pine, white and 
yellow oak, chestnut, and walnut. Here is a 
bridge across the Conn. r. Population 1830, 
937. 

Hinsdale, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 10 ms. 
E. Pittsfield, 125 w. Boston. Situated on the 
highlands, near the heads of the Housatonic 
and Westfield rivers. A farming town. Pop. 
1830, 780. 

Hinsdale, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. IG 
ms. s. E. Ellicottville. Timber, pine, beech, 
and maple. Pop. 1830, 919. 

Hiram, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Saco, 
31 ms. s. w. Paris. Pop. 1830, 1 ,026. 

Hiram, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of 
Portage co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 141 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the township 
1830, 517. 

Hix's Ferry, and p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. 



Mercer CO. Pa. 12 ms. n. w. the borough of by p-r. 1,014 ms. W. C. and 151 northeast- 



Mercer 

HiNDSviLLE, p-v. in the southwestern part 
of Jefferson CO. Ind. 17 ms. wstrd. Madison, 
the CO. St. and 82 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Hinds, co. Miss, bounded s. by Copiah, s. 
w. by Claiborne, n. w. by Big Black river, 
separating it from Warren, n. by Madison, 
and E. by Pearl river, separating it from 
Rankin. Extending in lat. from 32° 02' to 
32° 28', long. 13° OG'to 13° 50' w. W. C. It is 
in length from s. to n. 30, with nearly the 
same mean width, area 900 square miles. 
Hinds is composed of two inclined plains, 
the westrn. and most extensive, slopeing to- 
wards the Miss, and drained by tho Big 
Black river, and Bayou Pierre ; the eastern 
plain declines towards, and is drained into 
the Pearl river. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 
1830, 8,045. 

HiNESBURG, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 12 ms. 
s. E. Burlington, 26 w. Montpeher. Fine for 
farming. Principal streams, Piatt river and 
Lewis creek. Pop. 1-830, 1,665. 

HiNGiLVM, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 14 ms. 
a. Boston. A handsome and compact village, 
at tiie head of an arm of Mass. bay. Surface 
broken and unpleasant. Has a respectable 
academy. Is a place of considerable trade 
and manufactures, and has some navigation. 
In 1830, there were 44,878i bbls. of mack- 
erel packed in this place. Population 1830, 
3,387. 

Hinkletox, p-v. situated at the forks of 
Concstogo creek, Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. 
.N. E. Lancaster. 

HiNKLEv, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part 
of Medina co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 125 
ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the township 
1830, 399 



ward Little Rock. 

HoBOKEN, village, Bergen co. N. J. beauti- 
fully situated on the Hudson river, opposite 
N. Y. city, with which there is a constant 
communication by a steam boat ferry, every 
20 minutes ; a place of great resort for the 
citizens of N. Y. in warm weather. 

HocKMAN, p-o. Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 
275 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

HoDGENsvjLLE, p-v. Hardins co. Ky. by p-r. 
83 ms. southwestward Frankfort. 

HoFFSviLLE, p-o. Harrison co. Va. by p-r. 
236 ms. w. W. C. 

HoGESTowN, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 9 ras. 
from Harrisburg. 

Hogg's Store, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Newberry district, S. C. 03 ms. v. w. 
Columbia. 

Hog Island, on the coast of Northampton 

. Va. 

Hog Mountain, p-o. northern part of 
Clark CO. Geo. by p-r. 84 ms. n. n. w. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

HoKESViLLE, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 
178 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

HoLDEN, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 51 ms. 
w. Boston. Situated on elevated ground. 
The main branch of the Blackstone river 
heads in this town. Well watered and sup- 
plied with mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,719. 

HoLDENS, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 

HoLDERNEss, p.t. Graftou CO. N. H. 40 ms. 
N. Concord, 65 from Portsmouth. Soil hard. 
Timber, oak, pine, beech, and maple. Well 
watered, and supplied with mill seats by the 
Pemigewasset and various other streams. 
Pop. 1830, 1,430. 

Holland, town, Orleans co. Vt. 56 ms. n. 
E. Montpelier, 61 n. Newburg. Seitlement 



Hinsdale, p-t. s. w. corner of Cheshire co. [commenced since 1800. Watered by seve- 
N. H., e. Coim. riv^r, 75 ms. from Concord, ral branches of C'lyde river. Land handsome 
96 from Boston, 86 from Hartford, Conn, andjand excellent. Pop. 1830, 422. 
86 from Albany. Well watered. Crossed' Holland, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 ms. 



HOL 



212 



HON 



E. Springfield, 75 s. w. Boston. Crossed by 
the Quinnabaug. Pop. 1830, 453. 

Holland, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 24 ms. 8. e. 
Buffalo. Watered by Cazenovia and Seneca 
creeks. Land moderately uneven, an easy 
and rather a moist loam, timbered with ma- 
pie, beech, linden, iieiulock, &c. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,071. 

Holland, p-v. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 302 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Hollidaysburo, p-v. in the western part of 
Huntingdon co. Pa. 3 ms. e. w. Frankstown, 
40 ms. N. of Bedford and by p-r. Ilia little n. 
ofw. Harrisburg. 

Holliday's CJove, p-o. Brooke co. Va. on 
the p-r. about 35 ms. w. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 
269 N.w. W. C. 

lloLLiNGSwoRTii Farm, and p-o. Habersh- 
am CO. Geo by p-r. 137 ms.N. MiUedgeville. 
HoLLis, p-t. Ilillslwrough co. N. H. B ms. 
s. Amherst, 36 s. Concord, 42 n. w. Boston. 
Watered s. e. by Nashua river, s. w. by Misi- 
tissit river. Soil various. A pleasant vil- 
lage near the centre. Pop. 1830, 1,792. 

HoLLis, p-t. York co. Me. on Saco river, 
42 ms. N. York. Pop. 1830, 2,272. 

HoLLisTON, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 25 
ms. s. w. Boston. Soil good, and well culti- 
vated. Water privileges valuable. It has 
several extensive factories, and is a very 
flourishing town. The shoe manufacturing 



Florida, 108 ma. a little n. of e. Pensacolrt, 
and 71 w. Tallahasse. The tract of country 
called Holme's valley is described in Will- 
iam's Florida, under the head of Jackson, but 
in his map it is included in Washington co. 
It is thus delineated. " Holme's Valley com- 
mences near the Choctawhatche river and 
extends eastwardly 10 or 12 ms. parallel 
with Holme's creek, from which it is separa- 
ted by a sand ridge, one or two ms. wide. It 
contains from 8 to 10 sections of good land, 
sunk nearly 100 feet below the surface of the 
surrounding country. The soil is a dark 
sandy loam, covered with white, black, and 
yellow oak, white ash, black gum, wild che- 
ry, red bay, magnolia, &c." It is already 
extensively settled along a stream supp/icd 
by springs from the adjacent hills. ' 

HoLMESviLLE, formerly called Appling 
court house, p-v. and st. jus. Appling co. Geo. 
by p-r. 145 ms. s. E. Millcdgeville, and 787 
ms. southwestward W. C. N. lat. 31° 43', 
long. 5° 32' w. 

HoLMEsviLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Pike co. 
Miss. 56 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez, and 1,128 
s. westward W. C. It is situated on the main 
stream of Bogue Chitto river, n. lat. 31° 12'. 
Holt's Store, and p-o. Orange co. N. C. 
G8 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Homer, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. the st. 
jus. of the CO. 26 ms. s. Onondaga, 15 n. 



business is recently carried on extensively Ithaca, and 138 w. Albany. It is situated on 
in the place. Pop. 1830, 1,304. the Tioughnioga, which, with its numerous 

Holloway's p-o. Edgefield districts. C. branches, supply an abundance of mill .scats. 



by p-r. 89 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

Holly Grove, p-o. Monroe co. Geo. by 
p-r. 32 ms. weslrd. Millcdgeville. 

Holly Iron Works, and p-o. Cumberland 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 31 ma. w. Harrisburg. 

Holmes, co. of Ohio, bounded e. by Tus- 
carawas, s. by Coshocton, s. w. by Knox, n. 
w. by Richland, and n. by Wayne. Length 
from E. to w. 30, breadth 18, .and area 540 
square ms. Lat. 40° 27' to 40° 40', long. 4° 
42' to 5° 13' w. W. C. This co. is traversed 
from north to south by Kilbuck, branch of 
White Woman's river, and the western bor- 
der by Mohiccon river, slope southward. 
Chief town, Millcrsburgh. Pop. 1830, 9,133. 
Holmes co. was formed since the census of 
1820, from the southern part of Wayne, 
and northern of Coshocton. 

HoLMESBURGii, village, Philadelphia co. Pa. 
on the Pcnnipack and main stage road, 9^ 
ms. N. E. Philadelphia. There arc several 
manufactories here on the Pennipack. 

HoLMEsnuRGH, p-0. Phila. co. Pa. 10 ms. 
N. E. from the city of Phila. 

Holmes' Hole, p-v. Duke's co. Mass. on 
Martha's Vineyard, 9 ms. from Falmouth, 9 1 
8. E. Boston. Has a safe and sjiacious har- 
bor, where wind boimd vessels often wail for 
a propitious gale, to waft ihcm safely by the 
Cape Cod shoals. 

Holme's Mill, and p-o. Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 46 ms. westerly W. C. 

Holme's Valley, p-v. on Holme's creek, in 
the northwestern part of Washington co 



The land is good. It contains two consider- 
able and flourishing villages. Homer and 
Cortland, in eachofwhicli is an academy. 
There are 32 school districts, in which 
schools aro kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830. 
3,307. 

HoMOCHiTTo, river of the state of Miss, has 
its most remote source in Copiah co. from 
which it flows southwestward into and over 
Franklin, draining by its confluents nearly the 
whole surface ol the latter co. Leaving 
Franklin it assumes a w. s. w. course sep- 
arating Adams from Wilkinson co. and falls 
into the Miss, after a comparative course of 
75 ms. The Ilomochitto has interlocking 
sources with those of Amite, Bogue Chitto, 
and Pearl river, and with those of Bayou 
Pierre. 

Hone Factory, and p-o. Randolph co. N. 
C. 64 ms. westward Raleigh. 

HoNEOYE Lake, Richmond, Ontario co. 
N. Y. about 5 ms. long n. and s., and 1 mile 
wide. It discharges, at the n. end Iloneoye 
creek, which receives also the outlets of 
Cancadea and Hemlock lakes, and falls into 
the Genesee at Avon. 

Honesdale, flourishing p-v. Wayne co. Pa. 
at the junction of Dyberry creek with Lack- 
awaxcn river, 24 ms. above the junction of the 
latter with the Delaware river, at an elevation 
above the Atlantic tides, of 816 feet. The 
situation is delightful, and.herc, as at many 
other places, canals and roads have produced 
almost instantly u town .>vith all the attributes 



HOP 



Q13 



HOR 



of business ; wealth, and population possess- 1 Hopewell, p-t. tsp. liediord co. Pa., in the 
iiig intelligence and independence. Hones- n. k. part of the co., on Kayton branch of Ju- 



daic stands at the point of connexion betwcim 
the Lackawuxcn canal and r;nl road, by the 
latter 17i ms. estrd. Carbondalc, and 130 n. 
Phila. lat. 41° 35', long. 1"^ 41' e. W. C. Fop. 
1830, 433, now perhaps, lOUO. 

Honey Brook, p-t. tsp. Chester co. Pa. 
on the heads of Brandy wine creek, about 40 
ms. wstrd. Phila. 

Honey Creek, and p-o. Vigo co. Ind. 
7 ms. s. Terre Haute, the co. st. 

Honey Hill, and p-o. Monroe co. Ala. by 
p-r. 152 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

HoNEYviLLE, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by 
p-r. 115 ms. w. W. C. 

»iOOKERSTowN, p.v. Grecnc co. N. C. by 
p-r. 85 ma. n. e. Raleigh. 



niatn, liy p-r. 110 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Hoi'KwELL, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, by 
p-r. 173 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

HorEWELL, p-v. Yorkdist. S.C., by p-r. 64 
ms. N. Columbia. 

Hopewell, p-v. Rock Castle co. Ky., by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. 

Hopewell, p-v. Muskingum co. O., by p-r. 
54 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

Hopewell, Cotton Works, p-o. Chester co. 
Pa. 

Hopkins, co. of Ky., bounded e. by Pond r. 
separating it from Mecklenburg ; s. e. by 
Christian ; s. w. by Trade water, separating 
it from Caldwell ; w. by Livingston ; n. w. 
by Union and Henderson ; and n. by Green 



HooKESTOwN, p-v. Bcavcr co. Pa. by p-r. r. separating it from Daviess. Length 35, mean 



258 ms. from W. C. 

IlooKSETT, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., on 
the Merrimack, 9 ms. s. Concord, 12 from 
Hopkinton, and 54 from Boston. Here are 
those beautiful falls, known by the name of 
Isle of Hooksott falls ; the r. descends 16 
feet in the course of 30 rods ; here too is a 
bridge across the Merrimack. Pop. 1830, 
880. 

HooKSTowN, v. of Baltimore co. Md., on 
the Reisterstown road, 6 ms. n. w. Baltimore. 
HoosAC Creek, or Little Hoosac, waters 
the fine farming valley in the e. of Rensselaer 
CO. and unites with Hoosac r. at Petersburg, 
being about 12 ms.in length. 

Hoosac a. rises in the n, w. corner of Mass., 
and after coursing 45 ms., falls into the Hud- 
son at Schaghticoko point. 

Hoosack Mtn., Williamstown, Mass., one 
of the loftiest summits of the Green mts. 

Hoosack, Ilosick, or Hoosick, p-t. Rens- 
selaer CO. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Troy, 2(5 from Al- 
bany, and 8 w. Bennington ; crossed nearly 
centrally by Hoosac r. ; land broken ; il 
has water privileges in abundance, supplied 
by Hoosac falls ; Bennington battle was 
fought here, and in Bennington and White 
I'rcck, Aug. 16, 1777; contains limestone, 
brick clay, and slate ; here are several nitro- 
gen springs. Pop. 1830, 3,584. 

Hop Bottom, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. 
Hope, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 35 ms. N. e. Wis- 
casset. Pop. 1830, 1,541. 

Hope, t. e. e. corner Hamilton co. N. Y., 
25 ms. N. N. e. Johnstown ; land very broken. 
Pop. 1830, 719. 

Hope, v. Warren co. N. J. 16 ms. s. New- 
ton, 10 N. E. of Belvidere. 

Hope, p-v. Pickens co. Ala., by p-r. 43 ms 
wstrd. Tuscaloosa, 



Hopewell, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 5 ms. e. by w. Frankfort. 



width 20, area 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 37° 04' to 37° 34', and long. 10° 18' to 
10° 52' w. W. C. The nrthcstrn. and larger 
section of this co. slopes towards, and is 
drained into Green r., whilst the sthwstrn. 
declines towards, and gives source to sever- 
al creeks, flowing into Trade water. Chief 
t. Madisonville. Pop. 1820, 5,322 ; in 1830, 
6,763. 

Hopkinsville, p-v, St. jus. Christian co. 
Ky., 81 ms. n. w. Nashville in Ten., 33 w. 
Russellvillc, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. Lat. 36° 52', long. 10° 35' w. 
W. C. 

Hopkinsvjlle, p-o. Warren co. 0., by p-r. 
88 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Hopkinton, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. in 
Merrimack co. N. H., 28 ms. n. Amherst, 7 
w. Concord, 46 n. e. Kccne, 30 s. e. New- 
port, 50 w. Portsmouth, and 65 n. n. w. Bos- 
ton. Crossed in s. w. part by Contocook r. 
Pop. 1830, 2,474. 

Hopkinton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 32 
ms. s. w. Boston. The main brancli of Con- 
cord r. rises in this town, also branches of 
Charles and Blackstone rs. ; land, large 
swells, well watered, good for grazing and 
orcharding ; it contains two large manufac- 
turing establishmcnie, with a capital of 100,- 
000 dollars each. Pop. 1830, 1,809. 

Hopkinton, j)-t. Washington co. R. I., 30 
ms. s. w. Providence. There is n sevcnih 
day Baptist society in this place. Pop. 1830, 
1,777. 

Hopkinton, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 
40 ms. E. Ogdensburgh, 23 w. s. w. Malone ; 
heavily timbered with maple, beech, elm, 
bass, butternut, &.c. Pop. 1830, 827. 

Hopper's Tan Yard, and p-o. in the n. e. 
part Christian co. Ky., by p-r. 202 ms. s. .v. 



C'anandaigua village ; excellent land. Pop. 
1830, 2,198. 

Hopewell, t. Cumberland co. N. J., bound- 
ed N. and E. by Cohansey cr., and s. w. by 
(Jreenwich. Poj). 1830, 1,953. 

Hopewell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., on 
Del. r., 1 1 ms. n. Trenton, 14 w. Princeton. 
Pop. 1830,3,151. 



HoRLL Gatt, Hurl Gate, Hell Gate, a strait 
in East r. N. Y., 8 ms. from N. Y. city, be- 
tween the islands of MaiiJiatlan and Parsell 
on the N. w., and L. I. on the s. e. Here arc 
numerous little wliir]i)ools ; but vessels may 
neverllielcss pass wiili (lie greatest safety, i( 
well piloted. Thciiroper name of this strait 
is Hurll Gatt, a Dutch term si>jnifying a 



IIOU 



214 



HUB 



whirlpool ; but it is sometimes corruptly writ- 
ten iind pronounced IlellGatc. 

IIoKNiiiccK's, p-o. Pike CO. Pa., by p-r. 242 
ms. N. N. E. W. C. 

IIORNELLSVILLE, p-t. StCUbCH CO. N. Y., 20 

ms. w. Bath, 260 from Albany ; watered by 
the Canistco, a beatable stream ; good land. 
Pop. 1830, 1,365. 

IIoKN Island, a long, low, and almost na- 
ked bank of sand in the gulf of Mexico, op- 
posite the mouth of Pascagoula r. It is one 
of that chain of islands, which merely merge 
above high water, and range from the mouth 
of Mol)i!e bay in a westerly direction, to the 
mouth of Pearl r. and aro in few places half a 
mile wide. 

HoiiNTowN, p-v. Accomac co. Va., situated 
on the road from Drummondtown to Snow 
Hill, 26 nis. n. n. e. from tJie former, and 16 
a little w. of N. from the latter place, and by 
p-r. 188 ms. s. e. W. C. 

IIoiiKY, extreme cstrn. dist. of S. C, bound- 
ed s. by Georgetown ; w. and n. w. by Little 
Pcdee r., separating it from Marion ; n. e. 
by Columbus co. N. C. ; and s. e. by the At- 
lantic. Length 50, mean width 20, area 
1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 
34' to 34° 17', and long. 0° 44' to 1° 25' w. 
W. C. The declivity of this dist. is almost 
due s., and though having 30 ms. of ocean 
border, none of its streams flow in that dircc 
tion ; Waccamaw r. on the contrary entering 
from N.C., flows almost parallel to the oppo 
sing ocean coast, at from 8 to 15 ms. dis- 
tance. The whole dist. is, with little excep- 
tion, a plain ; in a great part sandy and 
inarsiiy. Stajjlcs, cotton and rice. Chief t. 
Conwaysboro. Pop. 1820,5,025, 1830,5,248. 
IloKSKiiAM, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. 
Pa., 20 ms. n. Phil. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,U81 ; 
1830, 1,086. 

Horse Head, tavern and p-o. Prince 
George's co., 35 ms. by p-r. sthestrdly. W. C 
Horse Race, in the Highlands, 15 ms. be- 
low West Point, a zig zag course in the Hud- 
son, between Anthony's Nose and Dunder- 
berg. 

Horse Shoe Bottom, p-v. Russell co. Ky., 
I)y i)-r. 153 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Horse Shoe Bridge, and p^o. Colleton 
dist. S. C, by p-r. 105 ms. s. Columbia. 

Horse Well, tavern, cro.'is roads and p-o. 
Barren co. Ky., 9 ms. n. Glasgow, and by p-r. 
106 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

HosKiNsviLLE, p-o. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 
94 ms. a little s. of e. ('olumbus. 

Hotel Creek, in Riga, runs into Black 
creek. 

Hot Springs, p-v. Bath co. Va., situated 
between the ("ow Pasture, and tiic eastern 
branch of Jackson's r., 40 ms. s. w. by w. 
Stanton, by p-r. 231 s. w. by w. W. C, and'[ 
183 N. w. by w. Richmond. 

HojiNSFiELD, t. JelTerson co. N. Y., lying 
on the E. side ofChaumont bay, of lake Onta- 
rio ; surface gcnily uneven; soil i)riiuii)ally 
clay or loam ; conlains tine mill seals. In 
this town is Sackett's Harbor, the settle- 



ment of which was not commenced till 1801, 
but which came into general notice, and made 
a conspicuous figure during the last war be- 
tween Great Britain and the U. States. It 
has a most excellent harbor, containing a 
depth of water sufficient for the largest ships 
of war ; on Navy Point, there is now the 
"largest ship of war on the stocks that ever 
was built." Here is laid up the U. S. squad- 
ron emi)loyed on lake Ontario during the last 
war, under Commodore Chauncey ; and here 
Gen. Brown gathered his first laurels, by a 
brilliant and successful defence of the place 
against the British forces from Kingston. 
Pop. 1830,3,415. 

Houston, co. of Geo., bounded by Dooley 
s. ; by J'lint r., separating it from Marion w. ; 
by Crawford n. w. ; Tehocunno r., separating 
it from Bibb n. e. ; and the Ockmulgee r., 
sejiarating it from Twiggs and Pulaski e. 
Extending in lat. from 6° 32' to 7° 13' w. W. 
C. This CO. is in length along Dooley from 
Flint to Ockmulgee r. Pop. 1830, 7,369. 

Houston's, store and p-o. Rowan co. N. 
C, by p-r. 136 ms. westrd. Raleigh. 

Houston's store and p-o. Morgan co. Ala., 
by P-r. 114 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

HousTONViLLE, p-v. Iredell co. N. C by 
P-r. 172 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Howard, p-t. Steuben eo. N. Y. 10 ms. w. 
Bath, 254 w. s. w. Albany. Rough and bro- 
ken ; 9 schools, kept 6 months in 12. Pop.' 
1830,2,464. 

Howard, p-t. tsp. on Beach creek, north- 
ern angle of Centre co. Pa. about 15 ms. n. 
Bellcfontc, and by p-r. 94 n. w. Harrisburg. 
Howard, co. Mo. bounded n. w. by Chari- 
ton, N. E. by Randolph, e. by Boone, s. by 
Missouri river, scparaling it from Cooper, 
and by the Mo. river separating it from Sa- 
line. Length 24 ms., mean breadth 20, and 
area 480 s(iuare ms. Lat. 38° 55' to 39° 17', 
long. 1.5° 21' to 15° 50' w. W. C. Slope 
slhrd. towards that part of Missouri river, 
wliich separates it from Cooper. Chief town, 
Fayette. Pop. 1830, 10,854. 

Howard's Race, p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Howell, island, Monmouth county, N. J. 

bounded e. by the sea, s. by Dover, w. by 

Freehold, N. by Shrewsbury. Pop. 183 >, 4,141. 

Howell, p-o. Logan co. O. by p-r. 73 ms. 

N. w. Columbus. 

Howellville, p-v. Frederick co. Vn. by 
p-r. 74 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Hoylesville, p-o. Lincoln CO. N. C. by p-r. 
200 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

IIovsviLLE, p.v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 53 
ms. w. VV. C. 

IIovsviLLE, i)-v. Loudon co. Va. 43 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 
Hubbard, p-v. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. By 
p-r. the p-o. is 285 ms. n. w. W. C, and 174 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,085. 
HuuiiARDSTOWN, p.t. N. w. part of liutland 
CO. Vt. 50 ms. s. w. Montpelicr, and 50 n. 
ncnninglon. Surface uneven ; well watered ; 
well timbered with hard wood. Contains 



HUL 



215 



HUN 



good mill seals. 9 school diHtricts, A part|oa8tern part of Armstrong co. Pij, 28 ms. a 
of general St. Clnir's army was hero defeated little k. of n. Kittanning, and 70 n. n. k. Pitts- 



on their retreat from Ticonderoga, July, 1777 
Hubbardton r. which ri.scs in Sudbury, passes 
through this town, and falls into E. buy in W. 
Haven. Its length is about 20 ms. Pop. 1830, 
8C5. 

IIuBBARDSTox, p-t. Worccstcr CO. Mass. 
60 ms. w. Boston, 20 n. e. Worcester. Agree- 
ably diversified with hills and valleys. Pop. 
1830, 1,G74. 

Hudson River, ono of tho best for naviga- 
tion in America, rises in tho high mountai- 
nous region w. lake Champlain, in numerous 
branches, and pursuing a straight southerly 
course for more than 300 ms., unites with the 
Atlantic below tho city of N. Y. It has 
three largo expansions, Tappan bay. Haver- 
straw bay, and another bay between P'ishkill 
and New Windsor. Tho Mohawk is its prin- 
cipal tributary. Notwithstanding it Hows 
through a hilly and mountainous country, it is 
navigable for small sloojjs to Troy, IGG ms. 
from its mouth. The combined action of the 
tides, arriving in the Hudson by the East r. 
and the Narrows, carries the swell of the 
river upwards at the rate of 15 to 25 ms. an 
hour. Swift sailing vessels, leaving N. Y. at 
new tide, frequently run through to Albany 
with the same flood-tide. The passage of 
this river, through the Highlands, is charming 
and sublime. The Erie and Champlain ca- 
nals connect this river with lakes Erie and 
Champlain. 

Hudson, city, p-t., port of entry, and st. jus. 
Columbia co. N. Y. e. Hudson r., which is 
navigable to this place for ships of the largest 
size, 117 ms. n. N. Y., 28 s. Albany. Cla- 
verack creek, which forms the e. boundary, 
adbrds the best of sites for water works. 
Factory creek, which forms the boundary to- 
wards Kindcrhook, baa likewise mill privile- 
ges. It contains limestone, brick clay, lead, 
nitre, alum, &c. Its manufactures and com- 
merce arc considerable. The city is sui)plicd 
with water brought in an aqueduct from a 
spring 2 ms. distant. It is pretty well laid 
out, the streets generally crossing each other 
at right angles. Pop. 1830, 5,302. 

Hudson, p-v. in the n. w. part of Caswell 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 86 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Hudson, p-v. and tsp. Portage co. (). The 
p-o. is by p-r. 124 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 
336 N. w. W. C. Pop. of tho tsp. 1830, 
775. 

Hudson's p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 

HuDsoNviLLE, p-v. Graysou co. Ky. by p-r. 
113 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

HuFKERSviLLE, p-0. Grccnc CO. O, by p-r. 50 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

HuGnK's p-o. Allen co. Ky. by p-r. 1G5 ms. 
s. 8. w. Fraidifort. 

HufiiiEsvii.LE, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 53 ms. n. Columbia. 

HuGiiEsviLLE, p-o. Loudon CO. Va. 4 ms. 
from Leesburg, the co. st. and by p-r. 36 ms. 
N. w. W.C. 



bjirg. 

HuuNo's Ferrv and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 
p-r. 18 ms. northrd. Harrisburg. 

Huj.L, t. Plymouth ro. Mass. s. side Boston 
harbor, on a peninsula 8 ms. long, and from 
40 roils to half a mile in width, connected 
with Hingham by a mill dam, 9 miles e. 
Uoaton, 3G n. Plymouth. Population 1830, 
198. 

Hull's Stoke and p-o. Pendleton co. Va. 
by p-r. 206 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

HuLMKsviLLE, p-v. ou tho Icft bank of No- 
slmminy creek, 4 ms. n. w. Bristol, and 20 
n. n. e. Phil. 

IIULMESVILLE, p-O. Bucks CO. Pa, 

Hume, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms. n.w. 
Angelica, crossed s. e. by Genesee r. Haa 
bog iron ore. Pop. 1830, 951. 

HuMMELSTowN, p-v. on tho left bank of 
Swatara creek, Dauphin co. Pa. 10 ms. e. 
Harrisburg, and 94 n. w. by w. Phil. It is 
for its size a wealthy village, extending, in 
[good substantial houses, principally in ono 
street along the main road, from Reading to 
Harrisburg. 

Humi'iirey's Creek and p-o. in tho north- 
western angle of McCracken co. Ky. The 
creek falls into the Ohio r. about 12 ms. 
above the junction of that stream with the 
Miss. The p-o. is by p-r. 30 ms. n. w. by w. 
Wilmington, the co. st. and 309 ms. s. w. by 
w. ^ w. W. C. 

Humphrey's Mills and p-o. Monroo co. 
Ten. by p-r. 145 ms. s. e. by k. Nashville. 

Humphrey's Villa, p-o. Holmes co. O. by 
p-r. 66 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Humpiireysville, p-v. Derby, Conn. 10 ms. 
N. w. New Haven, 15 n. e. Bridgeport. It is 
a manufacturing village of some extent, and 
promises much more than it already is, being 
finely situated on the Naugatuck r. At this 
place merino sheep were first introduced into 
the U. S. by general Humphreys, in 1801. It 
is surrounded by lofty hills, covered with 
wood, and is considered by visiting strangers 
as one of the most beautiful and romantic 
places in the country. 

Humpiirevsviij.e, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 

Humphries, co. of Ten. bounded s. by Per- 
ry, w. by Carroll, n. w. by Henry, n. by Stew- 
art, and E. by Dickson. Length 30, mean 
width 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, 
long. 11° w. W. C, intersect about 5 ms. s. 
of the centre of this co. Ten. r. enters the 
southern border, and about 3 ms. within it 
receives Duck r. ; thence traversing the co. 
in a northern direction, divides it into two nn- 
equal inclined plains, the most extensive being 
on the E. towards Dickson co. Chief town, 
Rcynoldsburgh. Pop. 1820, 4,067, 1830, 
6,189. 

Hunter, p-t. Greene co. N. Y., w. Kaats- 
bcrg, or Calskill nitns. 22 ms. w. Catskill, 58 
from Albany. It embraces the highest points 
of the ('alskill mius. The Kaatcrskill falls. 



HuLLKGSDURO, p-v. on Puicy creek, north- of about 300 feet, are in thu town. Here is 



HUN 



216 



HUN 



one of tho most extensive tanneries in the 
U.S. Pop. 1830, ],9G0. 

IIuNTKaDON CoUiNTv, N. J. OH Dclawaro r. 
hoiindcil N. w. by Warren, n. e. and k. by 
Morris, Somerset and Middlesex, 8. e. by 
IJurlington, st. jus. Flcmington. Trenton in 
this CO. is the st. of government of tlie state, 
wliere thero arc several manufactories on the 
Assanpink. The remainder of the co. is 
principally ngrieultural. Pop. 1820, 28,G04, 
lH;iO, 31,0GG. 

IIi;NTi;a's Hall and p-o. Franklin co. Va. 
by p-r. 194 rns. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

lIuNTKHsviLLK, p-v. ttnd St. jus. Pocahon- 
las CO. Va. by p-r. 219 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 1 8G n. w. by w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 12', 
long. 3° 1' w. W. C. It is situated pn one of 
the higher branches of Green Briar r. be- 
tween Green Briar and Alleghany mtns. at 
an elevation above the Atlantic of upwards 
of 1,HOO feet. 

ilijNTi'.usviLLE, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by 
p-r. 18.'> ms. H. w. by w. Raleigh. 

IIuNTERsviLLE, p-v. Tippccanoe co. Ind. G 
ms. estrd. Fayette, and by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. 
Imlianopolis. 

If IINTINGUON, CO. of Pa. bounded s. w. by 
Bedford, n. w. by Alleghany mtns., separating 
it from (fimbria, n. by (ventre, n. K.by Mifflin, 
and s. v.. by Tuscarora mtn., separating it 
from Franklin. Length, diagonally from s. k. 
to N. w. .58 ms. mean breadth 22, and area 
1,276 s<]. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 03' 
to 40° 46', and in long from 0° 44' to 1° 35' 
w. W. C. This CO. is composed of lateral 
chains of mtns., ranging from s. w. to n.e. 
with very fertile intervening vallies; and it 
may be remarked tli;it the declivity of its 
surface is estrd., and the central part south 
estrd., as evinced by the course of the rivers. 
The whole co. is embraced in the valley of 
Juniata, and traversed along the channel of 
that stream, by the Pa. canal. The mean 
elevation of the arable surface of Hunting- 
don must exceed 800 feet. At Frankstown 
in the western j)art of the co. the surface of 
the (vmal is 910 feet above tide water in Del. 
I. This CO. abounds in iron ore of very su- 
perior quality. (Jhief t. Huntingdon. Pop. 
1820, 20,142, in 1830, 27,145. 

lIiJNTiNonoN, P-V., !)orough, and st. jus. 
Huntingdon co. Pa. 50 ms. n. N. E. Bedford, 
GO in a direct line, though by p-r. 92 rns. n. w. 
by w. Ilarri.sburg. Lat. 40° 31', and long 1° 
2' w. W. C. It is situated on the left bank 
of Frankstown branch of the Juniata, about 
2 ms. above the junction of the latter, with 
the Raystown or Main stream of Juniata. 
In 1820, this borough contained 841 inhabit- 
ants, but being situated on the Pa. canal, its 
pop. must rapidly increase. Not being givim 
in the census tables (1830) separate from the 
tup. in which it is situated, the exact popula- 
tion cannot be given ; but supposed 1,200. 

IIiJNTiNonoN, tsp. and p-v. on Hiuilingdoii 
ereek, in tho extreme western angle of Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa. about 20 ms. n. w. by w. Wil- 



kesbarre, and by p-r. 105 ms. n. n. e. Harris- 
burg. 

HuNTiNODOM, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. 
Ten. by p-r. 109 ms. w. Nashville. It is 
situated on the s. Fork of Obion r. Lat. SG"* 
02', long. ll°28'w. W. C. 

Huntington, t. s. e. part of Chittenden co. 
Vt. 20 ms. w. Montpelier, 15 s. e. Burling- 
ton. Principal stream, Huntington r., which 
affords some good mill seats. Surface very 
uneven, consisting of high mountains and 
deep gullies. Here is that celebrated peak 
of tho Green mtns., called Camel's Rump. 
Soil in general gravelly and poor. 8 school 
districts. Huntingdon r., which rises in Lin- 
coln, runs through this town, and joins Onion 
r. at Richmond, after a course of about 20 
ms. Pop. 1830, 923. 

HuNTiNOTON, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., w. 
Ousatonic r. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. 
IB school districts, 17 ms. w. New Haven. 
Pop. 1830, 1,371. 

Huntington, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. on Long 
Isl. 40 ms. E. N. Y. bounded n. by Long Isl. 
sound. Has an academy and 24 school dis- 
tricts, together with a variety of manufacto- 
ries. This is a place of resort for strangers 
,in summer, for the purpose of fishing and 
fowling. Pop. 1830, 5,582. 

Huntington, p-v. La wrens dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 64 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Huntington, p-v. Calvert co. Md. on the 
road from Prince Frederick to Annapolis, 3 
ms. N. the latter, and by p-r. 57 ms. s. the for- 
mer, and 94 s. e. W. C. 

Huntington, p-v. and tsp. Lorain co. O. By 
p-r. the p-o. is 105 rns. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1830, 169. 

HuNTSBuiiGii, p-o. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 
173 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Hunt's Mills, (now Clinton,) v. Hunter- 
don CO. N. J. 

HuNTSviLLE, p-t. near s. w. angle of Otsego 
CO. N. Y. 25 ms. s. w. Cooperstown, embra- 
cing both sides of the Susquehannah r., 
whence rafts of timber descend to Baltimore. 
Pop. 1830, 1,149. 

IIuNTSviLLE, p-v. Luzcmc CO. Pa. by p-r. 
125 ms. N. E. Ilarrisburg. 

HuNTSViLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Surry CO. N. 
C. situated on the right side of Yadkin r. in 
the s. E. part of the co. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. 
by w. Raleigh. Lat. 36«> 09', long, 2° 32' w. 
W. C. 

HuNTsviLLE, p-v. Lawrcns co. dist. S. C. 9 
ms. s. E. Lawrencevillc, and by p-r. 81 ms. 
N. w. Columbia. 

IIuNTSViLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Madison co. 
Ala. 101 ms. almost due s. Nashville in Ten. 
146 ms. by the common road, but on the p-o. 
list stated at 165 n. n. e. Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 
34° 44', long. 9° 35' w. W. C. This place 
has been called the capital of northern Ala. 
and is a very flourishing village ; by the cen- 
sus of 1820, the population stood, whites, 
833; colored, 4U3 ; total, 1,316. The pop. 
of 1830 not given in the census. 



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317 



HUR 



93 



HuNTsviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r 
nis. southwstrd. Columbus. 

HuNTSvii.LK, p-v. and st. jus. Rniidolph co. 
Mo. by p-r. 1,0-12 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 230 
N. w. by \v. St. Louis. 

HuRLiiY, I. Ulster CO. N. Y. 3 rns. w. King- 
ston, 08 s. Albany, 100 n. N. Y. Tliero i.s 
an inexhauHtiblo quarry of variegated marhlo 
in this town, composed of petrified sliells of 
a bluish and reddish cast. Population 1830, 
1,408. 

Huron, one of tho live great lakes, which, 
with many snialior ones, form tho inland 
fresh water bca of North America, usually 
called the sea of Canada. Huron in its ut- 
most extent has been, until the iiuhlication in 
18xJ0, of Tanner's map of the U. S., very in- 
accurately delineated. This extensive sheet 
of water is there laid down, according to its 
real natural divisions, inio three pans, lake 
Huron Proper, lake Iroquois, and Manitou 
bay. 

Huron Pkoi-er lies in form of a crescent, 
the middle curve of which stretches 2G0 ms. 
from the Michilimakinnk straits to the head 
of St. Clair r. With tiic exception of the 
Saginau, and some other lesser bays, the 
outline approaches very nearly to a real cres- 
cent. Greatest breadth, independent of the 
bays, about 70 ms. Superiicial extent about 
20,U00 sq. ms. On the s. w. it ia limited hy 
the peninsula between lake Huron and Mich- 
igan ; on tho n. w. it has tho peninsula be- 
tween Huron and Superior; and on tho s. k. 
the peninsula of Upper Canada. From the 
latter protrudes northwardly a smaller penin- 
sula, called (^al)ot's Head, which is followed 
as part of the same chain by a series of isls. 
inHccting to the n. w. towards St. Mary's 
strait. These islands retaining their Indian 
name, " Manitou (Great Spirit) islands," form 
with Cabot's Head so nearly a continuous 
land barrier as to divide lake Huron into two. 



gun, lake Nipissing, lako Simcoc, and numer- 
ous small rs. It is in fact tho lower depression 
of a basin, in form of an equilateral triangle 
of 300 miles each side, or about 37,500 aq. 
miles. 

That part of the water of the Huron basin 
not abstracted by evaporation is poured to the 
sthrd. by the river or strait of St. Clair. The 
surface of the water at its mean height is about 
GOO feet above the Atlantic level. 

The boundary between tho U. S. and 
Canada passes along the main Huron about 
22.'} ms., and thence; between Druunnond's 
and liillle Manitou islands, and over the wes- 
tern end of Manitou lake ^.1 ms., or along 
2.'')0 ms. from tho influx of (he northern branch 
of St. Mary's r. into lake Manitou to outlet 
of St. Clnir r. from lake Huron. As a com- 
mercial link in the chain of inland navigation, 
Huron is of immense importance. In its 
natural state, the main lake opens a spacious 
channel into both Superior and Michigan 
lakes. Heing united to lake Siincoe by Mat- 
chadash r., a natural channel is thus extended 
from the extreme sthestrn. angle of lake Iro- 
quois, l)y the Matchadash r., Simcoe lake, 
and the Trent r. and lakes, into tho extreme 
nrthcstrn. angle of lake Ontario, with only a 
few intervening portages. This latter route 
has long attracted attention as one admitting, 
with moderalo comparative expense in im- 
provement, an abridgement of one half in dis- 
tance from the head of St. Lawrence r. to the 
head of lake Huron. By the route of Ontario, 
Erie, Huron, and connecting rs. the distance 
is 800 ms.; whilst by the Simcoc, and lake 
Iroquois route it is only 400 ms. The actual 
execution of the Rideau canal is a practical 
illustration of what may be expected, in re- 
gard to the futiLre artificial and direct union 
of Ontario and Huron lakes. 

Huron, a name given to several rs. one 
the northern part of the state of Ohio, 



and by the northern protrusion of Great Ma- rising in Richland co. but flowing nrthds. into 



ritou isl. into thfee bodies of water. 



lake Eric, drains tho greatest part of and 



To the northeastward of Huron Proper, gives name to Huron co. Entire comparative 
and E. of Cabot's Head, spreads a sheet of 'course 40 ms. 



water, called by Taimer, lake Iroquois. 
This latter lake is in form of an ellipse : 140 
ms. the longer, by 70 the shorter axis. Al- 
lowing for the angles, the area is about 7,000 
sq. ms 



Another Huron r. of much greater length 
of course, and draining a greatly larger valley, 
falls into the extreme nrthvvsirn. angle of 
lako Erie at the outlet of Detroit r. This 
second Huron has interlocking sources with 



Separated from Huron Proper by Drum- those of St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand 
mond's, and the Lesser and Greater Manitou rs. of lake Michigan, with those Saginau r. 
isls., and from lake Iroquis by the Great Ma- and with a third Huron flowing into lake St. 
nitou, stretches another sheet of water, called Clair ; and again to the sthrd. with those of 



by Tanner, Manitou bay. This is in length 
from E. to w. 80 ms. with a mean breadth of 
20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. 

Taken in all its extent with the islands be- 
tween the sections, lake Huron fdls a physical 
area of 28,(i00 sq. ms. having a rude approach 
to a triangle of 240 ms. base. The main 
lake is excessively deep, but similar to most 
part of all the other Canadian lakes; the 
shores are generally shallow, though some 
fine harbors exist. Lake Huron is the com- 
inon recipient of lake Superior, lake Michi- 

28 



the r. Raisin. With a comparative course of 
G.5 ms. Huron, or as it might be called mid. 
die Huron, rises in Oakland, Ingham, and 
.Tackson €os., but drains nearly all Washte- 
naw and part of Wayne cos. 

The third or nrthrn. Huron, has interlock, 
ing sources with those of Raisin, middle 
Huron, and Saginau rs. It is one of those 
rivers the breadth of which exceeds the length 
of course ; as across the stream it is 40 ms. 
but from head to mouth only about 33 ms. It 
drains great part of Oakland and Macomb cos. 



HUR 



ai8 



IIUR 



Sijch a repetition of tho eamc namo applied to 
tho same spocios of object in a Bcrlous incon- 
venience, wliich if! in tho present inptnncc 
enhanced \>y two rivers of tho same namo 
failing into lake Erie, depriving us of tho re- 
medy of distinguishing them by their reci- 
picnts. 

Huron, co. of O. boumied E. by Lorain co. ; 
8. by Ilji^hland ; s. w. by. Crawford; w. by 
Seneca and Sandusky, and n. by lake Erio. 
Greatest length from s. to n. along tho wetrn. 
border 48 me., tho mean length is about 40 ms., 
breadth iiS ms ; and area 1,120 sq. ms. Lat 
40° to 40° 38', long. 5° 18' to 5° 48' w. W. C 
Vermillion r. of Erio flows nrthwrdly. along 
its eastern border. Sandusky r. after a 
nrthrn. course over Marion, Crawford, Sene- 
ca and Sandusky cos. inflects to tho k. widens 
into a bay, the lower part of wliich traverses 
Huron CO. and separates Sandusky point from 
the other parts of the county. Iluron river, 
however, from which the county fakes its 
name, drains tho much greater part of its sur- 
face. The whole area is an inclined plain 
falling by gentle slopes nrthwards. towards 
lake Erie. Tho soil is generally fertile. 
Chief town, Sandusky, though Norwalk is 
the St. jus. Pop. 1830, 13,341. 

llrjKON, p-v. and tsp. at tho mouth of Iluron 
r. Iluron co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 125 ms. 
a littlo E. of N. Columbus. Fop. tsp. 1B30, 
480. 

Huron, territory of .the U- S. This article is 
introduced to admit a general view of that 
region of tho U. S. extending wstrd. of lake 
Mich, to the Miss. r. A bill has been sever- 
al times before Congress, to obtain a law for 
the formation of a territory of the U. S. w. 
of that of Mich., and in choosing and impo- 
sing a general name, Huron and Ouiscon- 
sin have been alternately introduced ; the 
latter will most probably bo preferred. 

According to information communicated to 
the author of this article by Austin E. Wing, 
Esq. delegated from Michigan, that territory 
when erected into a state, will, it is probable, 
follow tho middle of lake Mich., from the 
nrthwstrn. part of Ind. to some distance w. 
of Michilimakinak strait, or about the 8th 
degree of long. w. W. C, and thence duo n. 
to lake Superior. If this demarcation is 
adopted, an immense territory will be left be- 



Meadow rs. Of these tributaries of the 
Miss, tho largest In volume and most impor- 
tant as a commercial channel is tho Ouiscon- 
sin. Tho breadth of tho plain, down which 
these streams flow, restricts that of the wes- 
tern shore of Mich. It is rather remarkable 
that along the w. shore of the Michigan from 
Green bay sthrds. no r. enters the lake hav. 
ing a comparative length of GO ms. (Sec 
Rock r. and Fox r. of Illinois.) 

To the nrthrds. of the two preceding slopes 
extends a third, that nflake Superior, stretch- 
ing about 500 ms. along tho sthrn. side of that 
lake. This latter plain is comparatively nar- 
row, not having a mean breadth above GO ms. 
Tho rivers aro numerous, but brief in their 
length of comi)arativG course. Tho whole 
surface is amongst tho least inviting of the 
sections of the Iluron region. The eastern 
section is a long narrow peninsula enclosed 
between lake Superior, lake Huron, Green 
bay, and tho nrthrn. jiart of lake Michigan. 
In the interior it is wet and marshy, a charac- 
ter of country which applies in good measure 
to much of Huron. Along the lino of separa- 
tion of the streams flowing into the basin 6f 
the Mississippi, from those discharged into 
tho Canadian sea, the smaller lakes and 
swamps are numerous. The whole region is, 
it is true, not very minutely known ; but as 
far as explored, if taken as a whole, does not 
appear so well adapted to agricultural settle- 
ment as the valley of O. or the lower part of 
that of the Miss, proper. Flat, and of course 
in winter and spring, wet, prairies or savan- 
nahs are common. 

Over Huron there arc two route.% along 
which nature has afforded facility of water 
intercommunication. The lower and yet most 
frequented is that by Fox and Ouisconsin re. 
from lake Mich, to the Miss. r. The direc- 
tion of this route is s. w. by w., and the re- 
vorse, about 400 ms. without calculating 
minute bends from tlie straits of Michilimaki- 
nak to tho mouth of Ouisconsin. There is 
only a short portage between the Ouisconsin 
and Fox rs. to interrupt the passage of boats 
along the entire distance ; and so nearly is the 
actual water line complete, and so level the 
portage, that small craft are navigated at sea- 
sons of high water from one r. to the other. 

The second route passes through lake Su- 



tween it and tho Miss. r. amounting to some- perior in its greatest length, to reach St. Louis 
thing above 100,000 sq. ms. In regard to |r. By the channel of the latter and Savannah 



the recipients of its rivers, it is composed of 
three natural sections; which may be desig- 
nated the Miss , Michigan and lake Superior 
slopes. 

The declination of the Miss, slope of Huron, 
is to the sthwst.very nearly at right angles to 
the general course of that part of the Miss. r. 
from the influx of the Riviere au Corbcau, 
(Crow river) to the great bend, opposite the 



branch of the Miss, that great stream is reach. 
ed above n. lat. 47°, and at no very great 
distance below its sourcie. Independent of 
partial bends the distance of the two points of 
contact with the Miss, exceeds 500 ms. That 
region from which originates the Miss., Rain 
liake r.. Red r., branch of Assiniboin, and tho 
St. Louis r. of lake Superior, is an immense 
elevated plain, from which the water flows 



nrthwstrn. angle of the state of Illinois. Down slowly or stands stagnant, owing to the very 
this plain, of 400 ms. length and 140 mean near ajiproach of the whole surface to the 
breath in descent, fall, beside many rivers of Icurve t)f tho sphere. To the same physical 
lesser size, the Owisconsin, La Croix, Hlack, [construction arises the many interlocking wa- 
Chippeway, St. Croix, Rum, Savannah and .ter courses, which in fact connect the conflu- 



ILL 



219 



ILL 



cnts of Hudson's bay, with those of the Gulf 
of Mexico. {See Assinihnin, Lake of the 
Woods, Rain)/ Lake r. »^c.) 

Tlie secliou iutcudtul to be incIuJed under 
the nuinc of Huron was by tiic census of 183U, 
given under the head of Miciiiffan ; the coun- 
ties were, Brown, along both banks of 
Fox river and around Green bay ; lovvay 
K. of the Miss, r., and between the nrthrn. 
boundary of II. and Ouisconsin. r.; ami Craw- 
ford CO. extending nrthwrds. and above the 
Ouisconsin, and eastward of the Miss. r. By 
tiie census of 1830, tlic population of Brown, 
including the officers, privates, and other per- 
sons, attaclicd to forts Winnebago and How- 
ard, 1,356 ; Crawford, including Prarie due 
(;hicn, and military station at fort Crawford, 
C92; loway, 1,.')87; total, 3,G35. 

The settlements aro very scattered and 
much det;ii;licd, and extend from s. w. to n. k. 
25U ms., with a mean breadth of about 100 
ms. ; with an area of at least 25,000 square 
miles or nearly 7 square miles to 1 white 
person. 

HuRRiCANK, p-v. in the southeast part of 
Montgomery co. II. by p-r. 12 ma. n. w. Van- 
dalia. 

HujiRicANF. SiioALS, p-0. Jackson county, 
Georgia, by p-r. 91 miles n. N. w. Millodgo- 
ville. 



lioiiTs Cjioss Uoaos, Maury co. Ten. p-o, 

by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

IIurroN.svii.ij.;, p-o. Randolph co. Va. by 
p-r. 210 ms. w. VV. C. 

HuTTsviLLK, i).o. Westmoreland co. Va. by 
p-r. s. W. C. 

HvANNis, p-v. and parish on the n. shore of 
Cape Cod, s. e. part of Barnstable and Yar- 
mouth. 

Hyattstown, p-v. on the wstrn. border of 
Montgomery co. Md. 33 ms. n. w. W. C, and 
11 s. s. ic. Frederick. It is a small village of 
a single street along the main road. 

HyoE Park, p-t. s. w. part of Orleans co. 
Vt. 24 ms. N. Montpolier, 32 n. e. Burlington. 
Watered by the Lamoille, Green r.. Little 
North IJranch, and Town Hill brook ; which 
furnish numerous mill privileges. Soil gene- 
rally good. Pop. 1830, 823. 

IIyue Park, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the 
Hudson, 7 ms. n. Poughkeepsio. Excellent 
land, highly cultivateil, and very wealthy. 
The village of Hyde Park is beautifully 
situated on a handsome-plain, surrounded by 
lighly ctjlivatod farms. Population 1830, 
2,554. 

IIvDE Park, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. by p-r 
82 ms. N. E. Raleigh. 

Hydraulic Mills, and p-o. Albemarle oo. 
Vtx, 6C ms. e. w. W. C. 



InERviLLE, upper mouth of the Miss, on the 
left. The outlet of Iberville only receives 
water from the main r. at high flood, and 
«ven when supplied with water is from ob- 
structions of trees, of no navigable conse- 
quence until its junriion with the Amite. The 
outlet of Iberville is at the bottom of a large 
belK^ofthe Miss. 11 ms. below Baton Rouge. 
After its efllux this stream is augmented by 
some swamp drains, but W'ith little addition 
of breadth or depth for 20 ms. to where it 
meets with and is lost in the Amite. {See 
Amite r.) 

Iberville, parish of La. bounded by Atcha- 
falaya r. s. w., the Bayou Plaqucmine and 
Miss. r. separating it from W. Baton Rouge 
on the N. w., by E. Baton Rouge iN., Amite r. 
N. E., and the parish of Ascension e. and s. v.. 
Length 35, mean width 10, and are 350 sq. 
ms., extending in hit. from 30° 03' to 30° 18', 
and in long, from 13° 50' to 14° 24' w. W. C. 
The surface very nearly an undeviating plain, 
similar to other parts of the Delta, the mar- 
gin of the streams only sufTicicntly elevated 
for cultivation. What soil admits of agricul- 
ture, &LC. is exuberantly productive. JSlaple, 
cotton. Cliief town, St. Gabriel. Pop. 1820, 
4,414, ]!i30, 7,049. 

IcKsi!iiit(;u, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 42 ms. by 
p-r. Harrisburg. 

Illinois, r. of the U. S. and great sthestrn. 
confluent of the Miss, proper. From its rela- 
-tive position the Illinois is a river of great 



importance as a connecting link In the chain 
of internal navigable waters. The extreme 
nrthrn. source of Illinois is that of Fox r. of 
Illinois. This stream according to Tanner's 
late improved map, rises in Huron territory 
as far n. as lat. 43° 25', between the sources 
of Rock r. and those of Manawakec, and 
flowing thence 8. s. w. IGO ms. comparative 
course unites with the Illinois in Lasalle co. 
II. If length of course is considered as the 
deciding criterion. Fox r. is the main stream 
above their junction, though the name of II. 
commences with the union of the Plane and 
Kankakee rivers. Plane r. though more 
generally known is a far inferior stream to 
the Kankakee. The Plane is, however, from 
its position an important branch. Rising 
wstrd. and near the shore of lake Mich, and 
flowing s. nearly parallel to and about 10 ms. 
of that lake, it has become at seasons of high 
water, a navigable stream 12 ms. from Chi- 
cago. Thence inflecting to the s. w. 40 ms. 
it joins the Kankakee to form Illinois. Kan- 
kakee r. is composed of two branches, Kan- 
kakee proper and Pickimink rs. The former 
has its extreme source in St Joseph's co. Ind. 
and by a general course of s. w. by w. about 
100 ms. receives the PickiYnink from the 
sthestrd. The latter also has its source 
in Ind. from whence curving to the sthrd. 
but by a general wstrn. course joins the Kan- 
kakee. The two rivers are nearly of simi. 
lar volume and length. Below their union 



ILL 



220 



ILL 



the waler bunds to n. n. vv. 15 mfi.to where it 
minylea with that of Plane river. JJoth the 
Kankakee and rickiinink, have channels 
curving in a very remarkable manner with 
the outline of the southern part of lake 
Mich. 

Below the union of Plane and Kankakee, 
the lUinoia Hows about GO ms. very nearly w. 
receiving the Fox river, from the n., and 
Vermillion (rom the 8. and falling over rapids, 
inflects abruinly to the s. s. w. The up- 
per part of the Illinois valley encircles the 
southern part of lake Michigan, ai)out200 ms. 
A canal has been proiioscd to follow the Illi- 
nois and Plane, and i hence over the iniermc- 
diate space to Chicago on lake Mich. Na- 
ture seems to have done a great share of the 
necessary labor, to elTcct this improvement. 
The canal distance from the rapids to lake 
Michigan will be 100 ms. The rapids of 
Illinois arc a mere shelf, uniting two plains 
of no considerable difference of elevation. 
Lake Michigan is elevated about fiOO feet 
above tide water in the Atlantic ocean, and 
the higher part of the Illinois valley has but 
little more relative height. The surface of 
the country presents no considerable difi'er- 
cnce of elevation ; it is in great part a plain, 
and much of it naked of timber. 

Below the great bend, the Illinois with a 
considerable western curve pursues a gener- 
al 8. s. w. course 200 ms. to its junction with 
the Mississippi. If measured by the channel 
of Fox river, the entire comparative length of 
Illinois, is very near 400 ms. Below the 
great bend it is augmented by Spoon river 
from the west, and by the much larger vol- 
ume of Sangamon, and also from both sides by 
numerous creeks, or small rivers. The 
greatest breadth of the Illinois valley is 120 
ms. from the eastern sources of Sangamon to 
the western of Spoon river, but the northern 
or rather northeastern part, branching into 
two long narrow arms, the mean breadth does 
not exceed GO ms. The area about 24,000 
square ms. Physically this fine valley has 
lake Michigan n. e.. Rock river n. w., Mis- 
sissippi w. and s. w., Kaskaskias river s. e., 
and the higher branches of Wabash river, n. 
E. Below the rapids, the character of the 
river itself approaches to that of a tortuous 
canal, in many parts widening into swells 
that appear similar to lakes. 

Politically a small section drained by the 
higher part of Rock river, is in Huron, area 
about 700 square ms. Both branches of 
Kankakee rise in Indiana, draining about 
two thousand three hundred square miles 
leaving twenty one thousand square miles 
in Illinois. No circumstance could ex- 
hibit the immense extent of the vast basin 
of the Mississippi more forcibly than to 



Illinois, state of the United States, bound- 
ed by the Mississippi river w. and s. w., by 
Huron territory n., lake Michigan n. f.., In- 
diana E., and Ohio river separating it from 
Kentucky s. e. and s. 

For outlines, commencing at the junction 
of Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and thence up 
the latter opposite the state of Missouri, to 
the mouth of Lenioine river, by con»parative 
courses 310 miles ; continuing up the Mis- 
sissippi to lat. 42° 30' 200 ms. ; thence duo 
E. to lake Michigan along the s. boundary of 
Huron, 1G7 ms. ; along the s. w. part of lake 
Michigan GO ms. ; thence due a. along the 
western boundary of Indiana to Wabash river 
1G3 ms. ; down the Wabnsh, opposite Indi- 
ana to the Ohio river 120 ms. ; down the 
Ohio river opposite Kentucky, to the Missis- 
sippi river, and place of beginning 130 ms. ; 
having entire outline of 1,170 ms. 

This stale, next to Virginia, and Missouri, 
is the third in area amongst the states of the 
United States, extends in lat. from 37° to 
12° 30', and in long, from 10° 3G' to 14° 30' 
w. W. C. 

The greatest length is exactly on a line 
with the extreme of its lat. or 382 ms. A 
similar feature is presented by the extremes 
of its long, where the breadth is greatest, or 
206 ms. Narrowing, however, towards both 
extremes, and the actual area being 53,480 
square miles, the mean width is about 140 
miles. 

Embracing a zone of 5i degrees of lat. and 
with an area of 34,227,200 acres, this state 
presents, as far as lat. is concerned, the most 
extended arable surface of any state of the 
United States. As a physical section it oc- 
cupies the lower part of that inclined plain of 
which lake Michigan and both its shores are 
the higher sections, and which is extended 
into and embraces the much greater part of 
Indiana. Down this plain in a very nearly 
sputhwesicrn direction, flow the Wabash 
and confluents ; the Kaskaskias, the Illinois 
and confluents, and the Rock, and Ouiscon- 
sin rivers. [See article Huron Territory.) 
The lowest section of the plain is also the 
extreme southern angle of Illinois, at the 
mouth of Ohio river, about 340 feet above 
tide water in the gulf of Mexico. Though 
the state of Illinois docs contain some hilly 
sections, as a whole, it may be regarded as a 
gently inclining plain, in the direction of its 
rivers as already indicated. Without inclu- 
ding minute parts, the extreme arable eleva- 
tion may be safely staled at 800 feet above 
tide water, and the mean height at 550. With 
all the uniformity of its surface and the mod- 
erate difference of its relative level, there 
still exists a great difference in the extremes 
of its climate. Compared with the tempera- 



compare it with the valley of Ilhiiois. The ture on Rock river plains, that near the con- 
latter exceeding the fourth part of an area fluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers 
equal to the Rhine, does not amount to the may be called warm. Cotton can be cultiva- 
fortieth part of the basin of which it forms a ted to the southward, and the summers are 
section. [See the tributary rivers, Fox, Kan. often intense, but a very severe winter cli- 
kakee, Saiigamon, Spoon, <j-c. under ?/?(•»■ j mate prevails over the whole state. From 
respective heads.) actual observation the thermometer of Fah- 



ILL 



221 



ILL 



renheit has fallen frequently below zero, at 
Now llannoiiy, opposite the southern part of 
the state. We may here observe, that in 
making observations with the thermometer, 
they are made too often almost exclusively 
whilst tlie sun is above the horizon, and 
therefore give, not the mean of all the astro- 
nomical day, but that of day light, and con- 
seiincntly the far great number of places are 
reitrcscntcd as having a mean temperature al- 
together too high. If compared with other 
parts of the United States, (se(; that, nrliclc,) 
it will be found vory doubtful whether any 
part of Illinois has a mean temperature as 
liigh as 53° of tlio scale of Fahrenheit, and 
that the mean of the state falls as low, if not 
lower than 50°. 

Soil and Productions. Of the surface of 
Illinois, it is safe to state as much as 50,000 
square miles arable. In respect to soil it 
bears some resemblance to Ohio and Indiana, 
but has less broken, sterile, and rocky, or of 
flat and wet land than either of the latter, 
even when the respective sujierlicies of the 
three states are compared. The worst fea 
ture of Illinois, is the vast extent of its naked 
and level plains (prairies) and the consequent 
scarcity of timber and foimtain water. It 
must not, however, be understood, that the 
prairies arc uniformly level plains ; some are 
rolling and even hilly, and abound in good 
fountains, but as a general character they arc 
plains in the true meaning of the term. In 
the article Louisiana the reader will observe 
that the prairies present all the extremes from 
fertility to extreme barrenness. The word 
is French and signifies meadows, and not 
plains. They are, and with all their variety 
of surface and soil, the same as the steppes 
of northern Asia. 

In Illinois as in Louisiana, many of the 
prairies present alluvial depositcs, which 
prove them to have once been morasses, 
perhaps lakes. Whatever may have been 
their origin, the prairies constitute the most 
striking feature of Illinois, and extend in the 
general direction of its rivers from the Missis- 
sippi to lake Michigan, and indeed stretch 
south of lake Michigan over Indiana into the 
state of Ohio, lessening nevertheless advan- 
cing eastward. The wooded soil is general- 
ly productive, and from what has been already 
observed, it must be obvious that the stale 
in its vegetable productions assimilates with 
the northern and middle states, aboumling in 
pasturage, and where cultivated with advan. 
(age, with small grain. Fruits common in 
I ho middle states grow and flourish, but it has 
been observed, that from the very great fer- 
tility of soil are comparatively vapid in taste 
and flavor. 

Commercial Facililies. In the articles 
lake Michigan, and the rivers Illinois, San- 
gamon, Kankakee, Fox, Kaskaskias, Rock, 
Miesissi|)pi, and AVabash, the prodigious nat- 
ural channels which bound, or traverse Illi. 
nois, will be seen. Rich in a productive soil, 
and every where open to navigable streams. 



it is not too much to say that ten million of 
inhabitants will be far from its ultimate popu- 
lation. This fine natural section has been 
subdivided into the following counties ; to 
which is added the pojiulation according to 
the census of 1830. Those left blank are not 
named in the census tables. 



Gountios. 

Adams, 

Aloxntidcr, 

IJiind, 

Oalliuun, 

Clarko, 

Gluy, 

Clititon, 

Cu.)k, 

GiawfoiJ, 

Kdgar, 

Lldwiiids, 

I<'aycUo, 

Prai.kliii, 

l'\dton, 

Hciuy, ) 

Knox, ) 

Gallatin, 

GrciMi, 

Hamilton, 

Hancock, 

•Jackson, 

.Jas|icr, 

Jelfcr-son, 

•Joe DaviesH, 

.loJHison, 

Lisallfi, 

Lawrence, 

Macaupin, 

Mc Lean, 

Macon, 



Counties. 



2,18f, 
1,3!»0 
3,121 
I, ("01) 
.3,940 
755 
■2,330 

3,113 
4,071 
1,010 
2,704 

4,0S1 

2,150 

7,407 
7,001 
2,020 
484 
1,827 

2,553 
2,111 
1,596 

3,GC1 
1,989 

1,122 



Micdnnougli & ) 

Scliuylur, ) 

Madison, 

Marion, 

Mercer, 

Monroe, 

Mcintgorricry, 

Moi-'ian, 



1,309 



•Schuyler, 

I'eoiia, 
I'ulnaiii, S 
I'erry, 
I'ike, 
I'ope, 
Randolph, 
Rock Island, 
Saint Clair, 
Sangamon, 

Shelby, 

T.azRWell, 

Union, 

Vermillion, 

Wabash, 

W.irrcn, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 
While, 



Total, 



0,220 

2,021 

2G 

2,119 

2,9.'50 

12,709 

included with 

Macdonough 



1,309 

1,215 
2,393 
3,223 
4,430 

7,092 
12,900 
2,97.1 
4,710 
3,239 
5,830 
2,709 
307 
1,674 
2,562 
G,091 



Of the foregoing were white persons, 



157,44» 



Under 5 years of age. 
From 5 to 10, 

" It) to 1.5, 

" 15 to 20, 

" 20 to 30, 

" 30 to 40, 

" 40 to 50, 

" 50 to CO, 

" CO to 70, 

" 70 to 80, 

" 80 to 90, 

" 90 to 100, 

" 100 and upwaids, 



Males. 

18,834 

12,753 

10,024 

7,770 

14,700 

8,825 

4,(i27 

2,8.53 

1,172 

384 

90 

C 

4 

82,048 



I'einales. 

17,429 

12,000 

9,240 

8,033 

12,461 

0,8.50 

3,750 

2,047 

812 

273 

77 

14 

1 

73,013 



Total, 
Of the above, are deaf and dninb, under 14 

years, 23 ; 14 to 25, 27 ; 25 and upwards 16 ; 

blind 35. 

Colored population — free, 

Males. Feins. 

Under 10 years of age, 277 303 

From 10 to 24, 251 225 

" 24 to 30, 130 125 

" 36 to .55, 119 106 

" 55 to 100, 40 50 

" 100 and upwards, 1 2 

Total, 824 813 

Slaves — males, 347 ; females, 400 ; Col- 
ored persons, deaf and dumb, ; blind 4. 

Recapitulat,ion. 
VVliJies. FrcO color, il. Slaves. Total. 

155,(161 l,»i:t7 747 157,445 



ILL 



222 



IND 



Progressive population has been truly rapid 
in Illinois. During the decennial period be- 
tween 1820, and 1830, this advanced at the 
rate of 185 per cent. (See closing part of 
article Indiana.) 

Constitution, government, judiciary. The 
constitution of Illinois was adopted at Kas- 
kaskias, 26th August, 1818. 

Art. 1. Sec. 1. The powers of the gov- 
ernment of the state of Illinois, shall be di- 
vided into three distinct departments, and 
each of them confided to a separate body of 
magistracy, to wit : those which are legisla- 
tive, to one ; those which are executive to 
another ; and those which are judiciary to 
another. 

Sec. 2. No person or collection of per- 
sons, being ono of those departments, shall 
exercise any power properly belonging to 
either of the others, except as hereinafter ex- 
pressly directed or permitted. 

Art. 2. Sec. 1. The legislative authori- 
ty of this state shall be vested in a general 
assembly, which shall consist of a senate and 
house of representatives, both to bo elected 
by the people. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a representa- 
tive who shall not have attained to the age of 
21 years, who shall not bo a citizen of the 
United States, and an inhabitant of this state, 
who shall not have resided within the limits 
of the county or district in which he shall be 
chosen, twelve months next preceding his 
election, unless absent on public busi 
ncss, &c. 

Sec. G. No person shall be a senator who 
has not arrived at the ago of 25 years, who 
shall not be a citizen of the United States and 
who shall not have resided one year in the 
coimty or district in which he shall be chosen 
immediately preceding his election, &c. 

Art. 3. Sec. 1. The executive power of 
this state shall be vested in a governor. 

Sec. 2. The governor shall be chosen by 
the electors of t^he members of the general 
assembly, at the same places, and in the same 
manner that they shall respectively vote for 
members thereof. 

Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his office 
for four years, and until another governor 
shall be elected and qualified ; but he shall 
not be eligible for more than four years in any 
tcrmof 8 years. Must be 30 years of age 
when elected, a citizen of the United States, 
and 2 years next preceding his election a 
resident of Illinois. 

Sec. 13. A lieutenant governor shall be 
chosen at every election for governor, in the 
same manner, continue in office for the same 
time, and possess the same qualifications. 

Sec. 14. Tlie lieutenant governor is 
speaker of the senate, &c. 



duties of the office devolve on the lieutenant 
governor. 

Art. 4. Sec. 1. The judicial power of this 
state shall be vested in one supremo court, 
and such inferior courts as the general assem- 
bly shall, from time to time ordain, and es- 
tablish. 

Sec. 4. The justices of the supreme court, 
and the judges of the inferior courts, shall be 
appointed by joint ballot of both branches of 
the general assembly, and commissioned by 
the governor ; their offices during good be- 
havior. Removable by impeachment or by 
address of two thirds of each branch of the 
general assembly. 

By the general provisions of the constitu- 
tion of Illinois, the right of sufiVage is secur- 
ed to the white male citizens above 21 years 
of age. No person can be imprisoned for 
debt unless on refusal to deliver up his prop, 
erty, or on strong suspicions of fraud. The 
right of trial by jury is to remain inviolate. 
By article Gth, section 1, neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude is to be introduced into 
the state. All children born in the state, 
white or colored, become free, the males at 
21, and the females at 18. Liberty o{ the 
press, of public worship, limited only by the 
public peace. 

History. The early sottlomonts of the 
French along the Illinois and Mississippi 
rivers, date back to 1G73. The distant and 
feeble establishments of that nation at any 
placo within the chartered limits of Illinois, 
never arose to the dignity of colonies. At 
the close of tho revolutionary war, and i)y 
the treaty of 1783, the country was claimed 
under the charter of Virginia, and held by 
that state until ceded to the United States in 
1787. It was then made a part of the territo- 
ry n.w. of the Ohio river. When the now 
state cf Ohio was made a separate territory 
in 18n0, Illinois and Indiana remained united, 
and continued one territory, until 1809, when 
they were separated into two. Indiana lying 
eastward, and in the direction of tho stream 
of emigration, preceded Illinois, as a state ; 
the former reached that dignity in 1815, and 
tiie latter in 1818, as may be seen by tho dalo 
of her constitution. Since that e])och the 
history of the state merges in that of the 
United States. 

Inuependenge Creek, N. Y. about 25 ms. 
in length, runs from Herkimer co. across 
Lewis CO. to the Black r. in Watson, midway 
between Beaver and Moose rs. 

iNDErENDEXCE, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 1 8 
ms. s. E. Angelica. Watered by Crider's, 
Dike's, and Baker's creeks, good sized mill 
streams, which fall into the Genesee river. 
Timbered with deciduous trees of the various 
kinds. Land better for grass than grain. 



The governor has power to grant reprieves Pop. 1830, 877. 
and pardon after conviction, except in cases of Indei-endence, t. Warren co. N. J. on Mus- 
inipcachment, and has farther the usual pow-| conctcunk r., and the Sussex line, bounded 
ers and duties to ])crform of governors of tliel n. w. by Ilardvvick, s. w. by Mansfield anil 
other respective states. From any disability, ("Oxford. Pop. 1830, 2, I2G. 
death, &c. of the governor, the powers and Indei'Endence, p-v. in the northeastern 



IND 



223 



IND 



l)iirt of Washington co. Pq. about 17 me. n. w. 
Washington, the co. st. 

iNDKrENDENCR, p.v. Autauga CO. Ala. by 
p-r. b5 ins. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Independence, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Mo. It is not located on either Tanner's 
mnp or p-o. list, but from tlie position of the 
CO. is near the western boundary of the state, 
and on or near the Mo. r. The post distance 
177 ms. wstrd. of Jefferson city. 

India Ken, p-v. Riploy co. Ind. by p-r. 87 
nis. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Indian River, Coos co. N. H. one of the 
l)rincipal and most northerly sources of Conn 
r., rises in the Highlands near the n. limits of 
the state, and pursues a s. w. course to its 
junction, with the e. branch,, flowing from lake 
Conn. 30 ms. long. 

Indian River, N. Y. rises in Lewis co. 
winds across JcflTsrson co., runs through St. 
Lawrence co., and joins the Oswegatchie, 
about 4 ms. above its mouth in the St. Law- 
rence. A v^ry crooked stream, and runs in 
its whole course probably 100 ms. 

Indian River, small stream of Sussex co. 
Del., rises near, and to the sthrd. of George- 
town, and flowing estrd. falls into Rehoboth 
bay, 10 ms. a little w. of s. Capo Henlo- 
pen. 

Indian Ra'er of Flor., is properly a sound, 
commencing at n. lat. 28° 40', and stretching 
within cape Canaveral nearly parallel to the 
Atlantic coast, with a long, narrow, interven- 
ing reef of sand to n. lat. 27° 35', where it 
oj)ens to the ocean by Indian r. inlet 

Indian River, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. 
on Indian r. Pop. 1820, 1,887. 

Indiana, co. of Pa. bounded by Armstrong 
w. and N. w., by Jefferson n., Clearfield n. e., 
Cambria e. and s. e., and by Conemaugh r., 
separating it on the s. from Westmoreland. 
Length 35, mean width 23, and area 800 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 24' to 40° 
5G', and in long, from 1° 52' to 2° 30' w. W. 
C. This CO. lies w. of the Laurel ridge, and 
its plane of descent is also wstrd. drained by 
the branches of the Conemaugh r. and of 
Crooked and Mahoning creeks. The descent 
of the declivity from the eastern to the wstrn. 
border of this co. is very rapid. By admea- 
surements made on the Pa. canal, the level 
of Conemaugh r. at the s. w. angle of this co. 
is 1,154 feet, and this point is the lowest part 
of the CO., and of course the whole arable 
surface rises above an equivalent to a tempe- 
rature of 3° of lat. Chief t. Indiana. Pop. 
1820, 8,882, 1830, 14,252. 

Indiana, p-v. and st. jus. Ind. co. Pa. 35 
ms. n. e. Greenburg, 48 n. e. by e. Pittsburg, 
and by p-r. 180 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. 
Lat . 40° 40', long. 2° 12' w. W. C. 

Indiana, state of the U. S. bounded e. by 
O., s. by the O. r., separating it from Ky., w. 
by the state of II., n, w. by lake Mich., and 
N. by the ter. of 3Iich. 

Indiana extends along O. r. opposite Ky. 
from the mouth of Great Miami to that of the 



o a m( 
from lat. 39° 23', 150 ms. Along the above 
meridian line to the southern part of lake 
Mich. 160 ms. Along lake Mich, according 
to Tanner, to lat. 41° 47', 40 ms. Due e. 
along lat. 41° 47', to the n. e. angle of the 
state, 110 ms. Thence due s. to the mouth 
of Great Miami, and place of beginning, 
190 ms. Having an entire outline of 990 
ms. 

A diagonal lino drawn from the s. w. to the 
N. E. angle of Ind. measures 325 ms., but its 
greatest length from s. to n. along its western 
border, from the Ohio r. opposite the mouth 
of Green r. to lake Mich, is 272 ms. The 
mean length is very near 260, and mean 
breath 140, with an area of 36,400 sq. ms. 
Measured carefully by the rhomb, the area 
comes out 36,670 sq. ms., and the mean be- 
tween the t\To methods is so near 36,000 sq. 
ms. as to justify the adoption of that superfi- 
cial area. This state extends in lat. from 37° 
50' to 41° 47', and in long. w. W. C. from 7° 
48' to 11° 08'. 

Much of what has been said respecting the 
physical features of II. applies also to Ind. 
the two states being included in the same 
physical section. The reader will find great 
share of the general features of Ind. under 
the head of Wabash r., that stream and its 
confluents draining fully the five sixths of the 
whole state. In features, soil and climate, 
Indiana forms a connecting link between O. 
and II. having the physiognomy of both the 
contiguous states. Less monotonous in sur- 
face than II., Ind. presents fewer bold and 
prominent marks than does O. 

Commencing on the Ohio r. we find a range 
of rough and abruptly rising hills, stretching 
along that great stream from the influx of 
Great Miami to near that of the Wabash. 
These hills, so imposing near the Ohio r. arc 
in themselves a true geographical deception. 
Passing along this river's verge, no creek is 
found flowing from them of any considerable 
magnitude. Ascending these heights they 
are discovered to be the mere relative eleva- 
tions formed by the deep channel of Ohio, 
and discharge their waters to the northwstrd. 
into the sub-valley of White r. or into the 
valley of Wabash. At the great bend of 
Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Ky. r., the 
fountains of White r. rise within 1 m. of the 
channel of Ohio. Traversing this range of 
hills the observer finds himself in the beauti- 
ful valley of the Wabash, variegated by hill 
and dale, and presenting one of the finest na- 
tural sections of the earth. The surface of 
the country softens advancing northwardly 
over the numerous tributaries of White r., 
and over the main volume of Wabash. A real 
table land is now reached, flat, level, and wet, 
giving source to the Tippecanoe and Eel r. 
branches of Wabash, to the Kankakee and 
Pickimink branches of II. r., to the Elkhart, 
Pigeon and other southern branches of the St. 
Joseph's r. of lake Mich., and finally to the 



Wabash 340 ms. Up the Wabash, opposite (St. Joseph'H branch of Maumee. 



IND 



224 



From the preceding wo find that Northern 
Ind. is a table land, discharging rivers in four, 
and nearly opposite directions. The settle- 
nicnta cease with the Wabash j)art, and a 
zone extending over the elevated plateau from 
Lenawee and Hillsdale cos. in Mich, into 11., 
and indeed almost to II. r. remains in savage 
hands. The e.\trcmo northern section of Ind. 
drained into lake Mich, has been reclaimed 
and laid out into the cos. of La Grange, Elk- 
hart, St. Joseph's and La Porte. 

Properly speaking, the great western plain 
of Indiana, commences on lake Erie, between 
the mouths of Maumee and Raisin rivers, and 
extends to the junction of the Illinois with 
the Mississippi river, discharging to the n. w. 
the various confluents of St. .(osoph's river of 
lake Michigan, and the Kankakee, Pickimink, 
Vermillion, Mackinaw, Sangamon, and other 
tributaries of Illinois r. ; and on the opposite 
side giving source to the innumerable branch- 
es of Wabash and Kaskaskias rivers. The 
length of this plateau is from the mouth of the 
Raisin, to that of Illinois river 401) miles in a 
direction of s. w. by w. and n. e. by k. Gen- 
eral character prairie, as noticed in the dcs- 
cri])tion of the state of Illinois. The surliice 
and still more so the sul)-soil abound with 
marine and river shells, with embedded 
trees, and other niemoria of having been 
once inundated. 

Prairies are not however confined to the 
northern section ; they abound over the 
"White River country," as it is called, and 
present all the varieties of dry, wet, level, 
rolling,''and of great fertility and barrcness. 
They are generally however productive and 
are frequently most luxuriantly fertile. 

Soil anil Productions. It would be mere 
repetition to give a detail under this head, 
after what has been said respecting Illinois, 
ihe two states having such strong resem- 
blance in both characters. A like remark 
applies to climate, with the exception that 
Indiana Iiiih less extension north or south than 
Illinois, the former having nevertheless more 
variety of features, has also a perceptibly se- 
verer winter over its northern plains. Under 
the article Ohio, the reader will find tables 
to illustrate the climate of the Ohio valley 
generally. 

C'onunrrrJal Facilities. Indiana already 
enjoys a share of the benefits arising from the 
canal connecting the Ohio and Miami river at 
<'inciimati. A rail road has been projected 
from Indianopolis in a nearly northern direc- 
tion to lake Michigan in La Porte co. The 
courses of Matimce and Wabash rivers, and 
the nature of the intermediate cotmtry be- 
tween their sources, invite a canal of connec- 
tion. The Ohio river borders the southern 
part of tlie state, and with the Wai)ash and 
confluents offers immense natural commercial 
channels. {See the various rivers under their 
respect ivr hrnds.') 

Abstract, from the census of 1830, of the 
population of the coimties and state of In- 
diana. 



Cnuiitics. 
Allen, 

Hiirtlioloniew, 
I?i)(>nc, 
Carrnll, 
Cass, 
Clark, 
Clay, 
Jliiitoii, 
llrawford, 
Daviess, 
Deailiorn, 
Di'lnwnrc, 
Dc'critnr, 
Dubois, 
F/lklinrt and tor. 

iiltaclied, 
I'^iyotto, 
|.^lny,l, _ 
Fouiitairi, 
l''raiLklin, 
(;iil)>on, 
Gr<;eno, 
CJratit, 
Mainill.m, 
Hancick, 
Harrison, 
Henry, 
Hoiidricks, 
Hiiiilinf^ton, 
Jaikson, 
.Jcir.'rsoii, 
Jcnnin£f3, 
Johnson, 
Knox, 
La Grange, 
La Porte, 



IND 

Pop. Coiuities. 

O'JC) Ijawrcncf, 

5,17(5 Maitison, 

G21 Marion, 

1,611 Martin, 

1,1G2 Miami, 

10,680 Monroe, 

1,G16 Montgomery, 

1,423 Morgan, 

3,238 Orange, 

4,513 DwiMi', 

13,074 Parko, 

2,374 Perry, 

5,887 Pike, 

3,778 Posey, 
Puliiaui, 

■'^'' Uandolph, 

9,112 Ripley, 

0,301 KmsIi, 

7,019 Sp.oU, 

10,190 Shelby, 

5,118 Spencer, 



Pop- 
U,231 
2,238 
7,192 
2,010 

6,577 
7,317 
5,593 
7,901 
4,017 
7,535 
3,3G'J 
2,475 
0,549 
8,262 
3,912 
3,989 
9,707 
3,092 
0,295 
3,196 



4,242 St. Josop'h and ter. 

nlluclied, 287 -. 

1,757 Sullivan, 4,030 

1,136 Switzerland, 7,028 

10,273 Tippecanoe, 7,167 

6, 197 Union, 7,944 

3,975 Vanderburgh, 2^011 

Vermillion, 5,092 

4,870 Vigo, 6,766 
11,405 Wabash, 

3,974 Warren, with ter. 

4,019 attnehed, 2,«61 

0,525 Wnrrick, 2,R77 

Washington, 13,004 

Wayne," 18,571 



Of the foregoing were white persons, 

Males. Fernnlep. 

Under G years of ugc, 39,789 37,505 

From 5 to 10 28,092 27,313 

" 10 to 15 22,872 21,072 

" 15 to 20 17,053 18,087 

" 20 to 30 28,153 20,702 

30 to 40 17,904 15,703 

" 40 to 60 10,300 9,028 

" 50 to 00 0,001 4,808 

" CO to 70 3,160 2,275 

" 70 to 80 1,059 780 

" 80 to 90 240 212 

" 90 to 100 49 25 

" 100 and upwards, 13 4 



Total, 175,885 103,514 

Of the above arc deaf and dumb, under 

14 years, 49 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and upwards 

33 ; blind 150. 



Colored population- 


-free, 






Males. 


Females. 


Undcr 10 years of ago, 


617 


594 


From 10 to 24 


544 


573 


" 24 to 36 


307 


279 


" .30 to 55 


240 


215 


" .55 to 100 


13(5 


107 


" 100 and npwa 


rds, 1 1 


4 



Total, 



1,857 



,772 



There are three slaves only in Indiana, and 
these are females. Colored persons who arc 



IND 



225 



IND 



deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 1 ; 14 to 25, 
2 ; blind 2. 

Recapitulation — 

Whiirs, Free Col'J, Slaves, Total. 

3:i'J,399 3,629 3 313,031 

Progressive population in Indiana, was 132 
per cent durinj; the 10 years preceding the 
last census. We have seen that that of it. was 
still more in excess, being 185 per cent during 
the same term. The two states taken togcth- 
er, contain 89,880 square miles, equal to 
57,523,200 statute acres. Their joint popu- 
lation amounts to 500, 47G. Thus on a physical 
section of 81), 880 square ms., in 1830, the 
population amounted to a small fraction above 
5i to the square niiic. Forty times such a 
distributive population would only a little ex- 
ceed 20 millions, and fall even then far short 
of what has already comparatively accumulat- 
ed on regions greatly less productive in every 
necessary requisite to sustain a dense popula- 
tion ; such are the itnmcnse voids to be lilled 
in the central United .States. 

Constitution, irnrcrnmcnt, judiciary. The 
constitution of Ind. was adopted on the lOtli 
of June, 181G, and contains the following es- 
sential provisions : 

Art. ]. Is a Bill of Rights containing 24 
sections. 

Art. 2. The powers of the government of 
Indiana shall be divided into three distinct 
departments, and each of them be confided to 
a separate body of magistracy, to wit : those 
which are legislative to one ; those which 
are executive to another ; and those which 
are judiciary to another; and no person, or 
collection of persons, being of one of those 
departments, shall exercise any power prop- 
erly attached to either of the others, except 
in the instances herein expressly permitted. 
Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative authori- 
ty of this state shall be vested in a general 
assembly, which shall consist of a senate 
and house of representatives, both to be elect- 
ed by the people. 

Sec. 3. The representatives shall be 
chosen annually, by the qualified electors ol 
each county respectively, on the first Monday 
in August. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be a representa- 
tive, unless he shall have attained the age of 
21 years, and shall be a citizen of the United 
States, and an inhabitant of this state ; and 
shall also have resided within the limits of 
the county in which he shall be chosen, one 
year next preceding his election, &.c. 

Sec. 5. The senators shall be chosen for 
three years, on the first Monday in August, 
by tlie qualified voters for representatives. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be a senator, un- 
less he shall Jiave attained the age of 25 
yrs., and shall be a citizen of the U. S., resid- 
ed two years in the .'^tate, and the last year in 
the coimty from which elected. 

Art. 4. Sec. 1. The supreme executive 
power of this slate shall be vested in a gov- 
ernor, who shall be styled, the governor of 
the stale of Indiana. 

2a 



Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his of- 
fico during 3 years, or until a Buccessor shall 

be chosen and qualified. 

Sec. 5. He is required to be 30 years of 
age, a citizen of the United .States 10 years, 
and have resided in the state 5 years next 
preceding his election. He has the usual 
power of governors of states. As in Illinois 
a lieutenant is chosen with the governor, and 
as in Illinois, the two odicers have the same 
legal relation to each other. 

Art. 5. Sec. 1. The judiciary power of 
this state both as to law and equity shall be 
vested ill one supreme court, in circuit courts, 
antl such other inferior courts as the genera! 
assembly may, from time to time, direct and 
establish. 

Art. C. Sec. 1. — Every white male citi- 
zen of the United .States, of the age of 21 
years and upwards, who has resided in the 
state one year immediately preceding such 
election, shall be entitled to vote in the co. 
where he resides. All elections by ballot. 
Art. II. Sec. 7. There shall be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in this state. 
The other provisions of the constitution of 
Indiana, have the ordinary features of those 
charters in other states. 

History. The town of Vincennes is the 
crrtdie of Indiana, and was founded by the 
French about 1 COO. This remote village re- 
mained of little consequence, but was the 
scene of some interesting events in the revo- 
lutionary war. It was reached and taken by 
a British force, and again reached and reta- 
ken by a small army under the authority of 
Virginia and commanded by Col. Rogers 
Clarke. After the treaty of Grenvillc, 1795, 
setilcments along the Ohio, Wabash and 
While rivers, began to extend. What is now 
Indiana, was severed from Ohio, in 1801, and 
Illinois constituted a territory. These two 
latter were separated in 1809, when each 
became a separate territory. In 1815, hav- 
ing attained the requisite population, Indiana 
became a state, as may be seen in the sketch 
of its constitution. .Since boccming an inde- 
pendent member of the I'nion, its history is 
mergc<l in that of the United .States. 

Indianopoi.is, p-v. and st. jus. for Marion co. 
and also st. of government for the state of 
Indiana, is situated on the right or w. bank 
of White river, by p-r. 573 ms. n. w. by w. ^ 
w. W. C;., 108 N. w. from r/incinnati, and by 
the common road about 200 ms. n. k. by e. 
Vandalia, lat. .39° 47', long. 9° 10' w. W. C. 
According to Flint it contains 200 houses and 
1,200 inhabitants, with the usual co. and state 
uiildings. These new capitals increase so rap- 
idly as to annually antiquate the description 
of the year before. At high water White 
river is navigable from Indianopolis. This 
town is remarkably near the actual centre of 
the state, and stands in a country presenting 
every advantage of soil, and surface. 

Indian .Springs, p-v. in the sihrn. part Bulls 
CO. fico. by p-r. 55 ms. n. w. Miilrdgevillc, 
I.vuiAiNTow.N, p-v. at the head of North r. 



IRA 



226 



ISI 



Currituck co. N. C. about 45 ms. a littlo e. of 
S.Norfolk Va. and by p-r. 231 ms. n. e. by e. 
Raleigh. 

Indiantovvn, p-v. on Cedar cr. Williams- 



tre of Orleans co. Vt. 40 ms. n. e. Montpelier. 
Gently diversified with hill and dale. Soil 
good, and easily culti-vated. Watered by 
Black r. Near the centre of the town is a 



burg dist. S.C. about 80 ins. direct, but by p-r. small village containing a court house, jail, 



127 ms. a. e. by k. Columbia 

Inuiantown, p-v. Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 
2G2 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Industry, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 1.3 miles 
w. Norridgewock. Pop. 1830, 902. 

Industry, p-v. Montgomery co. O. wstrd. 
Columbus. 

Ingham, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 152 ms. 
nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Ingraham's Mills, and p-o. Darlington 
district, S. C. by p-r. 83 ms. estrd. Columbia. 
Ingram's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. 
C. by p-r. 84 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Intercourse, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 12 ms. 
E. Lancaster, by the common road 48 ms. 
but by p-r. 54 e. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Iowa, co. of Mich, or more correctly of 
Huron, bounded s. by Joe Daviess co. of 11. 
the Miss. r. w., Ouisconsin n., and with inde- 
finite limits E. Lying between n, Lat. 42° 
36' and 43° 10', long. W. C. 12° to 14° 10'. 
These limits are given from Tanner's impro- 
ved map. From the same authority it ap- 
pears, that a range of high ground separates 
the lower valley of Ouisconsin from the 
sources of numerous streams, which, flowing 
sthrd. into the Miss, or Rock r., traversing 
Iowa county, fall into their recipients in Joe 
Daviess co. II. Limiting this co. by a meri- 
dian line running s. from Fort Winnebago, it 
would have been a length of about lOO ms 
with a breadth of 40, or 4000 sq. ms. Chief 
town, Cassville. Pop. 1830, 1,576. Th 
principal seat of the Indian war, in 1832, was 
in the estrn. part of this co. on Peektans r. 
Sugar cr., and Goosewehawn r. {See Ouis- 
consin and Rock rs.) 

Ipswich, the Agawam of the Indians, p-t. 
port of entry, and one of the shire towns of 
Essex CO. Mass. 27 ms. n. e. Boston. There is 
a large and compact village on both sides of 
Ipswich r. about 2 ms. from its mouth, which 
are united by an excellent stone bridge. Site 
uneven. Land in most parts of the town ex- 
cellent. Ships of considerable burthen come 
up to the lower part of the town, and the falls 
in the r. above, furnish convenient and ex- 
tensive water power. It contains a male and 
female academy; the latter has a depart- 
ment for female teachers. It has long been 
noted for the manufacture of lace, which was 
formerly done by hand ; but there is now a 
lace manufactory, with a capital of $150,000. 
Pop. 1830, 2,949. 

Ira, p-t. Rutlarul co. Vt. 47 ms. n. Benning- 
ton, 32 w. V/indsor. Somewhat mountain. 
ous. Watered by Ira brook and Castlcton 
r. 5 school districts. Pop. 1830, 442. 

Ira, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 24 ms. n. Auburn, 
11 ms. N. Erie canal. Poorly watered. Soil 



&c. Pop. 1830, 860. 

Iredel, CO. N. C. bounded w. by Burke, 
n. w. by Wilkes, N. e. by Surry, e. by Rowan, 
s. by Mecklenburg, and s. w. by the Great 
Catawba r., separating it from Lincoln. 
Length 40, mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 35° 32' to 36° 04', 
and in long. 3° 45' to 4° 14' w. W. C. Iredell, 
though bounded by the Catawba, slopes in 
great part towards the cstrd. is drained by 
the s. Yadkin. Chief t. Slateville. Pop. 
1820, 13,071, and in 1830, 14,318. 

Irondequot, cr. N. Y. waters W. Bloom- 
field, Mendon, Victor, Pittsford, Perrinton, 
and Brighton, where it enters the head of 
Irondequot orTeoronto bay, of lake Ontario, 
being about 20 ms. in length. It is a good 
mill stream. It crosses the Erie canal, on 
which there is a stupendous work in Pitts- 
ford and Perrinton, the great embankment. 

lR.vir.LE, p-v. Muskingum co. O. 46 ms. 
cstrd. Columbus. 

Irvine, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 247 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

Irvixe, p-v. and St. jus. Estill co. Ky. It is 
situated on Ky. r. 71 ms. n. e. by e. Frank- 
fort. Lat. 37° 43', long. W. C. 6° 53' w. 
Pop. 1830, 91. 

Irwin, co. Geo. bounded w. by Baker, n. 
w. by Dooly, n. e. by Ockmulgee r., separa- 
ting it from Telfair, e. by the sthrn. part of 
Telfair and the wstrn. of Appling, s. e. by 
Ware, s. by Lowndes, and s. w. by Thomas. 
Length along the sthrn. border from e. to w. 
G3 ms., mean width 33, and area 2,079 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 31° 22' to 32°, and in long. 
6° I '7' to 7° 10' W. C. A very small section 
of the nrthestrn. part of Irwin, is drained into 
the Ockmulgee, and another small triangle on 
the estrn. side, by the extreme higher sources 
of the Santilla. The sthestrn. and central 
part is drained by the Suwanne and its con- 
fluents, whilst the southwestern section gives 
source to the Ocklockonne r. The general 
declivity is s. s. e. Chief t. Irwin. Pop. 
1830, 1,180. 

Irwin, C. H. and p-o. Irwin co. Geo. by p-r. 
143 ms. a Httle w. ofs. Millodgeville. 

Irwine, r. of Va. and N. C. (See Smit/rs r.) 
Irwinton, p-v. and st. jus. Wilkinson co. 
Geo. 24 ms. s. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 50', 
long. 6° 18' w. W. C. 

IsBELLviLLE, p-v. Todd CO. Ky. by p-r. 186 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Isciiua, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 11 ms. e. 
Ellicottville. Crossed by Ischua cr. Soil 
and surface diverse. Timber principally 
maple, beech, f>lrn, ash, butternut, &,c. 

Isinglass r. N. IT. takes its rise from Long 
Pond in Barrington, and Bow Pond in Strai- 



light. No marshes, swamps, or ponds. Pop. ! ford, and after receiving the waters of several 



1830,2,199 



other ponds, unites with the Cocheco, near 



Irasdurgh, a post and shire town in the ccn- 1 the s. part of Rochester 



JAC 



227 



JAC 



, Island Creek, p-v. Jetferson co. 0. 15G his. 
N. K. by E. Columbus. 

Island Fokd, and p-o. Rutherford co. N. 
C. by p-r. 198 nis. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

IsL<ND Grove, p-v. Semgamo co. II. 91 
Ills. >. N. vv. VandaJia. 

Isi.E liiiKviLLE, p-v. Natcliiochcs parish 
La. biuween Alexandria of Rapides and the 
town ot Natchitoches. 

Isi.E OF JShoals, small islands, 8 in number, 
belonging mostly to Maine, 3 leagues s. s. e. 
Portsmouth, N. fl. Hog island, the largest, 
contains S.'iO acres. Star island constitutes 
the town of Gosport, belonging to Koeking- 
ham CO. N. H. The whole cluster is inhabi- 
ted by about one hundred fishermen. For- 
merly, the population was much larger. 

Isle ov Wight, co. Va. bounded by Black- 
water r. separating it from SoMthampton on 
the s. w., Surry w. and n. w., James r. n. e., 
and Nanseniond e. and s. e. Length 37, 
mean width 1 1, and area 407 sq. nis. Exten- 
ding in lat. 3G° 38' to 37° 07', and in long. 
from 0° 02' to 0° 36' e. W. C. This co. is 
very nearly divided into two equal sections by 
two inclined plains, one running s. w. towards 
Black water and the other n. e. towards James 
r. Chief t. Smithfield. Pop. 1820,10,139, 
1830, 10,517. 

Isle of Wight, C. II. and p-o. Isle of 
Wight CO. Va. situated near the centre of the 
CO. 33 ins. a little n. of w. Norfolk, and by 
p-r. 89 nis. a. e. by e. Richmond. 

Islesborougii, t. Waldo co. Mo. on L. I. in 
Penobscot bay, 1 m. w. Castine. Pop. 1830, 
674. 

IsLir, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y., s. side Long 
Island. 44 ma. e. N. Y. city. It extends 
along the ocean IG ms. and has a medium 
width of 7 ms. lias a pond 3 ms. in circum- 
ference, denominated Ronconcoma pond, 
which has neither inlet nor outlet ; concernin, 
which many curious particulars are related 
relative to a supernatural ebb and flow of its 
waters. Supplied with mill seats. Soil pro- 
ductive ; is a fine town for sea fowl of various 
kinds, and still produces wild deer. Pop 
1830,1,653 



hilly. Soil good. Watered by Flint cr., 
which furnishes mill seats. 

Itmaca, p-t. and St. jus. Tompkins co. N. 
Y. 170 ms. vv. Albany, 37 s. Auburn, 45 s. e. 
Geneva. It lies at the s. end or head of 
Cayuga lake. Has a romantic apiicarance. 
Is abundantly watered by fine mill streams. 
Fall creek descends 438 ft. within the space 
of a mile, and furnishes several stupcnduous 
cataracts. These falls are about ^ of a mile 
N. of the village. The first is truly grand. 
The whole sheet of water is poured over the 
rock 116 ft. and the banks above are about 
lOi) ft. more. Twenty rods above this, is a 
a fall of 50 ft.; and there is still another of 
70 ft, The other streams arc Cayuga inlet 
or Five Mile cr.. Six Mile cr., and Cascadil- 
la cr. Soil good. On Fall cr. 2 nis. from 
the village, hemp is dressed by machinery, 
and on Six Mile cr. 3i ms. from the village, 
is a cotton factory. No where can a finer 
site be found for commercial manufactories. 
12 school districts, schools kept six months 
in 12. The valley of the lake is here hem- 
med in on three sides by huge hills 4 or 500 
ft. in height. The village of Ithaca lies at 
the bottom of the valley, on the plain, 2 ms. 
from the lake, from which the ('ayuga inlet 
is navigable to the village, for boats of 40 or 
50 tons. It is handsomely built, and, among 
other public buildings, contains a Methodist 
college, and an academy. Ithaca and Owe- 
go rail road, which is now commenced, is to 
extend to the Susquehannah. Pop. 1830, 
5,270. 

Ivv, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 2G0 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Ivy Mills, and p-o. Del. co. Pa. 9 ms. from 
Philadelphia. 

Izard co.. Ark. as laid down on Tanner's 
map, is bounded N.by the state of Mo., e. by 
liuwrence, s. e. by Independence, s. by Con- 
way, and s. w. and w. by Washington cos. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 33' to 3G° 30', and 
in long, from 14° 43', to 16° 43' w. W. C. 
Length e. to w. Il2, with a mean width of 
4 1 ins., and area 4,928 sq. ms. It is an ex- 



tensive, and in great part unsettled region, 
Israel's r. N. H. formed by the waters! traversed by the main volume of White r. 

which descend from mins. Adams and Jeilcr-lPop. 1830, 1,266. 

son, and falls into the Coim. at Lancaster.) Izard, C. H. p-o. Izard co. Ark. by p-r. 185 

A beautiful stream. iins. northward Little Rock, and 1,056 from 

Italy, p-t. Ontario co.N. Y. 15 ms. w. Penii W. C. 

Yan, 20 s. Canandaigua. Surface somewhat] 



J. 



Jacicsiioro', p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. i Jackson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 
Tennessee. {See Jackaonhoro'y same co. and\ 181 ms. n. n. e. Ilarrisburg. 
state.) Jackson, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 37 ms. 

Jackson or IlrTCiicocK, p-t. Hancock co. |n. w. Richmond. 
Me. 25 ms. n. w. Castine. j Jac;<son, co. of Geo. bounded s. w. by Ap- 

Jackson, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. ms.j palachee r. which separates it from Walton, 
s. Salem, 40 n. e. Albany. Surface diversi-] w^ by Gsvinnett, n. w. by Hail, n. E.by Frank- 
fied. 1 1 schools, kept 9 months in 12. Pop. lin, e. by Madison, and s. e. by Clark. Length 
1830, 2,057. '24, mean width 18, ;uid area 432 sq. nis. Ex- 



JAC 



228 



JAC 



tending in lat. 33° 53' to 34° 17', and in long 
6° 22' to 6° 50' w. W. C. The slope of this 
CO. is to the southeast, and drained by differ- 
ent branches of Oconee and Appalachec rs. 
Chief town, Jefferson. Pop. 1820, 8,355, 
1830, 9,004. 

Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Butts co. Geo. by 
p-r. 60 ms. though in a direct line only about 
45 N. w.by w. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 32° 12', 
long. 7° 03' w. W. C. It is situated on To- 
wanbigan cr. a branch of Oconee r. 

Jackson, co. Ten. bounded by Overton e., 
by White s., Smith w., and Monroe co. in 
Ky. N. Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 10' to 36° 
35', and in long. 8° 27' to 8° 49' w. W. C. 
Cumberland r. enters the nthestrn. angle, and 
traverses this co. diagonally in a ethwstrn. 
direction. Chief town, Williamsburg. Pop. 
1820, 7,593, 1830,9,698. 

Jackson, i)-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ten. 
situated on Forked Deer r. by p-r. 147 ms. s. 
w. by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 36', long. W. 
C. 11° 54' w. 

Jackson, co. of O. bounded s. e. by Meigs, 
s. by Lawrence, s. w. Sciota, w. by Pike, n. 
w. by Ross, N. by Hocking, and n. e. by 
Athens. Length 30, mean breadth 15 and 
area 450 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50' to 39° 17', long. 
W. C. 5° 1 6' to 5° 45' w. It is a table land, dis- 
charging creeks nrthwstrd. into Sciota r., 
sthrd. and sthcstrd. into O. r. Surface ex- 
tremely broken. Chief town, Jackson. Pop. 
1830, 5,941. 

Jackson, p.v. Wayne CO. O. by p-r. 98 ms. 
N. E. Columbia. 

Jackson, p-v. on Thompson's cr., E. Felici- 
anna parish of La., 6 ms. n.e. St. Francesville, 
and 26 a little w. of n. Baton Rouge. 



N. E. Natchez, and by p-r. 1,035 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. lat. 32° 17', long. W. C. 13 16' w. 

It is an inconsiderable place, and from its po- 
sition will most likely remain so. 

Jackson, C. H. and p-v. Jackson co. Miss. 
by p-r. 188 ms. s. E.Jackson the seat govern- 
ment for the same state, and by the common 
road about 180 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Jackson, co. of II., bounded by Randolph 
N. w.. Perry n., Franklin e., Union s. e., and 
the Miss. r. separating it from Perry co. Mo. 
on the 8. and s. w. Length 28, mean breadth 
25, and area 700 sq. ms. Lat 37° 37' to 37° 
58', long. 12° 13' to 12° 46' w. W. C. Slope 
sthwstrd. and drained in that direction by 
Muddy cr. and branches. Chief t. Browns- 
ville. Pop. 1830, 1,828. 

Jackson, co. of Ala. bounded by Madison- 
CO. in the same state w., by the sthrn. bounda- 
ry of Ten. separating it from Lincoln co. in 
the latter state n. w., Franklin n., and Marion 
E., and by Tumesco r. separating it from the 
Cherokee country s. e., s., and s. w. Length 
s. w. to N. e. 52, mean breadth 20, and area 
1,040 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 34° 24' to 
35°, and in long. 8° 50' to 9° 30' w. W. 
C. Ten. r. as it passes the boundary between 
Ala. and Ten., assumes a sthwstrn. course, 
which it pursues about 52 ms. along Jackson 
CO. and abruptly turns to n. w. by w. traver- 
ses Cumberland mtn. and again bounds Jack- 
son 22 ms. to the mouth of Flint cr. Cumber- 
land mtn. leaving Ten. in the sthrn. part of 
Franklin co. ranges over Jackson co. in a s. 
s. w. direction, giving source along its wstrn. 
slope to Paint Rock r. which also traverses 
Jackson parallel to the mtn. chain. The 
general slope of the co. is to the s. s. w. It 
is a hilly and broken region, tho' with a con- 



Jackson, CO. Ind. bounded s. e. by Scott, siderable proportion of excellent land. Chief 



s. by the S. branch of White r. separating it 

from M''ashington, w. by Lawrence, n. by 

Bartholomew, and e. by Jennings. Length 

30, mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. 

Lat 38° 47' to 39° 03', long. W. C. 8° 48' to 9° 

18' w., slope s. w. and traversed by Driftwood, 

and other northern confluents of White r. 

Chief town, Brownstown. Population 1830, 'n. Tuscaloosa. 

4,870. Jackson, co 

Jackson, sthest. co. of Miss, bounded s. by 
the Gulf of Mexico, s. w. and w.by Hancock 
CO. Miss., N. w. by Perry, n. by Greene, and 
E. by Mobile co. in Alabama. Length 42, 
mean width 35, and area 1,470 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 30° 13' to 30° 55' n., and in 
long. 11° 32' to 12° 28' w. W. C. This co. 
embraces the lower part of the basin of Pas- 
cagoula, that river opening into Pascagoula 
sound about the middle of the co. Here the 
pine hills reach the coast of the sound, and 
with some but partial exceptions along the 
streams, a pine forest on sterile soil stretches 
over the whole surface. Staple, cotton. St. 
jus. Jackson C. II. Pop. 1820, 1,682, 1830, 
1,792. 

Jackson, p-v. st. jus. Hinds co. and of the 
government of the slate of Miss. It is situa- 
ted on the w. bank of Pearl r. about 100 ms. 



town, Bellponto. Pop. 1820, 8,751, 1830, 
12,700. 

Jackson, p-v. Clark co. Al. by p-r. 159 ms. 
s. Tuscaloosa. 

Jackson, p-v. situated on the left bank of 
Tombigbee r. 65 ms. above and a little e. of 
N. Mobile, and by p-r. 132 ms. a little w. of 



Mo. bounded n. by Mo. r. 
separating it from Clay, e. by Lafayette, on 

the s. and on the w. by the w. boundary of 

the state. Tho breadth from e. to w. as laid 
down by Tanner, is 28 ms., but the sthrn. 
boundary being uncertain, the area cannot 
be even estimated. Chief town, Indepen- 
dence. Pop. 1830, 2,823. 

Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Cape Girardeau 
CO. Mo. about 120 ms. a little e. of s. St. Lou- 
is, and 10 ms. w. Bainbridge on the Miss., n. 
lat. 37° 26', long. W. C. 12° 42' w. 

Jackson, co. of Mich, bounded s. e. by 
Lenawee, s. by Hillsdale, w. by Calhoun, n. 
w. by Eaton, n. by Ingham, and e. by W^ash- 
tenau. Length from w. to e. 32, mean breadth 
24, and area 768 sq. ms. Lat. 42° O5'to 42° 
26', long W. C. 7° 08' to 7° 45' w. Slope of 
the sthwstrn. section to the w. and drained 
by the confluents of Kalamazoo r., and of the 



JAC 



229 



JAM 



residue of the co. to the n. w. giving extreme 
source to the tributaries of Grand r. of lake 
Michigan. Chief t. Jacksonopolis. 

Jacksox, CO. Ark. position uncertain, but 
sui)posed to be between the JSt. Francis and 
White rs. about 150 ras. to the n. e. of Little 
Rock. 

Jackson, p-v. given as the st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ark. but is most probably the st. jus. of 
Jackson co. of the same territory. By p-r. 
15;^ nis. N. E. Little Rock. 

Jacksonisoro', p-v. and St. jus. Colleton 
dist. S. C. 31 nis. w. Charleston, and by p-r. 
s. s. E. Columbia. Lat. 32° 44', long. 3° 31' 
w. W. C. It is situated on tlie right bank of 
Edisto r. about 25 ms. above the mouth. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Scriven co. 
Geo. situated on the I'orks of Brier cr. G2 nis. 
N. N. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 135 ms. s. e. 
by e. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 43', long 4° 33' 
vv. W. C. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. 
Ten. situated at the sthestrn. foot of Cumber- 
land mtn. 3G ms. n. n. w. Knoxvillc, and by 
p-r. 152 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Lat. 
36° 22', long. 7° w. W. C. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 9G 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Jackson, C. H. and st. jus. Jackson co. O. 
situated near the centre of the co. 74 ms. a 
little E. of s. Columbus, and 387 by p-r. w. 
W.C. Lat. 39° 02'. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
329. 

Jackson Hall, p-o. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 
90 ms. N.w. W.C. 

Jacksomiam, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C. 

Jackson Hill, p-o. Davidson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 9G ms. w. Raleigh. 

Jacksonopolis, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Mich, by p-r. 77 ms. w. Detroit. 

Jackson River, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by 
p-r. 272 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 202 a little 
N. of w. Richmond. 

Jackson's r., the main constituent stream of 
James' r., rises by two branches, the N. and 
8. forks in the sthrn. part of Pendleton co. 
Va. Flowing thence sthwstrd. and nearly 
parallel, and between lateral chains of intns., 
the two branches traverse liath co. and enter- 
ing Alleghany, incline towards each other 
and unite, but the united stream still pursues 
a sthwstrn. course, receiving Dunlops creek 
from the w. and Potts creek from the s. after 
a comparative course from the source in Pen- 
dleton of about 50 ms. With the junction of 
Potts cr. the whole stream inllccts very ab- 
ruptly to N. E. and flowing in fluit direction 
15 ms. through rugged mtn. passes, unites 
with Cow Pasture river to form James' r. The 
valley of Jackson's r. is an elevated region. 
At Covington, the co. st. of Alleghany co. 
where Dunlojjs cr. falls into Jackson's r., the 
water surface is 1,238 fl. above the Atlantic 
level ; it is therefore probable that the far 
greatest jiart of the arable surface of the ad- 
jacent country exceeds a comparative height 
of 1,500 ft. Lat. 38°, and long 3° w. W. C. 
intersect in the wstrn. part of Bath co. about 



6 ms. N. the junction of the two main branch- 
es of Jackson's r. 

Jackson's Creek, p-o. Fairfield dist. about 
5 ms. w. Winnsboro', and by p-r. 31 ms. n. n. 
w. Columbia. 

Jackson's Grove, p-o. in the sthwstrn. part 
of Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 132 ms. wstrd. 
Columbia. 

Jacksonville, p-v. in the wstni. part of 
Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. Ilarrisburg, 
and by common road 20 ms. from Allentown, 
and 25 a little E.of n. Reading. 

Jacksonvillic, p-v. Wood co. Va. by p-r. 
311 ms. w. W. C. 

Jacksonvillh, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 119 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Jacksonvillis, p-v. Sumpter co. S. C. by 
p-r. 70 ms. Columbia. 

Jacksonnille, p-v. and st. jus. Telfair co. 
Geo. by i)-r. Ill ms. s. Milledgeville. Lat. 
31° 55', long. W. C. 6° 05' w. 

Jacksonville, p-v. and st. jus. Duval co. 
Flor. situated on the left bank of St. John's r. 
45 ms. n. w. St. Augustine, and by ])-r. 1G5 
ms. a little s. of e. Tallahasse. Lat. 30° 15', 
long. 5° w. W. C. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky. 45 ms. 
estrd. Frankfort. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Dark co. O. by p-r. 99 
ms. w. Columbus. 

Jacksonville, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. 
II. by p-r. 115 ms. from Vandalia, and 837 
from W. C. Lat. 30° 44', long. W. C. 13° 
13' w. 

Jacksonville, springs and p-o. in the north- 
eastern part of Washington parish. La. about 
70 ms. N. New Orleans. 

Jacobsburg, p-v. Belmont co. Ohio, by p-r. 
134 ms. E. Columbus. 

Jacob's Staff, p-v. Monroe co. Ark. 84 ms. 
Little Rock. 

Jacques, or James river, a confluent of the 
Mo. rising between the latter and the Miss, 
about lat. 47° and flowing thence by a gener- 
al course to the southward, nearly parallel to 
and about GO ms. distant the Mo. into which 
it falls at lat. 42° 50' after a comparative 
course of something above 300 ms. 

Jai'frev, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. G2 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 4G s. w. Concord. The Grand 
Monadnoc mtn. is situated in the n. w. part 
of this town and in Dublin. Well watered by 
streams issuing from the mountain. Con- 
tains red and yellow ochre, alum, vitriol, and 
black lead. Pop. 1830, 1,354. 
Jakes Prairie, p-o. Gasconade co. Mo. 80 
s. vv. St. Louis. 

Jamaica, p-t. Windham co Vt. 26 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 32 s. w. Windsor. Watered by 
West r. and its numerous branches, which 
supply numerous and excellent mill privileg- 
es. Surface broken and mountainous. Soil 
in general warm and productive. Contains 
limestone and the micaceous oxide of iron; 
10 school districts. Pop. 1830, 1,523. 

Jamaica, p-t. Queens co. s. side Long Is- 
land, 12 ms. E. N. York. .Jamaica village 
has an academy. It is a most charming 



JAM 



230- 



JAS 



place ; 8 schools kept 11 months in 12. 
Here is the place selected by the jockeys for 
horse racing. Pop. 1830, 2,376. 

Jamaica Plains, in Roxbuiy, Mass. re- 
markable for its beautiful scenery and ele- 
gant country seats. 

James, river of Virginia and sthrn. stream 
of the Chesapeake basin. For the two high- 
er constituents of this fine r., see the respec- 
pective articles, Cow Pasture and Jackson rs. 
Below the junction of its two constituents, 
the united water is first known as James r. 
which forcing a passage thro' between Potts 
and Mill mtns. enters Botetourt, and assumes 
a sthrn. course 10 ms. to where it receives 
Craig's creek from the south, and inflecting 
to s. s. E. flows in that direction 15 ms., thence 
abruptly turns to n. e. by e. 20 ms. to the 
western foot of Blue Ridge, and the recep- 
tion of North river from Augusta and Rock- 
bridge counties. Assuming a s. e. course of 
28 ms. James river, now a fine navigable 
stream, traverses a gap of Blue Ridge, about 
15 ms. N. E. the Peaks of Otter, and in a dis- 
tance of 30 ms. separating Amherst from 
Bedford and Campbell counties, and travers 



plished. A short canal connects the tide 
below, and the beatable water above the fulls 
at Richmond. The following relative heights 
will show the gradual rise of the James river. 
Columbia at the mouth of Rivanna 1 78 feet ; 
Scottsville, at the southeastern angle of Al- 
bemarle CO. and below the southeast ciiain 
of the Appalachian system 255 feet ; Lynch- 
burg, also below the southeast mtn. 500 feet ; 
Pattonsburg, at the great bend above Blue 
Ridge 806 feet ; Covington, at the junction of 
Dunlap'a creek and Jackson's river 1,222 
feet ; highest spring tributary to Craig's cr. 
2,498 feet. Those heights are only the ele- 
vation of the water, and at every point must 
fall short of that of the arable soil. Without 
any great risk of error, an allowance of win- 
ter temperature equal to 6 degrees of Fahren- 
heit may be made between the extremes of 
this valley on the same lat. 

James City, co. Va. bounded by James r. 
which separates it from Surry s., by Chick- 
ahomina r. separating it from Charles City co. 
w., by N. Kent n, w., by York r. separating 
it from Gloucester n., by York n. e., and 
Warwick s. e. Length 23, mean breadth 8, 



ing another lateral chain of mtns. near Lynch- and area 184 square ms. Extending in lat. 
burg, again turns to n. e. Continuing the latter 37° C9' to 37° 25' n., and in long. 0° 03' to 0'' 



course 40 ms. and separating Amherst and 
Nelson from Campbell and Buckingham cos. 
James river assumes a course of a little s. of 
E. 70 ins. by comparative course, having on 
the left the counties of Albemarle, Fluvanna, 
Goochland, and Henrico, and on the right the 
COS. of Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhat- 
an and Chesterfield, to the head of tide water 
and the lower falls at Richmond. 

Meeting the tide, James river, similar to 
most of the Atlantic rs. of the United States, 
generally widens, and presenting rather the 
features of a bay than those of a r. turns to a 
little e. of s. e. 90 ms. by comparative courses, 
finally merges into Chesapeake bay, between 
Point Willoughby, and Old Point Comfort. 
The entire length of Jame'sr. from its source 
in Pendleton to its efflux into Chesapeake, is 
368 ms. but following the actual meanders it 
is probable that this stream flows not much 
if any less than 500 ms. 

The valley of James river, including all its 
confluents, lies between lat. 3G° 40' and 38° 
20', and in long, extends near 1° e. to 3° 40' 
vv. W. C. Drawing a line in a s. s. w. direc- 
tion from Old Point Comfort to the Alleghany 
mtn. will pass along very near the middle of 
this valley 225 ms. The broadest part is 
along the extreme sources, from the fountains 
of Jackson r. to those of Craig's creek 90 
ins., but the mean width amounts to about 45 
ms. and the area to 10,125 square ms. 

In the natural state James river afl'ords at 
and for a few miles above its mouth deptli of 
water for ships of any required draught, but 
the depth gradually shallows so that only 
vessels of 130 tons can reach Rockets, or the 
port of Richmond. Though much has been 
designed above tide water in meliorating the 
uavigation, little has been actually accom- 



21' e. This county is waving, rather hilly. 
Chief town, Williamsburg. Pop. 1820, 3,1 61, 
1330,3,838. 

Jamestown, an insulated township on Ca- 
nonicut island, in Narraganset bay, Newport 
CO. R. I. about 3 ms. w. Newport, 30 s. 
Providence, including the whole of Canoni- 
cut island, being about 8 ms. in length from 
N. to s. and having an average width of near- 
ly a mile, containing about 8 square ms. Soil 
rich and productive. It has two ferrrios, the 
one to Newport, the other to South Kings- 
ton. Pop. 1830, 415. 

Jamestown, p-v. on Appomattox r. in the 
northeastern angle of Prince Edward co. Va. 
by p-r. 86 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Jamestown. It may be noticed as a curi- 
ous fact that Jamestown, the flrst Anglo- 
American settlement, made on Powhatan's, 
now James r. has no name on the post otticc 
list. It stood on a point of land in the stlirn. 
part of James City co. lat. 37° 12', long. 0° 14' 
e. W. C. 

Jamestown, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 
147 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh ; the real com- 
mon road distance must fall short 100 ms. 

Jamestown, p-v. Fentress co. Ten. by p-r. 
135 ms. E. Nashville. 

Jamestown, p-v. and st. jus. Russell co. 
Ky. by p-r. 123 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Jamestown, p-v. Greene co. Ohio, C8 ms. 
N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Jamesville, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Suinp- 
ter dist., S.C. by p._r. 6 ms. s. e. Columbia. 

Jasper, co. Geo. bounded by Oakniulgee r. 
separating it from Butts w. ; it has Newton 
N. w., Morgan n. e., Putnam e., and Jones s. 
Length 30, mean breadth 16, and area 480 
.s(iuare ms. Extending in lat. 33° 09' to 33° 
37' and in long. 6° 36' to 6° 56' w. W. C. 



JEF 



231 



JEF 



Fop. 1820, 13,614, 



Chief town, Monticello. 
1830,13,131. 

The name of this co. was a just tribute 
to real and humble merit ; it was to perpetu, 
ate the name of Sergeant Jasper, who replaced 
the United Stales colors on the parapet of 
fort Moultree at Sullivan's island, near 
Charleston, S.C. when they where shot away 
by a IJritish cannon ball, in the attack made 
on that feeble fortress July 28th, 177G. 

Jasper, p-v. and st. jus. Marion eo. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Sequache r., by 
p-r. 120 ms. s. e. Nashville, lat. 35° 18', long. 
8° 31' w. W. C. 

Jasper, co. of II. bounded by Lawrence 
and Clay s., Effingham w,, Coles n., Clarke 
N. E., and Crawford E. It is nearly a square 
of 22 ms. each way, area 484 square ms. Lat. 
38° 50' to 39° 05', long W. C. 11° 00' to 11° 
21' w. It is traversed by the Embarras r. 
from N. to s. The centre of this county lies 
about 50 ms. a little n. of e. from Vandalia. 

Jay, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Androscog- 
gin, 20 ms. n. e. Paris. Pop. 1830, 1,276. 

Jav, town, Orleans co. Vt. 50 ms. >'. Mont- 
pelier, 50 n. e. Burlington. Has some good 
mill seats. Being a town on the Canada fron- 
tier, its inhabitants, consisting of but five or 
six families, nearly all left it during the late 
war with Great Britain. It is now settling 
slowly. Pop. 1830, 196. 

Jay, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. 
Elizabethtown, 145 n. Albany ; e. and w. 
borders hilly and mountainous ; central part a 
vale, pleasant and fertile, through which runs 
Little Au Sable r. Water privileges in abun- 
dance, with timber and iron ore ; 7 schools 
kept 7 months in 12. Pop;1830, 1,629. 

Jayncsville, p-o. Covington coimty, Mich, 
about 100 ms. e. Natchez. 

Jeanerf.tt's p-o. St. Mary's parish. La. 
161 ms. wstrd. New Orleans. 

Jefferson, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 28 ms. n. 
e. Wiscasset. Pop. 18.30, 2,074. 

Jefferson, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 77 ms. n. 
Concord. Pop. 1830, 495. 

Jefferson, co. N. Y. situated at the east 
end of lake Ontario, and on the St. Lawrence 
r. Bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence, n. e. 
by St. liiiwrence co., e. by Lewis co., s. by 
Oswego CO., w. by lake Ontario, extending 
about 65 nis. along the lake and river, contain- 
ing an area of 600,000 acres. Watered by 
Black r. running across the centre in a wester- 
ly direction ; by the Indian r. winding over 
the E. and n. e. parts, and by Big Sandy cr. 
and some other mill streams, &c. in the s.w 
These waters furnish some navigation, and 
numerous mill seats. A large proportion of 
of the soil is of a rich and superior quality. 
Surface in general waving and undulating. 
Timbered with maple, beech, birch, oak, wal- 
nut, bass, ash, elm, hemlock, groves of pine, 
&.C. It contains iron ore in the e. and s- e. 
parts. Climate mild and agreeable. Chief 
town, Watcrtown, on S. Black r. 4 ms. from 
navigable waters, 12 e. Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 
1820, 32,952, 1830, 48,493. 



Jefferson, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 20 ms 

s. w. Schoharie, 48 w. Albany. Soil good 
for grass. Considerable grain is raised; 11 
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Population 
1830, 1,743. 

Jefferso.v, town, Morris co. N. J. bound- 
ed N. w. by Sussex co., n. e. by Bergen co., s. 
w. by Roxbury, and s. e. by Pequanack. Pop. 
1830, 1,551. 

Jefferson co. Pa. bounded by Indiana s. 
Armstrong and Venango w., Warren n. w., 
McKean n. e., and Clearfield e. and s. e. 
Length 46 ms., mean breadth 26, and area 
1,196 square ms. Extending in lat. 40° 55' 
to 41° 36' N., and in long. 1° 41' to 2° 17' w. 
W. C. The declivity of this co. is to the s. 
w. and drained in succession s. to n. by the 
branches of Mahoning, Redbank, Clarion, 
and Teomista rs. nil flowing towards and 
finally entering Alleghany r. Surface rocky 
and hilly, and in part mountainous. Chief 
t. Port Barnet. Pop. 1820, 561, 1830, 2,025. 
Jefferson, p-v. on the souihern branch of 
Ten Mile creek, Greene co. Pa. 15 ms. s.w. 
Brownsville and 9 n. e. by e. Waynesburg. 

Jefferson, co. Va. bounded by the 131ue 
Ridge, separating it from Loudon s.e., by Fre- 
derick s. w., by Berkshire w. and n. w., and by 
Potomac r. separating it from Washington 
CO. Md. N. E. Length 22, mean breadth 10, 
and area 220 square ms. Extending in lat. 
39° 10' to 39° 28', and in long. 0° 43' to 1° 
02' w. W. C. The Shenandoah r. enters the 
southern angle and traversing this co. in a N. 
N. E. course along its southeastern border, 
and parallel to the Blue Ridge, falls into Po- 
tomac at Harper's Ferry. The declivity of the 
CO. is to the n. n. e. The water elevation at 
Harper's Ferry being 182 feet above tide 
water, that of the arable soil of Jefleison must 
be greatly higher and cannot fall short "of a 
mean of 400 ft., or an equivalent to a degree of 
lat. Though the face of this county is broken 
and even mountainous, it is a very produc- 
tive tract in grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief 
towns. Harper's Ferry, and Charleston. Pop. 
1820, 13,087, 1830, 12,927. 

Jefferson, p-v. on the right bank of James 
r. northern part of Powhatan co. Va. 84 ms. 
above, and n. n. w. Richmond. 

Jefferson, co. Geo. bounded by Washing- 
ton w., Warren n. w., Richmond n. e., Burke 
E., and Emanuel s. Length 33, mean width 
20, and area 660 square ms. Extending in 
lat. 32° 51' to 33° 20', and in long. 5° 14' to 
5° 46' w. W. C. It is traversed on the south, 
west side by Great Ogeechec, and bounded 
on the northeast by Brier cr., both flowing to 
the s. E. in the direction of the general decliv- 
ity. Chief town, Louisville. Pop. 1820, 
7,058, 1830, 7,.309. 

JeffI'Irson, p-v. and st.jus. Jackson co.Geo. 
situated on one of the higher branches of 
Oconee, by p-r. o5 ms. a little \v. of n. Mil. 
ledgeville, lat. 34° 07', long. 6° 37' w. W. C. 

Jefferson, co. Alabama, bounded s. by 
Bibb, s. w. by Tuscaloosa, w. by Lafayette, 
N. w. by Walker, n. by Bloimt, n. e. St. Clair, 



JEF 



232 



JEF 



and s. E. by Shelby. Length s. w. to n. e. 
52 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 33° 17' to 33° 52', and 
in long. 9° 37' to 10° 32' w. W. C. This co. 
lies entirely in the valley of Tuscaloosa, the 
main volume of which entering the northeast 
border from Blount, flows over the co. in a 
s. \v. direction, receiving near its exit from 
the southwestern angle Mulberry r. from the 
southwestward. The main road from Tus- 
caloosa to the northeastern part of the state 
passes nearly centrically over Jefferson. 
Chief town, Elyton. Pop. 1830, 6,855. 

Jefferson, co. Miss, bounded by Claiborne 
N., Copiah E., Franklin s. e., Adams s. w., and 
the Miss, r., separating it from Concordia in 
Louisiana n. \v. Length e. to w. 35, mean 
width 18, and area 630 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 31° 37' to 31° 53', and in long, 
from 13° 50' to 14° 28' w. W. C. Though 
bounding on the Miss. r. this co. is a real 



ductive. Chief t. Dandridge. Pop. 1820» 
8,953, 1830, 11,801. 

Jefferson, p-v. Rutherford co. Ten. 21 ms. 
s. E. Nashville. 

Jefferson, co. Ky. bounded by Oldham n. 
E., Shelby e., Spencer s. e., Bullitt s., Ohio 
r. which separates it from Harrison in Ind. 
w., and from Floyd and Clark, Ind. n. Length 
28, mean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 02' to 38° 22', and 
in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 55' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is sthwrd. giving source to 
some of the northeastern branches of Salt r. 
It is rendered remarkable, as lying opposite 
the rapids of O., and as containing the canal 
of Louisville. Chief town, Louisville. Pop. 
1820, 20,768, 1830, 23,979. 

Jefferson, co. Ohio, bounded n. by Co- 
lumbiana, by the Ohio r. e. separating it from 
Brooke co. Va., by Belmont, Ohio, s., and 
Harrison w. Length 27, breadth 20, and 



table land. The bluffs extending parallel to J area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10' to 40° 33', 



the general course of the Miss, range alon 
the western part of Jefferson, leaning towards 
the Great r. some annually overflowed and 
level bottom. With the bluffs commences a 
very rolling country, to adopt an expressive 
figurative term. From this broken region 
issue wstrd. Fairchild's and Cole's creeks ; 
to the n. w. branches of the Bayou Pierre, 
and to the s. w. those of Homochitto r. The 
Miss, bottoms where capable of being pro- 
tected from flood, are extremely productive. 
The soil of the bluff land is also excellent ; but 
advancing estrd. the pine woods gradually 
expand, so that the two extremes of the co. 
are also extremes of fertility and the reverse. 
Staple, cotton. Chief t. Greenville. Pop. 
1820, 6,822, 1830, 9,755. 

Jefferson, parish, La. bounded s. by the 
Gulf of Mexico, s. w. by the parish of La 
Fourche Interior, w. and n. w. by St. John 
Baptiste, n. by lake Pontchartrain, e. by the 
parish of New Orleans, and e. by that of 
Plaquemines. Length s. to n. between the 
Gulf of Mexico and lake Pontchartrain 60 
ms., mean width 12, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 29° 17' to 30° 05', and 
in long. w. W. C. from 12° 54' to 13° 10'. 
The Miss. r. traverses the northern part of 
this parish, and with some strips on the sthrn. 
water courses towards the Gulf of Mexico, 
affords the only land sufficiently elevated 
above the tide level to admit cultivation. 
Staples, cotton, sugar and rice. Pop. 1830, 
6,846. 

Jr.FFERSON, CO. Ten. bounded s. w. by Se- 
vier, w. by Knox, n. by Granger, n. e. by 
Hawkins, e. by Greene, and s. e. by Cocke. 
Length 28, mean width 28, and area 356 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 48' to 36° 11', 



long. 3° 50' w. W. C. Slopes estrd. towards 
Ohio r., and in that direction is drained by 
Yellow Cross and Short creeks. Surface 
hilly, but soil fertile and abounding in bitumi- 
nous mineral coal. Chief t. Steubenville. 
Pop. 1820, 18,531, 1830, 22,489. 

•Tefferson, p-v. and st. jus. Ashtabula co. 
O. by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 325 
ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 370. It is the 
most northeastern co. town in the state. 

Jefferson, co. Ind. bounded by O. r. sepa- 
rating it from Gallatin co. Ky. s. e., Clarke 
s. w., Scott w., Jennings N. w., Ripley n., and 
Switzerland n. e. Length 25 by 15, mean 
breadth 375 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 43', long. 8^ 
28' w. W. C. The features of this co. are 
remarkable ; though bounding on Ohio r., it is 
drained almost from the margin of that 
stream, by creeks which flow directly from 
it into the valley of White r. The surface 
very broken ; soil fertile. Chief t. Madison. 
Pop. 1820, 8,038, 18.30, 11,465. 

Jefferson, p-v. Clinton co. Ind. about 50 
ms. N. w. Indianopolis. 

Jefferson, co. of II. bounded by Franklin 
s., Perry s. w., Washington w., Marion n., 
Wayne n. e., and Hamilton s. e. It is a 
square of 26 ms. each vs'ay ; area 676 sq. ms. 
Lat. 38° 09' to 38° 30', long. 11° 48' to 12° 
09' w. W. C. The eastern part slopes to the 
s. E., and gives source to Waynes fork of 
Little Wabash, the residue slopes sthrd. and 
gives source to Muddy creek. Chief town, 
Mount Vernon. Pop. 1830, 2,555. 

Jefferson, co. Mo. bounded by the Miss. 
r., separating it from Monroe co. II. e., St. 
Genevieve co. s.e., St. Francis s., Washing- 
ton s. w., Franklin w., and St. Louis n. Lat. 
38° to 38° 30', long. 13° 13' w.W. C. It may be 



and in long, from 5° 54' to 6° 24' w. W. C. observed as a curious feature in the geogra- 
This CO. is bounded on the n.w. by Ilolston, phy of this co. that the Big r. branch of Mer- 
and on the s. E. by the French Broad, whilst riiuack, traverses the western side to the 
a mountain ridge stretches over it from Knox 'nfhrd. in direct opposition to the course of the 
into Hawkins. The course of the rivers and j Miss, along its eastern boundary. The sur- 
general slope is lo the w. s. w., with a very j face is hilly and broken. Chief town. Mount 
rugged surface. The soil where arable is pro-| Vernon. Pop. 1830, 2,592. 



JER 



233 



JOE 



Jefferson, co. Flor. bounded e. by Madi- 
son CO. of the same tor., e. by Appalachee 
bay of the Gulf of Flor., w. by Leon co. and 
N. by Thomas co. of Geo. Extending in lat. 
30° to 30° 42', and in long. 1° to 1° 16 vv. 
W. C. Length 48 ms., mean width 16, and 
area 768 sq. ms. Chief t. Monticello. Pop. 
1830, 3,312. 

Jefferson Barracks and p-o. St. Louis co. 
Mo. 

Jkfferson City, st. jus. for Cole co., and 
of the government of Mo. situated on the 
right bank of Mo. r. about 9 miles above 
the mouth of Osage river, by p-r. 134 ms. 
w. St. Louis, and 980 ms. w. W. C. Lat. 
39° 32', long. 15° 06' w. W. C. It is a new 
town containing 200 houses and 1,200 inhab- 
itants, and after Little Rock in Ark. the most 
western state capital of the U. S. The two 
towns differ but little in long. 

JeffersontoiV, p-v. near the right bank of 
the Rappahannoc river, and n. e. angle of 
Culpepper co. Va. about 33 ms. n. w. Fre- 
dericburg, and by p-r. 62 ms. s. w. by w. W. 
C. 

Jeffersonton, p-v. on Santilla r. Geo. 25 
ms. N. w, St. Mary's in the same co., and by 
p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Jeffersontovvn, p-v. Jefferson co. Ky. 15 
ms. s. E. Louisville, and by p-r. 44 ms. w. 
Frankfort. 

Jeffersonville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 

Jeffersonville, p-v. on the North Fork of 
Clinch r. Tazewell co. Va. 30 ms. n. w. by w. 
Evansham, and by p-r. 372 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C, and 275 a little s. of w. Richmond. 
Lat. 37° 0.5', and long 4° 32' w. W. C. 

•Jeffersonville, p-v. Clarke co. Ind.by p-r. 
119 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. It is 
situated on Ohio r. opposite Louisville in Ky. 
Pop. about 1,000. 

Jekyl, small island on the Atlantic coast 
of Geo. between Cumberland and St. Si- 
mon's isl. It is the s. e. part of Glynn co. 

Jemappe, p-v. Caroline co. Va. 69 ms. Rich- 
mond. 

Jexa, p-v. Jefferson co. Flor. {See Li- 
pona.) 

Jenkinton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Montgo- 
mery CO. Pa. lO ms. n. Phil. 

Jen'nersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 43 ms. 
s w. by w. Phil. 

Jennings, co. Ind. bounded by Jefferson s., 
Scott w., Jackson n. w., Bartholomew n. w., 
Decatur n., and Ripley n. e. Length 26, 
mean breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° N., long. 8° 30' w. W. C. Slope s. w. 
Drained by numerous branches of White r. 
Chief t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1830, 3,974. 

Jennlng's Gap, over North mtn. and p-o. in 
the northern part of Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 
162 ms. s.w. by w. W. C. 

Jericho, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. on Onion 
r. 12 ms. F.. Burlington, 26 n. w. Montpelier. 
Watered by Brown's r. and a great number 
of smaller streams, which furnish numerous 
mill privileges. 13 school diets. Pop. 1830, 
1,655. I 

30 ' 



Jeromesville, p-v. N. E. Wayne co. O. 90 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 133. 

Jersey, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 13 m8. e. 
Bath, 228 w. Albany. A broken township, 
with some good land. Timbered with oak, 
chestnut, hemlock, beech, maple, &c. 7 
.schools, kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
2,391. 

Jersey City, or Paulus Hook, p-v. Bergen 
CO. N. J. on the Hudson r. opposite New 
York. 

Jersey Settlement and p-o. in the south- 
western part of Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 133 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Jersey Shore and p-o. on the left bank of 
the W. branch of Susquehannah r. below the 
mouth of Pine creek, 14 ms. above Williams, 
port, and by p-r. 108 ms. n. n. w. Harris- 
burg. 

Jersey Town, p-v. near the centre of Co- 
lumbia CO. Pa. 8 me. a little e. of n. Danville, 
and by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Jerusalem, p-t. s. line of Ontario co. N. Y. 
20 ms. s. e. Canandaigua, 18 s. Geneva. 
Scenery, wild and romantic. Jemima Wil- 
kinson, the founder of a sect denominated, by 
herself, the Universal Friends, died here in 
1819. 

Jerusalem, p-v. and st. jus. Southampton 
CO. Va. situated on Nottaway r. 70 ms. s. s. e. 
Richmond. Lat. 36° 42', long. 0° 3' w. W. 
C. 

Jessamine, co. Ky. bounded n. w. by Wood- 
ford, N. and N. E. by Lafayette, and on all 
other sides by Ky. r., which separates it on the 
s. E. from Madison, s. from Garrard, and s. w. 
from Mercer. It lies nearly in the form of a 
square, and would average about 16 ms. each 
side. Area 256 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
37° 4.3' to 38° 01', and in long. w. W. C. 7° 
24' to 7° 43'. It is almost an undeviating 
expanse of fertile soil, moderately level. 
Chief t. Nicholasville. Pop. 1820, 9,297, 
1830,9,960. 

Jetersville, p-o. Amelia co. Va. 35 ms. s. 
w. Richmond. 

Joe Daviess, extreme n. w. co. of II. as 
laid down by Tanner on his recently improv- 
ed map of the U. S., is bounded w. by Miss. 
r., N. by Iowa co. of Huron, e. by La Salle 
CO. II., s. E. by Rock r., and s. by Plum creek, 
separating it from Rock Island co. II. It ex. 
tends about 40 ms. from s. to n., but the out- 
lines towards Rock r. are too undefined to ad- 
mit an estimate of its superficial area. In 
lat. it extends from 41° 55' to 42^° n., and is 
traversed by long. 13° w. W. C. Peektans 
r., a branch of Rock r. rises in Iowa co. Hu- 
ron, and flowing s. e. by e., enters II., and 
joins the main stream in the northern part of 
La Salle co. Joe Daviess co. is composed 
of an inclined plain between the Peektans 
and Miss., and is traversed in the direction of 
s. w. Fever r., and by Apple and Rush crs., 
with other smaller streams. Joe Daviess co. 
comprises the lead mines around the chief 
town. Galena, a name imposed from the abun- 
dance of the galena ore of lead found in it» 



JOH 234 JON 

vicinity. The same country has recently be- 1 Joiinso.Vs SprInos, and p-o. Goochland co. 
come painfully interesting as the seat of aiVa. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. Richmond, 
desolating Indian war. Poj). 1830, 2,111. Joiinsonville,p-v. Trumbull co. 0. 180 ms. 

Joe's Brook, or Merriti's r. Vt. rises near n. e. Columbus. 



the N. line of VValdcn, atui falls into the Pas- 
sumsic in Barnet. A raiuil stream, (urnisliing 
many <j;ood mill privilege.". 

JoII^'s r. N. H., lia« ity prnicipal source in 
I'ondicherry jjond, Jefl'crson co., and falls 
into the Conn. r. about GO ms. above the head 
of Fifteen Mile falls, where its mouth is 
about 30 yards wide. 

JoIl^'s r. or creek, rising in the Blue 
Ridge, and in the northern part of Burke co. 
N. C. flows s. into Great Catawba r. 

John's r. p-o. or John's r. Burke co. N. C, 
by p-r. 151 ms, w. Raleigh. 

JoHNSiiURG, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 30 ms. 
N. w. Caldwell. Surface hilly. Soil good 
for grass and grain. Well watered. Timber 
mostly maple and beech. 9 schools, kept 5 
months in 12. Pop. 1830, 985. 

Johnson, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 28 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier, 28 n. e. Burlington. Crossed by 
the river Lamoille, which in this town has a 
fall of 15 feet, called McConnel's falls, and 
a singular kind of natural bridge. Surface 
uneven. Soil productive. 6 school districts. 
Pop. 1830, 1,079. 

Johnson, co. N. C. bounded n. w.by Wake, 
N. E. by Nash, Wayne e. and s. e., Sampson 
R., and Cumberland s. w. Length 30, mean 
width 22, and area GGO sq. ms. Extending in 
hit. 35° 15' to 35° 48', and in long 1° 4' to 1° 
40' W. C. Neuse r. winds over this co. in a s. s. 
e. direction, dividing it into two not very un- 
equal sections. The n. e. part is also tra- 
versed by Little r. a branch of Neuse, and 
flowing on a similar course. Chief town, 
Smithfield. Pop. 1820, 9,G07, and in 1830, 
10,938. 

Johnson, p-v. Pendleton co. Ky. GG ms. 
Frankfort. 

Johnson, co. of Ind. bounded by Bartholo- 
mew s., Morgan w., Marion n., and Shelby 
E. Length 22, breadth 18, and area 396 sq. 
ms. Lat. 39° 30', long. 9° w. W. C, lying 
between the Driftwood Fork of White r., and 
the main Wabash. Chief t. Franklin. Pop. 
1830,4,019. 

Johnson, co. of II. bounded s. w. by Alex- 
andcr, n. w. by Union, n. by Franklin, e. by 
I'ope, and s. by the Ohio r. separating it from 
McCracken co. Ky. Breadth 18, mean 
length 30, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', 
long. 12" w. W. C. Slope sthrd. towards 
Ohio r. Chief town, Vienna. Pop. 1830, 
J, .590. 

JoiiN,soNsr.uHo, v. Warren co. N. J. 9 ms. 
8. w. Newton, IG n. e. Belvulere 

Johnson's creek of lake Ontario, rises in 
Niagara co., and falls into the lake at Oak 
Orchard, after a course of about 20 ms. A 
good mill stream 



Johnston, t. Providence co. R. I. 5 ms. w. 

Providence. Surface interspersed with hill 
and dale. Contains quarries of free stone 
suitable for building, &c. It likewise contains 
limestone, and stone suitable for furnace 
hearths. Soil generally good. Watered by 
the Wanasquatucket, the Powchassett and 
Cedar brook ; which streams afibrd numer- 
ous water privileges. 7 schools. Pop. 1830, 
2,113. 

Johnstown, p-t. st. jus. Montgomery co. 
N.Y. 40 ms. n. w. Albany. Rich land, agreea- 
bly undulated. 33 schools. The village of 
.fohnstown is situated about 4 ms. n. of the 
Mohawk. It contains an academy. In this 
town was fought the battle of Johnstown, Oct. 
25, 17fil, in which the British and Indians, 
consisting of 600, were defeated by the Amer- 
icans under Col. Marinus Willett, consis- 
ting of 400 levies and militia, and 60 Oneida 
Indians. Pop. 1830, 7,700. 

Johnstown, p-v. on the point above the junc- 
tion of Stony cr. and little Conemaugh, in the 
sthwstrn. part of Cambria co. Pa. 18 ms. s. 
w. Ebensburg, 60 ms. a little s. of e. Pittsburg, 
and by p-r. 171 ms. n. w. W. C. 

This village stands on ground where the 
water level of the two contiguous streams is 
1,154 ft. above that of the Atlantic tides, and 
is the point where the wstrn. extremity of the 
Pa. rail. road joins the Conemaugh section of 
the Pa. canal. Lat. 40° 20', long. 1° 55' w. 
W. C. 

Johnstown, p-v. Dicking co. O. by p-r. 33 
ms. n. e. Columbus. 

JoHNsviLLE, p-v. Obion CO. Ten. by p-r. 179 
ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Jones, co. N. C. bounded by Onslow s., 
Duplin s. w., Lenoir n. w.. Craven n. and n. 
E., and Carteret e. and s. e. Length 38, 
mean breadth 10, and area 380 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 34° 48' to 35° 12', and in long. 
0° 08' to 0° 44' w. W. C. It is a part of a 
level and in great part marshy plain, traversed 
w. to e. by the small but navigable r. Trent. 
qinef t. Trenton. Pop. 1820, 5,216, 1830, 
5,608. 

Jones, co. Geo. bounded s. by Twiggs, s. 
w. by Bibb, w. by Ockmulgee r. separating it 
from Monroe and Butts, n. by Jasper, n. e. by 
Putnam, e. by Baldwin, and s. e. by Wilkin- 
son. Length diagonally s. e. to n. w. 30 
nis., mean width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. 
Extending m lat. 32° 52' to 33° 10', and in 
long. 6° 28' to 6° 53' w. W. C. This co. is 
composed of two inclined plains, the wstrn. 
inclining sthwrd. is drained into Ockmulgee, 
and the estrn. eloping estrd. is drained into 
Oconee. Clinton, the st.jus. is situated near 
the centre of the co. 22 ms. s. w. by w. Mil- 



Johnson's Landing, and p.o. Barnwell co. ledgeville. Pop. 1820, 17,410, 1830, 13,.345. 
S. C. 127 ms. w. Columbia. Jones co. Miss, bounded by NVayne e., Per. 

Johnson's Mills, and p-o. Dallas co- .\la. [ ry s. Covington w. and by the Choctaw country 
by p-r. 69 ms. s e. Tuscaloosa. j n. LcngtJi 28, mean width 24, and area 672 sq. 



KAL 



235 



KAL 



iti3. Extending in lat. 31° 27' to 31° 50', aijdj Junction, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 17 nis. Harria- 
in long. 12° 05' to 12° 28' w. W. C. Tijo burg. 

slope of this CO. is nearly due 8. down whicli Juniata, r. of Pa. and the sthvvstrn. branch 
flow dillercnt branches of Leaf r. Chief I. of !Susqu<thannah, is formed by 2 confluents, 
Ellisville. Pop. 1830, 1,171. | Rayaton branch from Bedford, and Franks. 

JoMisnoRouon, p-t. Washington CO. Me. 12' town branch from Huntingdon co. These 



ms. w. Machias. Pop. 1830, 810. 

JoNEsnoiio', p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 
83 nis. sthwrd. liichmond. 

JoNESuoRo', p-v. and st jus. Washington co. 
Ten. situated on a branch of Nolachucky r 



two confluent streams unite in Huntingdon 
CO. {See the two articles FraukstuWH and 
Raijstown brunches.) After the junction of 
its forming branches, Jmiiata assumes a 
sthestrn. course 12 ms., breaking through 



2G ms. s. w. by w. Elizabelhtown, and about sevcra] chains of mtns. to where it receives 



an equal distance n. e. by e. Greenville, and 
by p-r. 200 ms. e. Nashville. Lat. 3G° 17', 
and long. 5° 20' w. W. C. 

JoNESBoiio', P-V. and st. jus. Union co. II. 
by P-r. 154 ms. a little w. of s. Vandalia, and 
about 40 ma. nrthrd. of the mouth of O. Lat. 
27° 28', 

JoNEsBORo', P-V. Saline co. Mo. about 200 
ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

JoNESiioRo', p-v. in the sthrn, part of JeflTer- 
son CO. Ala. on the road from Tuscaloosa to 
Elyton, 42 ms. n. e. the former, aud 10 s. w. 
th« latter town. 

Jonestown, p-v. situated on the point at the 
confluence of the two main branches of Swa- 
tara, and in the nrihrn. part of Lebanon co. Pa. 
by p-r. 31 ms. n. e. by e. Ilarrisburg. 

JoNEsviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Lee co. Va. sit- 
uated on a creek of, and n. from Powell's r., 
65 ms. N. v.. Knoxville in Ten., 60 s. e. by e. 
Barbourville in Ky., and by p-r. 491 ms. w. 
s. w. W. C, and 394 s. w. by w. Richmond. 
Lai. 30° 40', long. G° 02' w. W. C. It is 
the most wstrn co. st. of Va. 

Jonesville, p-v. Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 
178 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Jonesville, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r 
1 12 ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

Jonesville, p-v. Monroe co. O. by p-r. 154 
nis. cstrd. Columbus. 

Jonesville, p-o. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r. 
103 ms. Bthwstrd. Detroit. 

Jopi'A Cross Roads, and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Hartord co. Md. on Gunpowder bay, 10 ms. 
y. e. Baltimore. 

Joruansville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 172 ms. s. w. by w. Ruleigh. 
Jov, t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms. n. Augusta. 
JuDDSviLLE, p-v. Suny CO. N. C. by p-r. 
175 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

JuNCTA, {See WatcrvUet, and the junction 
of Eric and Champlain canals.) 



Aughwick cr. from the s., thence inflecting to 
N. E. flovvs 28 ms. parallel to the adjoining 
mtns. ; passes Lewistown and turning to s. e. 
by E. 30 ms. general distance, but much more 
following the meanders to its junction with 
Susquchannah. Including the whole valley 
of Juniata, it drains one half of Bedford, all 
Huntingdon, Mifflin, and about one third 
of Perry, and comprises an area of about 
2,750 sq. ma. In all its parts it is a true mtn. 
r., having the remote sources of both the 
main branches in Alleghany mtn. at an eleva- 
tion of upwards of two thousand ft. above 
the ocean tides, and winding its numerous 
streams along deep mtn. vales or breaking 
directly thro' the chains. In lat. this valley 
e.\lends 39° 50' to 40° 50', and has now gain- 
ed permanent interest amongst the streams 
of the U. S. afibrding a passage for the Pa. 
canal, through five considerable chains of 
mtns. 

Juniata, p-v. and tsp. in the nrihrn. part of 
Perry co. Pa. 3i ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Juniata Crossings, and p-o. Bedford co. 
Pa. 14 ms. E. Bedford, and 91 s. w. by vv. 
Harrisburg. 

JuMATA Falls, and p-o. nthestrn. part of 
Perry co. Pa. 21 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Junius, p-t. half shire of Seneca co. N. Y. 
N. end of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, on tho 
Seneca r. 185 ms. w. Albany. Surface level, 
soil good, and tolerably well watered. Here 
are limestone, soft slate stone, and gypsum. 
The Seneca outlet or river, which runs along 
the s. border of this town, is a very impor- 
tant stream for navigation and for hydraulic 
works. Its course from the n. end of Seneca 
lake to the n. end of Cayuga lake, is about 15 
ms. In this town are the villages of Bridge- 
port, Seneca Falls, and Waterloo. 24 schools, 
kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,581. 



K. 



Kaatsbergs, or Katsberg, or Catskill mlns. I 
rise boldly, w. side of Hudson r. in (iireene 
CO. N. Y. to an elevation little short of 4,000 1 
feet. {See Mntleawan mtns.) I 

Kaatskill, Katskill, or Catskill r. a large 
and good mill stream, rises in the s. n. of 
Schoharie co. and runs s. w. through Greene 
CO. to the Hudson, near the village of Catskill. 
Its whole course may be 35 ms. 

Kalamazoo, r. of the Ter. of Mich, and 
confluent of lake Mich, rises on the table 



land of the Mich, peninsula, about 80 ms. a. 
w. by w. Detroit. It has interlocking sour- 
ces with those of Raisin, St. Joseph's branch 
of Maumee, and with those of St. Joseph's 
and Grand rs. of lake Mich. The general 
comparative cour.=^e of the Kalamazoo is about 
100 ms. to the N. w. by w. falling into lake 
Mich, a little n. of w. Detroit, and about mid- 
way between the mouths of Grand and St. 
Joseph's rs. 

Kalamazoo, co. Mich, on Kalamazoo r. 



KAT 



236 



KEL 



bounded e. by Calhoun, s. by 8t. Joseph, w. 
by Van Beuren, n. w. by Allogan, and n. e. 
by Ionia. Length n. to 8. 2G ms., and e. to 
w. 26, area 676 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 42° 
6' to 42° 27', and in long. 8° 18' to 8° 46' w 
W. C. The Kalamazoo r. enters itsnthestrn 
border, and sweeping a large southern curve 
leaves the county on its northwestern bor 
der. Some of the branches of St. Joseph's 
r. rise along its sthrn. and sthwstrn. sections 
and flow thence to s. w. The co. is there. 
fore divided into two inslined plains ; one 
drained by the Kalamazoo, sloping to the n. 
w., and the other drained by the tributaries 
of St. Joseph, and sloping to the s. .v. 

Kane, p-v. Greene co. II. by p-r. 98 ms. n. 
w. by w. Vandalia. 

Kansas, or Konsas, large r. of the U. S. 
rising on the great desert plains between the 
vallies of Platte and Arkansas r. as far wstrd. 
as the 27th degree of long. w. W. C. The 
general course of the Kansas is from w. to e. 
and in that direction the two main branches 
flow by comparative courses upwards of 400 
ms. then unite, and thence flowing about 150 
ms. falls into the Mo. r. at the wstrn. border 
of the state of Mo. The valley of the Kan- 
sas is about 500 ms. from e. to w., but if any 
thing near correctly deliniated on our maps, 
the mean width does not exceed 70 ms., area 
35,000 sq. ms. ; similar to the higher conflu- 
enta of Arkansas, Red r. of the Miss, and 
Platte r., the Kansas flows down the in- 
clined and desert plains e. of the Chippcwa- 
yan or Rocky mtns. 

Karthaus, p-v. on the left bank of w. branch 
of Susquehannah r. at the mouth of little or 
nthrn. Moshannon creek, in the estrn. part of 
Clearfield co. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Clearfield, 
and by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Kasey's p-o. Bedford co. Vu. by p-r. 142 
ms. w. Richmond. 

Kaskaskia, r. of II. rises at lat. 41° inter- 
locking sources with those of the Sangamon, 
branch of II. r., and with those of the Ver- 
million, branch of Wabash, and flowing s. w. 
over the cos. of Vermillion, Edgar, Shelby, 
Fayette, Bond, Clinton, Washington, St. 
Clair, and Randolph, falls into the Miss, af- 
ter a comparative course of 180 ms. The 
Kaskaskias valley is narrow, about 30 ms. 
mean width ; the higher part lying between 
those of the Wabash and Sangamon, and the 
lower between those of Wabash and Ohio 
estrd. and II. and Miss, wstrd. 

Kaskaskia, ancient village of I!, and st. 
jus. Randolph co. is situated on Kaskaskias r. I 
on the narrow neck between that stream and 
the Miss, by p-r. 95 ms. s. w. from Vandalia. 
The site is very fine, and contains a pop. of 
about 1000, a bank, printing office, land office, ' 
and numerous stores. Lat. 37° 58', long. w. 
W. C. 13°. 

Katahdin, or Ktadne, mtn. Me. the high- 
est mtn. in the state, supposed by some to be 
as high as the White mtns. in N. H. It lies 
between the e. and w. branches of Penobscot 
r. 80 ms. n. Bangor. The Indians consider- 



ed it the abode of supernatural beings. It is 
steep and rugged. It is almost isolated. By 
those who have visited it, this region is spoken 
of as scarcely rivalled in sublimity of scenery. 
Kayauerosseras Mts. an extensive range 
of primitive mtns. stretching n. n. e. across 
the N. w. part of Saratoga co. the e. part of 
Warren, and into Essex and Clinton cos. In 
the CO. of Saratoga, the general elevation of 
this range from the adjoining plains may be 
estimated at 300 to nearly 700 ft. Further n. 
near L. George, some of its summits may be 
1200 ft. above the surface of that lake. Their 
sides are very steep, masses of granite and 
gneiss, piled almost perpendicularly. 

Keasearge Mtn. Hillsborough county, N. 
H. between Sutton and Salisbury, extending 
into both towns. It rises 2,461 ft. above the 
level of the sea, being the highest mtn. in the 
county. 

Keating, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 186 
ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Keene, p-t. and half shire of Cheshire co. 
N. II. on a tongue of land between the two 
principal branches of the Ashuclot, 14 nis. s. 
Walpole, 43 from Windsor, 55 w. s. w. of 
Concord, 95 w. Portsmouth, 79 w. n. w. Bos- 
ton. A very pleasant village, and a place of 
considerable business. Pop. 1830, 2,374. 

Keene, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 12 ms. west 
Elizabethtown, 138 n. Albany. Surface di- 
versified with mtns., hills, valleys and plains. 
In the south part, the La Sable or Sandy mtn. 
rises to a great height, rugged and uncom- 
monly bold. In this town are the cxtreine 
sources of the Hudson river. The Saranac 
ake, 15 nis. in circumference, is on the west 
line of the town. Well supplied with water 
privileges. There are extensive iron and 
steel works. It has some iron ore. Lake 
Saranac is remarkable for the size and abun- 
dance of its trout, many having been caught 
weighing 40 lbs. A barrel has been filled 
with them in one hour, taken by the hook 
and line. Pop. 1830, 787. 

Keene, p-v. Coshocton co. Ohio, by p-r. 89 
ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Keener's Mills, p-o. Adams co. Pa. 81 
ms. N. W. C. 

Keesville, p-v. situated on both sides of 
the Great Au Sable, s. part of Peru, Clinton 
CO. N. Y. 3i ms. w. Port Kent, 16 ms. from 
Plattsburgh, and about 4 from the w. shore 
of lake Champlain. It abounds in iron ore of 
various qualities, with forests, mountains and 
fine streams of water. 

Kelley's creek, village and p-o. in the n. 
e. angle of Shelby co. Ala. by p-r. 87 ms. n. e. 
by E. Tuscaloosa. 

Kelley's-ville, p-v. Ohio co. Ky. by p-r. 
153 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Kellogsville, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by < 
p-r. 207 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Kelly's Ferry, and p-o. Rhea co. Ten. by 
p-r. 137 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Kellyvale, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 36 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 42 n. e. Burlington. Land pro. 
ductive, timbered mostly with hard wood. At 



KEN 



237 



KEN 



the grist mill near the centre of the town the 
r. passes through a hole in the solid rock. 
Contains serpcjitino, chlorite and chlorite 
slate, bitter spar, talc and magnetic iron, pud- 
ding stone, &.C. Pop. 18.'30, 314. 

Kellysville, p-v. Marion co. Ten. by p-r. 
120 ms. s. E. Nashville. 

Kelso, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 85 
ms. s. E. Indianopolia. 

Kempsville, p-v. Princess Ann eo. Va. on 
the E. branch of Elizabeth r. 10 ms. s. e. by e. 
Norfolk, N. lat 36° 48', long. 0° 5G' e. W. C. 

Kenansville, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 
83 ms. s.E. Raleigh. 

Kendall's Store, Montgomery co. N. C. 
by p-r. 130 ms. southwestvvard Raleigh. 

Kenhavva, Great, r. N. C. and Va. has the 
most remote source in Ashe co. of the former, 
between the Blue Ridge and main Appalachi- 
an chain, there known by the name of Iron 
mtn. the two iiiglicr branches, after draining 
the northern part of Ashe, unite near the boun- 
dary between North Carolina and Virginia, 
and continuing their original course to the 
northeast by north, enters Grayson county of 
the latter state, breaks through the Iron 
mtn. between Grayson and Wythe ; winds 
over the latter and Montgomery ; thence 
inflecting to the n. n. w. traverses Walker's 
and Peter's mtns. Below the latter chain, the 
course of n. n. w. is continued to the mouth 
ofGauleyr. having received also from the 
northeast Green Briar. 

Above Gauley r. the main volume of Ken- 
havva is called New river ; but receiving the 
Gauley and turning to n. w. this now large 
stream, known as tlie Great Keuhawa, is still 
farther augmented from the n. by Elk r. and 
from the s. by Coal r., falls into Ohio river at 
Point Pleasant, after a comparative course of 
280 ms., 100 above Walker's mtn., 100 from 
the pass thro' Walker's mtn. to the niouth of 
Gauley r. and 80 from the mouth of Gauley to 
the Ohio. 

The higher branches of New r. have inter- 
locking sources with those of Catawba and 
Yadkin on the s. e., and wilhtiiose of Watauga 
and Holsfon to the northwest. Below the Iron 
mtn. the interlocking sources are with those 
of Clinch and Sandy to the w., those of Roan- 
oke to the e. and those of James r. n. e. as 



Blue Ridge between Patrick and Montgome- 
ry cos. Va. in a n. w. direction is 180 ms., the 
utmost breadth from the sources of New r. to 
those of Green Briar is 180, but the mean 
widtii is about GO, and the area may be stated 
at 10,800 square ms. 

The most remarkable feature in the valley 
of the Great Kenhawa, as a physical section, 
is relative height. At the mouth of Sinking 
creek, between Walker's and Peter's mtns. 
120 ms. by comparative courses below the 
sources, the water level is 1,585 feet above 
the Atlantic tides, at the mouth of Green 
Briar 1,333, and at the mouth into Oliio 525 
feet. Comparing the fall from Sinking 
creek to the mouth of Green Briar 252 feet in 
30 ms. direct, that above Sinking creek must 
be 900 feet at least, consequently, the higher 
branches of New r. in Ashe co. must rise at 
a comparative height of upwards of 2,500 
feel. 

Keniiawa, Little, r. Va. rising in Lewis co. 
and flowing n. w. by w. enters Wood and falls 
into the Ohio at Parkersburg, after a compar- 
ative course of 90 ms. The valley ol' this r. 
is nearly commensurate with Wood and 
Lewis cos. and has that of Great Kenhawa s.. 
Middle Island creek to the n. and that of Mo- 
nongahela n. e. 

Kenhawa, co. Va. bounded by Logan s,, 
Cabell s. w.. Mason n. w.. Wood n., Lewis 
N. e., and Nicholas e. Length 60, mean 
width 40, and area 2,400 square ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 37° 53' to 38° 53', and in long. 3° 
55' to 6° w. W. C. Great Kenhawa river re- 
ceives Gauley r. on the eastern boundary, 
and thence traversing this co. in a northwest- 
ern direction, receives within it Elk and Poca- 
talico r. from the n. e. and Coal r. from the s. 
E. The general slope is to the n. w. with the 
Great Kenhawa. The surface very broken, 
and in part mountainous. Some excellent 
soil is contrasted with much more of an oppo- 
site character. Chief town, Charleston. Pop. 
1820, 7,000, 1830, 9,326. 

Kenhawa, court house. (See Charleston, 
name co.) 

Kenhawa Saline, p-o. Kenhawa co. Va. by 
r. .320 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 300 a lit- 



tie N. of w. Richmond. 
Kennebec, co. Mi 



lies on both sides of 



far down as the gorge of Peter's mtn. wstrd. Kennebec r., and is bounded n. by Somer- 
of the latter pass. Green Briar, coming iniset, e. by Waldo, s. and s. e. by Lincoln, and 
from the n. lias its sources in the same region vv. by the Androscoggin r. and Oxford co. It 
with those of the Potomac on the northeast, ! lies with lat. 44° and 45°, and long. 7° 17' w. 
and with those of the Monongahela to lhe| W. C. passes thro' the centre of tiie co. Chief 
northward. The valley of Kenhawa proper, it. Augusta, which is also the seat of govern- 
below Gauley r. lies generally between the ment. Pop. 1820, 40,150, liJ30, 52,484. 
valley of Guyandot on the s. w. and that of Kennebec, r.. Me. next to Penobscot the 
Little Kenhawa n. e., tho' the sources of Elk j largest in the state. It has two principal 
r. also reach the vicinity of those of Monon-' branches, the E. rising in Moosehead lake, at 
gahela. [the base of the height of land, the w. called 

The entire valley of Great Kenhawa, in- 1 Dead r. rising in the highlands which sepa- 
eluding that of New r. extends lat 36° 15' in irate Me. from Canada, and uniting with the 
Ashe CO. N. C. to 38° 52' at the junction ofj e. branch about 20 ms. below Moosehead 
Kenhawa and Ohio, and in long. 2° 43' at the lake. Whole course about 300 ms., naviga- 
higher source of Green Briar, to 5° 08' w. ble for ships 12 ms to Bath; for sloops 45 ms. 
W. C. The length of this valley from the ; to Augusta, at the head of the tide ; and for 



KEN 



238 



KEN 



boats 60 ms. to Watervillc, where the naviga- 1 Kent, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. e. 
tion is interrupted by Teconic falls. This r. Pouglikeepsic. Much broken by high hills 



during its whole course descends about 1,000 
feet. The lands are fertile and well adapted 
to pasturage. On the w. side of the upper 
part of its course are high mtns. It flows in 
a great valley, with Penobscot and St. 
John's rs. 120 ms. long, and about 20 wide. 
The valley of the Kemiebec proper is varied 
with moderate hills s., mtns. n. Below Som- 
erset CO. the hills rise from the banks ; above, 
there are flats ; near Dead r. the valley is 
broken ; at Mooschead lake it expands. Here 
is nearly the level of the sources of the Pe- 
nobscot and John's rs. Salmon remain in 
deep holes in the Kennebec most of the year. 
In the town of Strong, they have been taken 
in winter from Pierpoles holes in Sandy river. 
They abound until the spring freshet. 

Kennebunk, p-t. and port of entry, York CO 
Me. mouth of Kennebunk r. which aflbrds a 
good harbor, 10 ms. s. Saco, 25 s. w. Portland. 
A place of considerable commerce. Pop. 
1830, 2,233. 

Kennedy's p-o. Brunswick, co. Va. by p-r. 
75 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Kennedy's p-o. Garrard co. Ky. by p-r. 57 
ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Kennet's SauARE, and p-v. Chester co. Pa. 
35 ms. s. w. by w. Philadelphia, and 18 n. w. 
Wilmington in Delaware. 

Kensington, town, Rockingham co. N. H. 
13 ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 40 from Concord, 
45 from Boston. Surface pretty even. Pop. 
1830, 717. 

Kensington, p-v. Philadelphia co. Pen. lies 
on the Delaware n. e. of the Northern Liber- 
ties, and is incorporated ; it has numerous 
ship yards and manufactories. In this town 
is the spot where Wm. Penn made his treaty 
with the Indians, and the Elm tree under 
which the conference was held was not long 
since standing. 

Kent, co. R. I. is an agricultural and man- 
ufacturing CO. centrally situated, on the w. 
shore of the Narraganset. Bounded n. by 
Providence co., e. by the Narraganset r., s. 
by Washington co., w. by Connecticut. Aver- 
age length nearly 20 ms., breadth more than 
9, comprising an area of 186 square miles. 
Suriace generally uneven ; soil in general 
strong and productive. Forests, deciduous 
trees. A large portion of n. w. section 
of the county is watered by the Pawtuxet 
river and its branches. This r. is a beautiful 
mill stream, unrivalled for its advantageous 
sites for manufacturing establishments, and 
other hydraulic works. The cotton manufac- 
tures of this CO. claim the first rank. Chief 
town, Warwick. Pop. 1830, 12,789. 

Kent, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn, on the Ou 
satonic, 45 ms. w. Hartford. Mountainous. 
Contains iron ore and iron manufactories 
" Soil various. Timber, oak, chestnut, walnut, 
ash, &c. Watered by the Ousatonic and its 
numerous branches, which afl'ord many valu- 
able sites for waterworks ; 10 school districts 
Pop. 1830,2,001. 



and mtns. Timber, oak, chestnut, &c. Well 
watered and healthy. Pop. 1830, 1,931, 

Kent, co. Del. bounded by Duck cr. sepa- 
rating it from New Castle co. n., by the Del. 
bay e., by Sussex co. of Del. s., and by Car- 
ohne. Queen Ann, and Kent cos. of Md. w. 
Length 32, mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. 
ms. Extending in Lat 38° 50' to 39° 20', and 
in long. 1° 18' to 1° 50' e. W. C, with a very 
slight exception along the wstrn. border, on 
which rise the sources of Choptank and Nan- 
tikoke rs., the slope of Kent co. of Del. is 
estrd. towards Del. bay, and drained by Mis- 
pillion, Mother Kill, Jones, and the two Duck 
creeks. The surface is level or moderately 
Soil of midling quality. Chief t. 
Population 1820, 20,793, in 1830, 



wavmg. 
Dover. 
19,913. 

Kent, co, Md. bounded s. w. and w. by 
Chesapeake bay, n. by Sassafras r. separating 
it irom Cecil, e. by New Castle, and Kent cos. 
Del., and s. e. and s. by Chester r. separating 
it from Queen Ann. Length 30, mean width 
8, and area 240 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
39° 01' to 39° 23', and in long. 0° 45' to 1° 
18' E. W. C. This CO. is composed of a pe- 
ninsula curving from the wstrn. boundary of 
Del. between Sassafras and Chester rs. with 
the convexity nrthwstrd. towards Chesapeake 
bay. General slope wstrd. Surface mode- 
rately hilly, and soil of varied quality. Chief 
town, Chester. Pop. 1820, 12,453, in 1830, 
10,501. 

Kentontown, p-v. Harrison co. Ky. 47 
ms. N. E. Frankfort. 

Kentucky, Indian name Cutawa, r. Ky. from 
which the name of the state has been deri- 
ved, rises in numerous branches from the 
nrthwstrn. slope of Cumberland mtn. inter- 
locking sources with those of sandy, Powell's 
and Cumberland rs. Assuming a nrthwstrn. 
course, the various confluents from Pike and 
Perry cos. unite in Estill, where inflecting to 
wstrd., and separating Madison from Clarke, 
wind to s. w. between Madison and Lafayette, 
and between Jessamine and Garrard ; re- 
ceives Dick's r. from the s.e. and finally bends 
to its ultimate n. n. w. course, which is con- 
tinued to its junction with O. r. at Port Wil- 
liam. The general course is very nearly s. 
E. to N. w. The valley drained by this r. hes 
in lat. between 37 and 38° 40', and in long, 
between 5° 40' and 8° 10' w. W. C. Length 
175 ms., mean width about 40, and area 7,000 
sq. ms. or a small fraction above the one sixth 
part of the whole state of Ky,, and compri- 
sing all or part of Gallatin, Henry, Owen, 
Scott, Franklin, Anderson, SVoodford, Jessa- 
mine, Mercer, Lincoln, Garrard, Madison, 
Lafayette, Clarke, Montgomery, Estill, Clay, 
Perry and Pike cos. The channel of Ky. is 
a deep chasm, yet steamboats of 300 tons 
burthen ascend this r. to Frankfort, at times 
of high water, and at similar seasons, it is 
I navigable for down steam boars from Estill 
CO. ; similar to other steams of the same physi- 



KEN 



939 



KEN 



cal section, it is without direct falls, though 
the current is rapid, and bed rocky. 

Kentucky, state of the U. S., bounded s. by 
tlie slate of Ten., s. w.by the Miss. r. separa- 
ting it from Miss., w. by Ohio r. separating it 
from 11., N. w. by Ohio r. separating it from 
Ind., N. by Ohio r. again separating it from 
the state of Ohio, and e. Sandy r. and Cum- 
berland nitns. separating it from Va. 

Tiie longest line that can be drawn in Ky. 
is 431 statute ms. declining from the meridi- 
ans 80° 33' and extending from the s. w. angle 
on Miss, to the passage of Sandy r. through 
Cumberland mtn., or the extreme estrn, angle 
of the state. The broadest part is along the 
meridian 7° 45' w. W. C, extending from the 
N. w. angle of the state, between Cincinnati 
and the mouth of Great Miami, thro' 148 min- 
utes of lat. or 171^ statute ms. nearly ; in lat. 
Ky. extends 36° 30' to 39° 06', and in long. 
5° 03' to 12° 38' w. W. C. The area of Ky. 
has been generally underrated. On Tanner's 
U. S., the extent in sq. ms. is given at 40,500, 
and carefully measured by the rhombs on the 
same map, the superficies comes out 40,590, 
so that we may safely assume 40,500 sq. ms. 
equal to 25,920,000 statute acres as the area 
of Ky. 

As a physical section Ky. lies entirely in 
the valley of Ohio, and is part of an immense 
inclined plain falling from Cumberland mtns. 
towards and terminating in the O. r. In its 
extent from Sandy r. to the Ten., inclusive, the 
direction of descent is to the n. w. The phy- 
sical section indeed of which Ky. is a part, ex- 
tends to and includes Ten. r. If we glance over 
a general map of this part of the U. S. we per- 
ceive the rs. at their sources inclining to w. 
or s. w., and following their courses we find 
them curving to the nrthrd. and finally joining 
their common recipient, the Ohio, in a n. n. 
w. direction. This uniformity of course is 
perceptible in Ten. Cumberland, Green r. 
Salt r., Ky. r. and Licking, and even the Ohio 
itself, from the mouth of Sandy to that of 
Great Miami, conforms to this remarkable 
inflection. The rs. flow in channels, more 
or less deeply scooped from the rocky base of 
the plain, but with a regularity of course de- 
monstrative of a common cause. The rela- 
tive elevation of the lower and higher margins 
of Ky. has never been, it is probable, very ac 
curately determined, but compared with the 
determined elevations on Great Kenhawa, 
the arable soil of the higher part of Ky., Pike, 
Perry, and ITarlan cos. must be at least 1,200 
ft. above the ocean tides. The extreme south 
western co. Hickerman on Miss. r. is not 
generally elevated above the 350 ft. above the 
Gulf of Mexico ; therefore, without regar- 
ding mtn. ridges, the cultivatablc surface of 
Ky. has a descent of between 800, and 900 ft. 
Continuing the difTerence of level, with that 
of lat. it is obvious, that the extremes of the 
state must have a very sensible difference of 
climate and mean temperature. These ex- 



The rivers in their descent, have abraded 
the plain, and flow in enormously deep vales, 
a feature which the Ohio partakes with its 
confluents. These chasms receiving the rays 
of the sun in various inclinations following 
local exposure, produce also local climate. 
The state is divisible into 3 sections, which, 
iiowever, so imperceptibly pass into each 
other as to preclude any very definite lines 
of separation. Descending from the foot of 
Cumberland mtn. nthwstrd. down the streams, 
to a distance of about 100 ms. the country is 
hilly or rather mountainous. This broken 
section includes at least one third part of the 
state and stretches from the state of Ten. to 
the O. r. Drawing a line from the O. r. op- 
posite the mouth of Sciota to the heads of 
Big Barren, branch of Green r., it will extend 
almost exactly parallel to the general course 
of O. r. between the mouths of Great Mia- 
mi and Salt r. ; and again if the latter course 
is continued, it will leave Ky. very nearly 
where the sthrn. boundary is crossed by Cum- 
berland r. These two lines, with the course 
of Ohio r. from the mouth of Sciota to that 
of Great Miami, and the boundary between 
Ky. and Ten. will enclose a rhomb of 90 ms. 
in width, and 200 mean length, or compri- 
sing an area of 18,000 sq. ms. This rhomb 
is nearly commensurate with the central hilly 
section of Ky. It is very remarkable ne\cer- 
theless, that the general surface of this great 
section is much more broken into hills at its 
opposite sides towards the O. r. or Cumber- 
land mtn. than in the middle line between the 
extremes. The whole of this great middle 
region, may be comparatively regarded as a 
table land, with a substratum of limestone. 
The soil in general in a high degree produc- 
tive, but similar to all other places where car- 
bonate of lime prevails, an unequal distribu- 
tion of fountain water is amongst the asperi- 
ties opposed to comfortable human resi- 
dence. 

The sthwstrn. section of Ky. the least ex- 
tensive, presents a physiognomy very distinct 
from either of the preceding. The strong 
bold scenery, so prominent in the two higher 
regions, is now succeeded by a monotony of 
feature which advancing wstrd. sinks into a 
country, which, though not absolutely level, 
presents relative elevation faintly. 

Reversing our survey ; if we leave the 
banks of the Miss, we set out from a plain 
over wiiich the eye in vain seeks relief from 
hill and dale. Proceeding obliquely over the 
vallies of Ten. Cumberland, and Green rs., 
the face of nature very gradually breaks into 
indentations which terminate in all the rich 
variety of liill and river scenery. The hills 
indeed arc not abrupt, but rounded into swells, 
or terminating in plains or furrowed by the 
excessively deep chasms along which the riv- 
ers wind their devious way. On the right 
towards Ten. spreads the tract so very im- 
properly called " The Barrens". Here the 



tiremes of season are still farther widened by hills are isolated knobs, wooded with oak, 
the peculiar features of the country. Ichestnut, and clin. The hills are rounded, 



KEN 



240 



and present a striking contrast to the com- 
mon ridge character of a hilly country. The 
soil is far from barren, though much of the 
timber has a stunted appearance. Advancing 
nthestrd. the same substratum of limestone 
continues, but in its natural state the central 
section of Ky. was remarkable for the exces- 
sive growth offorest timber, and undergrowth 
of reed cane. The surface comparatively 
level, except the channels of the streams, 
which were, as has been observed, deep and 
with abrupt banks. 

Turning the r. estrd., however, towards 
the sources of Licking, Ky., and Cumberland 
rs. the ground rises into hills, sharp, steep and 
rocky. The soil particularly in the vales de- 
teriorates. Fountain water becomes more 
equally distributed. 

Taken as a whole, Ky. may be regarded 
as not only a political, but physical section, 
presenting distinct structure and features. 
The physiognomy of this tract in connection 
with other parts of the valley will be more 
particidarly noticed under the head of Ohio r. 

PoUtically Ky. is subdivided into the fol- 
lowing counties. 

Pop. 
1830, 



Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Barren 

Bath 

Koone 

Bourbon 

Bracken 

Breckenridj^c 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Callaway 

Campbell 

Casey 

Christian 

Clarke 

Clay 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Ediiiondson 

Estill 

Frtyette 

Fleming 

Kloyd 

KranUlin 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Greene 

Greenup 

Hardin 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Hart 

Henderson 

Henry 

11 icksman 

Hopkins 



sq. ms. 

800 
500 



900 
340 
300 

176 

264 

300 

825 
800 

320 

350 

1,050 

200 
1,100 
1,031 

600 

700 
264 
560 
2,000 
270 
3.50 
220 
260 



400 
537 
1,100 
560 
330 
320 
600 
400 
675 
750 



Pop. 
1820, 

8,765 
5,372 

10,328 
7,960 
6,542 

17,664 
5,280 
7,485 
5,831 
3,083 
9,022 

7,022 
4,349 
10,4.59 
11,449 
4,393 
8,058 
3,876 

3,507 
23,254 
12,186 

8,207 
11,024 

7,075 
10,851 

1,805 

4,055 
11,943 

4,311 

10,498 
1,961 

12,278 
4,184 
5,714 

10,816 

6,322 



8,217 

6,485 

4,520 

l.^.,079 

8,799 

9,075 

18,436 

6,518 

7,345 

.5,652 

3,058 

8,32 

5,164 

9,R83 

4,342 

12,684 

13,565 

3,184 

8,624 

5,209 

2,642 

4,f)18 

25,098 

13,499 

4,347 

9,254 

6,674 

11,871 

2,986 

2,504 

3,880 

13,138 

5,8 

12,849 
2.929 
13,234 
.5,191 
6,6.56 
11,387 
.5,198 
6,763 



Jefferson 
Jessamine 

Knox 
Lawrence 
Lewis' 
Lincoln 
Livingston 
Lo2;an 
Madison 
McCracken 
Mason 
Meade 
Mercer 
Monroe 
Montgomery 
Morgan 
Mnidenburg 
Nelson 
Nicholas 
Oliio 
Oldham 
Owen 
Pendleton 
Pei-ry, 
PiK-o 
Pulaski 
Rockcastle 
Ru.^sell 
Scott 
Shelby 
Simpson 
penccr 
Todd 
Trigg 
Union 
Warren 
Washington 
Wayne 
Whitley 
Woodford 



KEN 

sq. ms. 
520 
170 

840 

530 
450 
720 
630 
570 

250 

350 
700 
420 

580 
610 
360 
640 

240 
340 
1,000 
,7.50 
800 
380 

170 
520 
400 

450 
450 
540 
700 
550 
970 

160 



Pop. 


Pop. 


20,768 


23,979 


9,297 


9,960 


3,661 


4,315 




3,900 


3,973 


5,229 


9,979 


11,002 


5,824 


5,971 


14,423 


13,012 


15,954 


18,751 




1,297 


13,588 


16,203 




4,131 


15,587 


17,694 


4,956 


5,340 


9,587 


10,240 




2,857 


4,979 


5,340 


16,273 


14,932 


7,973 


8,834 


3,879 


4,715 




9,588 


2,031 


5,786 


3,086 


3,863 




3,330 




2,677 


7,597 


9,500 


2,249 


2,865 




3,879 


14,210 


11,677 


21,047 


19,030 


4,852 


5;815 




6,812 


5,089 


8,680 


3,874 


5,916 


3,470 


4,764 


11,776 


10,949 


15,987 


19,017 


7,951 


8,685 


2,340 


3,806 


12,207 


12,273 



564,317 687,917 



Total, 
Of the above 165,350 arc slaves. 

Note. — The area annexed to the respec- 
tive coimties in this table, will not, in all cases, 
be found to correspond with the text under the 
CO. heads. The frequent subdivisons of cos. 
in a few years derange any admeasurment of 
area; the numbers were left, however, as 
they give a general view. 

In the census tables and in the abstract of 
the census, both afforded by the government 
of the U. S. there is a discrepancy under the 
head of Ky. 

Census tables, total pop. 688,844 

Abstract, do. 687,917 

Difference, 927 

History. In 1755, Lewis Evans of Phil, 
published a map of the middle British colo- 
nies in N. America. An edition of this map, 
with a statistical account of the regions it re- 
presented, was published by J. Almon, London 
March 25, 1776. Both the map, and atten- 
ding volume, is now lying before the writer of 
this article. The map reaches as far s. as n. 
lat. 36" 30', and as far wstrd. as the meridian 
of 10° 30' w. W. C, and from the delinea- 



KEN 



241 



KEN 



tions it would appear that at the period, 1752 ' biy, in which the power of pardoning shall be 
to 1776, settlements had reached the sources | vested. 

of Great Keahawa, Roanoke, Clinch, and I The lieutenant governor, bears almost ex. 
Holston, as this region is tolerably well repre- j actly the same relation to the legislature, and 
sented, and it is noted on the map, that this [governor of Ky., as does the vice pre8i.dent of 



was the boundary of white settlement. Re- 
ceding to the wstrd. are laid down, relatively! 



the U. S. to the senate and president. 

Senators arc chosen for four years, and di- 



correct. Big Sandy, Licking, Catawa, or Ky. ! vided into four classes, whose seats are filled 
rs. and Bear Grass cr., but the s.w. angle of] annually, so that one fourth shall be chosen 
the map is blank, demonstrating, that in 1776, 1 every year. "No person shall be senator, 
Ky. might be regarded, as in great part un- who, at the time of his election, is not a citi- 



known. 

In 1767, this country was visited by John 
Finley, from N. C, and was followed in 1769, 
by Daniel Boone, and some others. Boone 
remained there until 1771. In '75, the same 
brave spirit conducted a small band and elfec- 
ted the first actual civilized settlement. Ky. 
was truly planted with sweat, and watered 
with blood and tears. So distressed were 
the settlers in 1780, as to excite a plan of aban- 
donment, but other adventurers arriving, and 
aided as they were by the great military ta- 
lents of Rogers Clarlc, they laid aside their 
purpose. In 1777, the legislature of Va. had 
made it a co. and in 1782, a supreme court 



zen of the U, S. and who hath not attained to 
the age of 35 years, and resided in this state 
six years next preceding his election, and the 
last year thereof in the district from which 
he may be chosen." 

Members of the house of representatives 
are elected for one year; and, " no person 
shall be a representative, who, at the time of 
his election, is not a citizen of the U. S. and 
hath not attained to the age of 24 years, and 
resided in this state two years next prece- 
ding his election, and the hist year thereof in 
the CO. or town for which he may be chosen." 

The judiciary power, both as to matter of 
law and equity, is vested in one supreme 



was established. With the American war court, styled the court of appeals, and in in- 



the worst difficulties of the inhabitants termi- 
nated. Settlements were rapidly formed, and 



ferior courts created and established by the 
eneral assembly. Judges both of the su- 



as early as 1785, projects of separation frornl preme and inferior, are appointed by the gov- 



Va. were formed, but from various causes not 
effected until December 1790, when Ky. be- 
came independent of Va., and June 1st, 1792, 
was admitted into the Union. 

The existing constitution of Ky. was rati- 
fied at Frankfort, Aug. 17, 1799 ; since which 
epoch, the history of the state has been mer- 
ged in that of the U. S. 

Government. Legislature composed of a 
general assembly, and governor. The as- 
sembly divided into a senate and house of 
representatives. To be eligible for governor, 
the person must be a citizen of the U. States ; 
35 years of age, and six years next prece- 
ding his election, an inhabitant of the state. 



crnor and senate, and hold their offices during 
good behavior ; but for any reasonable 
cause, which shall not be sufficient ground 
of impeachment, the governor shall remove 
any of them on the address of two thirds of 
each house of the general assembly. 

Right of suffrage, vested in free white 
males, who at the time being hath attained 
the age of 21 years, and resided in the state 
two years, or in the co. or town, in which he 
offers to vote, one year next preceding the 
election. 

Staple productions. — Kentucky is esscn- 
tially a grain country, though hemp and flax of 
excellent quality are produced, and in the ex- 



" The governor," says the constitution, " shall I trcme southwestern part some cotton is cul- 
be elected for the term of four years, by the tivated. An immense quantity of flour, spir- 
citizens entitled to suffrage, at the time and i its, salted provisions, and live stock are ex- 
place where they shall respectively vote for] ported, down the Ohio, and inland to the 
representatives." " The governor shall be ; estrd. Manufactures of cloth, cordage, &c. 
ineligible for the succeeding 7 years after the i have been carried to considerable extent, but 
the expiration of the time for which he shall i the state commercially remains dependent in 



have been elected.' 

The powers of the governor of Ky. are am- 
ple ; he is commander of, the army and navy 
of the state, and of the militia, except when 
called into the actual service of the U. States. 



a great measure on foreign supply, for most 
articles of domestic use. 

Education. — In promoting the requisite in- 
stitutions to advance learning and science, 
Kentucky has more than preserved her prior- 



He has the power of nomination, and by and ity over the other central states which she 
with consent of the senate the appointment of { gained by anterior settlement. Transylvania 
most officers of the state ; he has power in [University was founded, and most correctly 



the recess of the legislature to fill all vacan- 
cies, by granting commissions which shall 
expire at the end of the next session. He 
has power to remit fines and forfeitures. 



named, at an early stage of settlement ; or- 
ganized in 1798 and by a report of the profes- 
sors dated Feb. 11th, 1822, then contained 
" all the means requisite for a complete 



grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases course of medical education, conducted in the 



of impeachment. In cases of treason, he 
shall have power to grant reprieves until the 



usual academical form." 

This mstitution, in 1820, contained imder- 



end of the next session of the general assem- graduates 143, 200 medical, and 19 law stu- 

31 



KIL 



242 



KIN 



dents. Part of the buildings were destroyed 
by fire a few years since, but the damage has 
been repaired. 

Lectures commence on the 1st Monday of 
November annually, and terminate in the en- 
suing March. The professors and students 
have also the advantage of an extensive libra, 
ry and anatomical museum. 

To be eligible as a candidate for a degree 
of Dr. of Medicine, the applicant must have 
attained twenty-one years of age, and have 
attended two full courses of lectures, one of 
which, at least, in this institution. But any 
physician, who has practiced reputably his 
profession 4 years, and attended one course 
in the Transylvania medical school, may re- 
ceive a degree of M. D. 

Kenzua. ( See Kinzua.) 

Keowea, p-v. in the eastern part of Pickens 
dist., S. C. by p-r. 128 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Kernesville, p-v. on a small creek of 
Lehigh river, Northampton co. Pa. 12 ms. n. 
N. w. Bethlehem. 

Kersey's p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 184 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Kershaw, district, S. C. botmded by Rich- 
mond s. w., Fairfield w., Lancaster n., Ches- 
terfield N. E., Darlington e., and Sumpter s. e. 
and s. Length 33, mean width 24, and area 
792 square miles. Extending in lat. 34° 
05' to 34° 35', and in long. 3° IG' to 3° 50' w. 
W. C. The Catawba, or as there called, the 
Wateree river, traverses the western part of 
Kershaw, and the eastern is bounded by 
Lynch's creek ; both streams s. of s. s. e., of 
course the slope of the district is in that di- 
rection. Chief town, Camden. Pop. 1820, 

,442, 1830, 13,515. 

Keysville, p-v. on the head of Meherin r. 
hariotte co. Va. by p-r. 96 ms. s. w. by w. 
.ichmond. 

Key West, small island of Florida, in the 
jrulf of Mexico, one of the Florida Keys. 

KiDziES Grove, and p-o. Lenawee co. 
Mich. 70 ms. s. w. Detroit. 

Kilkenny, town, Coos co. N. H. 8 ms. n. 
E. Lancaster. A poor tract of country, unfit 
to be inhabited. Pop. 1830, 27. 

Killingly, p-t, Windham co. Conn, on the 
Quinnebaug, 25 ms. av. Providence, 45 e. 
Hartford. Surface uneven, but no portion 
mountainous. Contains several quarries of 
freestone, and extensive forests, the trees be- 
ing of the deciduous species. Supplied 
with numerous water privileges. Shad and 
salmon are taken in the Quinnebaug. This 
is a manufacturing town ; 21 school districts. 
Pop. 1830, 3,257. 

KiLLiNGTON Peak, Vt. a summit of the 
Green mountain, s. part of Sherburn, 3,924 
feet above tide water, 10 ms. e. Rutland. 

KiLLiNGwoRTH, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 
on Long Isl. sound, 26 ms. e. New Haven, 
38 s. e. Hartford, 2G w. New London. Sur- 
face and soil various. Its most considerable 
streams are Uie Hammonassett and the Me- 
nunketcsnck. There is a harbor in the s. 
part of the town ; 15 school districts, and an 
academy. Pop. 1830,2,484. 



Kills (The.) See Newark hay. 
KiLMAMOCK, p-v. on a small creek of Ches- 
apeake bay, Lancaster co. Va. by p-r. -115 
ms. N. e. by e. Richmond. 

KiMEEaTO.N, P-v. on French creek, in the 
N. E. part of Chester co. Pa. about 27 ms. N, 
w. Philadelphia. 

KiJinLEs, p-v. Lawrence co. Ohio, 139 ms. 
s. s. E. Columbus. 

KiNCANNON, iron works, and p-o. Surry 
CO, N. C. by p-r. 139 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh, 
KiNDERHooK, creek, one of the best mill 
streams in the U. S. is formed by numerous 
branches, that spread over n. e. of Columbia 
CO. N. Y. and the s. corner of Rensselaer co. 
which united, run to the s. w. through the 
town of Kinderhook, where the stream takes 
its name, which it continues to its junction 
with Claverack creek, near the Hudson river, 
when the united streams lose their name for 
Factory, or Major Abram's creek. 

Kinderhook, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y, 10 ms. 
N. Hudson, 20 s. Albany, w. of the Hudson, en- 
joying the navigation of said r. and having se- 
veral landings, with stores, sloops. Sec. Soil 
in general good. Surface pretty level. Timber 
scarce. Contains iron ore, limestone, slate 
and various kinds of clays. Some red oxides 
of iron are found. There are a great number 
of mills of various kinds, watered by Kin- 
derhook creek ; 10 school houses and 2 acad- 
emies. Kinderhook village stands on an ex- 
tensive and beautiful plain near the centre of 
the town west of the creek, where is Kinder- 
hook landing. Columbiaville, another village 
of the town, is on the line between this and 
Hudson. Pop. 1830,2,706. 

King and Queen, co. Va. bounded by Car- 
oline N. w., Essex n. e., Piankatank river 
separating it from Middlesex e., Gloucester s, 
e., James r. s., and Matapony r. sppamting it 
from King William s. w. and w. Length 40, 
mean width 11, and area 440 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 37° 27' to 37° 56' and in long. 0° 
18'E.to 0°13'w.W. C. The surface sloping 
southward towards Matapony r. or southeast, 
ward towards Piankatank. Chief town, 
Dunkirk. Popidation 1820, 11,798, 1830, 
11,644. 

King and Queen, courthouse, and p-o. 
(^Ste Durikirks, same co.) 

King, creek and p-o. in the extreme south- 
ern angle of Barnwell district, S. C. by p-r. 
90 ms. s. s. w. Columbia. 

King George, co. Va, bounded w. by 
Stafford, n. and e. by Potomac r. separating 
it from Charles co. in Md., s. e. by Westmore- 
land, and s. by Rappahannoc r. separating it 
from Caroline- Length 18, mean breadth 
10, and area 180 square ms. Extending in 
lat. 38° 11' to 38° 23', and in long. 0° 03' e. 
to 0° 19' w. W. C. This co. occupies a hilly 
region between the two bounding rs. with a 
varied soil. Chief town, Hampstead. Pop. 
1820, 6,116, 1830, 6,397. 

King George, court house, and p-o. near 
the centre of King George co. Va. by p-r. 81 
ms. a little w. of s. W. C. and 87 ms. n. n. e. 
Richmond. 



KIN 



243 



KIN 



Kings, co. N. Y. comprises n very small 
area ot" the w. end of Long Island, immediate- 
ly opposite N. Y. Bounded n. by East river, 
K. by Jamaica bay, and Queens co., s. by tlie 
Atlantic, w. by N. York bay, and the commu- 
nication of the Hudson r. with the Atlantic. 
It contains about 81 i square nis. or 52,1 GO 
acres, the whole area not equalling that of a 
tsp. 10 ms. square. Soil in general very 
good. Chief town, Flatbush. Pop. 1820, 
11,187, 1830, 20,.'')35. 

KiNGSBiuDGE, village, N. Y. on Haerlem r. 
which separates the county of Westchester 
from N. Y". island, 16 ms. n. N. Y. city. 

KiXGSBURY, p-t. and half shire town of 
Washington co. N.Y. e. Hudson r. 55 ms. n. 
Albany. General surface very level. Pretty 
good for farming. Contains fine groves of 
pine. Kingsbury v. is situated near the centre 
of the town, about 2 ms. from which is the 
spot where Putnam was defeated by the In- 
dians. The village of Sandy Hill is in the 
s. w. corner of the town, close on the margin 
of the Hudson, immediately above Baker's 
falls. The whole descent of these falls, is 
76 feet within 60 rods. There is no perpen- 
dicular cataract. Here are a number of mills, 
with a chance of many more. At this village 
and Salem, are alternately holden the courts 
of Washington co. The Champlain canal 
traverses this town from n. e. to s. w. It 
has 11 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Con- 
tains an academy. Pop. 1830,2,606. 

KiNGSESsiNG, p-o. KingSBSsing tsp. Phila. 
CO. Pa. 6 ms. s. s. w. Phila. This tsp. is the 
extreme southern pirt of the co. lying be- 
tween Darby creel:, and the river Schuylkill. 
Pop 1820, 1,188, 1830, 1,068. 

Ki\(i's P'eriiv, (over Monongahela r.) and 
p-o. in the southern part of Monongalia co. 
Va. 15 ms. by land above Morgantown, and 
by p-r. 204 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

KiNfiSFiELD, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 40 ms. 
N. w. Norridgewock. Pop. l';30, 554. 

Kings, gap and p-o. Harris co. Geo. 12G 
ms. westward Milledgeville. 

Kingsi.ey's p-o. Crawford co. Penn. 313 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

K[\G3 mountain, a ridge or hill, Lincoln 
CO. N. C. and York district, S. C. It was on 
this mtn. and within York district, that, Oct. 
7th 1780, a body of British and tories under 
Col. Ferguson were defeated, their com- 
mander slain, and nearly the whole body 
killed or captured by three regiments of U. 
S. militia. 

KiNGSPORT, p-v. on the road from Knox- 
ville in Tenn. to Abington in Va. situated on 
the point above the junction of the two main 
branches of Holston r. and in the n. w. pari of 
Sullivan co. Tcnn. 90 ms. by the road .n". e. 
Knoxville, 42 s. w. by w. Abingdon, and by 
p-r. 246 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

KtN(;sTox, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 20 
nis. s. w. Portsmouth, 37 ms. from Concord, 
G from Exeter. Contains an academy, some 
bog iron ore, and red and yellow ochre. Pop. 
1830, 929. 



Kingston, town, Addison co. Vt. 22 ms. 
s. w. Montpelier, 42 n. w. Windsor. White 
r. is formed here by the union of several 
branches, on one of which is a fall of 100 feet, 
50 of the lower part of which are perpendic- 
ular. A considerable portion of the town is 
mountainous ; 3 school districts. Pop. 1830, 
403. 

Kingston, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 32 ms. 
s. E. Boston. Watered by Jones' r. Has 
some manufactories of cotton and woollen. 
Here also are iron works. Soil fertile. Sur- 
face agreeably diversified. Pop. 1^30, 1,321. 

Kingston, formerly Esopus, p-t. and st. 
jus. of Ulster co. N. Y., w. Hudson r., 100 mg. 
N. New York, 65 s. Albany. Soil good. AU 
most all the houses are built of lime stone, 
which is plentiful here. Well supplied with 
mill privileges by Esopus creek, which 
waters this town. Has several landings on 
the Hudson, and is Ti place of very considera- 
ble business ; 9 school districts. Kingston 
village lies on the s. side of Esopus creek, 10 
ms. s. of its mouth in the Hudson, and 3 w. 
of the Hudson, at Kingston Landing. It has 
an academy. It was burnt by the British 
under Vaughan, in 1777. It has an elegant 
court house, which cost $40,000. Population 
1830, 4,170. 

Kingston, village, Middlesex and Som- 
mersetco. N. J. on the Millstone r. and main 
p-r. 3 ms. N. e. of Princeton, 13 ms. s. w. 
New Brunswick. The Delaware and Rari. 
tan canal passes through this village. 

Kingston, p-v. Luzerne county, Pa. (See 
Wyoming.) 

Kingston, p-v. southern part of Somerset 
CO. Md. by p-r. 1.32 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Ki.ngston, p-v. Morgan co. Geo. 33 ms. n. 
N. w. Milledgeville. 

Kingsto.v, p-v. Adams co. Miss. 

Kingston, ])-v. and st.jus. Roane co. Ten. 
situated on the point above the junction of 
Clinch and Holstou rs. 43 ms. s. w. by w. 
Knoxville, and by p-r. 130 ms. a little s. of e. 
Nashville, lat. 35° 53', long. 7° 26' w. W. C. 

Kingston, p-v. Hopkins co. Kentucky, by 
p-r. 216 ms. s. w. by w, Frankfort. 

Kingston, p-v. Ross co. Ohio, by p-r. 36 
ms. s. Columbus. 

Kingstkf.e, p-v. and st. jus. Williamsburg 
district, S.C., situated on Black river, 43 ms. 
N. w. Georgetown, and 71 a little e. ofN. 
Charleston, lat. 33° 37', and long. 2° 55' w, 
W. C. 

King William, co. Va. bounded by Car 
oline N., by Mattapony r. separating it from 
King and Queen, n. e. and e., and by Pamun- 
key river separating it from New Kent s., and 
Hanover w. Length 38, mean widtli 14, and 
area 532 square ms. Extendiuij in lat. 37<' 
30' to 37° 57' and in long. 0° 09' e. to 0° 19' 
w. W. C. Chief p-o. Kinsr William court 
house. Pop. 1820, 9,697, 1830, 9,812. 

Ki.\G William, court house, and p-o. King 
William co. Va. by p-r. 40 ms. n. e. Rich- 
mond, and 136 ms. a little w. of s. W. C. 

KiNuwooD, town, Hunterdon co. N. J. on 



KIT 



244 



KIT 



the Del. extends n. e. to the south branch of 
Raritan. Pop. 183u, 2,898. 

KiNGwooD, p-v. and st. jus. Preston co. Va. 
situated w. Cheat r., 23 ms. s. e. Morgan, 
town, and by p-r. 172 nis. n. w. by w. W. C. 
Lat. 39° 27', long. 2'^ 45' w. VV. C. 

KiNNicoNicK, creek, and p-o. eastern part 
of Lewis CO. Ky. 100 nis. N. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Kinsman's p-o. TruuibuU co. Ohio, by p-r. 
184 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Ki.\z«A, or Kenjua, p-v. on the left bank of 
Alleghany r. in the n. e. part of Warren co. 
Pa. 12 ms. by land above Warren and by p-r. 
226 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Kianv, town, Caledonia co. Vt. 30 ms. n. 
Newbury, 3G n. e. Montiielier. Surface un- 
even, and in many places, ledgy or swampy. 
Well watered with springs and brooks. Pop. 
1830, 401. 

Kirksey's Cross roads, and p-o. Edgefield 
dist., S. C. 15 ms. n. n. w. the v. of Edgefield, 
and by pr. 65 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia. 

Kirks, Mills, and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 
46 ms. E. Harrisburg. 

KiRTLAND, Mills, and p-o. Geauga co. O. 
by p-r. 151 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

KisKiMiNiTAS, r. of Pa. the southeastern and 
largest confluent of Alleghany r. This stream 
is more commonly known under the name ot 
Conemaugh. {See the latter article.) 

KiSKiMixiTAS, post tsp. in the northern part 
of Westnwreland county. Pa. about 10 ms. n. 
Greensburg, and 25 ms. e. Pittsburg. 

Kite's, Mills, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. 
by P-r. 141 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

KiTTAN.viNG, P-V. aud St. jus. Armstrong 
CO. Pa. situated on the left bank of Alleghany 
r., 40 ms. n. e. Pittsburg, aud by p-r. 214 ms. 
N. w. by w. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 51', long. 2° 
33' w. Pop. 1820, 318, 1830, 520. 

KiTTATiNNY, mtus. au extensive and im- 
portant chain of the Appalachian system. In 
Pa. the Kittatinny is very definite and with 
an intervening valley between their ranges 
parallel to the Blue Ridge. It is the same 
chain, however, which first becomes definite 
in the state of New York, w. of the Hudson, 
and there known as the Shawangunk, and 
extending s. w. over the upper part of New 
Jersey, enters Pa. at the Delaware Water 
gap. Thence inflecting to w. s. w. is tra- 
versed by the Lehigh at the Lc'high Water 
gap, by the Schuylkill above Hamburg, and 
by the Susquchannah, 5 ms. above Harris. 
burg. From the latter point the chain again 
inflects still more to the westward, between 
Cumberland and Perry cos. At the western 
extremity of those two counties, the chain 
abruptly-bends to a nearly southern course, 
between Franklin and Bedford counties, en- 
ters Md. by the name of Cove nitn. being 
traversed by the Potomac r. between Will- 
iamsport and Hancocksto wn.and stretches into 
Virginia, as the Great N. mtn. over Virginia 
from the Potomac to James r. between Rock- 
bridge and Alleghany cos. This chain tho' 
Broken remainsi distinct ; a similar character 
. urevails from James r. to Now r. between 



Wythe and Grayson cos. After being trav- 
ersed by New r. the chain again assumes 
complete distinctness, leaves Virginia, and 
under the local name of Iron mtns. Bald mtns. 
Smoky mtns. and Unika mtns. separates N. 
C. and Ten. to the Unika turnpike on the 
western border of Macon co. of the former 
state. Thence continuing a little w. of s. w. 
crosses the n. w. angle of Geo. enters Ala. 
and separating the sources of the creeks of 
Middle Ten. r. from those of Coosa, merges 
into the hills from which rise the numerous 
branches of Tuscaloosa. 

Thus, defectively as the Kittatinny, called 
expressly by the Indians Katnatin Chunk, or 
the Endless mtns. are delineated on our maps, 
it is in nature a prominent and individual 
chain, n. lat. 34° 31' to 41° 30', and 2° 45' e. 
to 10° w. long. W. C. Ranging thro' 7° of 
lat. and almost 13 degrees of long, stretching 
along a space exceeding 900 statute ms. and 
varying in distance from the Blue Ridge, be- 
tween 15 to 25 ms. generally about 20, though 
in some places the two chains approach, as 
at Harrisburg, to within less than lO ms. from 
each other. In relative height the Kittatinny 
exceeds the Blue Ridge, but as regards the 
plain or table land on which they both stand, 
it rises gradually from tide water in Hudson 
r. to an elevation of 2,500 feet in Ashe co. of 
N. C. From James r. to the Hudson, the 
chain ranges along the Atlantic slope, and is 
broken by streams flowing through it on their 
course towards the Atlantic ocean, but pass- 
ing the higher valley of James r. the Kittatin- 
ny winds over the real dividing line of the 
waters, and is thence traversed by New r., 
Watauga, Nolechucky, French Broad, and 
Ten. rs. 

Kittatinny Valley, in the most extended 
sense of the term, is in length commensurate 
with the mtn. chain from which the name is 
derived, therefore extends from Hudson r. to 
the northern part of Ala. varying in width 8 to 
25 ms. with generally a substratum of lime- 
stone towards Blue Ridge and of clay slate 
on the side of the Kittatinny. Some of the 
most flourishing agricultural districts of the 
U. S. are included in this physical section. 
The CO. of Orange in N. York, Sussex and 
Warren in New Jersey are nearly all com. 
prised within its limits. In Pa. it embraces 
the greater part of the lower section of 
Northampton ; nearly all Lehigh, Berks, 
and Lebanon, the lower part of Dauphin 
with the greater share of Cumberland and 
Franklin. In Maryland the eastern and left 
part of Washington. In Va. a large part of 
Berkley, Jefferson, Frederick, Shenandoah, 
Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Bote- 
tourt, Montgomery and Grayson, and in N. C. 
the cos. of Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, and 
Macon. 

The lat. and relative elevation of this great 
zone has already been shown in the preceding 
article, and the peculiar features of its parts 
may be seen under the respective heads of 
the cos. it embraces, in whole or in part. 



LAC 



245 



LAC 



KiTTERY, p-t. York CO. Mc. at the mouth i rivers, opposite Wabash and Lawrence cos. 



of the Piscatuqua, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. 
5 ni8. s. York. Pop. 1830. 2,202. 

Klinesville, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Berks co. Pa. 74 ms. .v. e. by e. llarris- 
burg. 

Kli.nijerstown, p-v in the eastern part of 
Schuylkill co. Pa. 81 ms. n. e. Harrisburg-. 

Knowlton, town, Warren co. N.J. on Del. 
r. s. E. of the Blue mtn. Pop. 1830, 2,!;27. 

K.Nox, p-i. Waldo CO. Me. 25 ms. n. w. Cas- 
tine. Pop. 1830. (iGC. 

Knox, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Al- 
bany, on the height of land between Albany 
and Schoharie. Pop. 1830, 2,189. 

Knox, co. of Ten. bounded by Blount s., 
Roane s, w., Anderson n. w., Campbell n.. 
Granger n. e., Jefferson e., and Sevier s. E. 
Length 48, mean width 18, and area 864 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 35° 48' to 3C° 15', and 
ill long. 6° ] 1' to 7° 12' w. W. C. Holston r. 
enters the eastern border, and winding s. w. 
by w. receives the French Broad r. from the 
s. E. and leaves the western part of tlie county 
between Roane and Blount. The northern, 
northwestern and southeastern parts are 
mountainous, but the central vallies of Hol- 
ston and French Broad afford extensive tracts 
of highly productive soil. Chief town, Knox- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 13,034, 1830, 14,498. 

Knox, co. Ky. bounded by Whiieby w., 
Laurel n. w., Clay n. and n. i:., Harlan e., 
and Claiborne and Campbell cos. of Ten 



Illinois, and having Sullivan and Green cos. 
of Ind. N. Length from the junction of White 
and Wabash rivers to the n. e. angle on the 
latter 50 ms., mean breadth, 10, and area 
500 square ms. Lat. 38° 40', long. W. C. 10° 
30' w. 

Knox, co. II. bounded by Fulton s., War- 
ren w., Henry n., and Peoria e. Length 28, 
breadth 24, and area 572 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
N., long. 13° 10' w. W. C. Slopes sthrd. and 
is traversed and drained by Spoon r. This 
CO. is coiTiprised in the military bounty land. 

Knox, C. H. p-v. Knox co. II. by p-r. 188 
ms. N. N. w. Vandalia. 

Knoxville, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 165 
ms. nthwrds. Harrisburg. 

Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. 
Geo. situated on a creek of J^lint r. 65 ms. s. 
w. by w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 41', long. 
1° 10' w. W. C. 

Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Holston r., 26 
ms. by land above its junction with Ten., 61 
ms. a little s. of w. Greenville, and 178 ms. 
a little s. of w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 56', long. 
6° 43' w. W. C. This town has been regard, 
ed as the capital of e. Ten. An academy 
has been long in operation, and the general 
government has lent its aid towards the for- 
mation of a college in Knoxville. Pop. 1820, 
about 2,000, 18J0, 3,00'). 

Knoxville, p-v. JeHerson co. O. by p-r. 160 



Length 33, mean width 15, and area 4.'>5 s(|.jms. n. e. by e. Columbus 

ms. Extending in lat. 30° 34' to 37° 02',| Knoxville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 

and in long. 6° 20' to 7° w. W. C. This co. 1 53 ms. n. ^ . w. W. C. 

is traversed and drained by CuniberUmd r., KoiiTRiaiiT, p-t. Del. co. N. Y. 6 to 12 ms. 



slope to the westward. Chief town, Barbour, 
ville. Pop. 1820, 3,661, including what is 
now Laurel co. In 1830, Knox contained 
4,315 inhabitants. 

Knox, co. Ohio, bounded s. by Licking, 
Delaware w., Marion n. w., Richland n.. 
Holmes x. e. and Coshocton e. Length 30, 
mean width 21, and area 6.30 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
14' to 40° 32', long. W. C. 5i w., slope south- 
cstrd., and drained by the sources of Mohic- 
con creek. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Pop. 
1830, 17,085. 

Knox, p-v. Knox co. Ohio, by p.r. 56 ms. n. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Knox, co. Ind. occupying the lower part of 
the peninsula between the Wabash and White 



e. and N. Delhi. Hilly or mountainous. Soil 
strong, capable of producing good crops. 17 
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
2,870. 

Kreidersville, p.v. Northampton co. Pa. 
12 ms. N. N. w. Bethlehem, and 14 ms. e. 
Easton. 

KtjTZTowN. (See Cootstown.) 

Kyaderosseras creek, a good mill stream 
of Saratoga co. N. Y. rising in Corinth and 
Greenfield, and falling into Saratoga lake in 
the town of Saratoga Springs. 

Kvkendall's p-o. Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 
121 ms. w. Nashville. 

Kylersville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
1C8 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 



li. 



Lackawannoc, r. rises in Wayne and 
Schuylkill COS. between the Lackawannoc 
and Tunkhannoc chains, and flowing s. 20 
ms. turns to s. w. 25 ms., falls into Susque- 
hannah r. 9 miles above Wilkesbarre. The 
valley of Lackawannoc is, in reality, the 
continuation to the n. E.of the Wyoming val- 
ley, and equally remarkable for the great 
.abundance of mineral coal. 

Lackawannoc, ridge of mtns. in Luzerne! 
and Wayne cos. Pa. the continuation of Wy- 



oming mtn. e. of Wilkesbarre. It ranges in 
a northcstrn. direction, between the sources 
of Ijackawaxen and Lackawannoc rs. The 
now remarkable Moosuck mtn. traversed by 
a rail-road between Carbondalo and Honey- 
dale, is the N. E. part of the Lackawannoc. 

Lacka waxen, r. of Pa. rising principally in 
Wayne co., but after the union of its main 
branches forming the boundary between 
Wayne and Pike cos. This comparatively 
small stream has gained importance from a 



LAF 



246 



LAK 



canal constructed along its valley. This ca- 
nal commences on the Del. r. at the mouth of 
Lackawaxen creek, and following the valley 
of the latter 24 nis. to Honeydale, where it 
joins a rail-road over Moosuc mountain. 
(See articles Honeydale and Carhondale.) 
In 1830, there was sold in the city of New- 
York 23,605 tons of Schuylkill, Lehigh, and 
Lackawannoc coal. 

Laconia, p-v. Harrison co. Ind. 21 ms. s. 
Corydon, and 145 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Lacy's Spring and p-o. Morgan co. Al. by 
p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Lady Washington, sign of, and p-o. Mont- 
gomery CO. Pa. 22 ms. Phil. 

Lafayette, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 
178 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Lafayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by 
p-r. 20U ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Lafayette, parish of La. boimded by Mer- 
mentau r. w., bayou Queue Fortue, separa- 
ting it from St. Laudre n., by St. Martin's pa- 
rish N. E., by Vermillion r. separating it from 
St. Mary's e., and by the Gulf of Mexico s. ; 
greatest length along the Gulf 55 miles, 
mean width 30, and area 1,650 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 29° 30' to 30° 06'. The whole 
surface of this large parish is a plain, the far 
greater part a marsh. The very small lines 
of soil along the Vermillion, and Queue For- 
tue, with still less on Mermentau, are the 
only parts admitting cultivation. It is also, 
with very slight exceptions, an unwooded 
prairie. The narrow lines of wood along 
the streams composed of black oak, white 
oak, live oak, &c. cease before reaching the 
Gulf. Clumps of live oak are seen rising on 
shell and sand banks from the marsh. Chief 
town, Mountenville. Pop. 1830, 5,653. 

Laj'ayette, CO. Ten. [See Fayette co. 
Ten. J ' 

Lafayette, co. of Ky. bounded Si w. by 
Jessamine, w. by Woodford, n. w. by Scott, 
N. E. by Bourbon, e. by Clark, and s. e. by 
Ky. r. separating it from Madison. Length 
23, mean width about 11, and area 253 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 37° 52' to 38° 12', and 
in long. 7° 15' to 7° 55' w. W. C. This co. 
is chiefly drained by the Elkhorn river, and 
slopes to the n. w. Surface comparatively 
level, and soil highly productive. Chief t. 
Lexington. Pop. 1820, 23,250, and in 1830, 
25,174. 

Lafayette, co. Ind. (See Fayette co. same 
state.) 

Lafayette, co. of Mo. having the Mo. r. 
N., and extending s. indefinitely to Osage r. ; 
it is mostly uninhabited. Chief t. Lexington. 
Pop. 1830, 2,912. 

Lakayftte, C. H. and p-o. Lafayette co. 
Ark. 182 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Lafayette, p-v. and st. jus. Tippecanoe 
CO. Ind. 70 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. It is 
situated on Wabash r. about 10 ms. below the 
mouth of Tippecanoe r. 

Lafayette, southwestern co. of Ark., t! e 
limits of which are yet but vaguely defined ; 
on Tanner's map of the U. S., it has Hemp- 



stead in Ark. on the n., and the parish of Clai. 
borne in L^. s., extending e. and w. Washi- 
tau river to the western boundary of the Ter. 
Length along La. 130 ms. mean width about 
35, and area 4,550 sq. ms. It is traversed 
by Red r. Pop. 1830, 748. 

Lafayetteville, p-v. Oldham co. Ky. 43 
ms. nthwrd. Frankfort. 

Lafourche, (The Fork), r. of La. a mouth 
of the Miss. This outlet, about 80 yards 
wide at its efflux from the main stream, is- 
sues at and above Donaldsonville, and though 
remarkable as receiving no tributary water in 
all its length of, by comparative courses, 90 
ms., the stream widens and deepens as it ap- 
proaches its discharge into the Gulf of Mexi. 
CO. The general course is very near s. e., 
and though presenting on a smaller scale, si- 
milar features with the Miss, the bends of La- 
fourche are comparatively lessnumerous an^ 
abrupt in the Lafourche. It enters the Gulf 
over a bar of 9 feet water, at n. lat. 29° 12', 
and long. 13° 09'w. W.C. 

Lafourche Interior, parish of La. bound- 
ed by Assumption n. w., St. .lohn Baptiste n., 
St. Charles and the Gulf of Mexico s. e., and 
the parish of Terre Bonne s. and w. Length 
70, mean width 15, and area 1,050 square nis. 
Extending in lat. 29° 12' to 29° 57', and in 
long. 13° 07' to 14° 15' w. W. C. The La- 
fourche r. winds through this parish in the 
direction of its greatest length, and contain- 
ing on its banks the far greatest part of the 
arable soil of its surface. The whole, indeed, 
as part of the delta, is an almost undeviating 
plain ; the banks of the streams rising but little 
above the interior marshes. The arable mar- 
gins of the streams contain also most of the 
timbered land. Where the soil, however, ad- 
mits cultivation, it is highly productive. Sta- 
ples, sugar and cotton. Chief t. Thibadeaux- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 3,755, 1830, 5,503. 

La Grange, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by p-r. 
77 ms. N. Columbia. 

La Grange, p-v. and st. jus. Troup co. Geo. 
situated on a small creek of Chattahooche r. 
by p-r. 133 ms. very nearly due w. Milledge- 
ville. N.lat. 33° 05', long. 8° lO' w. W. C. 

La Grange, p-v. Franklin co. Ala. by p-r. 
110 ms. N. N. w. Tuscaloosa. 

La Grange, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 
242 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

La Grange, p-v. Oldham co. Ky. marked 
in the p-o. list as the st. jus. in the list of offi- 
ces, though in the list of cos. which precedes 
the offices, Westport is annexed to Oldham, 
as the CO. st. Lafayetteville is not inserted 
on Tanner's map, but in the p-o. list stated at 
43 ms. Frankfort. 

La Grange, t. Loraine co. O. by p-r. 119 
ms. N. Columbus. 

La Grange, p-v. Cass co. Mich. 178 ms. a 
little s. of w. Detroit. 

Lairdsville, p-v. Lycoming co.Pa. by p-r. 
9i ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Lake George, a beautiful body of water, 
about 33 ms. long, and nearly 2 wide, princi- 
pally in the cos. of Warren and Washington, 



hAM 



247 



LAN 



N. Y. It discharges itself into lake Cham- 
plain atTiconderoga. The outlet is little more 
than 3 ms. long, and is said to descend 157 ft. 
This lake is surrounded by hi{;h mountains, 
and is surpassed in the romantic by no lake 
scenery in the world. Water deep and clear, 
abounding with the finest of fish. The lake 
abounds with small isls. It is a fashionable 
place of resort in summer. In consequence of 
the extraordinary purity of the waters of this 
lake, the French formerly procured it for sa- 
cramental purposes ; on which account they 
denominated it Lac Sacrament. Roger's 
rock is on the w. side of the lake, 2 ms. from 
its outlet. It rises out of the water at an 
angle of more than 45° to the height of 300 
or 400 feet. It received its name from Major 
Rogers, who, to evade his Indian pursuers, 
ascended the rock on the land side with snow 
shoes ; and throwing his pack down the pre- 
cipice on the waterside, turned his feet about 
on his snow shoes, and travelled back with 
ihem, they being heel foremost ; thus leading 
the Indians to suppose that two persons had 
ascended the rock, and precipitated them- 
selves into the lake. This lake was conspic- 
uous during the French and revolutionary 
wars, forming the most convenient connexion 
between Canada and the Hudson; hence the 
establishment of the forts at the head of the 
lake, and also in part of tort Ticondcroga. 

Lake Pleasant, p-t. Hamilton co. N. Y. 70 
ms. N. w. Albany It is a wild waste of mtn. 
and swamp lands, abounding with small 
lakes ; so poor in general that nobody inclines 
to settle in it. The lakes are very numerous 
and produce immense quantities of very 
fine large trout. Lake Pleasant is said to be 
4 ms. long, with a fine sandy beach. Pop. 
1830, 266. 

Lake Port, p-v. Chicot co. Ark. by p-r. 200 
ms., but by direct distance only 130 s. e. 
from Little Rock. 

Lake Providence, and p-o. nrthest. part of 
the parish of Washitau, La. Thep-o. is about 
100 ms. N. Natchez. The lake in every re- 
spect similar to Fausse Riviere, lakes Con- 
cordia, St. Joseph, and Grand lake, is evident- 
ly the remains of an ancient bend of Miss. 
Lake Providence is entirely omitted on Tan- 
ner's U. S. 

Lamberton, village, Burlington co. N. J. on 
the Del. 2 ms. below Trenton. 

Lambertsvii.le, village, Hunterdon co. N. 
J- on the Del. 16 ms. above Trenton, connec- 
ted by a bridge with New Hope. 

Lamivgton, (Indian, Alamatunk,) v. Som- 
merset co. N. J. 

Lamoille, r. Vt. formed by the union of 
several streams, in Greensborough, and fulls 
into lake Champlain at Colchester. 

Lamoresville, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. 118 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Lampeter, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 
The tsp. lies between Peqnea and Mill crs., 
and the p-o. is about 6 ms. s. e. the city of 
Lancaster. Fop. of the township in 1820, 
3,278. 



Lamprey, r. N. H. rises on the w. of Sad> 
dleback mtn. in Northwood, and meets the 
tide about 2 ms. above the Great bay at 
Durham. 

Lampton's, Clark co. Ky. by p-r. 53 ms. s. 
E. Frankfort. 

Lancaster, p-t. and st.jus. Coos co. N. H. 
on the s. e. bank of Conn. r. 110 ms. w. Port- 
land, 130 N. Portsmouth, 95 almost due n. from 
Concord, and 75 above Dartmouth college. 
Watered by Conn, r., Israel's r., and several 
smaller streams ; situated near lofty moun- 
tains. Pop. 1830, 1,187. 

Lancaster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. the 
oldest town in the co., 35 ms. n. w. Boston, 
15 N. E Worcester. Finely situated on both 
sides of Nashua r. Here arc found slates of 
a good quality, andalusite, earthy marl, phos- 
phorate of lime, and several other minerals. 
Map printing, and comb making, are here 
carried on, upon an extensive scale. Here is 
an academy. Pop. 1830, 2,014. 

Lancaster, co. Pa. bounded by the estrn. 
Conewago cr. separating it from Dauphin w., 
by Lebanon co. n. w., Berks n. e., Chester e., 
Coecil CO. of Md. s., and Susquehannah r. 
separating it from York co. s. w. Lines 
drawn over this co. from its s. e. angle on 
Octarara cr. a little w. of n. to its extreme 
nthrn. angle on Lebanon and Berks or n. w. 
parallel to Susquehannah r. to its extreme 
wstrn. angle at the mouth of Conewago, are 
very nearly equal and 43 ms. in length, and 
the area being within a trifle of 1,000 sq.ms., 
the mean width will be about 23 ms. Exten- 
ding in lat.39° 42' to 40° 19', and in long. 0" 
19' to 1° 10' e. W. C. The slope of this fine 
CO. is towards the Susquehannah, and in a 
direction of s. s. w. The central and best 
parts are drained by the Conestoga, but the 
Conewago and Chiques in the wstrn. angle, 
and Pequea and Octarara crs. in the sthestrn., 
are creeks of some size, watering excellent 
land. Lancaster is one of the best cultivated 
cos. of Pa. and produces large quantities of 
live stock, salted meat, hides, leather, grain, 
flour,fruit, particularly apples, cider, whiskey, 
&c. Chief t. Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 68.336, 
and in 1830,76,63!. 

Lancaster, city of, p-t. and st. jus. Lancns. 
ter CO. Pa. situated in the fine fertile and well 
cultivated valley of Conestoga, about one 
mile wstrd. of that stream, 62 ms. Phil, and 
36 Harrisburg ; n. lat. 40° 03', and long. 0° 
41' E. W. C. This city was laid out in streets 
at right angles. The central part is well 
and closely built. The C. II. is the central 
edifice, standing at the inter.section of the two 
main streets. The commerce and manufac- 
tures of the place are flourishing. Pop. 1810, 
5,405, in 1820, 6,633, and in 1830, 7,7(!4. 

Lancaster, co. Va. bounded n. w. by Rich- 
mond, N. E. and E. by Northumberland, s. e. by 
Chesapeake bay, and s. and s.w. by Rappahan- 
noc r., separating it from Middlesex. Length 
24, mean width 8, and area about 200 sq. ms 
Extending in lat. 37° 35' to 37° 55', and in 
long. 0° 22' to 0° 40' e. W. C. On the Polo- 



LAN 



248 



LAU 



mac border it is deeply indented by small but 
convenient bays. Pop. 1820, 5,517, in 1830, 
4,801. 

Lancaster, C. H. and p-o. Lancaster co. 
Va. s tuated near the middle of the co. by p-r. 
85 ms. N. E. by e. Richmond, and 152 s. s. e. 
W. C. Lat. 37° 46', long. 0° 30' e. W. C. 

Lancaster, dist. of S. C. bounded by Lynch- 
es cr. separating it from Chesterfield s. e., by 
Kershaw s., by Catawba r. separating it from 
Fairfield, Chester and York w., and by Meck- 
lenburg CO. N. C. N. Length s. to n. parallel 
to Catawba r. 44 ms. ; the sihrn. part is about 
23 ms. wide, but to the nthrd. the breadth is 
reduced to less than 5 ms. ; the mean width 
may be assumed at 12, and area 524 sq. ms. 
The general slope is sthrd. Chief t. Lancas- 
ter. Pop. 1820, 8,716, 1830, 10,361. 

Lancaster, p-t. and st. jus. Lancaster dist. 
S. C. situated near the centre of the dist. 38 
ms. a little w. of n. Camden, and 63 ms. e. of 
N. Columbia. Lat. 34° 42' long. 3° 47' w. 
W.C. 

Lancaster, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 58 
ms. N. e. Nashville. 

Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Garrard co. Ky. 
37 ms. s. Lexington, 10 a little s. of e. Dan- 
ville, and 52, s. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 
37', long 7° 30'. w. W. C. 

Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Fairfield co. 
O. by p-r. 28 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 372 n. 
w. by w. i w. W. C. This is one of the finest 
interior villages of O., containing from 250 to 
300 houses, by the census of 1820, 1,037, but 
by that of 1830, 1,530, and at present at least 
1,6C0 inhabitants. According to Flint it con- 
tains the common co. buildings, an academy, 
several private schools, 4 churches, 12 stores, 
2 printing offices, issuing a weekly English, 
and weekly German paper ; a bank, and is 
united to the great central canal of O. by a 
side cut. Lat. 39° 45'. 

Lancaster, p-v. JetTerson co. Ind. by p-r. 
76 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Landaff, t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ms. e. 
Haverhill corner, 9 from Concord. Watered 
by Wild Amonoosuck and Great Amonoosuck 
rivers. Landaft' mtn.. Cobble hill, and Bald 
hill, arc the principal elevations. Soil in 
some parts very fertile. Pop. 1830, 949. 

Landgrove, p-t Bennington co. Vt. 33 ms. 
N.E.Bennington, 70 s. Montpelier. Water- 
ed by head branches of West r. 3 school dis- 
tricts. Pop. 1830, 385. 

Landisburg, p-v. on the waters of Shermans 
cr. Perry co. Pa. 12 ms. n. n. w. Carlisle, and 
by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Landsford, p-v. in the nth est. part of 
Chester district, S. C. 10 ms. n. e. Chester- 
villc, and by p-r. 92 ms. n. Columbia. 

Lane's p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 366 ms. 
wstrd. W. C. 

Lanesborougii, t. Berkshire co. Muss. 5 ms. 
from Pittsfield, 14 N. Lenox, 135 from Hoston. 
Part of the waters of this town descend to 
Long Island sound, and part to the Hudson. 
Soil, a fine loam. Contains great quantities 
of white marble. Pop. 1830, 1,192. 



LA^ESB0Ro^ p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r- 
154 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Lanesboro', p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by 
p-r. 187 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Lanesville, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by 
p-r. 178 ms.N. N. e. Harrisburg. 

Lanesville, p-o. Floyd co. Ky. by p-r. 154 
ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. 

Langdon, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 17 ms. 
from Keene, 50 w. Concord. Watered by a 
branch of Cold r. It was named in honor of 
Gov. Langdon. Pop. 1830, 666. 

Langhorn's Tavern, and p-o. Cumberland 
CO. Va. by p-r. 60 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Langsbury, p-v. Camden co. Geo. by p-r. 
199 ms. s. s. E. Milledgeville. 

Lansing, t. Tompkins co. N. Y., having 
Ludlowvillep-o. on the e. side, near s. end of 
Cayuga lake, 7 ms. n. Ithaca, 160 w. Alba- 
ny. Soil of the best quality. Watered by 
Salmon creek, which has falls. 20 school 
districts. Pop. 1830, 4,020. 

Lansingburgii, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. e. 
Hudson r.,4 ms. n. Troy, 10 n. Albany. There 
is an elegant bridge across the Hudson, be- 
tween this place and Waterford, the first as 
we ascend from the ocean. Here is a very 
extensive nursery. Epsom salts, and stone 
for building are found here. The village of 
Lansingburgii is 2 ms. long, and half a mile 
wide, being regularly laid out in blocks, or 
oblong squares 400 by 260 ft. It has a flour- 
ishing academy. A dam 11 ft. long, and 9 ft. 
high, is built across the r. below the village, 
by which the water has been made sufllcient- 
ly deep for sloops throughout the season. 
Vessels ascend through a sloop lock 30 feet 
wide, and 114 long. Cost of the dam and 
lock, $)fl2,270. Lansingburgh employs in 
trade about 12 sloops. Population 1830, 
2,663. 

Lapeer, co. Mich, bounded s. by Oakland, 
s. w. Shiawassee, n. w. Saginaw, n. Sanilac, 
E. St. Clair co., and s. e. by Macomb. Lat. 
43°, long. 7° 15' w., slope n. w., and drained 
by Flint r. branch of Saginaw. It lies n. n. 
w. about 60 ms. from Detroit. 

Larkin's Fork, and p-o. Jackson co. Al. 
about 170ms. n. E.Tuscaloosa. 

La Salle, county of Illinois, along both 
sides of Illinois r. from the junction of the 
Kankakee and Plane rivers down to below the 
mouth of Vermillion r. It would be useless 
to ofler a delineation of this county, as it con- 
tains, as laid down by Tanner, 110 ins. from 
s. to N. with a breadth of 50, of course must 
be rapidly subdivided. That part along the 
Illinois near the rapids, will probably retain 
the the title. (See Ottawa, Fox river of I Hi- 
riois, tj-c.) 

Lauderdale, northwestern co. of Alabama, 
bounded on the n. by the cos. of Hardin, 
Wayne and Lawrence in Tenn., e. by Lime- 
stone, Ala., s. by Ten. r. separating it from 
Lawrence and Franklin, Ala., s.w. by Ten. r. 
separating it from the Chickasaw territory, 
in Ala., and w. again by Ten. r. separating it 
from the Chicksaw territory, in the state of 



LAU 



249 



LAW 



Miss. Length k. to w. 56 ms., mean width 
12, and area 679 square me. Extending in 
lat. 34° 43' to 35°, and in long. 10° 16' to 11° 
15' w. W. C. Elk river enters Ten. about the 
middle of the Muscle shoals, and in the ex- 
frenie southeastern angle of Lauderdale co. 
The general declivity is southward towards 
Ten. down which flow Blackwatcr, Shoal, Cy- 
press, Second and other creeks. The sur- 
face is broken and soil excellent. Chief town, 
Florence. Pop. 1020, 4,963, and in 1830, 
11,781. 

L.vuGiiERY, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. situated on 
a creek of the same name in tho s. e. part of 
the CO. byp-r. 81 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Laugulintown, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa 
■Jti ms. E. Grecnsburg, and 43 n. w. by w 
Bedford. 

Laughriuge, p-v. Gwinnett co. Geo. by p-r. 
99 ms. N. w. Milledgevillc. 

Laurel, p-v. southern part of Sussex co. 
Del. 58 ms. southward Dover. 

Laurel Furnace, and p-o. Dickson co. 
Ten. by p-r. 44 ms. westward Nashville. 

Laurel Hill, or Laurel mountains, a local 
name given to several of the western chains 
of the Appalachian system, an absurdity pro- 
ductive of no small share of confusion. The 
chain in Pa. extending from the Conemaugh to 
Youghioghany r., and which separates Cam- 
bria co. from Westmoreland, and Somerset 
from Westmoreland and Fayette, is there call- 
ed " The Laurel Hill" whilst another chain 
westerly and with an intervening valley of 10 
ms. wide is called " The Chestnut Ridge." 
Both chains are continued out of Pa. into Va. 
southwestward of the Youghioghany, but the 
names are reversed, and the Chestnut ridge of 
Pa. is the Laurel ridge of Va. Such is the 
wretched delineation of the Appalachian sys- 
tem on all our maps, that no adequate idea of 
the respective chains can in many instances be 
obtained by their assistance. The two chains 
mentioned in this article, though not so rep- 
resented, preserve their idenity, similar to the 
Blue Ridge from the state of N. Y. into Ala. 

Laurel Hill, p-o. Somerset co. Pa. by 
p-r. l62ms.N. w. W.C. 

Laurel Hill, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by 
p-r. 1 12 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Laurel Hill, p-v. Richmond co. N. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Raleigh. i 

Laurel Hill, p-v. w. Feliciana parish, La. 
20 ms. St. Francisville. 

Laurel Spring, p-v. Fluvanna co. Va. by 
p-r. 61 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Laurence, co. of Ala. bounded e. by Mor- 
gan, s. by Walker, w. by Franklin, n. w. by 
Ten. r. separating it from Lauderdale, and n. 
E. from Ten. r. separating it from Limestone. 
Length from n. to s. along its water bounda- 
ry 38 ms., the breadth 24, mean length 34, 
and area 816 square ms. Extending in lat. 
from 34° 18' to 34° 48', and in long. 10' 13' to 
10° 36' w. W. C. The southern border ex- 



ern sections, comprising full two thirds of the 
whole surface, declines northwardly towards 
Ten. r. That part of the latter stream which 
forms the northern boundary of Lawrence, is 
known as the Muscle shoals. Chief town, 
Moulton. Pop. 1830, 14,984. 

Laurens, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. w. 
Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany. Surface broken 
by hills of a moderate height. Soil a rich 
loam. Timber, pine, oak, chestnut, walnut, 
&c. Contains a mineral spring ; 14 schools, 
kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,23 1 . 

Laurens, district of S. C. bounded by 
Newbury s. e., the Saluda river separating it 
from Abbeville s. w., Greenville n. w., and 
the Ennoree river separating it from Spar- 
tanburg n., and Union n. e. Length 33, 
mean width 28, and area 924 square miles. 
Extending in lat. 34° 12' to 34° 45', and in 
long. 4° 37' to 5° 18' w. W. C. The slope of 
this CO. is very nearly southeastward with the 
course of Ennoree and Saluda rivers. Chief 
town, Laurensville. Pop. 1820, 17,682, 
1830, 20,263. 

Laurens, co. of Geo. bounded by Mont- 
gomery e. and s. e., Pulaski s. w. and w., 
Wilkinson n. w., Washington n., and Eman- 
uel N. E. The greatest length from the south- 
ern to northern angles 40 ms., and as the 
area is about 800 square ms. the mean width 
will be 20 ms. In lat. it extends 32° 12' to 
32° 45' and in long. 5° 40' to 6° 18' w. W, C. 
Oconee river traverses this co. in a s. s. e. 
direction, dividing it into two unequal sec- 
tions, two thirds to the right and one third to 
the left of the river. Chief town, Dublin. 
Pop. 1820, 5,436, 1830, 5,589. 

Laurensville, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens 
district, S. C. situated near the centre of the 
district, about 75 ms. almost due n. Augusta 
in Geo. and by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. Colum- 
bia, lat. 34° 31', long. 5° w. W. C. 

Lausanne, tsp. and p-o. Northampton co. 
Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. Mauch Chunck and 132 n. 
E. Ilarrisburg. In this township are situated 
tho vast strata of anthracite coal near Mauch 
Chunk. 

Lawrence, town, Hunterdon co. N. J. lies 
N. E. of Taunton, and extends to Somerset 
and Middlesex. Pop. 1830, 1,433. 

Lawrence, co. of Ten. bounded by Wayne 
w., Wickman n., Giles e., and Lauderdale co. 
in Ala. s. It is a square of 28 ms., area 784 
square ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 24', 
and in long. 10° 17' to 10° 45'. This county 
occupies a table land ; from the southern and 
larger section, the waters flow southward, 
over Lauderdale co. into Ten. river, whilst 
the northern discharges to the n. w.'^ the 
sources of the Buffalo branch of Duck river. 
Chief town, Lawrenceburg. Pop. 1820, 3,271. 
and in 1830,5,411. 

Lawrence, co. of Ky. bounded by Floyd 
s.. Licking r. separating it from Morgan s. w., 
and Bath w., Fleming n. w., Greenup n., and 



tends into the higher rim of the valley of Mul- 1 Sandy r. separating it from Cabell co. Va. E. 
berry river, branch of Black Warrior, and; Length w. to e. 60, mean width 26, and area 
slopes southwardly, but the central and north- i 1,560 square ms. Extending in lat. 37° 53' 

32 



LAW 



250 



LEA 



to 38° 22'. Tliis co. occupies a fable land, 
from which the creeks flow 8. w. into Lick- 
ing, N. towards Ohio, and n. e. into Sandy r. 
Cliief town, Louisa. Pop. 1830, 3,900. 

Lawrence, extreme southern county of 
Ohio, bounded by Sciota co. n. w., Jackson 
N., Gallia n. e., s. e. by O. r. separating it from 
Cabell CO. Va., and s. w. by O. r. separating 
it from Greenup co. Ky. Length 30, menu 
breadth 13, and area SOO square ms. It lies 
directly opposite the mouth of Big Sandy r. 
slopes southward, and in that direction is 
drained by Symme's creek, and some small- 
er streams. Chief town, Burlington. Pop. 
1820, 3,499, and in 1830, 5,:J67. 

Lawrence, co. Ind. bounded s. by Orange, 
Martin s. w., Greene n. w., Monroe n., Jack- 
son E., and Washington s. e. It is about 22 
ms. square, area 4G4 square ms. Lat. 39° 
N., long. 9° 40' w. W. C. It is traversed 
from east to west by the main volume of the 
South fork of White r. Chief town, Bed- 
ford. Pop. 1830, 9,234. 

Lawrence, co. of Miss, bounded w. by 
Franklin, n. w. by Copiah, n. by Simpson, e. 
by Covington, s. e. by Marion, and s. w. by 
Pike. Length e. to w. 42, mean width 20, 
and area 840 square ms. Extending in lat. 
31° 24' to 31° 47' n., and in long. lJ° 58' to 
13° 40' w. W. C. This CO. is traversed in a 
s. s. E. direction by Pearl river, the western 
part is, however, a table land, from which 
flow, northwards, the head waters of Bayou 
Pierre, westward those of the Homochitto, 
and southward, those of the Bogue Chitto. 
The [Surface generally a barren soil, covered 
with pine timbers. Staple, cotton. Chief 
town, Monticello. Pop. 1820, 4,916, and in 
1830, 5,293. 

Lawrence, county of Illinois, bounded by 
Wabash CO. s., Edwards s. w., Clay w., Jas- 
per N. w., Crawford n., and Wabash r. sepa- 
ting it from Knox co. Ind. e. It is 20 by 25 
ms., area 500 square ms. Lat. 38° 45,' long. 
W. C. 11° w., slope s. and traversed by Em- 
barras r. Chief town, Lawrenceville. Pop. 
1830, 3,668. 

Lawrenck, county of Ark. as laid down on 
Tanner's United States, is bounded s. by St. 
Francisco., s. w. by Independence, w. by 
Izard, n. by Wayne, co. of Miss., e. by St. 
Francis r. separating it from New Madrid co. 
of Miss., and s. e. by C^rittenden co. in Ark. 
Length of St. Francis river to the eastern 
boundary of Izard co. 86 ms., the greatest 
breadth is near 70, but the mean breadth about 
50, area 4,300 square ms. E.xtonding in lat. 
35° 30' to 36° 30', and in long. 13° lU' to 14° 
40' w. W. C. The largo tract included un- 
der the name of this co. comprises a very di- 
versified surface. The estrn. section near the 
St. Francis is flat, and in great part liable to 
annual submersion. Approaching the centre 
the surface rises into hill and dale, presenting 
a fine country and congeries of confluent rs. 
The Black and Current rs. flowing down in 
fine copious navigable streams from southern 
Miss., here unite and at Davidsonville, the 



ward Eleven Points and Spring rs. Chief 
town, Davidsonville. Fop. 1820, 5,602, and 
in 1830, 2,806. 

Lawrenceburg, p-v. on Alleghany river 
and in the n. w. angle of Armstrong co. Pa.^ 
about 50 ms. n.n. e. Pittsburg and by p-r. 
195 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Lawrenceburg, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ten. situated in the forks of Shoal creek, 
28 ms. N. .N. E. Florence, in Ala. and by p-r. 
88 ms. s. s. w. Nashville, lat. 35° 08', long. 
I0°3.5'w. W. C. 

Lawrenceburg Hotel, and p-o. in the vill- 
age of Lawrenceburg, Anderson co. Ky. 10 
ms. s. Frankfort. 

Lawre.nceburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Dear. 
Ijorn CO. Ind. situated on Ohio r. immediately 
below (he mouth of (Jrcat Miami, and by p-r. 
98 ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 23 below Cincin- 
nati. Lat. 39° 04'. 

Lawrenceville, village, Hunterdon co. N. 
J. 6 ms. N. E. Trenton. 

Lawrencevilj.k, p-v. Tioga CO. Pa. by p-r. 
151 ms. northrd. Harrisburg. 

Lawrenceville, village, on the left bank of 
Alleghany r. Alleghany co. Pa. This place 
is only two ms. above the nthrn. Liberties of 
the city of Pittsburg. It is the seat of an 
arsenal and U. S. military depot. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. Madison co. Ohio by 
p-r. 23 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. II. situated on Emharras r. by p-r. 84 ms. 
a little s. of E. Vandalia, and 10 ms. w. Vin- 
cennes in Ind. n. lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 
10° 45' w. 

Lawrencevlile, p-v. and st. jus. Bruns- 
wick CO. Va. situated on a branch of Meherin 
r. by p-r. 72 ms. a littlfc w. of s. Richmond. 
Lat. 36° 48', long. 0° 50' w. W C. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- 
mery CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of 
Yadkin r. by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 
Lat. 35° 2.V, long. 3° 11' w. W C. 

IiAvvRE.NCEViLLE,p-v. and St. jus. Gwinnett 
CO. Geo. situated near the extreme source of 
Oekmulgce r. by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Milledgc- 
ville. Lat. 33° 58', long. 7° 05' w. W. C. 

Lawson's, p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. 239 
ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Lawsvili.e, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Susquc- 
hannah co. Pa. about 20 ms. from Montrose, 
and by p-r. 179 n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Leacock, p-v. and tsp. of Lancaster co. Pa. 
The p-o. is 7 ms. estrd. Lancaster. Pop. of 
the tsp. 1820, 2,882, 1830, 3,315. 

IjKading OR., and p-o. nthrn. part of Lewis 
CO. Va. by p-r. 2J3 ms. almost due vv. W.C. 
Leadsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 
218 ms. w. W. C. 

Leaf r. wstrn. branch of Pascagoula r. 
This stream, frequently called from its princi- 
pal constituent branch, Chickisawliay r. rises 
in the Choctaw country, state of Miss., and 
flowing thence in a sthrn. direction over Co- 
vington and Jones co.s. gradually bends to s. 
E., unite in Perry, from which the united 
waters enter Greene and fall into Pascagoula, 



neat of justice, receives from the northwest- a thort distance below n. lat. 31°. Thegcnc- 



X,EB 



251 



LEE 



ral feature of the valley of Leaf r. is that of 
sterile pine woodland. 

Leak r. p-o. {See Greesboro\ Greene co. 
Miss.) 

Leakiosvilli:, p-o. on the riglit bunk of Diin 
r. northern part of liockingiiani county, N. C. 
5 ins. N. Wentworth, andby p-r. 105 n. n, w. 
Iti.lcigh. 

Lkakksville, p-o. Laurens dist. S. C. by 
p-r. \)2 nis. nthwstrd. Columbia. 

LKAKiisvii.i.E, p-v. Newton CO. Geo. by p-r. 
50 ins. N. w. Milledgcvillc. 

Lrakesviij.e, p-v. G'rcen co. Miss, by p-r. 
15!2 Ills. 8. E. Jackson. 

Leasburo, p-v. Caswell co. N. C. by p-v. 
85 ms. N. w. Kalcigh. 

Leavenworth, p.o. Crawford co. 120 nis. 
sthrd. Indianopolis. 

Lebanon, ji-t. York co. Mc. on the Pisca- 
taqua, 2H nis. n. w. York. Pop. 1830, 2,391. 
Lebanon, p-t. Grafton co. N. IL e. Conn. r. 
4 ms. below Dartmouth college. Watered 
by Conn, and Mascomy rivers. Contains 
many valuable mill scats. Timbered with 
white pine, oak, sugar maple, birch, beech, 
iVc. 'J'lierc are falls in the CJonn. in this town, 
wiiich are locked and canalled. Lyman's 
bridge, across tiie Conn, connects this town 
with Hartford, Vt. The principal village is 
situated on a plain near the central part, at 
the head of the falls of Mascomy r. In this 
town is a medicinal spring. Here are also a 
lead mine, and a vein of iron ore. Pop. 1830, 
1,8(18. 

LEBA^oN, p-t. New London co. Conn. 30 
ms. s. E. Hartford. Moderately hilly. Soil 
a rich, deep, unctuous mould, very fertile, and 
peculiarly adajjied to grass. Timbered prin- 
cipally with clirstnut, walnut, and oak. Well 
walured wiili brooks and rivulets, some of 
which ad'urd mill sites. 17 school dists. Pop. 
1830,2,554 



Lebanon, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 35 ms. s.llong. 5° 03' w. W. C. 



long. 0° 20' to Oo 51' e. W. C. The estrn. 
angle of this co. gives source to the Tulpe- 
hockcn, and to the nthwstrn. branches of Co- 
nestoga ; from the extreme sthrn. part flows 
the estrn. Conewago, but more than three 
fifths are included in the valley of the Swata- 
ra, and slopes s. s. wstrd. The whole co. is 
included in the fine valley of Kittalinny, and 
similar to other parts of this physical region, 
the side next the Blue Ridge is based on lime. 
stone, and that towards the Kittatinny on 
clay slate. Soil generally excellent. The 
surface tho' bounded by the Kittatinny N. w., 
and Blue Ridge s. E. is not even very hilly, 
no part is however level. To the many natu- 
ral advantages of Lebanon, may be added the 
artificial r., the Union canal. This work, 
pursuing tlie valley of the Tulpehocken, that 
of the Quitapaliilla, into Swatara, and down 
the latter into Susquehannah r., passes over 
the central part and divides Lebanon into two 
not very unequal sections. Staples are every 
agricultural product of that i)art of the mid- 
dle states of the U. S. includeil in the same 
zone of lat., with immense quantities of cast 
and hammered iron. Chief town, Lebanon. 
Pop. 1820, 16,988, 1830, 20,557. 

Lebanon, p-t. boro', and st. jus. Lebanon 
CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the co. 
on the Union canal, and on one of the liead 
branches of the Quitapahilla cr., 24 ms. a lit- 
tie N. of E. Ilarrisburg, 1.33 n. n. e. W. C, 
and 77 ms. n. v/. by w. Phil. Lat. 40° 20', 
long. 0° 35' K. W. C. This is a very neat, 
well built, and flourishing town; situated on 
the limestone part of the Kittatinny valley, 
with a well cultivated and fertile vicinity. 
Pop. 1820, 1,437, 1830,3,-5.55. 

Lkhanon, p-v. and st. jus. Russell co. Va. 
situated on a branch of Clinch r. about 130 
ms. N. K. by E. Knoxville in Ten., and by ]>.t. 
430 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 36° 53' and 



Utica. Surface hilly. The Chenango r. 
runs through the e. part. Soil light. Tim- 
bered with mai)le, beech, birch, ash, &.c. 13 
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
2,249. 

Lebanon, village, Columbia co. N. Y. a 
beautiful village, famous for its springs, the 
water of which issues in great abundance 
from the side of a high hill, and being remark, 
ably clear, soft and tepid, is much used for 
bathing. The houses of accommodation arc 
excellent, .ind it is a place of great resort in 
the summer months ; 27 ms. e. Albany; 31 
N. K. Hudson. 

Lebanon, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. bounded 
s. w. by Bethlehem and Kingwood, n. w. by 
the Musconetcunk, n. e. by Morris co. and 
Jewksbury, s. e. by Readingtown. Pop. 1830, 
3,436. 

Lebanon, co. Pa. bounded by Dauphin w. 
and N. w., Schuylkill n., Berks n. e. and Lan- 
caster s. E. The greatest length of Dauphin 
is a diagonal 29 ms., the estrn. to the wstrn. 
angle ; mean width 12, and area 348 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat, 40° 11' to 40° 32' and in 



Lebanon, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 21 ms. 
I from Milledgeville. 

Leisanon, p-v. and st. jus. Wilson co. Ten. 
situated on a creek of Cumberland r. 23 ms. 
a little N. of E. Nashville, and 24 a little s. of 
w. Carthage ; n. lat. 30° 12', and long. 9° 21 
w. W. C. 

Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus- Warren co. O. 
by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Columbus, 28 s. Dayton, 
and 31 n. e. Cincinnati. It contains the com- 
mon CO. buildings, a printing office and bank. 
Pop. 1830, 1,165. Lat. 39° 25', long. W. C. 
7° 12' w. 

Lebanon, p-v. in the nrthestrn. part of St. 
Clair CO. II. It is situated on Silver cr. 8 ms. 
N. E. Belleville, and by p-r. 59 miles s. w. 
Vaiidalia. 

Lebanon, p-v. on Chaplin's fork of Salt r. 
Washington co. Ky. by p-r. 56 ms. s. s. w. 
Frankfort. 

Leoyard, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga 
lake, 19 miles s. w. Auburn. Pop. 1830, 
2,427. 

Lee, t. Hancock co. Me. 25 ms. n. w. Cas. 
tine. 



LEE 



252 



LEH 



Lee, p-t. Strafibrd co. N. H. 13 ms. n. w. 
Portsmouth. Watered by Lamprey, Little, 
North, and Oyster rivers. Population 1830, 
1,009. 

Lee, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 5 ms. s. e. 
Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Finely situated on 
both sides of the Housatonic r., which is 
here a large and powerful stream, and aflbrds 
great facilities for manufacturing purposes. 
Here are 6 paper mills which amiually con- 
sume 500 tons of rags. Here too are marble, 
limestone, and iron ore in abundance. Pop. 
1830, 1,825. 

Lee, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ms.N. Rome. 
Well watered and supplied with mill seats. 
Land rich. Most excellent for flax. 10 
school houses. Pop. 1830,2,514. 

Lee, extreme sthwstrn. co. of Va. bounded 
N. E. by Russell, e. by Scott, s. and s. w. by 
Claiborne co. Ten., and by Cumberland mtns. 
which separates it from Harlan co. Ky. n. w., 
and Pike co. Ky. n., length along Cumber- 
land mtn. 60 ms., mean width about 10 ms., 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 
30' to 37° 06', and in long. 5° 35' to 0° 30' w. 
W. C. This CO. occupies the higher part of 
Powell's valley, extending from Cumberland 
to Powell's mtn. The extreme sources of 
Powell's r., are in Russell, but they unite and 
form a river in Lee co., which, flowing sth- 
wstrd. divide it into two narrow but steep in- 
clined plains. Chief town, Jonesville. Pop. 
1820,4,256, 1830,6,461. 

Lee, CO. Geo. bounded by Baker s., Ran- 
dolph w., Marion n., and Flint r. separating 
it from Dooley e. Length 43 ms., mean 
width 30, area 1,290 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 31° 42' to 32° 18', and in long. 7° 8' to 
7° 42' w. W. C, The slope of this co. is to 
the 8. e. towards Flint r. Chief town, Pinder- 
town. Pop. 1830, 1,680. 

Lee, p-v. Athens co. O. byp-r. 82 ms. 
Columbus. 

Leech's Stream, rises in Averill, Vt. and 
falls into Conn, r., where it is about 2 rods 
wide. 

Leechburg, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. 227 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Leeds, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. on the An- 
droscoggin r. 20 ms. s. w. Augusta. Pop. 
1830, 1,685. 

Leeds, village, Gloucester co. N. J. on the 
Atlantic s.of Great bay, at the mouth of Mul- 
leins r. 

Leeds, p-v. W^eetmoreland co. Va. by p-r. 
82ms. s. s. K. W. C. 

Leedsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. situated 
on Tygarts valley r. at the passage of that 
stream through Laurel mtns., 10 ms. n. n 
Beverly, by p-r. 200 ms. w. W. C. 

Leesboro', p-o. Montgomery co. Md. by 
p-r. 31 ms. W. C. 

Leesburg, p-v. and st. jus. Loudon co. V 
byp-r. 35 ms. n. w. W.C, and 158 n. Rich- 
mond. Lat. 39° 07' long. 0° 33' w. W. C. 
It is a well built and neat village, situated 
near a minor ridge of mtns. The environs 
are waving, well cultivated and delightfully 



variegated by hill and dale. Pop. 1830, 
about 1,500. 

Leesburg, p-v. Washington co.Ten. on the 
between Greenville and Jonesboro', 18 
m?. N. E. by e. the former, and 9 s. w. the 
latter, and byp-r. 250 ms. e. Nashville. 

Leesburg, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Harri- 
son CO. Ky. 10 ms. s. w. Cynthiana, and 30 
N'. E. by E. Frankfort. 

Leesburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 44 
ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Leesburg, p-v. Highland co. O. by p-r. G2 
ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Leesville, p-v. and manufacturing village 
Mid. Haddam, Middlesex co. Conn. 15 ms. s. 
E. Middletown. 

Leesville, p-v. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. 
119 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Leesville, p-v. Robeson co. N. C, by p-r. 
101 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. 

Leesville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Lex- 
ington dist. S. C, 31 ms. a little s. of w. 
Columbia. 

Leesville, p-v. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 ms. 
N. E.by E. Columbus. 

Leesville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 
76 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Leetown, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Jeffer- 
son CO. Va. 30 ms. w. Harper's ferry, and by 
p-r. 84 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Lee Valley, p-v. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 
277 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Legrand's store and p-o. Anson co. N. C. 
140 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Legro, p-v. Randolph co. Ind. by p-r. 87 
ms. N. e. by e. Indianopolis. 

Lehigh, r. of Pa. a branch of Del. having 
its most remote sources in the sthrn. part of 
Wayne, and the sthestrn. of Luzerne near 
Wilkesbarre. The general course of its 
higher constituents, is sthwstrd. to their junc- 
tion below Stoddartsville, and between Lu- 
zerne and Northampton cos. It thence flows 
10 ms. by a general s. w. course, but curving 
to the wstrd. enters Northampton, and turning 
to nearly a sthrn. course 15 ms. to Lchighton, 
having in the latter part of its course received 
numerous mtn. creeks from both sides, and 
passed the now noted coal depot, Mauch 
Chunk. Below Lehighton the stream inflects 
to s. E. 10 ms. to its passage thro' the Kitta- 
tinny cliains by " The Lehigh Water Gap." 
Inflecting below "The Gap", to s. s. e. 20 
ms. to the reception of Little Leiiigh, and 
N. w. side of the Blue Ridge. Turned by the 
latter mtns. to n. w. the now beautiful Le- 
high flows down its base 15 ms. to Easlon, 
svhere it is lost in the Del. The Lehigli 
drains a small sthrn. section of Wayne ; tiie 
sthcst. part of Luzerne; the wstrn. angle of 
Pike, more than two thirds of Northampton; 
small sections of Schuylkill and Berks, and 
seven eights at least of Lehigh. From the 
intricacy of its. course through numerous 
ridges of mtns. the real length of this r. is 
diflScultto determine. The valley from s. e. 
to N. w., and from the Blue Ridge to the mtns. 
e, of Wilkesbarre, is about 50 ms , the mean 



LEII 



253 



LEN 



breadth is at least 25, and area 1,250 square ion the Lehigh above the mouth of Mahoninc 



miles. 

To the truly romantic and ever varying 
landscapes on this stream, it has now gained 
great celebrity from having become part of 
the channel of intercommunication from the 
great coal strata near Mauch Chunk, and tlie 
Atlantic tide water. In a distance following 
the stream 47 ms. from Easton to Mauch 
Chunk, the rise is 364 ft. This relative ele- 
vation is obviated by 57 locks, and 8 dams, as 
the chain is formed by alternate canals, and 
slack water ponds. The canals are 60 ft. at 
top, and 45 at bottom, with 5 ft. depth of water. 
Locks 22 ft. by 10:) ft. From the termina- 
tion of the canal chains at Mauch Chunk, a 
rail road of 9 ms. reaches the great mass of 
anthracite coal, lying upwards of 1,000 feet 
above the Lehigh at the village. 

The following relative heights will exhibit 
the rise of the Lehigh valley above the (ide 
water in Del. r. Easton — level of the water 
at the confluence of Del. and Lehigh rs. above 
tide water, 170 ft. Ascent from Easton to 
Mauch Chimk, 364 ft. Ascent i'rom Mauch 
Chunk to Stoddartsville, 850 ft. Total 1,384. 
The Lehigh has interlocking sources to 
the N. with the Lackawannoc, andsthrn. con. 
fluents of Lackawa.xen, to the sthrd. it embo- 
soms the sources of Broadhcads cr. To the 
wstrd. the sources of Bear creek, branch of 
Lehigh, rise within 10 ms. from the Susque- 
hannah at Wilkesbarre, and finally curving 
from the sources of Nesquehoning, to those 
of Saucon cr., the confluents of Lehigh are 
embosomed by those of the Schuylkill. 

Lehigh, co. Pa. boimded by Schuylkill co. 
w., by Northampton n. w., n. and n. e., and 
by Bucks s. e. Length 28, mean width 13, 
and area 364 sq. ins. E.xtending in lat. 40° 
25' to 40° 46', and in long. 1° 11' to 1° 43' e. 
W. C. The sthestrn. part is a narrow valley 
between the Blue Ridge, and South mtn., con- 
taining the two tsps. of Upper Milford, and 
Upper Saucon. This truly beautiful vale, or 
that part contained in Lehigh, is about 10 ms. 
by 4, or 40 sq. ms. The residue, or the 8-9th 
of the whole co., lies in the Kittatinny valley, 
and very nearly subdivided into equal portions 
by the limestone and slate formations. The 
soil of the valley is more productive, and the 
surface less broken on the former rock, but 
the CO. taken as a whole, is amongst the most 
"* productive in Pa., in grain, fruit and pastur- 
age. The general elevation above tide water 
in Del. from about 350 to 500 ft. The high- 
est water level of Leiiigh r. at the Water 
gap, 375 ft. Chief t. AUontonor Northampton. 
Pop. 1820, 18,895, 1830, 22,256. 

Lehighton, or Lehightown, p-v. of North- 
ampton CO. Pa. on the road from Bethlehem 
to Mauch Chunck, 36 nis. n. w. the former, 
and 3 lower down the Lehigh than the latter. 
It is a small village situated on a fine acclivi- 
ty rising from the Lehigh, and about one 
fourth of a mile on the right of that stream. 
A little distance below the present village, 
stood the old Moravian town of Gnadenhutten, 



cr. This establishment was made about 1742, 
and here in July, 1752, a treaty of amity was 
held between the Moravian brethren and 



Mass. 6 ms. 
An uneven 
position, its 



Shawnese Indians. On the 24th of Nov. 1755 
the settlement was surprised, and the whites 
mostly massacred by a party of French Indi- 
ans. A large gravestone, with a very pathet- 
ic inscription recording the fact, and the 
names of the sufferers, was lying on the 
ground of the old burial place, to the s. e. of 
Lehighton, when the author visited the place 
in 1821, and 1823. 

Lehigh Water Gap, tavern and p-o. on 
left bank of the Lehigh, at the mouth of 
Aquanshicola cr., and immediately above the 
passage of the Lehigh through the Kittatinny 
mtn. 20 ms. n. w. Bethlehem. 

Leicester, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 9 ms. s. 
Middlebury, 36 s. w. Montpelier. Principal 
streams, Otter creek, and Leicester r. Soil 
a rich sandy loam, interspersed with some 
flats of clay. 5 school districts. Pop. 1830, 
638. 

Leicester, p-t. Worcester co. 
s. w. Worcester, 46 w. Boston, 
town. It occupies an elevated 
waters running both to the Conn, and Black- 
stone rivers. Soil deep and strong ; clay 
predominates. Here are manufactures of 
various kinds, especially that of cards, of 
which $200,000 worth are manufactured 
annually. Here is a large and flourishing 
academy. A society of Jews once resided 
in this town, who came from Newport, R. I. 
to avoid the dangers of the war. None are 
now remaining. Pop. 1830, 1,782. 

Leicester, t. Livingston co. N. Y. w. Ge- 
nesee r., 5 ms. w. Geneseo. Good land, 
supplied with mill seats. 11 schools, kept 8 
months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,042. 

Leighton, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. by p.r. 
104 ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Leipersville, p-o. Del. co. Pa. by p-r. 97 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Leipersville, p-o. Crawford co. O. by p-r. 
75 ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

LEiTERsni'RG, p-v. iu the extreme wstrn. 
part of Washington co. Md. by p-r. 98 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

Lemay's Cross Roads, and p-o. Granville 
CO. N. C. 26 ms.N. Raleigh. 

Lemington, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 64 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, w. Conn. r. On a brook in this 
t. is a cascade of 50 ft. The Monadnock 
mtn, of Vt. lies in tiie n. e. corner of this t. 
2 school districts. Pop. 1830, 183. 

Lempster, p-t. SuUivan co. N. H. 40 ms. 
w. Concord, 90 from Boston. Surface in ge- 
neral uneven, \v. part mountainous. Soil 
moist, better for grass than grain. Well wa- 
tered with small streams. Has some water 
privileges. Pop. 1«330, 999. 

Lenoir, co. N. C. bounded s. w. and w. by 
Duplin, N. w. by Wayne, n. by Greene, n. e. 
by Pitt, E. by Craven, and s. e. by Jones. 
Length 26, mean width 15, and area 390 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 23', and in 



LEW 



254 



LEW 



long. 0°33' to 0° 50' w. W. C. The slight ■ Bristol, and falls into lake Champlain in Fer- 



declination of this co. is estrd., the nthrn. part 
traversed in that direction by Neuse r., whilst 
the sthrn. gives source to the small r. Trent, 
flowing also to the estrd. into the Neuse. 
Chief town, Kingston. Pop. 1820, 6,800, 
1830, 7,723. 

Lenoirs p-o. Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 143 
ms. eastward Nashville. 

Lenox, p-t. and shire town of Berkshire co. 
Mass. 6 ms. s. Pittsfield, 125 w. of Boston. 
Contains an academy. Surrounded by ro- 
mantic mountain scenery. Soil excellent. 
Contains iron ore in great abundance, and 
has a furnace for casting hollow iron ware. 
This vicinity abounds with primitive white 
limestone, and white marble is so plentiful as 
to be used for door steps and foundations. 
Pop. 1830, 1,359. 

Lenox, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. about 25 
ms. w. Utica on Oneida lake. Soil produc- 
tive. The Erie canal runs through this town. 
Near the centre, 10 rods from the canal, is a 
salt spring. Limestone, iron ore, water lime, 
or water cement, and gypsum are found in 
abundance ; 15 schools, kept 10 months in 
12. Pop. 1830, 5,039. 
Lenox, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. 
Lenox, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 190 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Lenox Castle, and p-o. Rockingham co. 
N. C. by p-r. 105 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Leominster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 46 
ms. w. Boston, 19 n. Worcester. Watered 
and supplied with mill privileges by a princi- 
pal branch of Nashua river. Pretty level, 
soil excellent. Contains good stone for 
building, and good clay for bricks. Combs 
to the value of $100,000 per annum, are 
manufactured here. Contains numerous mills 
and manufactories. Pop. 1830,1,801. 

Leonardstown, p-v. and st. jus. St. Mary's 
CO. Md. situated on a small tide water creek 
of Potomac, called Britten's river, 25 ms 
Port Tobacco, and by p-r. 02 ms. s. s. e. W. 
C. and 72 a very little w. of s. Anapolis, lat. 
38° 18', and long. 0° 24' e. W. C. 

Le Ravsville, p-v. Susquehannah county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Leroy, p-t. Genessee co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. 
Batavia, 33 w. Canandaigua, 17 s. Eric canal. 
Good land, watered by Allan's creek ; 13 
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Population 
1830, 3,902. 

Lerov, p-v. Medina co. Ohio, by p-r. 109 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Letart Falls, and p-o. Meigs co. Ohio. 
The p-o. is by p-r. 109 ms. s. e. Columbus. 
The falls of Letart are merely rapids, entirely 
covered at a moderate rise of the Ohio r. the 
navigation of which except at very low water 
they but little obstruct. 

Levant, p-t. Penobscofco. Me. 10 ms. N. 
w. Bangor. Pop. 1830, 747. 

Levekett, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 10 ms. 
s. e. Greenfield, 85 w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 
939. 

Lewis Creek, Vt. rises near the n. line of 



risburgh, a short distance n. of the mouth of 
Little Otter creek. The mill privileges on 
this stream are numerous, and many of them 
excellent. 

Lewis, co. N. Y. b)undedN. e. by St. Law- 
rence co., e. by Herkimer co., southerly by 
Oneida co., westerly by Oswego and Jefl'er- 
son cos. Greatest length n. and s. 54 miles, 
greatest width 33, containing about i,008 sq. 
ms. or 645,120 acres. Watered centrally by 
Black river, e. by Beaver and Moose creeks, 
and several other small streams, w. by Deer 
creek and some other small streams, n. by 
some branches of Indian and Oswegatchie rs. 
and Fish creek and Salmon r., w. part a good 
tract of country. Chief town, Martinsburgh. 
Pop. 1830, 15,239. 

Lewis, p-t. Essex county. New York, 4 
miles north EUzabethtown, 130 north of 
Albany. Broken by high mountains. Tim- 
bered with maple, beech, some oak and wal- 
nut, ash, elm, &.c. Apples grow abundantly. 
Well watered, and tolerably supplied with 
mill sites. Mount Discovery is in this town, 
from the summit of which, the view is su- 
blimely grand. It is supposed to be 2,000 
feet in height. Iron ore abounds ; seven 
schools, kept 7 months in 12. Population 
1830, 1,305. 

Lewis, p-v. Sussex co. Delaware, by p-r. 
127 ms. N. E. by e, W. C. 

Lewis, co. of Virginia, bounded s. by Nich- 
olas, s. w. by Kenhawa, w. by Wood, n. by 
Harrison, and e. and s. by Randolph. Length 
diagonally 70 ms., mean width 21, and area 
a small fraction above 1,600 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 38° 38' to 39° 12', and in long. 
3° to 4° 17' w. W. C. This co. is composed 
of two inclined plains, the dividing ground 
between which is very nearly a diagonal from 
the southeastern to the northwestern angles. 
Southwestardly the slope inclines westward 
and is drained by Little Kenhawa, whilst the 
northeastern plain gives source to the two 
main branches of Monongahela and slopes 
to the northward. The whole surface is 
rocky, hilly, and even in part rather moun- 
tainous. Chief town, Weston. Pop. 1820, 
4,247,1830,6,241. 

Lewis, co. Ky. bounded by a ridge of hills, 
separating it from Greenup e. and s. e., by 
Fleming s. w.. Mason w., and by Ohio river 
which separates it from Adams and Scott 
COS. Ohio, N. Length diagonally 35 miles, 
mean width 11, and area 375 square miles. 
Extending in lat. 38° 22' to 38° 42', and in 
long. 6° to 6° 35' w. W. C. The general 
slope of this co. is northeastward towards that 
part of Ohio river by which it is bounded. 
Chief town, Clarksburg. Pop. 1820, 3,973, 
1830, 5,229. 

Lewis, p-v. Prown co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms. 
s. s. w. Columbus. 

Lewis Bay, Mass. puts up from Hyannis 
harbor, between Barnstable and Yarmouth, 
on Cape Cod. 

Lewisbekry, p-v. in the northern part of 



LEW 



255 



LEW 



York CO. Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. southward Har- 
risburg. 

Lewisburg, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah river below the mouth of Buffalo 
creek, Union co. Pa. 8 ms. above, and on the 
contrary side of the river from Northumber- 
Idnd, and 65 above Harrisburg. 

Lewisburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greenbriar co. 
Va. by p-r. 263 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
263 ms. w. Richmond. It is situated near 
the southern border of the co. on a branch of 
Greenbriar r. lat 37° 48', long. W. C. 3° 26' w. 

Lewisburg, p-v. on the left bank of Green r. 
and in the northern part ofMuhlenburg co. 
Ky. 10 ms. n. Greenville, and by p-r. J 67 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Lewisburg, p-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 
90 ms. westward Columbus. 

Lewisport, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Harrison co. Va. about 20 ms. northward 
Clarksburg, and 247 a little n. of w. W. C. 

Lewiston, town, Lincoln co. Me. on the 
Androscoggin, at the Falls, 30 ms. w. of 
Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 1,549. 

Lewiston, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 27 i ms. 
N. N. w. Buffalo, 7 s. fort Niagara, 16 w. 
Lockport. Traversed by the mountain ridge. 
Land tolerably good. Contains gypsum. Here 
is a village of the Tuscarora Indians. This 
tribe came from North Carolina about 1712, 
and joined the confederacy of the Five Na- 
tions, themselves making the sixth. The 
village of Lewiston was laid waste during 
the last war between Great Britain and the 
United States, and likewise the Indian village 
before mentioned. Lewiston was deserted 
of its inhabitants from Dec. 1813, to April 
1815. It lies on Niagara river, opposite 
Queenston in Upper Canada. It is situated 
at the head of navigation, and steamboats ply 
between this place and Ogdensburgh. Pop. 
1830, 1,528. 

Lewiston, p-v. and st. jus. Fulton co. II. 
about 130 ms. n. w. Vandalia. It is situated 
on the table land between the Illinois and 
Spoon rivers, on the military bounty lands. 

Levvistown, p-v. usually called Lunenburg 
courthouse, Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 103 
ms. s. w. Kichmond, lat. 36° 58', long. 1° 16' 
w. W. C. 

Lewistown, P-v. and st. jus. Mifflin co. Pa. 
situated on the left bank of the Juniata river, 
on the jioint above the mouth of Kishicoquil- 
las creek, 56 ms. by the land road above and 
N. w. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 36', long, 0° 37' w. 
W. C. Pop. 1820, 600 and in 1830, 1,480. 

Lewistown, P-v. and V. of Sussex co. Del. 
situated on Del. bay, 3 ms. westward cape 
Ilenlopen, and opposite the Del. break wa- 
ter. It is laid down by Tanner at 38° 46' 
K. lat., 1° 54' e. W. C. 

Lewistown, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. Mo. 74 ms. n. w. by w. I w. St. Louis, and 
by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. by k. Jefferson city, lat. 
38° 51', long.W.C. 14°21'w. 

Lewisville, p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 
82 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Lewisville, p-v. in the northeaBtern part 



of Chester district, S. C. 10 ms. n. e. Chester- 
ville, and by p-r. 72 n. Columbia. 

Lexington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 
ms. N. w. Boston. Surface uneven. FIcre 
was shed the first blood in the American 
revolution. There is a monument on the 
spot where fell tlie first victims. Pop. 1830, 
1,543. 

Lexington, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 30 ms. 
w. Catskill, 43 from Albany. Rough and 
broken. Watered by the Schoharie emd 
Albion creeks, and by several other mill 
streams. A great amount of leatlier is made 
at two very extensive tanneries in this town. 
Pop. 1830, 2,548. 

Lexington Heights, p-v. in the foregoing 
town. 

Lexington, p-v. western part of Erie co. 
Pa. 22 ms. s. w. tiie borough of Erie, and 25 
N. N. w. the borough of Meadville. 

Lexington, post town and st. jus. Rock- 
bridge CO. Va. situated on the right bank of 
North river, branch of James river, about 
35 ms. >. w. Lynchburg, and by p..r. 129 ms. 
a little N. of w. Richmond, lat. 37° 44', long. 
2°2l'w.W.C. 

The following account of this village was 
remitted to the author of this article in 1821. 
It has no doubt both increased in population 
and improved in other respects in the inter- 
vening 9 years. It is distant about half a 
mile from North river, contains 120 dwelling 
houses, and 766 inhabitants. Many of the 
houses are constructed of brick. Beside the 
ordinary county buildings, and houses of pub- 
lic worship for Presbyterians and Methodists, 
it contains a state arsenal, in which are de- 
posited about 20,000 stand of arms ; this town 
has become noted for its literary establish- 
ments. Washington college doubly deserves 
its title, as it was endowed by that incompar- 
able man with 100 shares of the stock of 
James river company, now (1821,) producing 
an annual income of $2,400. The two col- 
lege halls, built of brick, are capable of con- 
taining and accommodating from 50 to 60 
students, and additional buildings are about 
to be erected. The faculty are a president, 
two professors, and a tutor. The library, and 
philosophical apparatus, are tolerably ample. 
Andrew Smith's academy, for the education 
of young ladies, occupies a large and hand- 
some edifice in which are teachers of all the 
requisite branches of such an institution. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Davidson co. 
N. C. situated on Abbot's creek on eastern 
branch of Yadkin r. by the common road 109 
but by p-r. 136 ms. w. Raleigh, lat. 35° 49,' 
long. 3° 18' w. W. C. 

Lexington, district, S. C. bounded by 
Edgefield w., Newberry n. w., by Broad r. 
separating it from Fairfield n. and Richland n. 
e., by Congarec r. separating it from Kichland 
E., and by Orangeburg s. e. and s. w. 
Length diagonally from s. to n. 45, mean 
width 20, and area 900 square ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. .33° 40' to 34° 15', and in long. 3* 
50' to 4° 34' w. W. C. The Saluda r. trav. 



LEY 



256 



LIB 



erses in an eastern direction the northern 
part of this district, falling into or joining 
Broad r. at Columbia to form the Congaree. 
From the southern part flow the higher bran- 
ches of North Edisto. The general slope of 
the whole surface is southeastward towards 
the Broad and Congaree rs. Chief town, 
Granby. Pop. 1820, 8,083, 1830, 9,065. 

Lexington, court house, and p-o. Lexing- 
ton district, S. C. by p-r. 15 ms. w. Columbia. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Oglethorpe 
CO. Geo. 76 ms. n. w. by w. Augusta, and 65 
a little E. of N. Milledgeville, lat. 33° 53', 
long. 6° 10' w. W. C. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. 
Ten. situated on Beech creek, a small west- 
ern branch of Ten. r. 44 ms. s. s. w. Rey- 
noldsburg, and by the p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by 
w. Nashville, lat. 35o 38', long. 11° 25' w. 
W. C. 

Lexington, post town, and st. jus. Fayette 
CO. Ky. situated on the head waters of Town 
creek, a branch of Elkhorn r., 24 ms. s. e. by 
E. Frankfort, and about 80 ms. very nearly 
due s. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 517 ms. a little 
s. of w. W. C. On Tanner's United States, 
it is laid down at 38° 03' lat., long. 7° 28' w. 
W. C. This now flourishing seat of the arts, 
law and polished Ufe, the cradle of Kentucky, 
first began to assume the aspect of a village 
in 1785, but so slow was its progress during 
the existence of Indian wars, that in 1795, it 
contained only about 50 ordinary houses, and 
at most 350 inhabitants, whilst by the recent 
census, 1830, it contained 3,757 whites, 230 
free colored persons, and 2,100 slaves ; to- 
tal, 6,087 inhabitants. This population is 
actively engaged on manufactories of cotton, 
woollen and linen, copper, tin and iron ware, 
grist mills, paper mills, rope walks, tanne- 
ries, breweries, distilleries, printing, book- 
selling, commerce, agriculture, &c. 

Besides numerous private schools, Lexing- 
ington contains Transylvania university. 
The incipient steps towards the foundation 
of this institution were taken before the sepa- 
tion of Kentucky from Virginia. It was re- 
organized in 1798, and in 1818, placed under 
its existing regulations. In 1820, it was ufi- 
dcr a president, 7 professors, 4 of whom were 
medical, 5 tutors, and the principal of a pre- 
paratory department. The library then con- 
tained about 3000 volumes. {See arlicle 
Traimi/lnania university.) 

Lexington, p-v. in the southern part of 
liichlandco. Ohio, by p-r. 71 ms. Columbus. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Ind. 
situated in the eastern angle ofthe co. 30 
ms. N. Louisville in Ky., and 89 ms. s. s. e. 
Indianopolis, lat. 38° 40', long. 8° 40' w. 
W. C. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Lafayette co. 
Mo. situated on Mo. r. by p-r. 138 ms. above 
Jcfierson city, and 272 above St. Louis, lat. 
39° 05', long. W. C. 16° 44' w. 

Levden, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 117 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 6 N. w. Greenfield. Pop. 1830, 
796. 



Leyden, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y. 33 ms. n. 
ofUtica, w. of Black r. Surface somewhat 
uneven. Well watered by small springs. 
Soil better adapted to grass than to grain. 
Limestone abounds ; 6 school districts. Pop. 
1830, 1,502. 

Liberia, p-v. Prince William co. Virginia, 
by p-r. 33 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Liberty, p-t. SuUivan co. N. Y. 22 ms. 
N. w. Monticello. Watered by the Mongaup 
and the CoUakoon, with their branches. 
Timbered with beech, maple, ash, «&c. 6 
schools kept 6 months in 12. Population 1830, 
1,277. 

Liberty Corner, p-v. Somerset co. N. J. 
2 ms. 6. w. Baskenridge, 7 ms. s. Morris- 
town. 

Liberty, post township, Tioga co. Pa. by 
p-r. 123 ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Bedford co. Va. 
on a branch of Otter r. 26 ms. a little s. of w. 
Linchburg, and by p-r. 140 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond, lat. 37° 17', long. 2° 29' w. W. C. 

Liberty, co. Geo. bounded by Mcintosh s., 
Alatamaha r. separating it from Appling s. w., 
Tatnall w. and n. w., Bryan n. and n. e., and 
the Atlantic ocean s. e. This co. lies in the 
singular form of a curve or half moon, from 
St. Catharine's island inclusive to Alatamaha 
r. embosoming Mcintosh co. 66 ms., mean 
width 10, and area 660 square ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 31° 26' to 32° 04', and in long. 4° 
16' to 5° 08' w. W. C. That part of this co. 
bordering on the Atlantic is low and intersect, 
ed by interlocking tide water courses. The 
northern part traversed by the most southern 
branches ofCannouchee r. rises something 
higher than the ocean border, but the whole 
CO. may be regarded as flat. Chieftown, 
Riceboro.' Pop. 1820, 6,695, 1830, 7,233. 

Liberty, p-v. eastern part of Talbot co. 
Geo., by p-r. 105ms. westward Milledgeville. 

Liberty, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 59 ms. 
N. E.by E. Nashville. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Casey co. Ky. 
situated on Green r. 68 ms. very nearly due 
s. Frankfort, n. lat. 37° 20', long. 7° 50' w. 
W. C. 

Liberty, p-v. Montgomery co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 74 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. Ind. 
by p-r. 77 ms. e. Indianopolis, and 54 n. n. w. 
Cincinnati, lat. 39° 40'. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Amite co. Miss, 
situated on Amite r. 50 ms. s. e. Natchez, 
and by p r. 112 ms. s. s. w. Jackson, lat. 31° 
10', long. 13° 58'. 

Liberty, p-v. Clark co. Al. about 140 ms. 
southward Tuscaloosa. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co. Mo. by 
p-r. 190 ms. n. w. by w. Jefferson city, and 
324 ms. above, and by the land road west- 
ward St. Louis, lat. 39° 10', long. W. C. 17o ' 
17' w. 

Liberty Hall, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 121 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Liberty Hall, p-v. Morgan co. Geo. by 
p-r. 45 ms. N. n. w. Milledgeville. 



Lie 



257 



LIN 



Liberty Hill, p-v. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 
154 ms. westward Raleigh. 

Liberty Hill, p-v. Kershaw district, S. C. 
by p-r. 40 ms. n. e. Columbia. 

Liberty Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Al. by p-r. 
114 ms. southward Tuscaloosa. 

Liberty Pole, p-v. Northumberland co. 
Pa. by p-r. 81 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

LiBF.RTY Town, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 10 
ms. N. E. from the city of Frederick, and by 
p-r. 55 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Lick, creek, p-o. (ireenbriar co. Va. by p-r. 
293 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

LtcKiNG, CO. Ohio, bounded s. E. by Perry, 
s. Fairfield, s. w. Franklin, n. w. Delaware, n. 
Knox, N. E. Coshocion, and e. iiy Muskingum. 
It is 30 ms. from e. to w. and 24 broail, and 
area 720 square ms. lat. 4(1° 10', long. 5° 30'. | 
The slope is eastward, and the whole surface 
very nearly commensurate witli the higher 
part of the valley of Licking creek, or more 
correctly river. The great central Ohio ca- 
nal enters this co. on its southern border near 
Hebron, sweeping a northern curve past New- 
ark, the St. jus. ; this work passes down the 
Licking valley and leaves the co. near the 
middle of its eastern side. Though a level 
country, it is a rather elevated table land ; 
the level of the canal at Newark is 834 feet 
above mean level of the Atlantic ocean, and 
219 feet above that of the Ohio river, at the 
mouth of Sciota r. The arable land of the 
CO. is from 900 to 1,100 feet above the ocean 
tides. The excellence of the soil is shewn 
by progressive population ; 1820, 11,861, 1830, 
20,714. 

LicKiNo, river, a stream of Ky. rising in 
Floyd CO. interlocking sources with those of 
the w. branch of Sandy, and with those of the 
northeastern branches of Ky. r., and flowing 
thence by a general course very nearly ^'. w. 
between the vallies of O. and Ky. rs. passing 
through or touching the counties of Floyd, 
Morgan, Fleming, Lawrence, Bath, Nicholas, 
Harrison, Bracken, Pendleton and Campbell, 
falling into Ohio river, between Covington 
and Newport, and directly opposite the city 
of Cincinnati, after a comparative course of 
about 175 ms. The valley of Licking is nar- 
row, compared with its length, the greatest 
width falling short of 50 ms. and tiie mean 
breadth fully estimated at twenty, and area 
at 3,500 square miles. [See Kentucky 
river.) 

Licking, small but important river of Ohio. 
This stream has interlocking sources with 
those of the various eastern branches of Scio- 
ta on the s. w. and w., and with those of Owl 
creek, branch of White Woman's river, on 
the N. The creeks which form Licking, 
drain Licking co. uniting at Newark, and 
flowing thence e. into Muskingum co. inflect 
to s. E. to the main Muskingum r. at Zanes- 
ville. Comparative length 75 miles. (See 
Licking CO. Ohio.) 

Licking, p-v. Floyd co. Ky. by p-r. 120 ms. 
s. E. from Frankfort. 

Licking Creek, and p-o. southeastern part 

33 



of Bedford co. Pa. about 25 me. 8. b. from 

Bedford, and 10 n. Hancookstown, Washing, 
ton CO. Md. 

Licking Forge, and p-o. Bath co. Ky. by 
p-r. 78 ms. eastward Frankfort. 

Licking Forge, and p-o. eastern part of 
Bath CO. Ky. 13 ms. e. Owingsville, and by 
p-r. 85 ms. e. Frankfort. 

LiCKviLLE, P-v. in the northeastern part of 
Greenville district, S. C. by p-r. Il6 ms. n. 
w. from Columbia. 

LiGONiER, p-v. on the r. from Philadelphia 
to Pittsburg, at the western loot ofLaurel hill, 
and in the eastern part of Westmoreland co. 
Pa. 19 ms. a little s. of e. Greensburg, and by 
p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

LiLESviLLE, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 
1 12 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Lilly, p-o. Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 90 ms. 
s. s. w. Columbus. 

Lilly Point, p-o. King William co. Va. by 
p-r. 36 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Lima, p-t. Idvingston, co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. 
E. Geneseo, 18 w. Canandaigua. Soil good ; 
9 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
1,764 

Lime, p-t. Grafton co. N. II. 6 ms. s. Or- 
ford, 54 from Concord. Smart's mfn. lies 
in the N. E. part of the town. Pop. 1830, 
1,804. 

Limerick, p-t. York co. Me. 35 ms. n. York, 
30 N. w. Portland. Contains a flourishing 
academy. Pop. 1830, 1,419. 

Limerick, p-o. and tsp. Montgomery co. 
Pa. lying e. Pottstown, and 24 ms. n. w. Phil. 
Pop. 1820, 1,577,1830, 1,744. 

Limestone, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 
241 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Limestone, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 245 ms.a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Limestone, co. of Ala. bounded by Madi- 
son e.. Ten. r. separating it from Morgan s., 
and Lawrence s. w., by Lauderdale w., and by 
Giles CO. of Ten. n. Length 30, mean breadth 
20, and area 600 square ms. Extending in 
lat. 34° .33' to .35°, and in long. 9° 52' to 10° 
jl8'w. W. C. Elk r. entering the northern 
j border traverses the n. western angle of this 
CO. flowing to the s. w. The general slope is 
1 a little w. of s. down which flow into Ten. r. 
i several bold fine creeks. Chief town, Athens. 
Pop. 1820, 9,871, 1830, 14,807. 

Limington, p-t. York co. Me. on Saco r. 
40 ms. N. Saco. Pop. 18.30, 2,317. 

Linbank, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 
48 ms. N. Raleigh. 

Lincoln, co. Me. bounded n. by Kennebec, 
N. E. by Waldo, e. by Penobscot bay, a. 
by the Atlantic, and w. by the Androscoggin 
river, which separates it from Cumberland. 
It is divided by Kennebec river, nnd the whole 
southern nnd s. e. part is composed of numer- 
ous islands, and long peninsulas, extend- 
ing into the ocean. Within the co. arc nu- 
merous bays and rivers. The surface of the 
CO. in the mterior is finely diversified, and 
soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief 
towns, Wiscasset, Warren, and Tophnin. 



LIN 



2.-,« 



LIS 



Population 18'2(), 53,189, 1830, 57,1«1.' 
Lincoln, town, Hancock co. Me. 27 ms. 

N. w. Castine. 

Lincoln, town, Grafton co. N. II. 70 ms. 
N. Concord. Watered by the middle branch 
of the Pemigewasset. In the ^'. part of the 
town are two large gulfs, made by an extraor- 
dinary discharge of water from the clouds in 
1774. Pop. 1830,51^. 

Lincoln, town, Addison co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 28 s. e. Burlington. Considera- 
bly uneven. West part watered by New Ha- 
ven river, which is formed here; cast part 
by several small branches of Mad river. Tim- 
ber principally hard wood ; 4 school districts. 
Pop. 1830,639. 

Lincoln, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. IG ms. 
N. w. Boston. Rather uneven and encumber- 
ed with rocks. Pop. 1830, 709. 

Lincoln, co. N. C. bounded by York dist. 
S. C. s., Rutherford co. N. C. w., Burke >\ 
w. and N., and by Catauba river which sepa- 
rates it from Iredell N. E., and Mecklenberg 
E. Length south to north 48, mean width 2.5, 
and area 1,200 square ms. Extending in lat. 
35° to 35° 49', and in long. 4° to 4° 33' w. W. 
C. This CO. is very nearly commensurate 
with the valley of Little Catauba, for though 
bounded in all its length, by the Groat Catau- 
ba, the creeks generally enter the former. 
Chief town, Lincolnton. ' Pop. 1820, 18,147, 
1830, 22,455. 

Lincoln, co. of Geo. bounded by Little r. 
separating it from Columbia s., by Wilkes w.. 
Broad r. separating it from Abbeville district 
S. C. n. e., and from Edgefield S. C. E. 
Length 22, mean width 10, and area 220 sq. 
ms. Extfjnding in lat. 33° 40' to 33° 56' and 
in long. 5° 16' to 5° 38' w. W. C. The slope 
of this CO. is to a little n. of k. Chief town, 
Lincolnton. Pop. 1820, 6,458, 1830, 6,145. 
Lincoln, co. Ten. bounded by Giles w., 
Bedford n., Franklin e., Jackson co. Ala. s. 
E., and Madison co. Ala. s. Length 26, 
mean breadth 25, and area 650 square ms. 
Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 24', and in long. 
9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W, C. This is composed 
of two inclined planes, being the opposing 
slopes of Elk river valley, which struaiu trav- 
ersca it flowing s. w. by w. Chief town, 
FayetteviUc. Population 1820, 14,761, 1830, 
22,075. 

Lincoln, co. Ken. bounded by Casey s. 
vv. and w., McrccrN. w., Garrard n. e.. Rock 
Castle s. E. and Pulaski s. Length 27, mean 
width 16, and area 432 square ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 37° 17' to 37° 38', and in long. 7° 
23' to 7° 44' w. W. C. This is amongst the 
central counties of the state, and occupies a 
table land, from which flow creeks towards 
Cumberland river s., the extreme sources of 
Salt and (ireen rivers w., and Dicks river 
northward into Kentucky river. Chief town, 
Stanford. Pop. 1820, 9;979, 1830, 11,002. 

Lincoln, co. Mo. bounded s. by St. (Charles, 
s. w. and w. Montgomery, n. w. and n. Pike, 
and on the e. by Miss. r. separating it from 
Calhoun co. 11., very nearly a tq. of 24 in:*., 



area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 39°, long. 14° w. 
Slope southestrd. and traversed by Cuivre r. 
by which it is principally drained. Chief t. 
Troy. Pop. 1830, 4,059. 

Lincolnton, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. 
N. C, situated on Little Catauba, 45 ms. n. e. 
by E. Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 166 ms. a 
little s. of w, Raleigh. Lat. 35° 28', long. 4° 
16' w. W. C. 

LiNC0L\T0N, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. 
Geo. situated near the centre of the co. 40 ms. 
N. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 91 ms. n. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. Lat. 33° 44', long. 5° 28' w. W. 
C. 

LiNCOLNViLLE, p-t. Haucock CO. Me. w. 
side Penobscot bay, 16 ms. w. Castine. 

Linden, p-v. and st. jus. Marengo co. Ala. 
by p-r. 78 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 20', 
ong. 10° 56' w. W. C. 

LtndsayIs Ooss Roads and p-o. Fluvanna 
;o. Va. 80 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Lindsey's store and p-o. Albemarle co. 
Va. 76 ms.w. Richmond. 

Line creek, p-o. wstrn. part of Greenville 
dist. ^. C. N. w. from Columbia. 

Line creek and p-o. Montgomery co. Ala. 
by p-r. 145 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Line Lexington, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. about 
23 ms. from Phil. 

Line Mills and p-o. Crawford co. Pa. by 
p-r. 278 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

LiNGLESTOwN, p.v. Dauphin co. Pa. 8 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

LiNviLLE creek and p-o. Rockingham co. 
Va. by p-r. 142 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

LiNviLLE creek and p-o. western part of 
Burke co. N. C. The p-o. is about 10 miles 
wstrd. Morgantown, and by p-r. 215 ms. w. 
Raleigh. 

LioNviLLE, p.v. Chester co. Pa. about 20 
ms. N. w. Phil. 

LipoNA, formerly Jena, p-v. Jefferson co. 
Flor. 20 ms. e. TaJlahasse. 

Lisbon, t. Lincoln co. TMc. on the Andros- 
coggin, 23 ms. w. Wiscasset, Pop. 1830, 
2,423. 

Lisbon, t. New London co. Conn, at the 
junction of Quinebaug and Shetuck rs. 7 ms. 
N. Norwich, 45 s. e. Hartford. Uneven and 
somewhat hilly. Timbered with oak, walnut, 
chestnut, &.c. Soil fertile. Here arc seve- 
ral fisheries of shad and salmon. Has se- 
veral manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,161. 

LisiiON, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on St. 
Lawrence r., 3 ms. below Ogdensburgh. 
Soil very excellent. In this town is a small 
Indian village. Pop. 1830, 1,891. 

Lisbon, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md. situated 
on the turnpike road from Baltimore to Fre- 
deric, 34 ms. N. W. C. It is a small village 
of a single street along the road. 

liisnunN, p-v. on Yellow Breeches creek, 
southeastern part of Cumberland co. Pa. 12 
ms. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Lisle, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. 
Chenango Point, 130 from Albany. Watered 
and abundantly sufiplied with mill seats by 
Tioughnioga, Otsclic, and Nanticoke creeks. 



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25a 



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Soil in general good. Surface uneven. 29 
schools, kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
4,378. 

Litchfield, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 2.5 ms. n. 
w. Wiscasset, 10 from Hallowell. Pop. 1830, 
2,308. 

LiTCHFiF.LD, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. a 
small fertile tsp. on the e. bank of Merrimack 
r. 8 ms. from Amlierst, 30 s. Concord. 3 
school dists. Pop. 1830, 49 1. 

Litchfield co. Conn., an extensive agri- 
cultural and manufacturing co. bounded n. by 
Berkshire co. Mass., e. by Hartford and New 
Haven cos., s. by New Haven and F'airfield 
COS., w. by N. Y. Average length 33 miles 
from iN. to s., average width, nearly 27 ms., 
containing about 885 sq. ms., being the lar- 
gest co. in the state. Seat of justice, Litch- 
field. Principal part of the co. elevated and 
mountainous. Prevailing soil a gravelly 
loam, strong and fertile. Watered abundantly 
by the waters of the Ousatonic andTunxisrs. 
The iron manufacture is carried on more 
extensively in this co. than in any other sec- 
tion of the state. The ore is obtained within 
the CO. Pop. 1820, 41,267, 1830, 42,858. 

Litchfield, p-t. and st. jus. of Litchfield 
CO. 30 ms. w. Hartford, 3G n. w. New Haven, 
100 from N. Y. An elevated tsp. diversified 
with hill and dale. Mount Tom is in the w. 
part of this town; height 700 feet above the 
margin of Naugatuck r. Contains a quarry 
of inferior slate stone, and a good quarry of 
free stone. Prevailing soil, a dark colored, 
gravelly loam, deep, strong, and fertile. Well 
supplied with forests, consisting of sugar ma- 
ple, beech, button wood, oak, birch, «Slc. 
Well watered and supplied with excellent hy- 
draulic privileges, by the Naugatuck and She 
paug rs., and the Bantam waters. Litchfield 
great pond, the la ripest in the state, is a beau 
tiful sheet of water, comprising about 900 
acres. At its outlet are numerous and valu- 
able mill seiUs. The manufacture of iron is 
here carried on, on an extensive scale. 2G 
school districts, and a most respectable aca- 
demy. Contains a medicinal spring. Litchfield 
v. is delightfully situated on an elevated plain, 
surrounded with interesting scenery and 
charming landscapes. Here is a very cele- 
brated law sch'iol. A manual labor high 
school has recently been incorporated here. 
Pop. 1830, 4,458. 

Litchfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N.Y. 11 
ms. s. w. Herkimer, 11 s. Utica. Situation 
elevated. 11 school dists., schools kept 8 
months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,750. 

Litchfield, p-v. Hedford co. Pa. by p-r. 
153 ms. w. flarrisburg. 

Litchfield, p-v. and et. jus. Grayson co. 
Ky. 69 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, -iG s. w. Eli/a- 
bethtown, and by p-r. 105 s. w. by w. Frank- 
fort. Lat. 37° 28', long. 9° 15' w. W. C. 
Litchfikld, p-v. Jackson Co. Ark. 
LiTHopoi.is, p.v. Fairfield co. O. 10 ms. n. 
w. Lancaster, the co. st. and 18 s. r. Coluni- 
bus. Pop. l:i30, IGl. 

Litiz, small, but neat p-v. 7 ms. x. the city 



of Lancaster, Pa. This village was founded 
by the Ignited Brethren or Moravians in 
1757. 

Little Braver bridge and p-o. eastern 
part of Columbiana co. O. by p-r. 1G9 ms. n. 
E. by e. Columbus. 

Little Britain, extreme southern p-tsp. of 
Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o. is situated 22 
ms. s. s. E. Lancaster, and by p-r. 58 ms. s. e, 
Harrisburg. 

Little Cape Capon creek and p-o. Hamp- 
shire CO. Va. 188 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Little Compton, p-t. Newport co. R. I. 
situated in the s. e. extremity of the co. and 
state, 30 ms. s. e. Providence. Soil, a deep, 
rich loam. Surface pleasantly diversified. 
7 schools. Pop. 1830, 1,378. 

Little Falls, p-v. Herkimer co. N. Y. on 
the Mohawk, derives its name from the falls 
in the river at this place, which descend in 
the course of about a m., 42 feet. For about 
half a mile, it passes through a fissure in the 
rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet, and 
seem formerly to have been united, and to 
have constituted the barrier of a lake extend- 
ing far to the w. Here is a canal on the n. 
side of the r. round the falls, three quarters 
of a mile long, through an uncommonly hard 
rock. This canal is now connected with the 
Erie canal, on the opposite side of the r. by 
an aqueduct 170 feet long, and 30 above the 
stream. The Erie canal here descends 40 
feet in 1 mile. The village of Little Falls 
stands on this canal, and is 72 ms. w. Alba- 
ny, and 22 e. Utica. It is the centre of 'one 
of the best grain and grazing districts in 
the state. It is large and well built. Ma- 
teriats for the erection of factories, &c. are 
on the premises in large quantities. No other 
place in the Union combines greater advan- 
tages for the economical and profitable opera- 
tion of all kinds of machinery. Pop. of tlie 
vil. 1832, 1,500. 

Little Flat Rock, p-o. Rush co. Ind. by 
p-r. 57 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 

LrrTj.E Gunpowder creek and p-o. eastern 
p!irt of Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. n. e. 
by E. Baltimore. 

Little Hockhocking, small stream and 
p-o. in the southwestern j)art of Washington 
CO. O. 7 ms. below Belpre, and by p-r. 104 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 

Little Miami, r. of O., has its extreme 
sources in Clark co. interlocking with those 
of Mad r., and with those of Deer and Paint 
creek branches ofSciota, and flowing thence 
by comparative courses 120 ms. to the s. s. e. 
to its entrance into Ohio r. about 10 ms. by 
water above Cincinnati. The course of the 
Little Miami is very nearly parallel to that of 
Great Miami, ihe former deriving its princi- 
pal tributaries from the estrd. and draining 
great part of Green, Clinton, Warren, Cler- 
mont, with parts of Brown, Clark, and Ha- 
milton COS. Rising on a comparatively ele- 
vated tract, the fall is rapid, rendering this r. 
one of the best in O. for mills. 

Liptle Missoi'ri is the name of two small. 



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and from each other, distant rs. One is a 
branch of Mo., and the next of any conse- 
quence from the sthrd. below the Yellow 
Stone r. As laid down by Tanner, Little 
Mo. rises at lat. 45°, about 200 ms. s. w. of 
the Mandan villages, and has thence a course 
of N. N. E. 200 ms. nearly parallel to and 
about CO ins. distant from Yellow Stone r. 

Little Missouri is the name also of the 
principal wstrn. conllueiit of Ouachita r. The 
valley of this stream lies bel ween that of Oua- 
chita proper, and Red r. It drains part of 
Hempstead and Clark cos. Ark. 

LiTTLK Pedee, r. of N. and S. Carolina. 
(See Pedee and Lumber rs.) 

Little Piney, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. e. Jefferson City, 
and about an equal distance s. w. St. Louis. 
Little Piney cr. is an estrn. branch of Gasco- 
nade r. 

Little Plymouth, p-v. in the sthrn. part of 
King and Queen co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. n. e. 
by E. Richmond. 

Little Red River, p-v. Pulaski co. Ark. 
11 ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Little River, is a name given to numer- 
ous streams in the United States. Little r. 
one of the branches of Pedee. Little r. 
branch of Savannah r. which falls into its 
recipient, 30 ms. above Augusta, after hav- 
ing drained a part of Wilkes, Warren, Colum- 
bia and Lincoln cos. Geo. Little r. also in 
Geo., falls into Oconee from the wstrd., 12 
ms. above Milledgeville. Little r. of Trigg 
and Christian cos. Ky., falling into Cumber- 
land r. below Cadiz. Little r. of the south, 
as it is there called, a small stream falling 
into Red r. from the wstrd. in the sthwstrn. 
angle of La. Red r. of the north another, 
and much more considerable branch of Red 
r., joining that stream between Sevier and 
Hempstead cos. Ark. Red r. of the north, is 
a stream of some size, having a comparative 
length of upwards of 100 ms. There are 
some other rivers bearing the same title, but 
of too little consequence to merit particular 
notice. The Ocatahoola r. La. is frequently 
in that country called Little r., above its lake 
and below the mouth of Dugdomony r. 

Little r. small r. of Montgomery co. Va. 
rises in the wstrn. vallies of the Blue Ridge, 



Little r. La. rises in the parishes of Clai- 
borne, and Ouachita, flows s. s. k. into Ra- 
pides parish and falls into Ocatahoola lake- 
The valley of Little River lies between those 
of Rt'd and Ouachita. 

Little r. of the north, rises in Texas, and 
flowing s. E. enters the Ter. of Ark. and falls 
into Red r. between Hempstead and Sevier 
cos., draining by its confluents the greatest 
part of Miller and Sevier cos. 

Little r. Ken. rises in Cliristian, flows into 
Trigg and falls into Cumberland r. below 
Cadiz. 

Little r. inlet, a small opening at the 
mouth of an inconsiderable creek of the At- 
lantic Ocean, but gaining importance from 
forming the limit on the Atlantic Ocean be- 
tween N. and S. Carolina. 

Little r. p-v. wstrn. part of Burke co. N. 
C. by p-r. 220 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Little r. p-o. Marion co. Miss, about 110 
ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Little Rock, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. 
and of the government Ark. Ter. situated on 
the right bank of Arkansas river, and about 
120 ms. by land above the mouth of that 
stream. Lat. 34° 42', long. 15° 15' w. W. 
C. The course and distance between W. C. 
and Little Rock by a mercator's calculation, 
is s. 71° 10', w. 980 statute ms., the p-r. as 
stated on the p-o. list gives a distance of 
1,111 ms. 

It was intended to give the name of Acro- 
polis to Little Rock, but the people of the 
country playfully called it by its present name 
from the enormous rocks in the vicinity. 
The site is a high rocky bluff on the right 
bank. Steamboats are safely navigated thus 
high, about 300 ms. from the Miss, by the 
bends of Ark. r. 

Little Sandusky, p-v. nthrn. part of Craw- 
ford CO. O. by p-r. 71 ms. nthrds. Columbus. 
Little Sandy, p-v. on Little Sandy r. in the 
sthrn. part Greenup co. Ky. by p-r. 132 ms. 
a little N. of E. Frankfort. The p-o. is at the 
salt works, 20 ms. above the mouth of Little 
Sandy at Greenupsburg. 

Littleton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn, 
r. at the Fifteen Mile falls, 18 ms. below Lan- 
caster, 30 from Haverhill corner, 100 n. Con- 
cord. Timbered with sugar maple, beech. 



and flowing to the n. w. about 25 nis. com- birch, bass, &,c. Amonoosuck r. waters the 



parative course, falls into New r., 12 ms. s. w 
by w. Christiansburg. 

Little r. S. C. rises on the border between 
Anderson and Abbeville dists., between the 
Saluda and Savannah rs., and flowing sthrd. 
drains by its confluents, the central and lar- 
ger part of Abbeville, and falling into Savan- 
nah r. opposite Lincoln co. Geo. 

Little r. p-v. or p-o. on Little r. Henry 
dist. S, C. 120 ms. n. e. Charleston, and by 
p-r. 179 ms. e. Columbia. 

Little r, Geo. rising by numerous branch- 
es between Ockmulgee and Oconee rs., and 
draining part of Morgan, Jasper, Jones, Put- 



s. part, on which, in this town, is the pleasant 
village of Glynville, where there are falls. 
Pop. 1830, 1,433. 

Littleton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 10 N. w. Concord. Pop. 1830, 
947. 

Littleton, p-v. Sussex co. Va. by p-r. 36 
ins. sthrd. Richmond. 

LittletoiV, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 
67 ms. N. N. E. Raleigh. 

Little Valley, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 
on the Alleghany r., 12 ms. s. w. EUicottville. 
Land in general of a superior quality, mode- 
rately uneven, timbered with hickory, oak. 



nam and Baldwin, falls into Oconee r. be- chesnut, &.c. Pop. 1830, 336. 

tween the two latter cos. ; Little Yadkin, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part 



LIV 



261 



LOD 



by 



of Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. 167 ms. n. vv 
w. Raleigh. 

LiTTi.K. Yadkin, r. N. C and one of the 
wstrn. confluents of (Ji>'at Yadkin, rises in 
Iredell co. most of which it drains, having its 
remote sources within 3 ms. from Great Ca- 
tauba, thougii flowing from it estrdly. toward 
the Yadkin over Iredell and Rowan cos. 

Little York, p-v. Hardin co. Ky. eth- 
wstrd. Frankfort. 

LiTTi-E York, p-v. nthestrn. part Montgo- 
mery CO. O. by p-r. 71 nis. wstrd. Columbus. 
LiVERMoiiE, p-t. Oxford CO. IMe. on the 
Androscoggin, 18 ms. n. e. Paris, 78 from 
Portland. Pop. 1830, 2,453. 

LiVEHMORE, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. 22 
ms. s. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 172 ms. w, 
llarrisburg. 

LivEiirooL, p-v. on the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. in the nthestrn. part of Perry 
CO. Pa. 29 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Liverpool, p-v. Medina co. O. by p-r. 124 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Liverpool, p-v. Yazoo co. Miss, about 20 
ms. N. N. E. Natchez. 

Livingston, co. N. Y., situated on Genesee 
r. boimded n. by Genesee and Munroe cos., 
E. by Munroo and Ontario cos., s. by Steuben 
and Alleghany cos., w. by Alleghany and Ge- 
nesee COS. ; containing 460 sq. ms. or 294, 
400 acres. Watered by Genesee r. on the 
w., Canasaraga and Cashque creeks s., ilo- 
neoye creek &c. e. and n. Surface a pleasing 
variety. Limestone and clay slate abound. 
Soil a good variety. Iron ore is found al- 
most every where, not in beds, but in lumps, 
in the soil or subsoil . Chief town, Geneseo. 
Pop. 1820, 19,196, 1830, 27,719. 

Livingston, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on the 
Hudson, 12 ms. below Hudson. Pop. 1830, 
2,087. 

Livingston, t. Essex co. N. J. adjoins Pas- 
saik river, 54 ms. n. e. Trenton. Pop. 1830, 
1,150. 

Livingston, co. Ky. bounded n. e. by Trade- 
water r. separating it from Union, e. by 
Hopkins, s. e. by Caldwell, s. w. by Ten. r. 
separating it from McCracken, by O. r. sepa- 
rating it from Posey co. II. w., and again by 
O. r. separating it from Gallatin II. n. ; length 
from N. E. to s. w. 40 ms. ; mean width 20, 
and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 04' to 36° 30', and in long. 10° 52' to 11° 
35' w. from W. C. In a navigable point of 
view this county is in a peculiar manner ad- 
vantageously placed, beside Ten., Ohio, and 
Trade water rs. by which it is bounded. Cum- 
berland r. traverses the sthrn. part falling 
into O. at Smithland. The surface of the 
CO. is mostly level or moderately hilly, with 
fertile soil. Chief t. Salem. Pop. 1820, 
5,824,1830,5,971. 

Livingston, p.v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Miss., N. N. E. from Natchez. 

Livonia, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 8 ms. e. 
Geneseo. Land pretty good. Contains some 
small streams. 12 schools, kept 9 months in 
12. Pop. 1830, 2,665. 



Livonia, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by p-r. 

103 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Lloyd's, p-o. Essex co. Va., by p-r. 84 ms. 
N. e. Richmond. 

Loch Rauza, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. by 
p-r. 82 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Locke, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. s. 
E. Auburn, 152 w. Albany. Excellent land, 
handsomely diversified with easy swells, hill 
and dale, and extensive alluvial flats. Well 
watered with springs and brooks. 13 schools 
kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,3 lO, 

LocKPoiiT, p-t. and st. jus. of Niagara co. 
one of the results of the Erie canal, 31 ms. 
by that canal n. k. Buflalo, at the e. extremi- 
ty of the Buflalo level, 20 ms. e. Lewiston, 
63 v/. Rochester. When the route of the 
canal was established in 1821, this place was 
a wilderness. It is now a large and flourish- 
ing town I The canal here descends tiic ter- 
race called the Mountain ridge, or Ontario 
Heights, by 5 double locks, each of 12 feet 
descent, to the Genesee level. These locks 
being double, one line of boats can ascend 
while another descends. Above the locks, 
the canal is cut through rock to the depth of 
20 ft. for the distance of 3 ms. The Genesee 
level extends eastward from this place to the 
distance of 65 ms. The locks ai. Lockport 
are the only ones from lake Erie to Genesee 
which by the canal route is a distance of 
96 ms. The descent of the canal down the 
Mountain ridge at this place, is truly a line 
spectacle. This is the same ridge over 
which roll the thundering torrents of Niagara, 
constituting the Niagara falls. Pop. 1830, 
1,801. 

Lock's, village, and p-o. Franklin co. Miss, 
about 25 ms. e. from Natchez, and by p-r. 86 
from Jackson. 

Locust, r. Ten. the nthestrn. branch of 
Black Warrior, rising from the table land be- 
tween the basins of Mobile and Ten., and 
within 15 ms. from the great bend of the lat- 
ter, where it traverses Cumberland mtns., 
draining the estrn. part of Blount and five 
sixths of Jefferson cos., and flowing to the s. 
w. by comparative courses 75 ms. it joins the 
Mulberry to form the Black Warrior. {See 
Mulberry r.) 

Locus r, cr. p-o. formerly Chinquipin Grove, 
Louisa CO. Va. 101 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Locust Dale, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 
86 ms.s. w. W. C. 

Locust Grove, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 
81 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Locust Grove, p-o. Perry co. Ten. by p-r. 
99 ms. s. vv. by w. Nashville. 

Locust Hill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 
160 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Locust Siiadi!:, p-o. Overton co. Ten. by 
p-r. 81 ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. 

Loni, t. Bergen co. N. J. between the Hac- 
kcnsack and Passaic rs., s. of New Barbadoos 
and Saddle r. Pop. 1830, 1,356. 

LoDi, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 86 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. 

LoDi, p-v. Washtcnau co. JMich. by p-r. 47 
ms. w. Detroit. 



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262 



LON 



LoDiMoNT, p-v. wstrn. part of Abbeville 
dist. S.C. 

Logan, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 92 ms. 
wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Logan, co. Va. bounded n. w. by Cabell, n. 
by Kenhawa, n. e. by New r. or Great Kenha- 
wa, separating it from Nicholas and Green- 
briar, E. by the Great Flat Top mountain, 
separating it from Giles, w. by the estrn. 
branch of Sandy r. separating it from Floyds 
CO. Ky., and s. by Tazewell. Length 70, 
mean breadth 55, and area 3,850 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 36° 13' to 37° 10', and in 
long, from 3° 50' to 5° 22' w. W. C. The 
surface of this very broken and extensive co. 
is from the Great Flat Top mtn. to n. n. w., 
beside Great Kenhawa and Sandy rs. Logan 
is drained by Guyandot and Coal rs. Chief t. 
Logan. Pop. 1830, 3,680. 

Logan, C. H. and p-o. Logan co. Va. by 
p-r. 338 ms. w. Richmond. 

Logan, co. Ken. bounded by Todd w., 
Muhlenburg n. w., Butler n., Wayne e., 
Simpson s. E., and Robertson co. "Ten. s. 
Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. 
ms. Extending-in lat. from 36° 36' to 37° 02', 
and in long, from 9° 33' to 10° 03' w. W. C. 
Logan occupies a part of the table land be- 
tween the vallies of Cumberland and Green 
rs. From the sthrn. section flow the nthrn. 
branches of Red river of Cumberland, and 
from the nthrn. part flow creeks towards the 
N. into Green r. Chief town, Russellville. 
Pop. 1820, 14,423, 1830, 13,012. 

Logan, co. Ohio, bounded s. by Champaign, 
w. Shelby, n. w. Allen, n. Hardin, and e. 
Union, lat. 40° 25', long. 6° 45' w., slope 
southward and principally drained by Sandy 
creek branch of Great Miami and the sources 
of Mad river. Chief town, Bellefontaine. 
Pop. 1830, 6,440. 

Logan, p-v. and st. jus. Hocking co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 47 ms.s. e. Columbus. It is situated 
on Hockhocking river, near the northeastern 
angle of the co., lat. 39° 33', long. W. C. 5° 
24' w. Pop. 1830, 97. 

LoGANsPORT, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. Ind. 
by p-r. 113 ms. a little w. of n. Indianopolis. 
It is situated at the junction of the main 
Wabash with Eel r., lat. 40° 45', long. W. C. 
9° 20' w. 

LoGANviLLE, p-v. York CO. Pa. by p-r. 89 
ms. northward W. C. 

Log House Landing, p-o. southern part of 
Beaufort co. N. C. by p-r. 170 ms. a little s. of 
E. Raleigh. 

Log Lick, p-o. eastern part of Clark co. 
Ky. by p-r. 51 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

LoMBARDY, p-v. Amelia co. Virginia, by p-r. 
50 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

LoMBARDY, p-v. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 
64 ms. N. E. by e. Milledgeville. 

LoMBARDY Grove, p-o. Mecklcnberg co. 
Virginia, by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

London, p-v. formerly Hazel Patch, st. jus. 
Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. Frankfort 



London, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ohiot 
by p-r. 27 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, lat. 39° 
50', long. 6° 28' w. Pop. 1830, 249. 

London Bridge, p-v. in the northeastern 
part of Princess Ann co. Va. 15 ms. a little n. 
of E. Norfolk, and 8 ms. s. w. Cape Henry. 

London Grove, post tsp. Chester co. Pa. 
between New Garden and Oxford. Thep-o. 
is about 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Phila. 

Londonderry, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 
15 ms. N. Haverhill, Mass., 35 s. w. Ports, 
mouth, 25 s. Concord. It is a valuable agri- 
cultural township, and contains an academy, 
with a fund of $14,000, the donation of Maj. 
John Pinkerton, after whom the academy is 
named. This town is celebrated for the lon- 
gevity of its inhabitants. Population 1830, 
1,467. 

Londonderry, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 30 ms. 
N. E. Bennington, 27 s. w. Windsor. Watered 
by West and Winhall rivers, Utley brook and 
another considerable mill stream. Mill priv. 
ileges are numerous. Contains a bed of very 
fine clay, two villages, and 9 school districts. 
Pop. 1830, 1,302. 

Londonderry, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 
102 ms. eastward Columbus. Pop. 1830, 54. 

Long Bottom, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 
102 ms. s. E. Columbus. 

Longbranch, Monmouth co. N. J. The sea 
shore about 6 ms. s. of Shrewsberry river, a 
place of great resort for sea bathing and 
fishing, having several large and well kept 
boarding houses, 30 ms. s. New York. 

Long Creek Bridge, and p-o. New Hano- 
ver CO. N. C. by p-r. 128 ms. s. e. Raleigh. 

Long Falls Creek, and p-o. Daviess co. 
Ky. by p-r. 165 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Long Hollow, p-o. Sumner co. Ten. by 
p-r. 14 ms. n. e. Nashville. 

Long Island, N. Y. extends from the 
narrows, below New York city, in an easter- 
ly direction, 140 ms.to Montaidi Point. Aver- 
age width 10 ms. Contains 1,400 square ms. 
Divided into 3 counties. Kings, Queens, and 
SuflTolk. It belongs wholly to the state of N. 
Y. Bounded s. by the Atlantic, separated 
from the continent on the n. by Long Island 
Sound, and East river. Much indented witli 
bays. There is a rocky ridge denominated 
the spine of Long Island, extending from the 
w, end to River Head, the highest point of 
which is 319 feet above the level of the tide, 
situated in N. Hempstead. Land on the n. 
side of this ridge, rough and hilly, on the s. 
side level and sandy. W^aters stored with 
a vast abundance and variety of fish, and the 
island has long been celebrated for its wild 
fowl, and various forest game. A beach of 
sand and stones runs along the s. side of the 
island 100 ms. with various inlets, admitting 
vessels of 60 or 70 tons. The long narrow 
bay formed by the beach is in the widest pla- 
ces 3 ms. broad. 

Long Island Sound, an inland sea, from 
3 to 25 ms. broad, and about 140 long, divi- 



It is situated on a tributary of Rock Castle, ding Long Island from Conn. It comnnmi- 
branch of Cumberland r., lat. 37° 13', long, cates wiih the ocean at the n. end, and -with 
6°56' w. Pop. 1830, 15. ' 



LOS 



263 



LOU 



N. York harbor at the a. and affords a very 
safe and convenient passage. 

Long Lick, p-o. Scott co. Ky., 23 me. estrd. 
Frankfort. 

Long Meadow, p.t. Hampden co. Mass., 
E. Conn, r., 6 ms. s. Springfield, 97 s. w. Bos- 
ton; beautifully situated; soil fine. Pop. 
-1830, 1,257. 

LoNGMiEs, Store and p-o. Edgefield dist. S. 
C, 76 ms. s. w. by w. Columbia. 

Long Old Fields, p-o. Prince George's 
CO, Md., 14 ms. estrd. W. C, and 26 wstrd. 
Annapolis. 

Long Pond, Me. chiefly in Bridgetown, 10 
ms. long and 1 broad, connected by Sungo r. 
with Sebago lake. 

Long Pond, lake on the line between N. 
Y. and N. J., principally in the former; dis-jthe Blue Ridge separating it from Frederick 
charges through Long pond and Pompten rs. w. ; and Jefferson n. w ; and by Potomac r. 



Lost r., p-o. on Lost r., estrn. part of Hardy 
CO. Va., by p-r. 130 ms. w. W. C. 

Lott's mills and p-o., Copiah co. Miss, 
about 75 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 39 a. Jack> 
son. 

LoTTSviLLE, p-v. Warren co. Pa., by p-r. 
235 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Loudon, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 7 ms is. 
E. Concord ; furnished with valuable mill 
privileges by Soucook r. ; timbered with su- 
gar maple, beech, pine, oak, and chestnut. 
Pop. 1830,1,642. 

Loudon, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Franklin 
CO. Pa., 15 ms. a little s. of w. Chambersburg, 
and 63 s. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Loudon, co. Va., bounded s. e. by Fairfax ; 
s. by Prince William ; s. w. by Fauquier ; by 



into the Passaic. 

Long Prairie, p-o. Hempstead co. Ark., 
by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Long Run, p-o. Jefferson co. Ken., by p-r. 
25 ms. w. Frankfort, and about 17 E. Louis- 
ville. 

Long's Bridge, and p-o. Hancock co. Geo., 
10 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Long's Mills, and p-o. Orange co. N. C, 
by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Long Street, p-v. Moore co. N. C. 

Long Street, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, 
by p-r. 64 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Long Swamp, p-tsp. Berks co.Pa., situated 
on the head waters of Little Lehigh. The 
p-o. is 18 ms. N. E. Reading. 

Longtown, p-v. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r. 
152 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

LoNGWooD, p-v. Albemarle co. Va., by p-r. 
86 ms. N. w by w. Richmond, and 151 ms. s. 
w. W. C. 

Loop, p-v. Logan co. Va., by p-r. 320 ms. s. 
w. by w. J w. W. C. 

Lorain, co. O., bounded n. e. by Cuyahoga 
CO. ; E. Medina ; s. e. Wayne ; s. w. Rich- 
land ; W.Huron, and n. lake Erie. From 
s. to N. 40 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 
600 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 15', long. 5° 10' w. 
Slope almost due n. and drained by Black r. 
and some smaller streams. Chief t. Elyria. 
Pop. 1830, 5,686. 

LoRENz, Store and p-o. Lewis co. Va., by 
p-r. 261 ms. w. W. C. 

Loretto, p-v. Cambria co. Pa., 7 ms. n. e. 
Ebensburg, 75 ms. estrd. Pittsburg, and by 
p-r. 116 ms. N, w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Lorraine, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y., 16 ms 
s. w. Watertown, 150 w. n. w. Albany, 9 e. 
lake Ontario. Healthy, and well watered by 
a number of small creeks, of a tolerable size 
for mill streams, and a great variety of small 
springs and rivulets. Pop. 1830, 1,727. 

Lorretto, p-v. Essex co. Va., by p-r. 81 
ms. N. E. Richmond. 



separating it from Frederick co. in Md. n. ; 
and Montgomery co. Md. n. e. Length from 
to N. w. 22, mean breadth 21, and area 
462 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 49' to 39° 
18' N., and in long. 0°, 20' to 0° 54' w. W. C. 
The declivity of this co. is to the n. e. towards 
the Potomac ; surface broken and even in part 
mountainous ; much of the soil excellent. 
Chief t. Leesburg. Pop. 1820, 22,702 ; 1830, 
21,939. 

LouDONviLLE, p.v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 
67 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Louisa, co. Va., bounded by Hanover s. e. ; 
Goochland s. ; Fluvanna s. w. ; Albemarle 
w. ; Orange n. ; and Spottsylvania n. e. 
Length 36, mean breadth 16, and area 576 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 45' to 38° 6', 
and in long. 0° 48' to 1° 28' w. W. C. The 
declivity of this co. is towards the s. e., down 
which flow numerous branches of N. and S. 
Annanvers. Chief t. Louisa C. H. Pop. 
1820,13,746; 1830, 16,151. 

Louisa, p-v. and st. jus., Lawrence co. Ky., 
by p-r. 127 ms. e. Frankfort ; lat. 38° 12', 
long. 6° w. Pop. 1830, 87. 

Louisa, usually called Louisa C. H., p-v. 
and St. jus., Louisa co. Va., by p-r. 110 ms. s. 
w.W. C, and 54 ms. n. w. Richmond; and 
on Tanner's map U.S. exactly on the intersec- 
tion of lat. 38° and 1° w. W. C. 

Louisburgh, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. 
N. C, 30 ms. N. N. E. Raleigh ; lat. 36° 06', 
long. 1° 18'. 

Louisiana, state of the U. S., bounded s. 
by the Gulf of Mexico ; e. and n. e. by the 
state of Miss. ; n. w. by the tor. of Ark. ; and 
w. by the Mexican province of Texas. Lou- 
isiana, without including the partial indenta- 
tions of the coast, extends along the Gulf of 
Mexico 400 ms. ; up Sabine r. from the mouth 
of that stream, to where intersected by n. lat. 
32°, 190 ms. ; thence along one degree of lat. 
32° to 33°, 69i ms. ; thence due e. along lat. 
33°, to the right bank of Miss. r. 168 ms. 



Lost Prairie, p-o. Lafayette co. Aik , by thence down the latter r. to where it is cros- 
p-r. 152 ms. s. w. Little Rock. | sed by lat. 31°, 220 ms. ; thence along lat. 

Lost r., local name of the higher part of; 31° from the Miss, to Pearl r. 105 ms. ; 
Great Cacopon r. of Va. i thence down Pearl r. to the mouth, 60 ms. ; 

I having an entire outline of 8124 ms. The 



LOU 



264 



LOU 



longest line that can be drawn over La., is a 
diagonal from the s. pass of Miss, to the n. w. 
angle, 380 ms., and the area being 48,320 sq. 
ms., the mean breadth is about 127 ms. In 
lat. this state extends 28° 56' to 33°, and in 
long. 11° 55' to 17° 25' w. W. C. In regard 
to natural features, and to the intrinsic quali- 
ties of soil. La. is divisible into four distinct 
sections. The Delta, is the first which is in- 
definitely connected with the great prairies 
of Attacapas and Opelousas. The latter is 
followed by the immense pine and oak forests 
of the nrthwstrn. part of the state. The 
fourth, though the least extensive, is in many 
respects the most interesting section of La. ; 
that is the fine slope formerly part of west 
Florida, between the Pearl and Miss, rs., and 
s. of lat. 31°. 

In a general view, the Miss. r. is the most 
conspicuous and important feature in the to 
pography of La. By a very winding cliannel, 
that great river forms a boundary between the 
states of Miss, and La. between lat. 31° and 
33°, but below the former lat. enters entirely 
into La. Assuming a course of a little e. of 
s. B., but still with a very sinuous channel, 
the Miss, winds over La., embracing by its 
numerous inlets or mouths, an alluvial region, 
to which in nature, and even in outline, the 
name of Delta is not unaptly applied. 

Between lat. 31° and 33°, the general 
course of the Miss, is along the bluffs, or 
wstrn. margin of a comparative table land. 
Here it receives numerous small streams 
from the left, whilst on the right stretches a 
narrow, annually inundated tract. When 
swelled by spring floods, the superabundant 
water of the Miss, flows out by innumerable 
channels, which are discharged into the Ten- 
S3W, Black, and Red rs., and by the latter 
borne back into the main stream. But, as if 
disdaining to receive into its bosom the re- 
jected water, less than Ij mile below the 
mouth of Red r., the Atchafalaya is dischar- 
ged to the left, forming the upper mouth of 
the Miss. ; below which on that side, the ad- 
jacent surface of the land being lower than 
that of the surcharged r., all water which es- 
capes from the main stream returns to it no 
more, but slowly seeks a recipient in the 
Gulf of Mexico. On the cstrn. or left, the 
blufis are continued on or near the Miss, to a 
few ms. below Baton Rouge, where the out- 
let of Iberville terminates high land, and com- 
mences the Delta on that side also. 

If we regard the efflux of Atchafalaya, as 
its head, and the Gulf of Mexico as its base, 
the Delta stretches over two degrees of lat. 
and three degrees of long. The utmost 
length from the outlet of the Atchafalaya, to 
the mouths of the Miss., 220 ms. Its widest 
part from the Point Timballier to the Pass of 
Mahchar, between lakes Pontcharfrain and 
Maurapas, 100 ms. The breadth, however, 
varies from ten miles to the utmost width. 
From the generally well defined outlme, the 
limits of the Delta are distinct ; but from the 
great indentations oi that outline, the area is 



difiicuk to estimate accurately, but amounts 
to at least the one fourth of the state, or 12,000 
sq. ms. 

The lower, or sthrn. and sthestrn. part of 
the Delta, is with very trifling exceptions sea 
marsh, naked of timber, and flooded with 
every flow of the tide, and with very few 
spots or strips of arable soil. Advancing 
nrthwstrdly. up the streams, the surface very 
slowly rises, and the arable borders along the 
rivers increase in width, and become more 
continuous. The unwooded sea marsh is 
followed by a dense forest, but which stands 
on a plain in a great part annually inundated 
by the spring floods of the Mies., Ouachitta, 
and Red rs. The very gradual and trifling 
acclivity of the Delta, is demonstrated by the 
fact, that in autumn, when the rivers are re- 
duced to their lowest level, the tides of only 
about two feel mean height, are sensible in 
Atchafalaya and Iberville. I have myself 
seen the current of the former flowing into 
the Miss. 

West from the Delta, the sea marsh is 
continued, and the prairie or grassy plains 
rise from the great forest overflow of Atcha- 
falaya. The acclivity from the sea marsh of 
Opelousas and Attacapas is so much more 
abrupt as to raise the surface of the prairies 
above annual overflow, but even here the 
rise is very gradual and so small as to admit 
the tides in autumn, as high as Lemcll's 
landing, on Courtableau river. From actual 
observation I doubt whether a single spot of 
southwestern La. below lat. 31° is elevated 
50 feet above high tide ; the far greater part 
is, I am confident, under ten feet comparative 
elevation. 

The surface of the prairies of La. has been 
very greatly overrated, and these plains have 
also been confounded with the sea marsh. 
Though contiguous, and similar in the single 
feature of being void of timber, in all other 
respects these two sections differ from each. 
The prairies though approaching a dead level, 
are composed of solid, and arable soil. If 
an eye sufficiently elevated could scan the 
whole surfiice from the Gulf of Mexico to 
the forests of Red and Sabine rivers, the 
streams would be seen issuing from those 
forests and carrying lines of woods along 
their banks, and which wooded borders grad- 
ually narrowing would terminate at diflerent 
distances from the sea coast, in most cases 
about the line of separation between the Prai- 
rie and sea marsh, small wooded spots isola- 
ted from the great forest would be seen dot- 
ted along the sea marsh, the timber of which 
composed in part of live oak retaining leaf 
throughout the winter. But on the sea mar- 
gin of the Sabineand Calcasire, even the live 
oak ceases, and the great grassy marsh ex- 
pands. 

The western sea marsh of La. may be re- 
garded as extending from the Atchafalaya to 
the Sabine 160 ms., the mean breadth about 
25, and area 4,000 square ms. The prairie 
section reaches from the junction of Teche and 



LOU 



265 



LOU 



Atchafalaya, to the Sabine, 160 ma. along the 
sea marsh, but lies in form of a triangle, the 
apex at the head waters of Mumentan, jjcr- 
pendicuhir 60 ms. and area 4,800 square ms. 
In the latter superficies arc, however, inchided 
large bodies of woods ; the real prairie does 
not exceed the sea marsh in extent, and the 
aggregate of both may be safely assumed at 
8,000 square ms. 

Lying northward from the prairies of Ope- 
lousas, and westward of the inundated mar- 
gin near the Miss, spreads what may, from its 
prevailing timber, be called the pine section 
of La. This extensive region, embracing 
about 24,000 square ms. is watered by Oua- 
(^hitta. Red, Calcasin and Sabine rivers. 
The surface considerably broken into hills, 
though of moderate elevation. In this tract 
some rocks and even water falls appear. The 
low grounds near streams are clothed with 
various species of oaks, elms, hickory, sweet 
gum, honey, locust, and cypress, but leaving 
the water courses, pine prevails to such an 
extent, that from five to twenty ms. may be 
travelled over in one unbroken pine forest. 
The river soil on Red and Ouachitta, gener- 
ally productive ; fertile water margins occur 
in other places, but the general character of 
the soil is sterility. 

The fourth and least extensive natural sec- 
tion of La. is that of the former W. Florida. 
In general character, the latter bears a very 
exact resemblance to that of the northwest. 
Pine becomes again so much the prevailing 
timber, that at least nine parts in ten of the 
whole surface is covered with this tree. The 
arable soil is on or near the streams and con- 
fined in extent 

Taken as a whole. La. is composed of in- 
undated and noninundated land. The tract 
of soil liable to annual submersion, is narrow 
above Red river, but widening below that 
stream, expands like a fan, and finally em- 
braces the whole gulf border. What soil is 
of adequate elevation for culiivation within 
the inundated region, is of the very best quali- 
ty, and towards the gulf, the climate admits 
the very profitable growth of sugar cane. 

The Gulf's grassy border is followed in- 
land by a forest which, from the peculiar na- 
ture of the soil, must remain many ages but 
partially disturbed. Of forest, in point of rel- 
ative quantity, pine, oak, sweet gum, and 
hickory predominates, but admixed with an 
indefinite number of other trees, such as ma- 
ple, liriodendron, cypress, black gum, ash, 
persimon, black walnut, honey, locust, elm, 
dog wood, &c. On the margin of overflow, 
immense brakes of reed cane rise amid the 
forest, but this gigantic grass, contrary to 
common opinion, never flourishes where the 
surface is liable to periodical submersion. 
Where the cane abounds, so do various spe- 
cies of grape vine and smilax, rendering those 
forests most difficult to penetrate. Below lat. 



of supporting the inundations longer than the 
reed cane, cannot, however, exist where the 
ground is liable to deep and annual overflow. 
In the latter case indeed the ground produ- 
COS few weeds and the lofty trees are the only 
vegetables of any consequence which rise 
from the saturated earth. 

Climate andsrasons. — In a country whore 
the extremes of latitude are only 4 degrees, 
and those of height perhaps less than two 
hundred feef, it might be supposed that very 
little difference of seasons, would be percept- 
ible, but with both these causes of equality, 
the mean and extreme temperature of the 
Delta, and that of the northwestern section- 
differs far beyond what could be expected. 
The relative temperature is more decisively 
shown by indigenous vegetables than by 
observations made with a thermometer. 
Amongst those vegetable indicia the live 
oak affords the most conclusive data. This 
tree is found to abound most in the lower 
part of the Delta, and to decrease ascending 
to the N. w. It would appear from places 
where this tree flourishes, that its existence 
must depend more on the relative tempera- 
ture than on soil. From the bay of Mobile 
westward to the Teche, the live oak is limi. 
ted northward by n. latitude 30° 25' very 
nearly. Passing the Teche, where the north- 
western winds have free access over the 
prairies, live oak ceases in great part above 
lat. 30°, and on the Calcasin and Sabine does 
not exist. On the Atlantic coast of the U. 
S. the live oak is found as far n. as 34°. 

The cultivation of sugar cane ceases in 
Louisiana at about n. lat. 30° 10', but tm the 
Atlantic coast can be made a profitable crop 
two degrees higher. Similar remarks apply 
to the orange tree and some other exotic 
trees, which are restricted on the Delta of the 
Miss, (ind contiguous places between two and 
three degrees lower than on the Atlantic 
coast. 

At Natchez, lat. 31° 33' the thermometer 
has fallen to 12° above the zero of Fah't. 
I have myself seen the creeks and ponds of 
La. at New Orleans, frozen, and once, Janua- 
ry 1812, saw snow at Opelousas 11 inches 
deep. These phenomena are rare, but their 
occurrence exhibits a severity of climate 
much greater than is experienced on similar 
latitudes along the Atlantic ocean. 

In regard to staple productions, sugar and 
rice in La. will, it is probable, be always re- 
stricted to the lower sections, whilst cotton 
can be cultivated over the whole surface, as 
may be maize, tobacco, and indigo. 

Of fruit trees, the peach and fig are those 
which seem most congenial to the climate. 
The apple can be cultivated, but not to advan- 
tage : the cherry is utterly unproductive. The 
latter circumstance is the more curious as 
the wild cherry tree grows to the size and 
elevation of a forest tree of large magnitude. 



31° and on land partially liable to overflow, jnol unfrequently of 50 or 60 feet shaft, and 
are extensive brakes of palmetto, or dwarfl from 2 to 3 feet diameter. 
palm. The latter vegetable, though capable j If we assume New Orleans as a siaiiouary 

34 ' 



LOU 



266 



LOU 



point, and allow a mean temperature of 60° Uhe senators of the first class, shall be vacated 
Fah't. probably rather too high, we have a at the expiration of the second year, & of the 
temperature very nearly similar to that of second class at the expiration of the fourth 



Charleston, S. C. {See the latter article.) 
By recurring to Dr. Lovell's tables of rela- 
tive mean temperature, & comparing the mean 
range of thermometer at Cantonment Jessup, 
on the Sabine, Baton Rouge, Pensacola, Taw- 
pa Bay, St. Augustine and Charleston, we 
find the curious result, that the lowest de- 
pression at Cantonment Jessup was plus 7, 



year ; so that a rotation shall be chosen every 
year, and one half thereby be kept up perpet- 
ually. No person shall be a senator, who, at 
the time of his election, is not a citizen of the 
United States, and who hath not attained the 
age of 27 years, resided in this state four 
years, next preceding his election, and one 
year in the district in which he may be 



Baton Rouge plus 18, Pensacola plus 11, and I chosen 

at Charleston plus 19°. In brief, combining! No person shall be a representative, who, 



vegetable physiology with the thermometri 
cal results, the seasons of Charleston, lat 32° 
42', are milder than at New Orleans, lat. 30°. 
Political Geography. — For civil or munici- 
pal purposes Louisiana is subdivided as fol- 
lows : — 



Parishes. 

Ascension, 

Assumption, 

Avoyelles, 

Catahoola, 

ClBiborne, 

Concordia, 

East Baton Rougp, 

East Filiciana, 

Iberville, 

Jetlerson, 

Lafayette, 

Lafourche Interior, 

Natchitoches, 

Orleans, 

Plaquerninee, 

Point Coupee, 

Rapides, 

St. Bernard, 

St. Charlea, 

St. Helena, 

St Jamea, 

St. John Bafilisl, 

St. Landry, 

St. Martins, 

St. Mary's, 

St. Tammany, 

Torre Bonne, 

Washitau, 

West Baton Rouge, 

W. Feliciana, 

Was-hington, 



Chief Towns. Pop. 1830. 



Donaklsonville, 

Assumption, 

Marksville, 



Concordia, 
Baton Rouge, 

Jackson, 

Iberville, 



Thibadeauxville, 
Natchitoclies, 
New Orleans, 
Plaqneniines, 
Point Coupee, 
Alexandria, 



St. Helena, 

Bringier'B, 

Dubouy's, 

St. Landry, 

St. Martinvilie, 

Dutch SflllcuiCnt, 

Covington, 

Monroe, 

Mt. Pleasant, 

St. Francisville, 

Fraiiklinton, 



5,426 
5,66S 



at the time of his election, is not a free white 
male citizen of the United States, and hath not 
attained the age of 21 years, and resided in 
the state two years next preceding his elec- 
tion, and the last year thereof in the county of 
which he may be chosen, and who must hold 
landed property to the value of 500 dollars, 
according to the tax list in the county or dis- 
trict for which he is chosen. 

The supreme executive power is lodged in 
3,484 the hands of a governor, chosen for 4 years, 
2,581 and ineligible for the succeeding 4 years af- 
l>764 ter the expiration of the time for which he 
4,662 ghall have been elected. He shall be at 



6,698 
8,247 
7,049 
6,846 
5,653 
5,503 
7,905 
49,838 
4,489 
5,936 
7,575 
3,3 



Tot.n 



Of the above, 109,600 are slaves. 



least 35 years of age, and a citizen of the 
United States, and have been an inhabitant of 
this state, at least six years preceding his 
election, and shall hold in his own right a 
landed estate of $5,000 value, agreeably to 
the tax list. No member of congress, or per- 
son holding any office under the United 
States, or minister of any religious society, 
shall be eligible to the office of governor. 

The general powers of the governor of La. 
in extent and limitation, are very similar to 
147 those of the president of the United States. 
4,028 1 The judiciary power is vested in a supreme 
and inferior courts The supreme court hav. 
ing appellate jurisdiction only, extending to 
all civil cases where the matter in dispute 
shall exceed the sum of .^300. The supreme 
court shall consist of not less than three 
judges, nor more than five ; the majority of 
whom shall form a quorum. The legislature 
is authorised to establish such inferior courts 
as may be convenient to the administration of 
justice. 

The judges, both of the supreme and infe- 
rior courts, shall hold their ofiices during 
good behavior. Removeable by address of 
both houses of the legislature, orby impcach- 



7,646 
5,677 
12,591 
7,205 
6,442 
2,864 
2,121 
6,140 
.3,084 
8,629 
2,286 



215,541 



Principal towns. — The only city of conse- mcnt by the lower house before the senate. 



quence, is New Orleans, which see. Donald 
sonville, Baton Rouge, St. Martins, St. Lan- 
dry, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, are small 
villages, which will be found noticed under 
their respective heads. Donaldsonville is 
at present the seat of legislation. 

Constitution of government. — The legisla- 



and in both cases a concurrence of two thirds 
requisite for removal or conviction. 

To enjoy the right of suffrage, it is requi- 
site, to be a free white male citizen of the 
United States, to have attained the age of 21 
years, resided in the county where he offers 
to vote, one year next preceding the election. 



live power is vested in a senate and house of. and witliin the last six months prior to the 
representatives. To be eligible to the senate said election, have paid a state tax. 
demands a landed estate, in full right of I No person, while he continues to exercise 
$1,000. The members of the senate shall the functions ofa clergyman, priest, or teacher 
be chosen for the term of 4 years. Senators of any religious persuasion, society, or sect, 
divided by lot into two classes ; the seats of' shall be eligible to the general assembly, or 



LOU 



267 



LOV 



to any office of profit or trust under this state. I has been regular thougli not comparatively 
Historij. — The term Louisiana, once so rapid. 



comprc'lieiisive, including all Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, the undefined regions on the waters of 
Miss, and the region now included, under the 
name of La. was imposed by the French in 
honor of Louis XIV. Confining therefore 
this brief notice to the state to which the 
name is now exclusively appropriated, we 
may observe that M. de la Salle, a French of- 
ficer, made its first known civilized dicovery, 
in 1G83. In 1699 M. d'lbervUle laid the 
foundation of the first French colony. The 
local knowledge of the country was so defec- 
tive, that the first settlements were very in- 
judiciously made along the barren coast east 
and west from Mobile, and so slow was the 
advance, thai in 1712, the inhabitants amount- 
ed to only 400 whites, and 20 negroes. 

Hitherto a royal colony, in 1712 La. was 
ceded to Crozet, who after abortively expend- 
ing large sums, in 1717 surrendered the gov- 
ernment tq the Miss, company. In the latter 
year the permanent base of the colony was 
laid by the foundation of New Orleans. Un- 
derthe Miss, company La. flourished, though 
ultimately ruinous to the company itself, who 
in 1731, ceded their powers to the crown. 
Again a royal colony. La. slowly augmented 
in population and wealth, but until its cession 
to Spain by France, in 1762, and its being ta- 
ken into actual possession by the former in 
17G9, the colony afforded no important mat 
ter for history. 

France after her cession of La. regretted 
the step, and by a sncret treaty with Spain, 
signed Oct. 1st, 1800, La. was receded to her 
former parents. Tiie reacquisition of the 
colony availed nothiiii:; to France in the ac- 
complishment of its original intention, but it 
enabled her to negociate a sale to the United 
States in consideration of 60,000,000 of 
francs. These negociations were consumma- 
ted April, 1803. In the following December, 
the Spanish commissioners transferred the 
country to France ; the authorities of the latter 
duly transferred it to the United States. 

By an act of Congress, passed March, 
1804, La. was definitively subdivided ; tiie 
northern part above lat. 31° was named " 7'lie 
Territory of Miss." the lower section, " The 
Terrilori) of Orleans." The latter in 1811 
was authorised to form a constitution of gov- 
ernment, and that part of West Florida, west 
of Pearl river, subsequently annexed. Thus 
bounded as noticed in the first part of this ar- 
ticle. La. in 1812, was formally received into 
the Union as a sovereign state. 

A powerful British fleet and army invaded 
La. December, 1814, but after some par- 
tial actions, the army was utterly defeated, 
January 8th, 1815, and the seige of New Or- 
leans raised. This event gave to La. a 
classic interest in the history of the United 
States, and left her to the peaceable pursuit of 
the arts of social life, and the cultivation of 
her soil. 

The progressive population of this state. 



In 1810, the inhabitants amounted to 86,000 

1820, . . . 153,000 

1830, - - - 215,541 

Louisiana, p-v. on the right bank of the 

Miss, at the mouth of Salt r. Pike co. Mo. 12 

ms. N. E. Bowling Green, and 90 ms.N. n. w. 

St. Louis. 

Louisville, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 
on St. Lawrence r., 30 ms. below Ogdens- 
burgh. Soil a rich loam, gently uneven, 
well watered with Racket and Grass rs. Has 
vast forests of pine, cedar, &c. Williams- 
burgh in Canada, where was fought the bat- 
tle of Williamsburgh, Nov. 11, 1813, lies op. 
posite this town. 10 schools, kept 7 months 
in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,076. 

Louisville, p-v. and et. jus. Jefferson co. 
Geo. situated on or near the left bank of Great 
Ogeechee r. 58 ms. a little s. of e. Milledge- 
ville, and 43 ms. s. w. Augusta. Lat. 33^^ 
02', long. 5° 22' w. W. C. 

Louisville, p-v. or city, Jefl^erson co. Ky., 
is situated on the left bank of O. r. between 
the head of the Rapids and the mouth of Bear 
Grass cr., 52 ms. a little n. of w. Frankfort, 
and 112 ms. s. w. and by the land route from 
Cincinnati, n. lat. 38° 17', and long. 8° 45' w. 
W. C. 

The site of Louisyille is a swelling bank, 
rising by a gentle acclivity from the r. and 
from Bear Grass cr. The streets are laid 
out at right angles to each other. The ad- 
vance of this port, for such it is in fact, has 
been very rapid. In 1800, the pop. amount- 
ed to 1,357, and by the census of 1830, 10, 
196. The manufacturing establishments are 
numerous and valuable, as are the buildings 
for judical, commercial, and religious pur- 
poses. The most important works, however, 
ever attempted near Louisville, is a canal on 
the Ky. side to pass the Rapids. This enter- 
prise, so interesting not alone to the people of 
tlie wstrn. states, but those of the whole Un- 
ion, either direct or indirectly, advances to- 
wards completion. In brief, this flourishing 
town exhibits all the attributes of a prosper, 
ous commercial depot. 

Louisville and Portland Canal. {See 
article rail roads and canals.) 

Louisville, p-v. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 
168 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. 

Louisville, p-v. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 144 
ms. s. E. by e. Tuscaloosa. 

LouTRE {Otter) Island, and p-o. sthrn. part 
of Montgomery co. Mo., 75 ms. wstrd. St. 
Louis, and by p-r. 59 ms. estrd. Jefferson 
City. 

LouTRE Lick, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Mo. 78 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

LovELL, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. n. Paris. 
In this town are Lovcll falls, which have 
been discovered within a few years, and are 
an object of great natural curiosity. Where 
the water makes over into the tremendous 
basin below, it falls perpendicularly 40 feet. 
Above the falls, there is a chain of 8 ponds, 



LOW 



268 



LOW 



partly in Lovell, iuid partly in Waterford, 
connected by small natural dams one or two 
rods in width, through which there are sluice- 
ways, which will admit the passage of a com- 
mon sail boat. The scenery of the moun- 
tains and ascending lands in the vicinity, is 
rural and beautiful. Pop. 1830, 697. 

Lovell's Pond, N. II., the head of the e. 
branch of the Piscataqua. 

Lovely, co. of Ark. This co. is named in 
the p-o. list, but if it exists, it has been omit- 
ted on Tanner's U. S. 

Lovettsville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. in the 
N. w. part of the co. by p-r. 55 miles n. w. 
W. C. 

Loveville, p-v. New Castle co. Del. 103 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

LoviNGTON, P-V. and st. jus. Nelson co. Va. 
situated on a branch of Tye r. by p-r. 94 ms. 
a little N. of w. Richmond, and 171 ms. s. w. 
W. C. Lat. 37° 44', and long. 1° 52' w. 
W. C. 

Lowell, the American Manchester, situ- 
ated at the confluence of Merrimack and 
Concord rs. Middlesex co. Mass. This place 
is undoubtedly destined to be a manufacto- 
ring city. Its growth for a few years past 
has been almost unparalleled. The founda- 
tion of the second factory was laid here in 
1822, at which time, the territory now inclu- 
ded in the town, exclusive of one factory 
establishment, contained less than 100 inhabi- 
tants. There are now 9 manufacturing cos. 
viz. the Merrimack, Appleton, Hamilton, Low- 
ell, Kurd's (formerly), Jackson, Tremont, 
Suffolk, and Lawrence. In 1831, when only 
the first five were in operation, from 12 to 14 
million yards of doth were manufactured in 
a year, equal to 1 yard per second. The 
Lowell company make carpets, which are 
equal to the imported. There are 15 houses 
of worship, and 3 newspapers. 200 houses 
were built between April and November 1831 . 
$500,000 worth of land was sold that year, 
and $270,000 in 4 years. Land rose 100 per 
ceni. in 1831. Rents aflbrd a higher profit 
than in any other New England town. The 
Merrimack manufacturing C(jmpany have a 
capital of $1,50(1,000, with 5 large brick fac- 
tories, containing 26,0(j0 spindles, and about 
1000 looms. They emi)loy from 3 to 40O 
males, and from 8 to 900 females, and use 
5,000 bales of cotton, or about 1,50U,000 lbs. 
annually. They manufacture, bleach, and 
print, 6,500,000 yards yearly. The Ilamil. 
ton and Lawrence inanufacturing companies 
have each a capital of $1,200,000. Lowell 
manufacturing' company $C00,G0O ; Appleton,, 
Middlesex, and Tremont, $5(J0,000 each; 
Suffolk $450,000. Then there are the locks 
and canal company with a capital of $600, 
000, wiio own the water privileges, and dis- 
pose of them as they arc wanted. This com- 
pany own a machine shop 150 ft. by 40, and 
4 stories high, in which are employed about 
200 hands. The stock of this co. is 160 per 
cent, advance. The great water power is 
produced by a canal a mile und a halt long, 60 



ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep, from its commence- 
ment above the head of Pawtucket falls on 
the Merimack, to its termination in Concord 
r. The entire fall is 32 ft. The water is 
taken from this canal by smaller canals, and 
conveyed to the factories, and thence into the 
Merrimack. There are room and water pow- 
er sufficient for 50 huge additional factories ! 
In the suburbs of Lowell, near the canal, is a 
settlement called New Dublin, which occu- 
pies upwards of an acre of ground. It con- 
tains not far from 500 Irish people, and about 
100 cabins, from 7 to 10 ft. high, built of slabs 
and rough boards, a fire place made of stones 
in one end, topped out with several flour bar- 
rels or lime casks. In a central situation is 
the school house, built in a similar style, turf- 
ed up to the eaves, with a window in one end, 
and small holes in two sides for the admis- 
sion of air and light, — all this under the eye 
of capitalists having their seven millions 
invested in establishments along side of 
them ! There is a canal round the falls of 
the Merrimack, 90 feet wide and 4 deep ; 
which however is no longer used for boat 
navigation. On the Concord r. about one m. 
from the town, are powder works, at which 
powder of a very superior quality is made. 
30,000 kegs, 25 lbs. each, arc made annually. 
Lowell communicates with Boston by means 
of the Middlesex canal, and a rail road be- 
tween the two places is in progress. It lies 
25 ms. N. w. Boston. The village of Belvi- 
dere, on the opposite side of Concord r. has 
grown up along with Lowell, and, from its 
contiguity, seems but a part of the latter place. 
Lowell continues rapidly to increase, and is 
becoming a rival of the manufacturing towns 
of England. Pop. in 1830, 6,474. At the 
next census, it will probably contain 20 or 
30,000. 

Lower Beaver, p-v. wstrn. part of Beaver 
CO. Pa. about 26 ms. n. w. Pittsburg. 

Lower Blue Lick, and p-o. Nicholas co. 
Ky. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Lower Chanceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 20 
ms. nthestrd. the boro' of York, 16 s. s. w. 
Lancaster, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. 

Lower cr. p-o. Burke co. N. C. 14 ms. n. 
E. Morgantown, and by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. 
Raleigh. 

Lower Marlborough, p-v. on tie left bank 
of Patuxent r. in the nthwstrn. part of Cal- 
vert CO. Md. by p-r. 49 ms. s. e. W. C, and 
about a similar distance s. s. w. Annapolis. 

Lower Merion, p-v. Montgomery co. 14 
ms. nthrds. Phil. 

Lower Peach Tree, p-o. Wilcox co. Al. by 
p-r. 129 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Lower Salem, p-v. Washington co. O. by 
p-r. 118 ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Lower Sandusky, p-v. and si. jus. Sandus- 
ky CO. O. by p-r. 103 ms. n. Cokmibus. Lat. 
41° 21', long. 6° 10' w. Pop. 1830, 351. 

Lower Saucon, p-v. and tsp. sihrn. part of 
Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 51 ms. nthrd. 
Phil. 97 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. and 187 ms. 
N. e. W. C. Pop. tsp. 1830, 2,308. 



LUB 



269 



LUN 



Lower ISmitiifield, p-v. Northampton co. 
Pa. by p-r. 15 ins. n. n. e. Easton. 

LowEK TiiiiEE Runs, p-o. southern part of 
Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Co- 
lumbia. 

Lowe's p-o. Robertson co. Ten. 23 miles 
nthrd. Nashville. 

LowniLL Port, p-v. eastern part of Lehigh 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 76 ms. n. e. by e. Ilarrisburg, 
and 179 n. n. e. W. C. 

LowMAN, p-v. in the northern part of Lewis 
CO. Va. by p-r. 256 ms. w. W. C. 

LowNUES, CO. of (jco. bounded w. by Tho- 
mas, N. by Irwin, e. by Ware, s. by Hamilton 
CO. in Flor., and s. w. by Madison co. Flor. 
Length from s. to n. 52, breadth 40, and area 
2,080 sq. ms. E.xtending in lat. 30° 38' to 
31° 22', aiid in long. 6° 6' to 6° 46'. The 
slope of this co. is almost directly s., and is 
entirely drained by various confluents of Su- 
wanee r. Pop. 1830, 2,453. 

Lowndes, C. H. and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. 
by p-r. 165 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Lowndes, co. Ala. on Ala. r. bounded n. e. 
and e. by Montgomery, s. e. by Pike, s. by 
Butler, s. w. by Wilcox, w. and n. w. by Dal- 
las, and n. by Ala. r. separating it from Au- 
tauga. Greatest length diagonally from s. e. 
to N. w. 50 ms., mean breadth 32, and area 
1,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 51' to 
32° 23', and in long. 9° 21' to 10° 04' w. W. 
C. The general slope of this co. is to the n. 
N. w. towards the Ala. r. Chief t. Lowndes 
C. H. Pop. 1830, 9,410. 

Lowndes, co. of Miss, bounded by Batta- 
latche r. separating it from Monroe on the n. 
w., by Jjafayette, Ala. n. e., by Pickens Ala. 
s. E., and Tombigbee r. separating it from the, 
ter. of the Chickasaws s. w. and w. Length i 



valuable lead mine has recently been dis- 
covered at this place. Pop. 1830, 1,535. 

LucASTowN, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r. 
132 nis. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. 

LucASviLLE, p-v. Sciota CO. O. by p-r. 79 
ms. s, Columbus. Pop. 1830, 45. 

Ludlow, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 ms. w. 
Windsor, 61 s. Montpclier. Watered by 
Black and Williams rs. Mountainous. Well 
situated for trade with the surrounding 
country. Land in general well timbered. 
Amethyst in crystals has been found here, 
three fourths of an inch long, and an inch in 
diameter. 12 school dists. Pop. 1830, 1,227. 
Ludlow, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 90 ms. g. 
w. Boston, 10 M. E. Springfield. Watered by 
the Chickapee and several smaller streams. 
Here is a glass manufactory, with a capital 
of ^40,000. Pop. 1830, 1,327. 

Ludlow, Morgan co. O. {See Olive Green.) 
I The office is now called permanently Lud- 
low, and is situated by p-r. 85 ms. s. e. by k. 
Columbus. 

Ludlowville, p-v. (See Lansing.) 
Lumber, r. of N. and S. C, rises in Mont- 
gomery and Moore cos. of the former, the 
boundary between which it for some distance 
forms, flowing in a s. s. e. course. Thence 
assuming a southern course between Rich- 
mond and Cumberland, and between Rich- 
mond and Robeson. Turning to s. e. and en- 
tering and traversing Robeson, it once more 
inflects to s. s. w., and separating Robeson and 
Columbia cos. finally enters S. C. between 
Marion and Horry districts, joins little Pedee 
after a comparative course of about 100 ms. 
Lumber r. is the northeastern and main 
branch of Little Pedee. 

Lumberland, t. SulHvan co. N. Y. 14 ms. 



along Ala. line 36 ms., mean breadth 9, andjs. w. Monticello, on Del. r. It is well named, 
" " ' '"'" in reality lumber land. Pop. 1830, 



area 324 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 18 
to 50° 54' N., and in long. 11° 21' to 11° 36' 
w. AV. C. The slope of this co. is westrd. to- 
wards Tombigbee r. Chief town, Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 3,173. 

Lowndes, p-v. Rankin co. Miss, by p-r. 
118 ms. N. E. Natchez, and 6 from Jackson. 

Lowrev's Mills and p-o. Chesterfield dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. Columbia. 

LowviLLE, p t. Lewis co. N. Y. 35 ms. n. 
Utica, 150 from Albany, w. Black r. Well 



bein£ 
953. 

LuMBERTOv, p-v. ahd St. jus. Robeson co. 
N. C, situated on the left bank of Lumber r. 
32 ms. s. s. w. Fayetteville, 33 w. Elizabeth- 
town, and by p-r. 92 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. Lat. 
33° 41', long. 2° 10' w. W. C. 

LuMBERviLLE, p-v. on the right bank of Del. 
r. Bucks CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. e, Doylestown, and 
35 N. Phil. 

Lumpkin, formerly called Randolph C. H., 
watered. Eligibly situated. 10 school dists. | p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Geo. by p-r. 170 
Contains an academy and a handsome village.! ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 
Pop. 1830, 2,334. Lunenburgh, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 45 ms. e. 

Loyalsock, small r. of Pa. rising in the|N. e. Montpelier. Some parts very stony, 
sthrn. part of Bradford county, interlocking {Timber generally hard wood. Conn. r. wa- 
sources with Mahoopeimy and Towanda crs. Iters the s. e. part, besides which the town is 
Entering Lycoming co. and flowing s. w. be- watered by Neal's and Catbow branch, which 

9 school dis- 



tween the vallies of Muncy and Lycoming 
creeks, it falls into the w. branch of Susque- 
hannah r. 4 ms. below the boro' of Williams- 
port. 

Lvat.c, p-t. and port of entry, Washington | by several branches of Nashua r 
CO. Me. in Passamaquoddy bay, lying how- 1 1,317. 

ever on the main land, and possessing a spa- 1 Lunenburg, co. Va. bounded by Meherin r. 
cions harbor, sheltered from every wind, and separating it from Mecklenburg s., by Char- 
never closed by ice. The first settlement | lotte w., Prince Edward n., Nottuway r. sepa- 
«'as made here no longer ago than 1815. A. rating it from Nottaway co. n. e., and by 



are considerable mill streams, 
tricts. Pop. 1830, l,o54. 

Lunenburg, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 45 
ms. N. w. Boston, 26 n. Worcester. Watered 

Pop. 1830, 



LUZ 



270 



LYC 



Brunswick e. -Length 26, mean width 16, 1 this great valley abounds in interminable 



and area 416 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 
46' to 37° 04', and in long. 1° 8' to 1° 32' w. 
W. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. k. 
by E. Chief town, Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 
10,662, 1830,11,957. 

LuKENBURG, C. H. and p-o. {See Lewis- 
town, Lunenburg co. Va.) 

Luney's creek and p-o. Hardy co. Va. 10 
ms. wstrd. Moorfields, and by p-r. 133 wstrd. 
W. C. 

LuRAY, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 
132 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Lusk's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. 
by p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

LuTHERSBURG, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by 
p-r. 212 ms. n.w. W.C. 

Luzerne, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. e. Hudson 
r. at Hadley falls, 12 ms. s. w, Caldwell, 12 
w. Sandy Hill. Pop. 1830, 1,362. 

Luzerne, co. Pa. bounded by Columbia s. 
w., Lycoming w., Bradford n. w., Susquehan- 
nah N., Wayne n. e.. Pike e., Northampton s. 
K., and Schuylkill co. s. Length s. to n. 50 
ms., mean breadth 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 40° 56' to 41° 43', and in 
long. 0° 40' to 1° 36' e. W. C. This is per. 
haps the most diversified co. in the U. States 
The N. e. branch of Susquehannah enters it 
from Bradford at the n.w. angle, and pur- 
suing a s. E. course forces its passage through 
numerous mountain chains, by comparative 
courses 35 ms. to the entrance of Lackawan- 
noc r. from the n. e. It here enters Wyo- 
ming valley, and turning at right angles, 
flows down the mountain vallies again 35 ms. 
to the mouth of Nescopeck creek, where it 
leaves Luzerne and enters Columbia. The 
peculiar features of Susquehannah r. will be 
seen under its own head. It is evident from 
the course of Susquehannah r. through Lu- 
zerne, that the western part of the co. is in- 
cluded in a concavity of that stream, and 
vice versa, on the opposite side. In the con- 
cave section the creeks are small, but on the 
convex side two streams of considerable 
comparative magnitude enter from the n. e., 
the Tunkhannoc and Lackavvannoc. Below 
the latter, and estwrd. from Wilkesbarre, the 
higher sources of Lehigh r. are within 5 ms. 
from the Susquehannah bank. Luzerne is 
composed of narrow vallies and intervening 
mountain chains, both extending from n. e. to 
s. w. That part of the Susquehannah valley 
above the entrance of Lackawannoc being 
the only exception to the foregoing arrange- 
ment 

The vallies of Luzerne are narrow, but 
contain the great body of the population. The 
central and principal valley is that of Wyo- 
ming, between Bullock and Shawaney mtns. 
The distance from ridge to ridge about 5 ms., 
but the real arable part of the valley less 
than 2 on an average. This fine vale com- 
mences about 15 ms. below Wilkesbarre, and 
extending to the n. e. is continued by the 
Lackawannoc into Wayne co., and besides 
the great fertility of soil in most of its length, 



strata of mineral coal, both along the Susque- 
hannah and Lackawannoc. 

Tunkhannoc valley in the northern part of 
the CO. is narrow, not exceeding 1 mile ; also 
very irregular, but extends into Susquehan- 
nah CO. Nescopec valley is in the extreme 
southern part of the co. ; this valley abound- 
ing in excellent soil, it is remarkable, is de- 
tached from the Susquehannah r. ; the Nes- 
copeck cr., after winding about 20 ms. to s. 
w. by w. turns abruptly n., leaves the arable 
valley by passing through a mountain chain. 

On the concave or western part of Luzerne, 
the two principal vallies are those of Mohoo- 
penny and Bowman's. 

Of the whole surface of this large co. 
about one fortieth is perhaps already culti- 
vated, and at most one third admits of being 
so ; in pasture more might be made useful, 
but more than one half is irreclaimable. 

In mineral coal this co. is peculiarly afflu- 
ent. The writer has himself visited many of 
the mines already opened. The quantity 
seems to admit of indefinite supply, and more 
recent and deeper examinations have given 
enlarged expectations of the value and abun- 
dance of this mineral treasure. 

The mountain timber of Luzerne, similar 
to that of most other parts of the Appalachian 
system, is gigantic in the vallies, and dimin- 
ishing in size ascending the mountain heights. 
In the northwestern section, in the vallies, 
beech and sugar maple abound, admixed with 
hemlock of very large growth. The hem- 
lock is indeed the production of all varieties 
of soil, and ascending the Susquehannah, 
commences to be found in large quantities in 
Luzerne. In the southern or lower part of 
the CO. the prevailing trees are, yellow and 
white pine, oaks of several species, beech, 
hickory, and more rare, black walnut and 
sycamore. The staples of this co. are coal, 
lumber, grain and flour. Chief ts. Wilkesbar- 
re, Kingston and Stoddartsville. Pop. 1820, 
20,027, 1830, 27,380. 

Lycoming, co. of Pa. bounded by Clearfield 
s. w., McKean w.. Potter n. w., Columbia a. 
E., and Union and Centre s. Length from 
E. to w. 106 ms., and the area being 2,332, 
the mean breadth must be 22 ms. Extending 
in lat. 41° 04' to 41° 36', and in long. 1° 18' 
w. to 0° 45' E. W. C. The junction of the w. 
branch of the Susquehannah r., with the large 
confluent from the n. w., the Sincmahoning 
is formed in the western part of Lycoming. 
The united waters, now a fine navigable river, 
winds eastwardly over the co. about 80 ms. 
by comparative courses to Pennsboro' where 
it winds to the sthwrd., leaving Lycoming be- 
tween Union and Northumberland co. In its 
passage over Lycoming, the w. branch re- 
ceives from the n. Pine creek, Lycoming, 
Loyalsock and Muncey creeks, and from the 
S. Bald Eagle creek. The face of this co. 
is very broken, and similar to Ijuzcrne, tra- 
versed by several mountain chains sirrlching 
from s. w. to n. e. Tliough the general slope 



LYN 



271 



LYO 



is estwrd.thc western part of Luzerne actu-Inumerous 8tor«s and groceries, there are in 
ally declines towards the Appalachian sys-j this town 4 book stores, and a marble manu- 
tem. In general features the resemblance is I factory, marking the advance of wealth, in- 
very strong between Luzerne and Lycoming ;telligence and taste. Pop. 1830, 4,()30. 
the arable part of both being narrow river or] Lvnciiburg, p-v. sthrn. part of Lincoln co 
mountain vallics. The proportion of good 
soil in I>ycoming is perhaps rather more. 



comparatively, than in Luzerne. In 18:20, 
Lycoming contained 13,517 inhabitants, and 
in 1830, 17,636. Chief t. Williamsport. 

Lycoming, tsp. and p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., 
extending from the W. Branch up Lycoming 
or. The p-o. by p-r. 6 ms. nrthwstrdly. Wil- 
liamsport, and 101 N. N. w. Harrisburg. {See 
Frozen run.) 

Lyell's, store and p-o. Richmond co. Va., 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Lyman, p.t. York co. Me., 25 ms. n. York. 
Pop. 1830, 1,503. 

Lyman, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., e. Conn, r.. 



Ten., by p-r. 70 ms. sthrdly. Nashville. 

Lynch's cr., one of the numerous misno- 
mers so disgraceful to our nomenclature. It 
is a river of N. and S. Carolina, rising in 
Mecklenburg and Anson cos. of tho former, 
between Yadkin and Catawba rs., and flow- 
ing thence enters S. Carolina between Lan- 
caster and Chesterfield (lists. ; continuing a 
e. E. course, separates Kershaw from Ches- 
terfield and Darlington, .Sumpter from Dar- 
lington, and Williamsburg from Marion, and 
falls into Great Pedce, after a comparative 
course of about 120 ms. ; more than one half 
|of which course it is navigable. 

Lyncuvvood, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of 



13 ms. above Haverhill, 90 from Concord, 155 (Chesterfield dist. S. C, by p-r. 55 ms. n. n. k. 
from Boston ; prevailing forest trees are pine Columbia. 



and hemlock ; contains a considerable eleva- 
tion, called Gardner's or Lyman's mtn. Pop. 
1830, 1,320. 

Lyme, N. H. {See Lime.) 

Lyme, p-t. New London co. Conn., e. Conn, 
r. at its mouth, opposite Saybrook, 40 ms. s. 
E. Hartford, and about the same distance e. 
New Haven ; it is a maritime town ; surface 
strikingly diversified ; prevailing soil, a grav- 
elly loam ; timber, deciduous trees ; among 
the vegetable productions, are ginseng and 
Virginia snake root ; waters abundant ; the 
town is accommodated with several good har- 
bors ; the fishing business is carried on ex- 
tensively ; 24 school dists. Population 1830, 
4,084. 

Lyme, t. Jefferson co. N. Y., s. e. St. Law- 
rence r., 8. Chaumont bay, w. lake Ontario ; 
predominant soil, clay or marl ; timber, a 
lofty growth, consisting of white pine, white 
oak, beech, sugar maple, hickory, &c. ; 6 
school dists., schools kept 6 months in 12. 
The fisheries of Chaumont bay are important ; 
excellent white fish arc here taken in abun- 
dance. Pop. 1830, 2,873. 

Lyme, p-v. nrthrn. part of Huron co. O., by 
p-r. 103 ms. n. Columbus. 

Lyme Range, a branch of the White mtns., 
commencing a little below Northampton, 



Lyndeborougii, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
10 ms. from Amherst, 35 s. Concord ; divided 
by a mtn. from e. to w. ; soil deep and strong, 
excellent for grazing. Pop. 1830, 1,147. 

Lynden, or Marengo, p-v. and st. jus., Ma- 
rengo CO. Ala., situated on Chickasaw cr.,by 
p-r. 72 ms. a little w. of s. from Tuscaloosa ; 
lat. 320 22', and long. 10° 51' w. W. C. 

Lyndon, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 34 ms, n. 
E. Montpelier ; watered by Passumpsic r. 
At the Great Falls in this r. near the s. part 
of the town, the water descends 65 ft. in the 
distance of 30 rods ; at the Little Falls, one 
mile above, the water descends 18 ft., aflbrd- 
ing excellent water privileges ; agaric miner- 
al is found in this town ; it is a tolerable sub- 
stitute for chalk, and a good one for Spanish 
white ; this is a valuable township ; soil a 
rich loam, easy to cultivate ; 14 school dists. 
Pop. 1830, 1,822. 

Lynesvillf., p.v. nrthrn. part of Granville 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 60 ms. n. Raleigh. 

Lynn, p-t. Essex co. Mass., on the coast, 10 
ms. N. E. Boston, 6 s. w. Salem ; it has long 
been noted for the manufacture of ladies 
shoes ; the number of shoes manufactured at 
this place annually, is from 1,500,000 to 
2,000,000 ; they are sent in large (|nantitics 
to the southern states, and to the W. Indies. 



Mass. and running s. along the e. bank of; Lynn beach connects Nahant with the main 
Conn, r., at the distance of 8 or 10 ms., till it land, and is a favourite place of resort in the 
terminates at Lyme on Long Island sound. summer. Lynn has a small and convenient 
Lynchburg, large and flourishing p-t. Camp- 1 harbor ; soil of the first quality; it has a 
bell CO. Va., situated on the right bank of{ town house and academy. Pop. 1830, 6,138. 



James r., at the great bend below the south 
estrn. chain of the Appalachian system. By 
p-r. 108 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond, and 



Lynn Camp, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Knox 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 112 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 
Lynn, cr. p-o. sthwstrn. part of Giles co. 



206 ms. s. w. W. C. . lat. 37° 19', long. 2o[Ten., by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 
05' w. W. C. This town was incorporated in, Lvnnfield, t. Essex co. Mass., 10 ms. w. 
1805, and has risen to the rank and impor- Salem, 12 n. e. Boston. Pop. 1830,617. 
tanceofa flourishing commercial mart. .lames Lvnnvili.e, on the p.o. list, fhui Linvilleon 
r. being navigable for batteaux, for a consid-! Tanner's maps"), p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Lc- 
crablc distance above, and below to tide wa- high co. Pa., 20 ms. n. w. Allentown, and 30 
ter, gives to Lynchburg the advantages of a 'a little e. of n. Reading. Lynn tsp. contain- 
sea port. The buildings, public and private, ' ed in 1820, 1,664 inhabitants, in 1830, 1,747. 
arc 9>ibstantial and elegant. In addition toi Lyons, p-t. and st. jus. Wayne co. N. Y., 16 



MAC 



272 



MAC 



ms. N. Geneva, 205 from Albany; soil good ;j Lysander, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 15 ms. 
has an abundance of mill seats; situated on U. iv. w. Onondaga, 24 s. s. e. Oswego; wa- 
the Erie canal, which hero crosses the r. tered bv Seneca r. ; 10 school dists. Pop. 
Clyde by an aqueduct of 90 feet ; contains 20 1830, 3',228, 
school dists. Pop. 1830, 3,603. | 



M. 



Note. — Under the letter M. those names I nually submerged, but the soil, where suita- 
which usually begin with the abbreviation Mc,, ble for culture, highly productive. Chief t. 
are in this work given in their proper place, i Wilmington. Pop. 1830, 1,297. 
and spelled at full length. j MacCullough's p-o. Jeilerson co. O. by 

MacAllister's, cross roads and p-o. Mont- 'p-r. 140 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, 
gomery co. Ten., by p-r. 67 ms. n. w. Nash- j Macdonough, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 11 ms. 
ville. [N. Norwich. Named in honor of Com. 

MAcALLfSTERSviLLE, p-v. Mifllin CO. Pa., j Macdonough. Soil good. Heavily timber- 
by p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Flarrisburg. led with maple, beech, basswood, elm, &lc, 

MacArthurstowx, p-v. Athens co. O., by j Well watered by springs and brooks, and a 
p-r. 71 ms. s. E. Columbus. branch of the Chenango r. Pop. 1830, 1,232. 

MACAuriN, cr. of II., rising in and giving] MacDonough, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. 
name to Macaupin co., flows a little s. of w. jGco. situated on Towanligan cr., a branch of 
over Montgomery co., and falls into II. r. near- lOckmulgee, 67 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. Mil. 
]y opposite Gilead, in Calhoun CO. jledgeville. Lat. 33° 2G', and long. 7° 17' w. 

Macaupin, co. II., bounded s. by Madison ;'W. C. 



w. Greene ; n. w. Morgan ; n. e. Sangamon ; 
and E. Montgomery. Length 38, mean width 
2.5, and area 950 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 20', long. 
13° w. W. C. The sthrn. part slopes s., and 
is drained by the sources of Cahokia cr. ; but ' 



Macedon, p-t. on the canal, Wayne co. N. 
Y. 20 ms. w. Lyons. Pop. 1830, 1,989. 

Macedonia, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p-r. 
121 ms. w. Nashville. 

MacEwensville, p-o. Northumberland co. 



the body of tlie co. slopes sthwstrd., and is 'Pa. 70 ms. n. Harrisbur§ 
drained by the numerous fountain streams of Maciiias r. Me. formed of two branches, 
Macaupin cr. Chief t. Carlinville. Pop. Uvhich unite at a place in Machias called the 
1830,1,990. 'Rim; when the r. widens into a bay, called 

Macaupin Point, p-o. wstrn. part of Mont- [Machias bay, which communicates with the 



gomery CO. II., 5] ms. wstrd. Vandalia. 

MacCall's, cr. and p-o. Franklin co. Miss., 
about 40 ms. e. Natchez. 

MacCi.ellandstown, p-v. in the wstrn. part 
of Fayette co. Pa., 8 ms. w. Uniontown, and 
10 s. Brownsville. 



ocean 6 ms. below. There are falls on each 
of the brandies, about 3 ms. above their con- 
fluence, which afford numerous mill scats. 

Machias, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. of 
Washington co. Me. on Machias bay, 221 ms. 
N. E. Portland. The principal settlement is 



MacClellansvii.le, p-v. Camden co. Geo., | at the falls of the e. branch of Machias r. At 



by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. Millcdgeville. 



the falls of the w. branch is another consider- 



MacC^onnelsburg, p-v. in the estrn. part of ! able village. A bridge is erected across 



Bedford co. Pa., on the r. from Chambersburg 
to Bedford, 18 ms. w. the former, 31 a little s. 
of E. the latter place, and by p-r. 70 s. w. by 
w. Ilarrisburg. 

MacConnelsville, p-v. and st. jus. Mor- 
gan CO. O., situated on a branch of Muskin- 
gum r., 30 ms. n. n. w. Marietta, 70 ms. s. e. 
by E. Columbus, and 30 ms. s. s. e. Zanes- 
ville ; lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 4° 46' w. Pop. 
1830, 267. 

MacCracken, CO. Ky., bounded by Callo- 
way s. e. ; Graves s. ; Hickman s. w. ; the 
Miss. r. separating it from Scott co. Miss. w. ; 
Ohio r. separating it from Alexander co. of 
II. N. w. ; Johnson co. of II. n. ; and Posey 
CO. of II. N. e. ; and by Ten. r. separating it 
from Livingston and Caldwell cos. of Ky. e. 
Length along 37th dcg. of n. Int. from the 
junction of Ohio and Miss, rs., to the eastern 
border of Ten. r. .54 ms. ; mean width l4, and 
area 756 sq ms. ; lat. 37°, and long. 12° w. 
W. C. inter&ect in the sthwhiin. part of this 



Middle r. between the two villages, which, 
with the causeway, is 1,900 feet long. Ma- 
chias has an academy, which is situated in 
the easlern village. There is a p-o. at each 
of the settlements. It is a thriving town, 
has considerable trade, principally lumber, 
and has 26 saw mills, which cut 10,000,000 
feet of boards annually. Pop. 1830, 2,774. 

MacIntosh, CO. Geo. bounded by the Alta- 
mahah r. separating it from Glynn and Wayne 
s. w., by Liberty n. w., n. and n. e., and by 
the Atlantic ocean s. e. Length 50, mean 
breadth 12, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 31° 08' to 31° .55', and in long. 4° 58' 
w. W. C. This CO. besides some of lesser 
note, includes the two islands on the Atlantic 
coast of St. Simon's and Sapelo. The whole 
surface is an almost unbroken plain, inclining 
sthwstrdly. towards the Altamahah r. Staples, 
cotton, rice, and sugar. Chief town, Darieri. 
Pop. 1820, 5,129, 1830, 4,998. 

M.^cKean, CO. Pa. bounded by Potter e., 



CO. The surface is generally level, part an- 'Lyconung s. e., Clearfield s., Jeflerson s.w. 



MAC 



273 



MAC 



Warren w., Cattaraugus co. of N. Y. n., and 
Alleghany co. of N. Y. n. b. Length 42, 
mean width 32, and area 1,344 sq. ms. Ex- 

tending in lat. 41° 24' to 42°, and in long. 1° 
16' to 2° 03' w. W. C. This co. occupies 
part of an elevated table land, from which 
flow 8. E. the higher sources of Sinnamaho- 
ning branch of Susquehannah, s. w. the 
sources of Clarion r. branch of Alleghany. 
The Alleghany r. rising in Potter co., flows 
wstrd. into MacKean, and winding n. n. w. 
enters Cattaraugus co. of N. Y. Within the 
latter co. this stream forms an elliptic curve 
and again re-enters McKean by a southern 
course. In the semicircle or segment of an 
ellipsis thus formed, the water courses radiate 
from the central parts of McKcan, flowing in 
diflerent directions, into Alleghany as a com- 
mon recipient. Tlie surface is hilly, in part 
it is mountainous and soil generally of mid- 
dling quality. Pop. 1820, 728, 1830, 1,439. 

MacKeans, old stand, and p-o. Westmore- 
land CO. Pa. about 20 ms. n. w. Greensburg, 
and by p-r. 199 ms. a little n. of w. Ilarris- 
burg. 

MacKeansbury, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 5 
ms. N. E. Orwicksbury, and by p-r. C4 n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

MacKees Port, p-v. situated on the right 
side of Youghioghany and Monongahela rs. 
at their junction, in Alleghany co. Pa., 11 
ms. by land s. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 189 
ms. w. Harrisburg. It is a village composed 
in great part of a single street along both rs., 
and on a high bottom. The situation is a 
most delightful one for a town, as far as natu- 
ral scenery is concerned. 

MacKke's Half Falls, and p-o. Union co. 
Pa. by p-r. 56 ms. nthwrd. Harrisburg. 

Macklnac, on the p-o. list, Mackinaw, on 
Tanner's U. S. map, the old Michilimakinak, 
port, and st. of jus. co. of Michilimakinaw. 
As given on the p-o. list it is 321 ms. n. n. w. 
Detroit. {See MicJdlimakinac island and co.) 

Mackln'aw, r. of II. rising on the plains, 
near the centre of the state, interlocking sour- 
ces \vith those of Vermillion branch of II. 
and with those of Sangamon. Flowing thence 
s. w. falls into II. r. about 5 ms. above the in- 
flux of Spoon r. The valley of Mackinaw 
lies between those of Vermillion and Sanga- 
mon, and comprises most part of McLean, 
and Tazewell cos. 

Mackinaw, p-v. and st. jus. Tazewell co. 
II. is situated on Mackinaw r. by p-r. 149 ms. 
>. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 33', long. 12° 18' w. 
W. C. 

MacKinstry's, mills and p-o. nthwstrn. part 
of Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 68 ms. n. n. w. 
W. C. 

Mackville, p-v. in the nthrn.part of Wash- 
ington CO. Ky. 13 ms. n. w. by w. Harrods- 
burg and by p-r. 34 ma. a. s. w. Frankfort. 

Mackville, p-v. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r 
100 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville 



as laid down on Tanner's improved map, 50 
from N. to s. and 40 k, to. w., area 2,000 sq. ma. 
Lat. 40° 40', and long. 12° w. W. C. Slope 
wstrd. and drained by the sources of Salt cr. 
branch of Sangamon, and those of the Ver- 
million branch of of Illinois. The surface in 
great part open grassy plains. Chief t. Bloo- 
mington. 

MacLeansville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 77 ms. nthestrd. Nashville. 

MacMinn, CO. of Ten. bounded by Rhea 
CO. N. w. ; it merely touches Roane on the n., 
is again bounded by Monroe n. e. and e., and 
by Iliwassee r. s. Length .38, mean width 16, 
and area 608 sq. ms. Extending in lat. SS^' 
15' to 35° 44', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 52' w. 
W. C. It lies in a form approaching a trian- 
gle, but the sthrn. side curving outwards along 
Iliwassee r. The whole surface an inclined 
plain, sloping towards the Iliwassee sthwstrd- 
ly., and drained by numerous crs. which flow 
into that r. Chief town, Athens. Pop. 1820, 
1,62.3,1830, 14,460. 

MacMinvit.lk, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. 
Ten. situated on a creek of Caney fork, 
branch of Cumberland r., 65 ms. s. e. by K. 
Nashville. Lat. 35° 44', long. 8° 48' w. 
W. C. 

MacNairy, CO. of Ten. bounded by Hardi- 
rnan w., Madison n. w., Henderson n., Har- 
din e., and the Chickasaw country in the stato 
Miss. s. Length 30, mean widtii 24, and 
area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 26', 
and in long. 11° 26'to 11° 50' w. W. C. This 
CO. occupies part of the table land between 
the Ten. and Big Hatchee r., the vvstrn. part 
drained by the sources of the latter, the north- 
westrii. by the sources of the Forked Deer r., 
and the cslrn. by small creeks flowing into 
Ten. r. Chief town, Purdy. Population 
18.30, 5,697. 

Macomb, co. of Mich, bounded by Wayne 
s. w., Oakland w., Lapeer n. w., St. Clair co. 
N. E., and St. Clair lake e. and s. e. Length 
32, mean breadth 12, and area 384 sq. ms. 
Lat. 42° 35', long. 5° 50' w. W. C. This co. 
is drained by the main stream and numerous 
branches of the Huron of lake St. Clair, and 
slopes to the e. Chief t. Mount Clemens. 
Pop. 1830,2,413. 

Macomb's, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. about 
100 ms. w. Columbia. 

Macon, extreme wsfrn. co. of N. C, boun- 
ded s. by Rabun and Habersham cos., and 
s. w. by the Cherokee country in Geo. ; w. by 
Amoi district, in Tenn. ; n, w. by Unika 
mtn. separating it from Amoi district in Ten., 
N. E. and E. by Tenn. r. separating it from 
Haywood co. N. C. Length from e. to w. 
45 ms.; mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 35°, to 35° 28', and in long. 
6° 20' to 7° 09' w. W. C. This co. is very 
elevated; the surface above 1,500 ft. mean 
height from the ocean. The general slope is 
to the nthwstrd. Hiwassec r. rises in Geo. 



MacLean, CO. II. bounded by Vermillion but enters and traverses in a n. w. by w. di- 
CO. E., Macon s., Sangamon s. w., Tazewell rection Macon co. ; the extreme sthestrn. 



w., Putnam .n. w., and La Salle n. 



Extent I branch of Tenn. also rises in Geo. but flow. 
35 



MAD 



274 



MAD 



ing X. enters N. C. forming ite boundary be- ] situated near the centre of the co., byp-r. 99 
tween Macon and Haywood cos. (See Tenn. ImB. b, w. by w. W. C, and 95 ms. n. n. w. 



r.) If allowance is made for relative height, 
Macon must have a winter climate similar to 
that of N. lat. 39°, on the Atlantic, or like 
that near the mouth of Del. r. Chief t. Frank- 
lin. Pop. Id30, 5,333. 

Macon, p-v. Franklin co. N. C. 35 me. n. 
E. Raleigh. 



Richmond. N. lat. 38o 22', and long. 1° 15' 
w. W. C. 

Madison, p.v. Rockingham co. N. C, by 
p-r. 32 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Madison, co. Geo. bounded s. by the S. 
Fork of Broad r., which separates it from 
Oglethorpe, s. w. by Clark, w. by Jackson, 



Macon, p-v. and st. jus. Bibb co. Geo. situ- n. w. and n. by Franklin, and k. by Broad R. 
ated on the right bank of Ockmulgee r. 3 ms. ; separating it from Elbert. Length 28 ms. 



s. w. by w. Milledgeville, lat. 32° 52' and long. 
6° 42' w. W. C. 

Macon, p-v. Bedford co. Tenn. about 50 
ms. s. E. Nashville. 

Macon, co. II. bounded by Cole s. e., Shel- 
by s., .Sangamon vv., MacLean n., and Vermil- 
lion N. E. Extent 40 by 35, or area 1400 sq. 
ms. Lat. 39° and long. 12° w. W. C. inter- 
sect not far from the centre. From the slh- 
eatrn. angle flow some of the higher sources 
of Kaskaskias r. The main volume of San- 
gamon, rising in MacLean and Vermillion en- 
ters the nthestm. angle and winding over it 
diagonally, divides it into two not very unequal 
sections. The sthwstrn. part is drained by 
the sources of Salt cr. branch of Sangamon. 
General slope of the co. s. w. Chief t. De- 
catur. Pop. 1830, 1,122. 

Mac WiiiLiAMSTOwN, p-o. sthwstrn. part of 
Chester co. Pa. byp-r. 63 ms. sthestrd. Har- 
risburg. 

Macumgy, p. t-ship. on Little Lehigh r. Le- 
high CO. Pa. .5 ms. s. w. Allentown, and by p. 
r. 95 ms. n. E.byE. Harrisburg. 

MacVeytown, p-v., Mifflin co. Pa. by p-r. 
68 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Madbury, t. Strafibrd co .N. H. 11 ms. n. 
w. Portsmouth. Contains bog iron ore, and 
red and yellow ochre. Pop. 1830, 510. 

Madison, p-t. Somerset co. Me. on the 
Kennebec r. 9 ms. n. Norridgewock. Popu- 
lation 1830, 1,272. 

Madison, co. N. Y., bounded N. and n. e. 
by Oneida lake and co., e. by Otsego co., s. 
by Chenango co., w. by Cortland and Onon- 
daga cos. containing 616 sq. ms. or 394,240 
acres. Morrisville is the st. jus. of the co. 
Its mineralogical productions are no where 
exceeded in the western cos. Pop. 1820, o2,- 
208—1830, 39,038. 

Madison, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 7 ms. e. 
Morrisville, 95 w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,544. 

Madison, tsp. of Columbia co. Pa. 5 ms. n. 
Danville. 

Madison, co. Va. bounded n. w. by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Shenandoah 
CO., N. e. and e. by Culpepper, and s. e., s. and 
s. w. by Rapid Ann r. separating it on all these 
sides fm. Orange co. Length s. to n. 28 ; mean 
brdth. 12, and area 336 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 38° 14', to 38° 38', and in long. 1° 09' 
to 1° 30' w. W. C. This co. slopes to the s. s. 
E., drained by various branches of Rapid Ann. 
The surface is moderately hilly, and soil of 
middling quality. Chief, t. Madison. Pop. 
1820, 8,490—1830, 9,236. 



mean wdth. 9 and area 252 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat 34° to 34° 15', and in long. 6° to 6° 28' 
w. W. C. The slope of this co. is generally 
s. E. toward* Savannah r., but the extreme 
estrn. part is drained by Sandy creek, a 
branch of Oconee flowing into Altamahah. 
Chief t. Danielsville. Pop. 1820, 3,735,— 
1830,4646. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. Geo. 
situated near the centre of the co. 40 ms. n. 
N. w. Milledgeville, lat. 34° 09' long. 6°. 14' 
w. W. C. 

Madison, co. Ala. bounded e. by Jackson, 
s. by Ten. r., separating it from Morgan, w. 
by Limestone, n. w. by Giles co. in Ten., and 
N. by Lincoln co. iiiTen. Length 36, mean 
width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 34° 30', to 35° n. and in long. 9° 24' to 9° 
54' w. W. C. This co. slopes sthrd. towards 
Ten. r. The surface moderately hilly and 
soil highly productive. Principal staple cot- 
ton. Chief t.Huntsville. Pop. 1820, 17,481 
—1830, 27,990. 

Madison, co. Miss., bounded by Big Black 
r. separating it from Yazoo co. n. w., by the 
Choctaw CO. N. E. and e. byRankin co. s. E.,and 
Hinds s. w. Length s. w. to n. e.55, mean 
wdth. 12, and area 660sqms. Extending in 
lat. 32° 28' to 33°, and in long. 12° 58' to 13<» 
38' w. W. C. This co. is bounded on the n. 
w. as has been shown, by Big Black r., and 
the sthestn. part is traversed by Pearl r., the 
two streams flowing to the s.w. at a distance 
of 18 to 20 ms. asunder, at this particular 
part of their respective courses. The great 
road from Natchez to Florence, Nashville, 
&c. also traverses this co. between Pearl and 
Big Black rs. Chief t. Madisonville. Fop. 
1830, 4,973. 

Madison, co. of Ten. bounded s. by Har- 
diman, w. by Haywood, n. Gibson, n. e. Car. 
roll, E. Henderson, and s. e. by MacNairy. 
Length 28, width 24, and area 672 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 35° 24' to 35° 47'. The de- 
clivity of this co. is to the n. n. w., drained to- 
wards Miss. r. by different branches of For- 
ked Deer r. Chief t. Jackson. Pop. 1830, 1 1,- 
549. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ten. 
situated near the centre of the co. by p-r. 168 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville, lat. 35° 27', long. 7<* 
18' w. W. C. 

Madison, co. of Ky. bounded by Estill e., 
Laurel s. e.. Rock Castle s. w., Garrard w., 
and Ky. r. which beparates it from Jessamine 
i\. w., Lafayette n., and Clark n. e. Length 



Madiso>, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Va. '40, mean width 13, and area 520 sq. ms. Ex- 



MAD 



275 



MAH 



tending in lat. 37° 23' to 37° 54', in long. <J° |Ky., situated on the table land between the 
48' to 7° 30' w. W. C. The extreme slhni. | vallics of (Jreen and Traduwater rs. 65 ms. 
part of this co. declines ethrd., and is drained nearly due n. Nashville in Ten., 53 sthestrd. 
in tliat direction by the sources of RockCus- Shawneetovvn on Uliio r. and by p-r. 191 nia. 



tie, branch of Cumberland r. Tiio residue 
of its surface slopes nthrd. towards Ky. r. 
Chief t. Richmond. Pop. 1820, 15,954, 1830, 
18,751. 

Madison, co. C, bounded by Lafayette s., 
Green s. w., Clarke w.. Champaign n. w., Un. 
ion N., Franklia k., and Pickaway s. e. Lat. 
40°, long. G° 24' w. W. C. Length from s. to 
N. 30, mean breadth 14, andarea420 sq.ms. 
Slope sthcstrd., and principally drained by 
Darby's cr. Chief town London. Pop. 1820, 
4,799, 1830,6,190. 

MAmsoN, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 173 
ms. N. E. Frankfort. 

Madison, co. Ind. bounded by Hancock s., 
Hamilton w.. Grant n., Delaware n. e. and 
Henrys, e. Length 30, breadth 18, and area 
540 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10', long. 8° 42' w. W. 
C. Slope s. w. and drained by the main stream 
and various branches of White r. Chief t. 
Andersontown. Pop. 1830, 2,238. 

AIadison, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Ind. 
by p-r. 76 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. It is situa- 
ted on the Ohio r. 46 ms. above Louisville, 
and 18 below Vevay, lat. 38° 43', long. W. C. 
8°24'w. 

This place was commenced in 1811, and 
has been very prosperous ; according to Flint, 
it contained in 1829, from 40 to 50 brick buil- 
dings, an insurance company, and did exten- 
sive mercantile business. It contains two 
printing offices, and in brief has all tho ap- 
pearance of a wealthy mart. 1 

Madison, co. II. bounded on the n. by! 



s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 20', and long. 
10° 30' w. W. C. 

Madisonvil,le, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 
lOG ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Madrid, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., s. St. 
Lawrence r., 110 ms. above Montreal, 60 be- 
low Kingston, 2.')0 n. w. Albany. Level, fer. 
tile, and well watered. Timbered with beech, 
maple, &c. 13 schools, kept 7 months in 12, 
Pop. 1830, 3,459. 

Mad River, rises in Grafton co. N. H., and 
falls into the Pcmigowasset, near the centre 
of Campton. 

Magnolia, p-v. on St. Marks r. Leon co. 
Flor. 16 ms. s. s. e. Tallahassee. 

Magruder's, p-o. Prince George's co. Md., 
by p-r. 15 ms. estrd. W. C. and 31 wstrd. An- 
napolis. 

Mahanov, three townships in the sthrn. part 
of Northumberland co. Pa., called relatively 
Little Mahanoy, Lower Mahanoy, and Upper 
Mahanoy. 

Mahanov, p-o. Northumberland co. Pa. by 
by p-r. 45 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Mahanoy, r. of Pa. rising in the nthrn. part 
of Schuylkill co. interlocking sources with 
the Cattawissa creek and Schuylkill r. it as- 
sumes very nearly a wstrn. course, and en. 
tering Northumberland, falls into Susquehan- 
nah r. about 11 ms. below Sunbury. The val- 
'ey of the Mahanoy is between those of Ma- 
hantango and Shamokin. 

Maiiantango, mtn. a ridge of the Appa- 
lachian system in Pa., extending from the left 



Greene, Macaupin, and Montgomery; Bond bank of the Susquehannahr. along the nthws- 
E., Clinton s. e., St. Clair s., Mississippi r. i trn. part of Dauphin into Schuylkill co. It 



separating it from St. Louis co. Mo. s. w., 
and the Mississijiiii r. again separating it 
from St. Charles co. Mo. n. w. Lat. 38° 45', 
long. 13° w. W. C. Slope s. s. w., and drain- 



is a continuation of tiie chain known to the s. 
w. of Susquehanna)), as the Tuscarora mtn, 
or Cove mtn. 

Mahantango, r. Pa. rises by two main and 



ed by Cahokia, and the sources of Silver cr. ' several smaller branches in the nthwstrn. an- 



branch of Kaskaskias r. 
ville. Pop. 1830, 6,221. 



Chief t. Edwards- 



glc of Schuylkill co. and in the vales of the 
Mahantango mtn. Assuming a course of a 



Madison, co. Mo. bounded by Washington 'little s. of w. the branches unite on the bor. 



N. w., St. Francis n., Perry n. e.. Cape Girar- 
deau e., Wayne s., and w. uncertain. It is a 
square of 30 ms., area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 
25', long. 13i° w. W. C. Traversed from n. 



; der of Schuylkill, and flowing along the wes- 
tern side of the mtn. of the same name, forms 
:a boundary between Northumberland and 
i Dauphin cos. to its influx with the Susquehan- 



to s. by the main stream and drained by the ina. The valley of Mahantango lies between 
branches of St. Francis r. Chief t. Freder- j those of Mahanoy and Wiconisco. 



icktown. Pop. 1830, 2,371. 



Mahoning, r. Pa. formed by two branches. 



Madiso.n, Cross Roads and p-o. ?tIadison iThe main stream, or Mahoning proper, rises 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 21 ms. from Huntsville, and 'in the wstrn. part of Clearfield co. and flow- 



171 N. N. e. Tuscaloosa. 



jing to the wstrd., traverses the sthestrn. angl« 



Madison Springs, p-v. Madison co. Geo. | of .lefferson, and nthwstrn. of Indiana, receiv. 



by p-r. 75 ms. n. Milledgeville. 



ing the sthrn. branch in the latter co. atNich- 



Madisonville, p-v. seaport and st. jus. par- olsburg, where entering Armstrong, the uni- 
ish of St. Tammany, La. situated on or near i ted waters continue to flow wstrd. to their 
the mouth of Chifuncte r. about 28 ins. n. fni. I confluence with Alleghany r. The Maho- 
the city of New Orleans, and on the opposite ning has interlocking sources with tlie ex- 



side of lake Pontchartrain, lat. 30° 24'. 



Itreme wstrn. branches of the Susquehannah 



Madisoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Madisonco. I river. 



Miss, about 137 ms. n. e. Natchez. 
Madibonvii.le, p-v. and st. jus. Hopkins co. 



Mahoning, r. of Pa. and Ohio, rises by nu- 



MAI 



276 



MAI 



meroua branches in Columbiana, Stark, Por- 
tage, and Geauga cos. of tlie latter state, 
which unite in Trumbull, and assuming a s. 
E. course enters Beaver co. Pa., and there 
joins the Shenango, forming the Big Beaver 
river. 

Mahoning, p-v. in the extreme nthwstrn. 
angle of Ind. co. Pa. on Mahoning creek, 
18 ms. a little w. of n. the boro' oi Indiana. 

Maiioning, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 135 ms. 
N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Maiden, cr. one of the nthestrn. branches 
of Schuylkill r. rising in the extreme wstrh. 
angle of Lehigh co. and flowing sthwrd. into 
Berks, falls into the Schuylkill r. 8 ms. above 
Reading. 

Maiden, cr. p-o. near the mouth of Maiden 
creek, Berks co. Pa. 8 ms. n. Reading, and by 
p-r. 60 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Maidstone, t. Essex co. Vt. w. side of Con- 
necticut r. 53 ms. n. e. Montpelicr, contains 
Maidstone lake, which is small. It was char- 
tered 1761, 1st settled 1770, contains 17,472 
acres, and is watered by Paul's stream. Pop. 
1830, 236. 

Maine, the easternmost and northernmost 
of the United States ; bounded n. w. and n. 
by Lower Canada, e. by New Brunswick, s. 
E. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and w. by 
New Hampshire. It lies between 43° 5' 
and 48° n. lat. and between 66° 49' and 70° 
55' w. long. 

Piscataqua river forms the s. w. boundary 
for about 35 miles, and the n. line runs by 
treaty along the highlands which divide the 
St. Lawrence from the ocean. The s. line 
reaches from Kittery point, to Quoddy head, 
about 221 miles. "The whole area is about 
33,223 square miles, including a large tract 
in the n. e. which has been claimed by Great 
Britain. In 1621, the w. boundary of Nova 
Scotia, as was definitively ascertained by trea- 
ty, was the St. Croix river, and aline running 
from its source n. to the St. Lawrence river. 
In 1691, the e. boundjiry of Me. was fixed at 
the w. boundary of Nova Scotia. In 1763, 
N. Brunswick and Maine, which had before 
extended to the St. Lawrence r., were reduc- 
ed on the N. and fixed at the highlands which 
separate the waters of the St, Lawrence river 
from the ocean. These bounds were repeat- 
edly acknowledged by parliament down to 
1774, and were never doubted until 1814, 
when the British plenipotentiaries proposed to 
discuss and revise the boundary so as to pre- 
vent future uncertainty and dispute. They 
stated that they desired a direct communica- 
tion from Quebec to tlalifax, and left it to 
the Americans to demand an equivalent. This 
was refused, on the ground that the territory 
sought, was undoubtedly American. The 
tract alluded to, includes most of the country 
watered by the St. John's river, Mars Hill, s. 
of that stream, being considered by the Brit- 
ish as apart of the "height of land," though 
in fact it is far distant, disconnected from it, 
and of very inferior elevation. The king of 
Holland as umpire in the case, has decided in 



favor of Great Britain ; but it is believed 
that his decision will not be submitted to, as 
at the time of making the award, he was not 
an independent sovereign. In 1831, Mada- 
wasca, and a tract S. of St. John's river were 
incorporated by the State, as well as the dis- 
puted territory n. of it, though without any 
design of taking forcible possession. In Oc- 
tober, l83t, in consequence of the election 
of municipal officers at Madawasca, the lieu- 
tenant governor of N. Brunswick and other 
ofiicers, with a military force, arrested a num- 
ber of persons and took them prisoners to 
FredericktoU; but soon after released them. 
The subject is now in the hands of commis- 
sioners for arrangement. It was originally 
granted in 1606 by James 1st. to the Council 
at Plymouth, by whom in 1624, a grant was 
made to Gorges & Mason, of all the country 
from Merrimac to Sagadahok. This claim 
was purchased by Mass. for f 1,250. The 
first permanent settlement was made in 1630. 
From 1674, to 1763, Mass. had to defend it 
from the Indians, with little profit. In 1691, 
Mass. obtained a confirmation of the charter, 
which added Maine, Nova Scotia. &c., to h(!r 
territory, and through long disputes with the 
French and Indians, those additions were still 
maintained. From its first settlement Maine 
was a district of Mass. In 1820, when its 
present constitution was adopted, it was sep- 
arated from Mass. and admitted into the Un- 
ion as an independent state. Its government 
now consists of three distinct departments. 
The legislative power is vested in a senate 
and house of representatives, the former at 
present containing 20, the latter 153 mem- 
bers. The members are chosen annually, 
and are proportioned to the population. Their 
regular yearly meeting commences on the 
l3t Wednesday of January. The executive 
power is vested in a governor, who is annual- 
ly chosen by the people, and a council ofsev. 
en elected by the legislature. The govern- 
or, who iimst be at least 30 yrs. of age, has a 
qualified negative on the laws proposed by 
the legislature, he has also the control of the 
oflScial patronage, and together with the coun- 
cil exercises the pardoning power. In case 
of a vacancy, the president of the senate 
acts as governor. The judiciary consists of 
a supreme judicial court, and a court of 
common pleas, each of three judges. The 
judges are appointed by the governor and his 
council ; they hold their offices during good 
behavior until 70 yrs. of age, and are remo- 
vable only by impeachment. Justices of the 
peace are appointed for 7 yrs. The time of 
annual elections is the 2d Monday in Septem- 
ber. Any changes may be made in the con- 
stitution by a vote of two thirds of both hou- 
ses of the legislature, if such vote be ratified 
by the people. 

The surface of the state is generally diver- 
sified, and moderately hilly. A tract on the 
west side, east of the White mountains in 
New Hampshire, and also a small district in 
the north extremity, are mountainous ; some 



MAI 



277 



MAI 



few elevations are abovo onJinnry vegetation. |norlhorn states. The tract of country along the 



The range of high land whicli crosses Ver 
mont, and New Hainpeliirc, enters tlie n. w. 
corner of ^Maine, passes round Chaudicre r. 
and running nearly parallel with the St. Law- 
rence river, at the distance of 15 or 20 miles, 
terminates on the gulf of St. Lawrence, near 
cape Rozier. This is tlio " height of land," 
or the " N. E. llidge," spoken of in tlio trea 



sea coast from 10 to ^0 ms. wide, though it 
embraces all the varieties of sandy, gravelly, 
clayey, and loamy soils, is for the most part 
poor. The principal productions of this sec- 
tion, arc maize, rye, barley, grass &.c. In 
the tract lying north of this, and extending 
from 50 to 100 ms. into the interior, the soil 
is more fertile, and produces maize, wheat. 



ties as the N. boundary of Maine, and thouglil barley, rye, oats, millet, llax, hemp, grass, 



ot gradual elevation, is in some places 4,tl00 
feet above tho ocean. The mountains of 
Maine lie in irregular groups, with a line 
drawn from s. part ot Oxford co. e. of Andros- 
coggin lakes, then N. on w. side of Kennebec 
river, and Moosehead lake, to the mountains 
among the w. sources of Penobscot river. 
These mountains belong to the Alleghany 
range, and tho White mountain spur. There 
are several subordinate spurs, the s. one ex- 
tending 40 miles from tho White mountains. 
North ot Androscoggin river, and to Dead r. 
is a rough range, including some of the high- 
est peaks in tho state ; the principal are 
Speckled mountain, White Cap, Saddleback, 
&.C. about 4,000 feet above the sea. Dald 
mountain ridge, with peaks of the same ele- 
vation, lies between Moose river and tho s. 
w. branch of Penobscot river. Kennebec, 
Penobscot, and St. John's rs. run through a 
broad irregular valley 20 ms. by 120, which 
is bordered by ranges of mountains. Beside 
those mentioned, are several other groups, as 
the Spencer, iStc. Katahdin mountain has 
been found by barometrical observation, to be 
5,.335 feet above the ocean, and 4,G85 above 
w. branch of the Penobscot river. It is the 
highest peak e. of the Miss, except a few of 
the White mountains of New Hampshire. 
The view from the summit is fine and varied, 
and extends over 80 or 100 miles ; from it 
maybe seen 63 lakes which are tributary to 
the Penobscot river, and others, the heads of 
the St. John's, and ^Kennebec. It has high 
table land on three sides, 4 miles in width 
and covered svith forests, is inaccessible on 
the E., s. and on part of the w. sides, and is 
covered with broken rocks, and overgrown 
with spruce trees, which gradually diminish 
towards the top, leaving its summit bare. 

The principal rivers of Maine, are tho Pe- 
nobscot, Kennebec, Saco, Androscoggin, 
St. John's, and St. Croix, which with their 
branches water most of the state. The Saco 
waters 650 square miles, the Androscoggin 
.3,300, the Kennebec 5,280, and the Penob- 



and most northern plants. The land between 
the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, is well 
adapted to the purposes of agriculture, and 
as a grazing country, is one of the finest in 
New England. Land of average quality, 
yields with good cultivation, 40 bushels of 
maize to the acre, 20 to 40 bushels wheat, 
rye, oats, &c., and 1 to 3 tons hay. Agricul- 
ture, until recently, has been much neglected ; 
the forests and fisheries being very productive, 
now 5-6 of the people are supported by it, 
most of the inhabitants being farmers, but 
many, merchants ani manufacturers. Ap- 
ple, pear, plum, cherry trees, melons, &c. 
succeed ; peach trees do not. The extreme 
season of vegetation, is between April 21st, 
and October 16th ; vigorous vegetation from 
Juno 3d, to September 12th. The climate 
of the state is subject to great extremes of 
heat and cold. In all parts, the air is pure 
and salubrious, but most so, as well as most 
mild, where the forests have been cleared 
away. The winters are very severe. Snow 
lies in some parts 5 months, near tho sea but 
3 or 4. Many sheep are raised. The west 
and old counties raise food, &c. for their con- 
sumption, and send out some, the cast coun- 
ties not enough. Cattle and swine are sent 
into, and through New Hampshire ; and- to 
New Brunswick, Hamilton, and St. Johns. 
The trees are various. AVhite pines are the 
most abundant, and are found chiefly on the 
sources of the Penobscot, Kennebec, and 
Aroostook rivers. Iron is abundant, and of 
excellent quality. Lime is made in great 
quantities, at Thomaston, and Cambden. 
Fine marble is found on the west branch of 
the Penobscot river. Granite and slate arc 
abundant. Salt and fishing are profitable on 
the coast. 

Maine enjoys great facilities for naviga- 
tion and commerce. The sea shore abounds 
in excellent harbors, and the settled parts of 
the country are mostly near to markets, where 
produce is readily exchanged for money. 
The centres of interior trade, are Portland, 



scot, which is navigable to Bangor, by the j Hallowell, Bangor, Calais, Brunswick, Bel- 
largest merchant vessels, 8,200. Those por- ] fast. Sec, which being always open to naviga- 
tions of the country near the sea, are watered jtion, enjoy some advantages oVer other ports, 
by the Piscataqua, Kennebec, Sheepscot, Saco, Machias, and Eastport, are important 
Danmriscotta, Muscongus, St. Georges, ! harbors. The tonnage of Maine, is i of that 
Union, Narragaugus, Machias, and other rs. jof the whole United States, though its popu- 
Between the Penobscot and Kennebec rs. a ilation is but one thirtieth. The principal ex- 



distance of 50 ms. on the sea shore, there are 
4 considerable rs. beside innumerable inlets, 
so that almost every town has its particular 
channel of communication with the sea. 
The soil of Maine is generally equal, and 



ports are timber, lumber of various kinds, 
dried fish, salt meat, lime, beef pork, butter, 
pot and pearl ashes, & some grain. The ton- 
nage of Maine, entered in the year ending 
September, 1830, was 74,741 ; departed, 



in some places superior to that of the other 97,794 ; value of imports, $572,606 ; ex- 



MAI 



278 



MAI 



ports, domestic produce, $643,435 ; foreign, 
$27,087 ; total exports, $670,522. 

Manufactures are very few. The direct 
revenue is chiefly derived from assesments 
on polls and estates, laid equally, 1 per cent 
on bank stock, and the indirect, from duties 
on litigation. 

Maine is rapidly increasing in popula- 
tion. In 1810, there were 228,705 inhabi- 
fants ; in 182u, 298,335 ; and in L830, 399,- 
437. The state is divided into 10 counties, 
the population of each of which, for the years 
1820 and 1830, are given below. Waldo 
county was formed from Hancock, since the 
census of 1820. 



Counties. 


Pop. 1820 


Fop. 1830 


York, 


46,283 


51,722 


Ciimberlaiid, 


49,445 


60,102 


Lincoh), 


53,189 


57,183 


Kennebec, 


42,623 


52,484 


Oxford, 


2/',10i 


35,211 


AVal.lo, 




29,788 


Somerset 


21,787 


35,787 


Penobscot, 


13,870 


31,1330 


Hancock, 


31,290 


24,330 


Washington, 


12,744 


21,294 



Total, 298,335 399,437 

Of the foregoing population of 1830, were 
whites, 

Males. Fem.ales. 

Under 5 years of ape, 34,0.52 32,471 

Between 5 and l.'i, 54,205 51,743 

" 15 and 30, 57,385 57,942 

" 30an(l.''.0, 30,248 36,443 

" 50 and 70, 15,184 15,234 

" 70 and 90, 3,458 3,600 

" 90 and over, 95 J 40 



Total, 



200,087 



197,573 



Of which 153 are deaf and dumb, 154 are 
blind, and foreigners not naturalized 2,489. 
Of the deaf and dumb, 8 are supported by the 
state, at the American Asylum, at Hartford. 

Of colored persons, there are, free, 

Males. Ferns. 

Under 10 years of age, 159 140 

Between 10 and 24, 169 171 

" 24 and 36, 111 117 

" 3C and 55, 105 91 

" 55 and 100, 52 52 
" 100 and and over, 2 

Total, 600 571 

Slaves — males, none ; fenxales, 6 ; color- 
ed deaf and dumb, IG ; blind 1. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

398,200 1,171 C 399,437 

Since Maine became a separate state, an 
improvement has been made upon the old 
school system of Mass. The school fund of 
the state, consists of the proceeds of 20 town- 
ships of land, on interest ; the balance of 
money lo be received from Mass. over the 
debts of the state, and the proceeds of land 
required to be reserved for the ministry, 
which last is applied for schools where the 
land is. Besides this, every town is obliged 
to raise 40 cents a year, for each inhabitant, 
which is paid for free schools in proportion !o 



the number of persons between 4 and 21 
years. The amount of money raised by the 
new method, is much greater than formerly. 
The districts build school houses, &c., and 
the parents furnish books ; all have equal 
right to the schools. In 1825, -$137,878 were 
expended for schools, in 2,499 districts ; 101,- 
325 children attended, 4i months in the year ; 
average wages of teachers, $12 per month. 
Expense of each scholar per year $1,35, and 
annual increase of scholars, 6,000. In 1831, 
the number of school districts, was 2,500 ; 
amount expended $200,000, and the number 
of students at public schools, not supported 
by voluntary contributions 100,000. The 
whole number of academies was 35, and the 
students 900; students at colleges, including 
medical school, 260. Grammar schools 
have been superseded by academies, founded 
by private persons and supported by land 
granted by the state. In 1819, there were 
28, 24 of which were incorporated by Mass. 
with capital invested, $220,000, annual in- 
come $9,500 ; receipts for tuition, $8,000, 
number of pupils 950, for 10 months in the 
year ; average expense $50. Tiie Mair»e 
Wesleyan seminary, Watervilio college, and 
Bowdoin college are superior institutions. 
Bangor theological seminary, and Gardiner 
lyceum have both ceased operations for the 
present. Bowdoin college, at Brunswick, 
was founded in 1794, by Hen. J. Bowdoin, 
and has lands from Mass. and an annuity from 
Maine. A medical school is attached to it. 
In Maine, there is one child at school, for 
every 4 inhabitants. 

The state prison, at Thomaston, is on an 
eminence, a few yards from navigable water. 
The convicts are employed in quarrying lime- 
stone on the grounds, and in hammering 
granite which is brought by water. In its 
construction and general arrangements the 
late improvements have been introduced. The 
convicts have separate cells, in which they 
arc confined at night ; they are all instructed, 
and taught to read the scriptures. The pro- 
ceeds of their labor in 1831, exceeded the 
expenses, (exclusive of the officers' pay,]more 
thair .$400. There is but one county prison 
in Maine, and by a recent law, tlie state has 
abolished imprisonment for debt, which saves 
annually about 1000 imprisonments. 

An act was passed in March, 1832, to en- 
courage agriculture, horticulture, and manu. 
factures, authorising the payment to each in- 
corporated agricultural society, or horticultu- 
ral society, as much money as if raises by 
subscription or otherwise, not exceeding 
$300, in each co. These societies are au- 
thorized to offer annual premiums for im- 
proving animals, tools, implements of hus- 
bandry, or manufacture, trees, plants, &c. 
The legislature has also, at difl'erent times, 
appropriated money to improve tlie road 
through the White mountains of N. Hamp- 
shire, as it aftbrds an important channel of 
transportation, for llie produce of the in- 
terior. 



MAL 



279 



MAN 



The state expenses, in 1830, were about 
$297,000, $50,000 of which was raised by 
direct taxation. $5,000 is annually appropri- 
ated for the education of indigent deaf and 
dumb persons, at the American Asylum, in 
Hartford, Conn. 

There is in Maine, a state temperance so- 
ciety, and a historical society, with a de- 
pository, t&c. A marine hospital is to be 
erected by the government of the United 
States, at Portlartd, and $15,000 have been 
appropriated for it. 

The following are the names of the princi- 
pal places, and their distances, on the new 
road through Maine to Canada, beginning 
at the capital. From Augusta to Waterville, 
183 miles, Fairfield 187i, Bloomfield 198, 
Madison, WherPs, 205, Solon, Boies', 215, 
Bingham, Goodridge's, 223, Moscow, Spauld- 
ing's, 235, forks of Kennebec river. Temple's, 
245, Parlin pond. Baker's, 260, Moose river, 
Holden's, 275, Hilton's camp in township No. 
5, 3d range, 286, St. Charles, Owen's, 317, 
St. Francis, Boldue's, 326, St. Joseph's, Su- 
ponsey's, 340, St. Mary's, Slaven's, 352, St. 
Henry's, 370, Point Levi, McKensey's, 382, 
over the St. Lawrence river to Quebec 383. 
From the Canada line, to Point Levi, 117 
miles, the road is perfectly smooth, and there 
are no very steep hills. 

There are various religious sects in the 
state. Baptists, 210 churches, 136 ministers, 
22 licentiates, and 12,936 communicants ; 
Congregationalists, 156 churches, 107 minis- 
ters, 9,626 communicants ; Methodists, 56 
ministers, 12,182 communicants ; Free Will 
Baptists, 50 congregations ; Friends, 30 so- 
cietics ; Unitarians, 12 societies, 8 ministers ; 
Episcopalians, 4 ministers ; Roman Catholics, 
4 churches ; New Jerusalem church, 3 soci- 
eties ; beside some Universalists. 

Maine Paint, creek, and p-o. Fayette co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 53 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

Mainsburg, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 144 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Malaga, p-v. Monroe co. Ohio, by p-r. 142 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Malcolm, p-o. Jeflerson co. Miss. 15 ms. 
N. Natchez. 

Malden, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 4 ms. n. 
E. Boston, 4 miles by 24. The bridge to 
Charlestown is nearly 2,500 feet long. In 
the south, are about 1,000 acres of salt marsh. 
North part uneven. First settled 1648. Pop. 
1830, 2,010. 

IVIallorvsville, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Wilkes CO. Geo. by p-r. 71 ms. n. n. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

- Malone, p-t. and st. jus. Franklin county, 
N. Y. on Salmon river, with a court house, 
and state arsenal. It is 50 miles w. n. w. of 
Pluttsburg. Several ponds afford trout, as 
well as the streams. Pop. 18.30, 2,207. 1 

Malta, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 4 ms. s. e.! 
Ballston Spa, 25 n. Albany ; contains Round 



Malta, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 70 m». 

s.K. by E. Columbus. 

Mamakating, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. Villa- 
ges, Bloomingsburg, (on Shawangunk creek) 
Burlingham and Mamakating. It is 7 or 8 
ms. by 15, and is crossed by Shawangunk mtn. 
or Blue Ridge. The streams afford trout and 
pike. Pop. 1830, 3,070. 

Mamaronec, p-t. West Chester co. N. Y., 
has a harbor on Long Island sound for ves- 
sels of 100 tons. Two creeks afford mill 
seats, 23 ms. n. e. N. Y., 2i ms. by 3. Pop. 
1830, 838. 

Mamgunk, p-v. Phil. CO. Fa. 
Manauawke.x, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 
near the sea, on a creek of the same name, 
6 ms. N. e. Tuckcrton, 50 s. Freehold. 

Manasquan r. Monmouth co. N. J., falls 
into the ocean 30 ms. s. Sandy Hook, 4 n. 
Barnegat bay, is navigable for small vessels. 
Marichae, p-o. parish of E. Baton Rouge, 
La. situated on the left bank of Miss. r. at the 
efflux of Ibberville cr., 11 ms. s. Baton Rouge. 
Manchester, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. e. 
side of Merrimac r. ; contains part of Mas- 
sabesick pond, and several small streams. A 
canal of 1 m. passes the Amoskeag falls in 
Merrimack r., which descends 45 ft. Made in 
1816, and cost $60,000. General Stark died 
here. 16 ms. s. Concord. Pop. 1830, 877. 

Manchester, p-t. and half shire, Benning- 
ton CO. Vt. Battenkill r., and its branches give 
many mill seats. Equinox mtn. is 3,706 feet 
above tide. It has 2 villages, white marble 
quarries, a jail, court house, academy, &c., 
22 ms. w. Bennington. A turnpike road 
crosses the Green mtns. Pop. 1830, 1,525, 

Manchester, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 8 ms. e. 
N. E. Salem, 27 n. e. Boston. Incorporated 
in 1645. The inhabitants are much employed 
in the fisheries, which are valuable. It has 
a good harbor, and lies sloping to the water 
s. Pop. 1830, 1,236. 

Manchester, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 10 
ms. e. Hartford. The village is pleasantly 
situated on the great route from Hartford to 
Boston, and the town, which contains much 
fine soil, has several manufactories. Pop. 
1830, 1,576. 

Manchester, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y.Canan- 
daigua outlet affords mill seats, 199 ms, w. 
Albany. The Clifton springs are sulphure- 
ous, rising through lime rocks, 10 ms. n. Ca- 
nandaigua. Pop. 18.30,2,811. 

Manchester, p-o, York co. Pa. between 
the boro' of York and Harrisburg. 

Manchester, p-v. in the northwestern an- 
gle of Baltimore co. Md. 3J ms. n.n. w. Bal. 
timore. 

Manchester, p-v. very pleasantly situated 
on James r. opposite Richmond, and in Ches- 
terfield CO. Va. Mayo's bridge over the Ra- 
pids of James r. unites Richmond to Man- 
chester. 

Manchester, p-v. in the western part of 



lake and part of Saratoga lake, with few jSumpter dist. S. C. It is aituated about 8 
mill seats, and is a good farmmg town, withims. n. n. e. the junction of Wateree and Con- 
n. village called Dutming Street. Pop. 1830,'garee rs., and by p-r, 40 ms, s, e. by e. Co- 
1)517. lumbia. 



MAN 



280 



MAR 



Manchester, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co. Ky 
situated on a branch of the South fork of 
Ky. r. by p-r. 126 ms. s. e. J'rankfort. Lat. 
37° 10', and long. 6° 38' w. W. C. 

Manchester, p-v. Adams co. O. by p-r. 1 10 
ms. s. s.w. Columbus. 

Manchester, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 
89 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Manchester, p-v. St. Louis co. Mo. by p-r. 
20 ms. v^fstrd. St. Louis. 

Mandarin-, p-v. Duval co. Flor. by p-r. 267 
ms. estrd. Tallahassee. 

Mangohick, p-o. King William co. Va. 40 
ms. sthwrd. W. C. 

Manhattan, isl. (See N. Y. city.) 

Manhattan, p-v. Putnam co. Ind. by p-r. 
52 ms. wstrd. Indianopolis. 

Manhattanville, v. e. side of Hudson r. 
9 ms. N. N. Y., included within the bounds of 
the city and co. of N. Y. 

Manheim, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 69 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany, 14 e. Herkimer ; contains a 
number of mills, and very good land. Pop. 
1830, 1,937. 

Manheim, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 10 ms. n. 
w. the city of Lancaster, and about 30 a little 
s. of E. Harrisburg. 

Manlius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 ms. 
E. Onondaga, 137 w. Albany ; contains many 
mill seats on Limestone, Chittcningo and But- 
ternut creeks. A branch of the first falls 100 
feet. There are sulphur springs. The Erie 
canal passes through the town. 5 villages, 
Manlius, Fayetteville, Orville, Eagleville and 
Jamesville. Pop. 1830, 7,375. 

Mannboro', p-v. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Manningham, p-v. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 
152 ms. s. s. E.Ala. 

Mannington, t. Salem co. N. J. 50 ms. s. 
w. Trenton ; has Salem creek n. and w., and 
is crossed by Mannington creek. Pop. 1830, 
1,172. 

Manor, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 6 ms. s. s. w. 
Lancaster. 

Manor Hill and p-o. Huntingdon co. Pa. 
by p-r. 163m3.N. W. C. 

Mansfield, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 20 ms. n. 
%v, Montpclier ; contains much uninhabitable 
mountain land. Pop. 1830, 1,726. 

Mansfield, t. Bristol co. Mass. 12 ms. N. 
Taunton. Pop. 1830, 1,172. 

Mansfield, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 28 ms. 
E. Hartford. A larger quantity of silk is ma- 
nufactured here than in any other place in the 
V. S. This branch of industry was introduced 
into the country by Dr. Aspinwall of this 
place, above 70 years ago, who established 
the raising of silk worms in New Haven, 
Long Island and Phil. Assisted by Dr. Stiles, 
half an ounce of mulberry seed was sent to 
every parish in Conn., and the legislature for 
a time offered a bounty on mulberry trees 
and raw silk; 265 lbs. were raised here in 
1793, and the quantity has been increasing 
ever since. In i830, 3,200 lbs. were raised. 
Here is a small silk factory, under an English 
manufacturer, with swifts, for winding 



hard silk ; 32 spindles for doubling ; 7 dozen 
of spindles for throwing ; 7 do. of spindles for 
spinning ; 32 spindles for soft silk winding, 
and 2 broad and 1 fringe silk looms. There 
is machinery enough to keep 30 broad silk 
looms, and 50 hands in operation. Pop. 1830, 
2,661. 

Mansfield, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 245 me. 
w. by s. of Albany. Pop. 1830, 378. 

Mansfield, p-t. Warren co. N. J., is hilly, 
crossed lengthwise by Morris canal and Po. 
hatcong creek. It is bounded s. e. in its 
whole length by Musconetcong r., and is 7 
ms. s. E. Oxford and 35 n. Trenton. 

Mansfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. 8 ms. e. 
Trenton ; has Del. r. n. w., Blacks creek n. 
E., and is crossed by Crafts creek, on which 
are several mills. It is opposite Newbold's 
isl. in Del. r. 

Mansfield, p-v. and st. jus. Richland co. 
O. by p-r. 71 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Lat. 40° 
47', long. 5° 53' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 840. 

Mansfield, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 140 
ms. N. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Mansker's creek and p-o. western part of 
Davidson co. Ten. 25 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Mantua, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 137 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Maple Grove, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. 231 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Maplesville, p-v. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 35 
ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Maramec, r. of Mo. interlocking sources 
on the sthrd. with those of St. Francis, and 
on the w. with those of Gasconade r. It is 
composed of two branches, Maramec Proper, 
and Big r. Maramec rises in Crawford and 
Washington cos., and flowing thence n. e. 
traverses Franklin, receiving the Baurbeuse, 
a large tributary from the wstrd. Having 
reached to within 8 ms. from Mo. r., the 
Maramec curves to the e. and receives Big 
r. between St. Louis and Jefferson cos. Still 
inflecting, this stream finally assumes a s. e. 
course to its influx into Miss. r. 20 ms. below 
St. Louis. 

Big r. rises in the Iron mtns., and in Wash- 
ington and St. Francis cos., and flowing 
thence n. over Jeflferson falls into the main 
stream of Maramec at Lawrenceton. 

It may be observed as a curious fact in 
physical geography, that the general course 
of the Maramec is directly contrary to, and 
very nearly parallel to that of the Miss, from 
St. Louis to the influx of Kaskaskias. The 
valley of Maramec is 100 ms. in length, with 
a mean breadth of 35, or area 3,500 sq. ms. 
comprising the space between the lower 
Mo. and St. Francis, and between the Gas- 
conade and Miss. rs. Lat. 38°, and long. 
14° w. intersect between the main Maramec 
and Big r. 

Maramec, p-v. Gasconade co. Mo., about 
70 ms. s. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Marathon, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y., 145 
ms. s. by e. of Albany. Pop. 1830, 895. 

Marblehead, p-t. and port, Essex co. 
Mass., 16 ms. E. Boston, 4 s. e. Salem, 1 m. 



MAR 



281 



MAR 



by 3i on a neck of land. The harbor is l^ms.' 
long, ij broatl, safo niid defended by fort Scw- 
ell. The town is largo and handsome, with a 
fine square, custom house, bank, and other 
public buildings, on a rocky neck. The chief 
business is the cod fishery on the banks ; fif- 
ty-sevcn vessels and 412 men were employed 
in the cod and mackerel fishery, from Mar- 
blehcad, in 1831 ; the number of fish taken 
was 1,132,650, weighing 55,000 quintain, and 
tho whole proceeds valued at $160,490. The 
coast is rocky and barren, and there are but 
few spots of good soil in the town ; it has wa- 
ter on three sides. Pop. 1830, 5,149. 

Marblk lIii.L, and p-o. Prince Edward co. 
Va., 83 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Mariu.etown, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
s. w. Kingston. Esopus and Rondout crs. 
pass through it, and with their branches af- 
ford mill seats, (clouded marble is quarried 
here ; the Delaware and Iliidson canal pas- 
ses through it. Top. 1830, 3,223. 

MARuyiivviLi.E, p-v. pari.sh of W. Felicia- 
na, La., 8 ms. cstrd. St. Francisvillc, 83 n. 
w. by w. New Orleans. 

Marceli.us, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., on 
Skeneateles lake, 10 ms. w. Onondaga, in- 
cludes half of Skencalelcs and Otisco lakes, 
with many mill seats. Pop. 1830, 2,626. 

Makci's Hook, p-v. on the right bank of 
Del. r., and in the extreme sthrn. angle of Del. 
CO. l*a., 20 ms. below Phil. 

Markngo, CO. of Ala., bounded n. by 
Greene ; n. k. by Perry ; e. Dallas ; s. e. 
Wilcox ; s. Clark ; and w. Tombigbee r., 
separating it from the Choctaw country. 
Length s. to n. 40 ma., width 24, and area 
960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° to 32° .35', 
and in long. 10° 40' to ll°4r w.W. C. This 
CO. extending down the Tombigbee from the 
influx of Black Warrior r., is composed of an 
inclined plane, and declining wstrd. towards 
tho latter stream ; the estrn. and sthestrn. 
limils, though straight lines, follow nearly the 
dividing ridge between the vallies of Tom- 
bigbee and Ala. rs. .Similar to the contiguous 
COS., the greatest share of the surface of Ma- 
rengo is covered with pine, and with a sterile 
soil ; in 1820, what is now Greene co. was 
included in Marengo, and the whole had n 
population of 3,933 ; in 1830, the latter con- 
tained 7,700. Chief t. Marengo. 

Marknoo, p-v. and at. jus. Marengo co. 
Ala. (Sr;e Lynden.) 

Mar(5at,i.\wav r. N. IL, rises on the line of 
Maine and L. Canada, and is the head stream 
of Androscoggin r. 

Margarf.tta, Furnace and p-o. York co. 
Pa. 

Maroaretta, p-v. Huron co. O., by p-r. 
119 ms, N. Columbus. 

Mariana, p-v. on fkipola r., in the nrlhrn. 
part of .lackson co. Flor., about 140 ms. n. e. 
by E. Pensacola, and 70 ms. n. w. by w. Tal- 
lahasse. 

Marietta, p-v. on the left bank of Susque- 
hannah r., above the mouth of Chiques cr. Lan- 



ter. In 1820, tho tsp. contained 1,545 inhab- 
itants. 

Marietta, p-v. and at. jus. Washington co. 
O., situated on the point above the junction 
of Ohio and Muskingum rs., about 60 ms. b. 
s. E. Zanesvillc, and by p-r. 304 ms. n little «. 
of w. W. C, and 106 s. e. by k. Columbus. 
Tho site is pleasant, but the lower part near 
the point liable to occasional inundation. 
This town was tho cradle of the state of O., 
and was founded in 1787 by a colony from 
Mass., whoso descendants have maintained 
the industrious and frugal habits of thoir pa- 
rents. The town now contains'an academy, 
several private schools, tho conunon co. build- 
ings, two printing olfices, a bank, and two or 
three churches. Pop. ll'30, 1,207, distribu- 
ted over three wards. The scenery of the 
vicinity is peculiarly fine, even on the Ohio. 

Marion, dist. S. C, bounded e. and s. e. 
by Lumber r. or Little Pedee, separating it 
from Horry ; on the s. by Great Pedee, scp- 
arating it from Georgetown ; s. w. by Lynch- 
es cr., sejiarating it from Williamsburg ; w. 
by Darlington; n. w, by Marlboro'; and n. 
by Robeson co. in N. C. Length from the 
junction ofCJrcatand liittle Pcdce, to the ex- 
treme nrlhrn. angle on N. C, 67 ms. : mean 
width 18, and area 1,200 sq. ms. nearly. Ex- 
tending in lat. 33° 41' to 34° 36', and in long. 
2° 10' to 2° 50' w. W. C. The general slope 
of this large dist. is sthrd., down which flow 
tho (ircat and Little Pedee, and numerous 
smaller streams ; the surface is mostly level, 
much of it flat and marshy. In a navigable 
point of view, Marion has great advantages; 
it lies open to the ocean by 4 boatable streams, 
which are finally united at its extreme sthrn. 
angle. Chief t. Marion. Pop. 1820, 10,201; 
1830, 11,008. 

Marion, p-v. and st. jus. Marion dist. R. C, 
situated near the centre of the dist., about 65 
ms. N. Georgetown, and by p-r. 116 ms. a lit- 
tle N. of E. Columbia; lat. 34° 11', long. 2" 
28' w. W. C. 

Marion, co. Geo., bounded s. by Lee ; s. 
w. by Randolph; w. Muscogee; n. Talbot; 
and E. Flint r. separating it from Crawford n. 
E. ; and Houston k. Length 35 ms., mean 
width 20, and area 700 aq. ins. Extending in 
lat. 32° 18' to 32° 3.5', and in long. 7° 12' to 
7° 46' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is e. 
towards the Flint. Chief t. Marion C. H. 
Pop. 1830, 1,436. 

Marion, p-v. and st. jus. Twiggs co. Geo., 
by p-r. 37 ms. s. w. Milledgeville ; lat. 32® 
42', and long. 6° 30' w. W. C. 

Marion, C. H. and p-o. Marion co. Geo., 
by p-r. 174 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Marion, co. Ala. bounded n. by Franklin ; 
E. Walker ; s. Lafayette ; w. Monroe co. in 
the state of Miss. ; and n. w. by the Chicka. 
saw country in Ala. Length 38, mean width 
30, and area 1,140 sq. ms. ; lat. 34°, and long. 
11° w. W. C. intersect very near the centre 
of this CO. The nrthrn. part is drained by the 
sources of Bear cr. flowing into the Ten. 



caster co. Pa., 13 ms. w. the city of Lancas- the greater part however slopes sthrd., and is 

36 



MAR 



282 



MAR 



drained into Tombigbee by the different 
branches of Buttahatcho and Sipey rs. Chief 
t. Pikevilie. Pop. 1830, 4,05'!. 

Marion co. Miss., bounded w. by Pike ; n. 
w. by Lawrence ; n. by Covington ; E. by Per- 
ry ; s. E. by Hancock ; and s. w. by the par- 
ish of Washington, La. Length 42, mean 
width 30, and area 1,2G0 sq. ms. ; extending 
in lat. 31° to 31° 27', and in long. 12° 28' to 
13° 17' w. W. C. The estrn. part of this co. 
slopes to the s. e., and is drained by Leaf r. 
and Black cr., branches of the Pascagoula r., 
whilst the wstrn. section is traversed by Pearl 
r. in a s. s. e. direction. Most of the surface 
is covered with pine, and soil sterile ; the 
margin of the streams, however, affords good 
soil', staple, cotton. Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 
1820, 3,116 ; 1830, 3,691. 

Marion co. Ten., bounded by Cumberland 
mtn. whiqh separates it from Franklin w. and 
N. w. ; by Bledsoe n. ; Hamilton e. ; and Ten. 
r. 8. Length 30, mean width 20, and area 
eOOsq.ms. Extending in lat. 3.5° 10' to 35° 
26', and in long. C° 15' to 9° 09' w. W. C. 
The Sequatchie r. enters this co. on the 
nrthestrn. border, and traverses it in the great, 
est length, flowing to the s. w. into Ten. 
The CO. lies in most part in the valley of the 
Sequatchie ; surface hilly. Chief t. Jasper 
Pop. 1820, 3,888 ; 1830, 5,508. 

Marion, co. O., bounded by Del. s. ; Union 
s. w. ; Hardin w.; Crawford n. ; and Rich- 
land E. Length from e. to w. 32, mean 
breadth 15, and area 480 sq. ms. ; lat. 40° 
40', long W. C. 6° w. Slope sthrd. and drain- 
ed by the higher branches of Sciota r. Chief 
t. Marion. Pop. 1830, 6,190. 

Marion, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. O., 
by p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 287. 

Marion, co. Ind., bounded s. by Johnson ; 
Morgan s. w. ; Hendricks w. ; n. w. Boone ; 
N. Hamilton ; and e. Hancock. It is a square 
of 20 ms. each side ; area 400 sq. ms. The 
central lat. 40° 45', long. 9° 09' w. W. C. It 
is traversed in a direction of s. s. w. by the 
main stream of White r., which divides it into 
two not very unequal sections. It is a sur- 
face which, every thing considered, is per- 
haps unsurpassed. Chief t. Indianopolis, the 
capital of the state. Pop. of the co. 1830, 
7,192. 

Marion, p-v. Shelby co. Ind., by p-r. 25 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis, and 5 ms. from Shclby- 
ville. 

Marion, co. 11., bounded by Jefferson s. ; 
Clinton w. ; Fayette n. ; Clay n. e. ; and 
Wayne s. e. It is a square 24 ms. each side, 
576 sq. ms. ; lat. 38° 40', long. W. C. 12° w. 
It is a table land, from which flow wstrd. 
some branches of the Kaskaskias, and south 
estrd. the extreme sources of Waynes fork 
of Little Wabash. Chief t. Salem. Pop. 
1830, 2,125. 

Marion, co. Mo., bounded s. by Ralls; on 
the w. and n. uncertain; by the Miss. r. e., 
eeparatinn; it from Adams and Pike cos. II. 



ms. Lat. 39° 45', long. 14i° w'. W. C. ; the 

slope estrd. and drained by several creeks. 
Chief t. Palmyra. Pop. 1830, 4,837. 

Marion, p-v. in the nrthwetrn. part of Cole 
CO. Mo. It is situated on the right bank of 
Missouri r., 15 ms. above Jefferson city. 

Marksborough, v. Warren co. N. J., on 
Paulingskill, 15 ms. n. n. e. Belvidere. 

Marksville, p-v. and st. jus. parish of 
Avoyelles, La., situated 55 ms. by the road 
N. St. Landre, in Opelousas ; 35 ms. s. e. Al- 
exandria in Rapid co., and as marked in the 
p-o. list, 1,308 ms. W. C. ; lat. 31° 05', and 
long. 15° 08' w. W. C. 

Marksville, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va., by 
p-r. 125 nis. wstrd. W. C. 

Marluorougii, p-t Cheshire co. N. H. 5 ms. 
s. e. Keene, 55 from Concord, contains seve- 
ral ponds, emptying into Ashuelot r. with 
rocky soil, good for grain, flax and grass. 
First settled 17G0. Pop. 1830, 822. 

Marlborough, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 24 
ms. e. Bennington, 44 s. w. Windsor. First 
settled 1763; has the w. branch of West r., 
Whetstone branch, and Green r., which give 
good mill seats. 2 ponds supply trout. Centre 
mtn. is in the middle. The soil is rich, and 
products and minerals numerous. 12 school 
districts. Pop. 1830, 1,218. 

Marlborough, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 
ms. e. Worcester, 28 ms. w. Boston. Incor- 
poratcd 1660, on a branch of Concord r., has 
very good land and a varied surface, where 
many cattle are fattened. First settled 1654. 
Here was the Christian Indian t. of Okania- 
kamesit ; when a part of Sudbury, in 1676, 
suflered from the Indians. Pop. J830, 2,077. 
Marlborough, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 4 
ms. by 5i ; 22 sq. ms., is liilly and stony, best 
for grass, with good mill seats on small 
streams. Black lead is found here. Pop. 
1!;30, 704. 

Maulborough, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., w. 
Hudson r., 23 ms. s. e. Hudson, 3 ms. I)y 6, 
18 sq. ms. well cultivated, and has many inha- 
bitants of English extraction. Pop. 1830, 
2/273. 

Marlboro', Lower. (See Lower Marl- 
horo\) 

Marlboro', UrrER. (See Upper Marl- 
hoio\) 

Marlow, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 15 ms. 
from Keene, 45 Concord, 15,937 acres, is 
crossed by Ashuelot r.. has a wet soil, but 
fertile meadows, and produces much grain. 
Pop. 183a, 64.5. 

Marquis, p-v. Tippecanoe co. Ind. by p-r. 
77 ms. N. w. Indianopolis. 

Marrowbone, p-v. Cumberland co. Ky. by 
p-r. 128 ms, sthrd. Frankfort. 

Mars, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 95 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mars, p-v. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 26 ms. 
estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Mars Bluff, and p-o. on the left bank of 
Great Pedee r. Marion dist. S. C, where the 
road passes from Darlington to Marion C. H. 



Breadth 20, mean length 24, and area 480 sq. by p-r. 1 18 ms. a little s. of e. Columbia. 



MAR 



283 



MAR 



Marsh Island, Penobscot co. Me. in Pc- 150' w, W. C. It is traversed in a a. a. w. di- 

nobscot r. 4 ms. above Bangor. rcction by ihe cast l)ranrh of While r. Chief 

M.uisij, p-o. Chesfcr co. Pa. by p-r. 13G ms. town, Ilindostan. Pop. 1830, 2,010. 



Martinsbi;rg, p-t. and st. jus. Lewis co. 
In. Y. Itoaring branch, has good mill scats. 
It contains the county buildings, and is 48 ma 
[n. Utica. Pop. 1830,2,382. 

Martinsijuro, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Bed- 
ford CO. Pa. 27 ms. a little e. of n. the boro' 
of Bedford, and by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. by w. 
Hnrrisburg. 

Martinsiiurg, p-v. an(i st. jus. Berkley co, 
Va. 24 ms. n. n. v.. Winchester, 21 n. w. Har- 
pers Ferry, and by p-r. 84 n. w. W. C. Lat. 
39" 27', and long.' 0" .''.S' w. W. C. 

Martinsiutrg, p-v. in the .stlirn. part of Mon- 
roe CO. Ky. 14 ms. from Tompkins villc, and 
by p-r. 1.51 s. s. w. Frankford. 

Martinsjujrg, p-v. Knox co. O. by p-r. 55 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

M.MiTiNSRURG, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by 
p-r. 103 nis. stbrd. Indianopolis. 

Martins, or. and p-o. The creek falls into 
tlio D«l. r. in Northampton co. J'a. 10 ms. 
above Enston, and the p-o. is near it. 

MARTrx's Mir,F,s, and p-o. Richland co. O. 
by p-r. 8G ms. n. n. k. Cohunbus. 

Martin's Store, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
N. C. by p-r. 133 nis. s. w. by w. Raleigh, 

Martinvii.le, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co, 
Ind. situated on white r. 30 ms. below, and a, 
s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 26' long. W. C. 
9° 24' w. 

Martinsviij.e, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. 
Here was an Indian christian con-lVa. situated near the left bank of Irvine or 



W. C 

Marshall, p-f. Oneida co. N. Y. 1 10 ms. 
w. .\lbany. Pop. 1830. 1,908. 

Marshalls' Ferrv, and p-o. Grainger co. 
Ten. by p-r. 248 ms. e. Nashville. 

Marsiiallville, p-o. Wayne co. O. about 
90 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Marshalton, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 4 ms. w. 
West Chester, and 28 w. Phil. 

Marsiifielk, p-t. Washington CO. Vt. 12 ms. 
N. e. Montpclicr, IG s. w. Danville. It is 
crossed by Onion r., and is uneven, with 
slate and granite rocks. It contains 6 school 
districts, and was granted to the Stockbridgc 
Indians in 1782, and sold bv them to Isaac! 
Marsh 1789. Pop. 18.30, 1,271. | 

Marshpielo, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 30 
ms. s. E. Boston; incorporated in 1040; is 
pleasantly situated on the ocean, with North 
and South rs., and a small harbor. It first 
belonged to Plymouth. Poj). 1830, 1,.5G.5. 

Mars Hill, Me. 1 in. 16 chains w. from 
the E. l»ound of U. S. ; has been recently as- 
sumed by the British as the n. w. angle of 
Nova Scotia. It is isolated, with 2 peaks, 
1,506, and 1,363 ft. above St. Johns r. 

Marsiipee, Indian t., IJarnstable co. Mass. 
170 ms. a. e. Boston, has a harbor and some 
shipping. It was an Indian town, and has some 
remains of the original inhabitants. It has 
Pomponessel bay e., a light soil, with much 
wood, 
gregation. 

Martiiasvii.i.e, p-v. Montgomery co. Mo. 
about 5.5 ms. w-ird. St. Louis. 

Martha's Visevarij, island, Dukes co. 
Mass. contains .') towns, Edgartown, 'J'isl)ury, 
and Cliilmark. The court of common jileas 
is held at Edjrartown for I'arnstable and 
Dukes COS. Soil poor, but many cattle and 
sheep-are raised; and the fisheries are valu- 
able. The people arc much engaged as pilots, 
seamen, and as fishermen, and are hardy and 
enterprising. An Indian church was formed 
here in 1666, by Cotton Mather. It is a Utile 
w. Nantucket, 21 ms. by 6. 

Marticville, p-v. in the tsp. of Martic, 
Lancaster co. Pa. 8 ms. sthrd. the city of 
Lancaster. In 1820, the tsp. contained 1,701 
inliabiiants. 

Martin, co. N, C. bounded by Washing- 
ton E., Beaufort s. e., Pitt s. w., Edgecombe 
w., Ilulifa.t N. w., and Roanoke r. sc|)arating 
it from Bartie n. and x. e. Length 40, mean 
width 12, and area 481 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 33= 40' to 36° 02', and in long. 0° 16' 
E, to 0° 28' w. W. C, The surface level, and 
in part marshy, with a slight declination to 
the N. E. towards Roanoke r. Chief town, 
Williamstown. Pop. 1820, 6,320, 1830, 
8,539. 

Martin, co. Ind. bounded s. by Dubois, 
Daviess w., Greene n., Lawrence n. e., and 
Orange s. k. ; breadth 15, mean length 20, 
and area 300 sq. nis. Lat. 3!50 40', long. 9° 



Smith's r. about 70 ms. s. w. Lynchburg, and 
l)y p-r. 151 s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Martinsville, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. sit- 
uated on the Reedy fork of Haw r., by p-r. 94 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Martinsville, p-v. in the nlhestrn, part of 
Warren co. Ky. 29 ms. from Bowling Green, 
and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, 

Marvlano, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 16 ms. a. 
Cooi)crstown, 66 w. Albany, has much good 
grazing; but Cromhorn mtns. are barren, 
10,000 acres of the tsp. belong to the state. 
It has mills, manufactories, &.c. Pop. 1830, 
l,!i34. 

Maryland, one of the states of the U. S,, 
bounded by the state of Del. e., the Atlantic 
ocean and the estrn. shore of Va. s.'e., Cheaa- 
jjeake i)ay s., Potomac r. separating it from 
Va. s. vv., a part of Va. w., and J'a. n, w, 
and N. Maryland extends along the Atlan- 
tic ocean from the sthcstrn. angle of the 
state of Del. to the sthcstrn. angle of Mary- 
land 35 ms.; between Md. and Va., on the 
estrn. shore 15; from the mouth of Poko- 
moke r. to that of Potomac 40 ; up Potomac 
r. to the sonrcc of its n. branch 320 ; thence 
due N. to the sthrn. boundary of Pa. 36 ; along 
the limit between Pa. and Md. 200 ; and along 
the limit between Del. and Md. to the place 
of beginning on the Atlantic ocean 124; 
having an outline of 770 ms. ; and extends 
from lat. 38° to 39° 43' very nearly, and in 
long. 1° 56' E. to 2° 24' w. W. C. 



MAR 



284 



MAR 



From the great irregularity of its outline, 
and from including in its superficies that of 
Chesapeake bay, the area of the land surface 
of Md. has been, by most geographers, over- 
rated. The subjoined table gives the area 
of the counties, and the aggregate of the 
whole. 



Alleghany, 

A. Arundel, 

Baltimore, 

Calvert, 

CaroUne, 

Cecil, 

Charles, 

Dorchester, 

Frederick, 

Harford, 

Kent, 



Lth. mn.wth. 



60 
60 
36 
33 
30 
22 
30 
32 
42 
30 
30 



Montgomery, 28 
Prince Geo's. 
Queen Ann, 
St. Mary's 
Somerset, 
Talbot, 
Washington, 



Worcester, 30 
Total, 



12 i 
12 

25 



12 
15 
20 
18 
16 

8 
18 
17 
10 
10 
15 

8 
12 
20 



area. 

81 2i 

720 

900 

264 

240 

264 

450 

640 

776 

480 

240 

500 

510 

400 

380 

500 

200 

48'. ) 

600 



Pop. 

1820, 

8,654 

27,165 



Pop. 

1830, 
10,002 
28,2'J5 



96,201 120,870 
8,073 8,899 



10,041 
16,048 
16,500 
17,755 
40,459 



9,070 
15,432- 
17,660 

18,685 
45,793 



15,924 16,315 

11,4J3 10,.5()2 

16,400 19,810 

20,216 20,473 

14,952 14,390 

12,974 13,155 

19,579 20,155 

14,339 12,947 

23,075 25,263 

17,421 18,271 



9,356 407,279 446,913 



Of the area, the estrn. shore contains 3,084 
sq. ms. with a pop. in 1820, of 121,638, or 
something above 39 to the sq. m., whilst the 
■wstrn. part, comprising 6,272 sq. ms., and in- 
cluding the two cities of Baltimore and Fred- 
erick, contained in 1820, 285,641 inhabitants. 
In the last decennial period, the aggregate 
pop. of the state, has increased a small frac- 
tion above 91 percent., having gained an in- 
crement of 39,634, but this augmentation has 



Natural Geography. — Md. is naturally sub- 
divided into three sections ; eastern, middle 
and western. 

The estrn. called locally, " the eastern 
shore," separated from the middle by Ches- 
apeake bay, comprises apart of that remarka- 
ble peninsula between the Del. and C'hesa- 
poake bays. Except in size and in being 
united to the continent on the n. by a neck of 
land of about 20 ms. the Chesapeake penin- 
sula dillers in nothing essential from the other 
insular strips along the Atlantic coast of the 
IF. S. Both Long Island and Staten Island, 
arc indeed much more relatively elevated 
than any part of the peninsula of Chesapeake. 
(^See Chesapeake peninsula.) 

Of this peninsula, Md. comprises the wstrn. 
slope from Pokomoke bay, to the junction of 
Susquehannah r. with Chesapeake bay. The 
estrn. shore of Md. is peculiarly indented by 
bays and chequered with small islands. Po- 
komoke bay is an expanse of water spreading 
from the mouth of a small r. of the same 
name, and is followed nthwstrdly. by Tangier 
island and sound, leading into Fishing bay, 
below the mouth of Nanticoke r. ; with the 
Tangier islands and the mouth of Potomac, 
Chesapeake bay abruptly contracts from a 
width of 25 to about 10 or 12 ms. Above the 
mouth of Nanticoke r., with the peninsidar 
forming Dorchester co., intervening, opens 
Choptank bay, separating Dorchester from 
Talbot CO. The latter co. is again subdivided 
into several fragments by Tread Haven, 
Broad and St. Michael's bays, and is followed 
by Chester bay and r., separating Queen Ann 
from Kent co. All those bays and numerous 
creeks intersect the coast, in the space of one 
degree of lat. between lat. 38° and 39°. 
From lat. 39°, Kent CO. sweeps a semicir- 



been entirely w. of Chesapeake bay. Of the 

8 estrn. cos. 4 have decreased, and taken to , 

gether, the aggregate is 2,171 less than thaticular peninsular, between Ches,tcr and Sassa- 

of 1820. On the contrary, every one of the fras rs. with its convex on Chesapeake bay. 

wstrn. COB. has gained more or less, and the i Sassafras bay is followed in quick succession 



whole has augmented from 285,641 to 327, 
446. Of the increase, 17,887 was in the 
city of Baltimore. 

The progressive population of the state 
since 1790, has been as follows : — ■ 



Date, 


Whites, 


Vrv.e. col'd 


Slaves, 


Total col'i 


. Total, 


1790 


208,647 


8,043 


1 03,036 


1 1 1 ,079 


319,728 


1800 


221,998 


19,987 


107,707 


]27,C.94 


349,<;54 


1810 


235,117 


33,927 


111,502 


115,429 


380,510 


18-20 


200,222 


39,730 


107,3W 


147,128 


407,35(1 


1830 


291,093 


52,912 


102,H73 


155,820 


446,913 



Of the pop. in 1830, were : — whites, blind> 
156; deaf and dumb, l32 ; colored, blind, 
117; deaf and dimib, 82. 

The free white pop. has within the last 10 
years augmented from 260,222 to 291,093, 
having gained 30,871 or about 12 per cent. 
The free colored increase is 1?,182 or at 
the rate of 3;iJ per cent. The slaves have 
decreased 4,520, or at the rate of 4^ per 
cent. The totaf increase of colored pop. 
since 1820, is 8,6.'i2, or at the rate of 5| per 
cent. There were in 1790, 183 whites to one 
colored,— 1800,175,— 1810, 162,-1820, 177, 
and in 1830, 187. 



by Elk and North rs., and finally by the great 
discharge of Susquehannah r. 

We may regard the Chesapeake and Del. 
canal, as a natural limit, since, though artifi- 
cial and of recent construction, it must remain 
permanent, and insulates the natural section 
under review. The eastern shore of Md. is 
alluvial. The surface of the country is cither 
waving or level, and in no place sufliciontly 
elevated to be correctly designated hilly. The 
soil varies, but in its general character may 
be set down as above middling quality. Tiie 
climate from the nthrn. part of Cecil, to the 
sthrn. of Somerset and Dorchester cos., dif- 
fers in teinperature much more than might 
be expected in 103 minutes of lat., over a re- 
gion so little diversified in relative elevation. 
On the lower cos. cotton can be cultivated lo 
advantage. The very numerous iidets, and 
the proximity of Baltiinorc, give this section 
of Md. great commercial advantages, and 
yet, as we have seen, the distributive pop. is 
on the decrease. If, however, we abstract 
the combined pop. of Baltimore and Frederick 
cities, the mean density of the two shores of 



MAR 



285 



MAR 



Md., stand by the census of 1830, very near- Frederick, from 300 to 500 ft. Harman's 
ly equal at 38 to the eq. in., hut with the cities gap, over Bhte Ridge or Catoctin mtn., about 
of Frederick and Baltiniore, the wstrn. side 10 ms. k. Hagcrstown, 1,550 ft. Lower part 
has a distributive pop. of 52 to the sq. m. The 'of the vallies of Antictam and Conccochoague 
primitive letlgo, and Susqnehannah r. enter i around Hagcrstown, 4G0 to 800 ft. Arabic 
Md. together, but extend at almost exactly 'ground along the Potomac near ('umberland, 
right angles to each other; the r. flowing '550 ft. Arabic grouiul in the valley between 
sthcstrd.to the head of tide water,and die prim- j Will's and Savage mtns., and between Cum- 
itive ledge inclining stliwstd.to the head of tide j berland and Frostburg, drained into Potomac 
waterin Potomac r., in the dist. of Columbia, by Will's and George's crs., from 800 to 1,000 
Along the shores of Chesapeake bay, from I ft. Arable vallies, beUveen the numerous 
the mouth of Potomac, to that of Susquehan-j ridges of mtns. from which flow on one side 
nah, the components of soil, formation and , the sources of Potomac, and on the other those 
aspect of the surface, do not materially , of Youghioghany rs., from 1,600 to 2,000 
differ from the opposite or estrn. shore, but i feet. 

advancing to the nthwslrd. from Chesapeake, I From the above elements, given in round 
the country gradually rises, becomes more ' numbers, it is shewn that wstrn. Md. forms 
and more broken and rocky, until the primi- 'partof an inclined plane rising from tide wa- 
tivc ledge is attained. This great physical | ter in a distance of about 150 statute ms. air 
boundary has a mean elevation of at least measure, to 2,000 ft. If 400 ft. is assumed 
400 ft., anil divides tiic slate into two sections, as equivalent to a degree of temp, on Fah- 
aud also into two very distinct zones of soil, renheit's scale, the relative height will equal 
The primitive is not very deliuite in its ter-i5 degrees, or give to the extreme wstrn. part 
mination to the s. e., and is still less distinct- 1 of the state a climate in winter similar to that 
ly traceable on the opposite side. Its lower 'on the Atlantic coast in lat. 44° 43'. 
visible boundary is generally determined by There is much good soil existing in every 
the head of tide water, and all the streams] section of this state, but the most productive 
which traverse it, pass through gorges with i is grain and fruit in some of the limestone 
cataracts of more or less descent. tracts in the three wstrn. cos. ; vegetation. 

The primitive ledge is in fact a part of an ! however, either indigenous or exotic, is great- 
Appalachian chain. Mere elevation excep- jiy influenced by the extremes, if lat. andrcl- 
ted, the ridge has every trait of other ridges ative height are combined, of upwards of Gi 
of the system to w-hich it belongs. Tiie Su- degrees of temp. On the low sandy plains of 
gar Loaf mtn. which rises in Md., near and : AVorcester, Somerset and Dorchester cos. 
below the junction of Potomac and Monoca- i between lat. 38° and 38° 40', cotton can be 
cy rs., is another portion of a nameless chain, ' cultivated, whilst the elevated vales of AUc- 
which extends nthcstrd. separating Frede- ' ghany co., though of a higlily productive 
rick from Montgomery, Anne Arundel, and soil, are almost too cold for wheat. 
Baltimore cos. The immediate valley, about 'i x\s Md. occupies a nearly middle latitude 
20 ms. wide, between the lov/er primitive and amongst the states of the U. States, the fol- 
Sugar Loaf chain, is a real mtn. valley, com- 1 lowing meteorological tables may serve to 
prising in Md. great pan of Montgomery, elucidate not afone the climate of that, but of 
the upper part of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, 'the middle Atlantic stales generally. The 
and Harford cos., and which is followed | observations were made and recorded by the 
nthwstrd. from the Sugar Loaf chain, by the | author of this article, at his residence near 
fine valley oiMonocacy. Thatpartoflhc latter Sandy Spring, Montgy. co., about 20 ms. \. 
valley contained in Md.,is counnensurate with W. C. at lat 39° 00' and at an elevation above 
Frederick co. Westrd. from Frederick the ! tide water of 400 ft. 

two COS. of Washington and Alleghany, are ' No. 1. Table of the mean and extreme 
composed of narrow but generally very lertile ' monthly temp, at the White Cottage near 
vales, between lateral ridges of the Appala.| Sandy Spring, from observations made diu'- 
ehian systein. ing two years, 1820 and 1830. 

Independent of the intn. ridges, the sur-i 
face of Maryland gradually rises from the ; j„„ 
Chesapeake bay to the sources of Potomac, Fclj. 
or from the level of tide water to near 2,000 Ma.rh 
feet. The relative height from tide water in, j^,',','' 
the basin at Baltimore to the dividing ground Juric 
in Alleghany co. Md., between the sources of July 
Potomac and Youghioghany rs. is as follows; ;^"^j"^* 
from the forks of Patapsco r. about midway bet.' 
from tide water at Bait., to the second or Su- Nov. 
gar lioaf ridge, about mid tide, 385 ft. Sour- "''''• 
ces of Patnxcnt, Patapsco, flowing sthestrd. ^'^'*" 
and Liganore and Pipe cr. branches of Mono- ! No. 2. Table of the monthly prevalent 
cacy, flowing sthwstrd. and near where the winds from observations made on 7^6 conse- 
grcat road passes from Baltimore to Frcder- 1 cntive days, from January 1st. 1829 to Feb 
ick, from GOO to 850 ft. Country adjacent to ruary 28th, 1831, inclusive. 



1H29 


1830 


Rfean I 


lighesll 


[jowest 


3n. :io 


30.03 


30. 3 


49 


8 


-.>;-). 


34. 66 


29. 83 


46 


2 


37.23 


43.88 


4.5. .55 


67 


20 


.■il 37 


34. 49 


.52. 93 


80 


30 


61. 16 


Go. 18 


64. 67 


78 


37 


69. 73 


68.94 


69. 33 


90 


50 


70. 7-2 


79.01 


74. 91 


91 


55 


73. 


72.72 


72. 81 


90 


.52 


61.42 


63. .58 


62. 05 


82 


36 


5i. 85 


5.5. 48 


54. 16 


77 


26 


39. 68 


.51.77 


45. 22 


70 


21 


42. .5 


35. .53 


.39. 01 


(57 


6 


51. 496 


.54. 47 


53. 435 







MAR 



286 



MAR 



Montha 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 



Reduced to 43 
proportions 
of 1000. 



K. W. 

40 
43 
30 
24 
17 
23 
14 
17 
23 
17 
23 
18 

289 

367 



4 
3 

1 
1 
5 
7 
3 
1 
3 
1 
5 

34 

43 



s. w. 
17 
13 
12 
12 
13 
13 
23 
15 
13 
13 
14 
17 

180 

241 



4 
4 
3 
2 
4 
2 
3 
4 
3 
1 
3 

35 

44 



104 
145 



The results of table No. 2, correspond in a 
very striking manner with those of similar 
observations made in the nthrn. temp, zone 
on the continent of N. America, from the Pa- 
cific to the Atlantic ocean, on the Atlantic 
ocean, and on wstrn. Europe. 

Statement of mean temperature of the 
seasons at Sandy Spring. Winter of 1828 — 
29, — mean temp, from winter solstice 1828, to 
vernal equinox 1829, 28. 39. Spring of 1829, 
— mean temp, from vernal equinox, 1829, to 
summer solstice, 1829, 58.22. Summer of 
1829, — mean temp, from the summer solstice, 
to the autumnal equinox, 1829, 69. 31. Au- 
tumn of 1829, — mean temp, from autumnal 
equinox, to winter solstice, 1829, 46. 96. 
Winter of 1829-30, — mean temp, from win- 
ter solstice 1829, to vernal equinox 1830, 35. 
63. Spring of 1830, — mean temp, from ver- 
nal equinox, to summer solstice 1830, 58. 14. 
Summer of 1830, — mean temp, from summer 
solstice, to autumnal equinox 1830, 71. 46. 
Autumn of 1830, — mean temp, from autumnal 
equinox, to winter solstice 1830, 49. 23. Win 
ter of 1830-31, — mean temp, from winter sol 
stice 1830, to vernal equinox 1831, 29. 88 
Spring of 1831, — mean temp, from vernal eqi- 
nox, to summer solstice 1831, 59. 64. Sum- 
mer of 1831, — mean temp, from summer sol- 
stice, to autumnal equinox 1831, 69.95. Au- 
tumn of 1831, — mean temp, from autumnal 
equinox, to winter solstice 1831, 41.81. Mean 
of the 12 seasons, 51. 63. 

The winter of 1831-1832, though remar- 
kable for occasional low temperature gave a 
mean of plus 33. 00. 

At Sandy Spring on the morning of Dec. 
16th, 1831, three thermometers at from 2 
to 3 miles distance, yielded a mean of 13° 
below zero. By the same instruments, the 
mean of January 26th, 1832, was at zero, and 
on the morning of the 27th, the whole three 
were again down to minus 13°, and the mean 
of the whole day was minus 1 16-100°. 

Internal Improx^ements. — The political sub- 
divisions and relative extent and pop. of Md. 
has been already given. The chief city of 
this state, Baltimore, has assumed a very re- 
spectable rank among the emporiaof the U. 
S. Besides the great wstrn. turnpike road, 
extendmg from Baltimore through Fred, to 
join the U. S. road at Cumberland, several 
other leading roads connect Baltimore with 
W. C. on one side and with several of the 
most productive cos. of central Pa. 



K. N. E. j A rail-road on a plan of unusual magnitude 
10 1 has been projected to extend from Baltimore 
to the Ohio river. But though a part of this 
road has been so far completed as to admit 
road cars to travel over it, too little compara- 
tively has been done to admit a general, much 
less a specific description. It is, however, a 
work commanding so much of public interest 
as to justify some desultory extracts from the 
different Reports made by the board of direc- 
tors of this road. {See Chesapeake and O- 
hio Canal.) The charter for the latter work 
is of prior date to that for the Baltimore and 
Ohio rail road, but both being compared at 
the same time, the two companies were in the 
incipient stage of advance with their respec- 
tive works involved in a legal controversy, 
alluded to in the subjoined extract from the 
4th annual report of the Baltimore company. 
" The injunction which was obtained at the 
suit of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal com- 
pany, prohibiting this company soon after its 
organization, from proceeding to construct 
the rail-road along the Potomac r. still remains 
in force, and has hitherto limited the opera- 
tions of the Board, to the country estrd. of 
the point of rocks." 

"The Point of Rocks," so called, is the 
termination of the Cotoctin mtn., on the left 
bank of Potomac r. 6 ms. above the mouth 
of the Monocacy. Between Baltimore and 
the Point of Rocks, the road is to follow a 
general wstrn. course, with an elliptic curve 
to the nthrd. pursuing the valley of Pataps. 
CO to its forks, thence along the wstrn. branch 
to the summit of the first mtn. ridge. Thence. 
down Bush creek into Monocacy r., down the 
latter stream a few ms., and finally in a s. s. 
w. direction to the Potomac at the Point of 
Rocks. Entire distance from Baltimore 66 
ms. Above the Point of Rocks the right of 
way along the Potomac, long in litigation, was 
decided in favor of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
canal company. Some attempts were made 
at compromise but hitherto without efi'ect, and 
has arrested this work at the Point of Rocks. 
History. — The first permanent settlement 
of whites made on the territory now compri- 
sed in the state of Md., was made in 1631, 
under William Claiborne, on Kent Island, 
now a part of Queen Ann co. The original 
charter, however, under which the colony 
was established was granted to Cefilius Cal- 
vert (Lord Baltimore} and dated 20tli Juno, 
1632. The first emigrants arrived on the n. 
Bank of Potomac, in 1634. The early set- 
tlers were much disturbed by contentions 
with Clayborne, who resisted the projirietary 
grant, and finally instigated the Indians to 
war. These troubles were followed by the 
inhabitants sharing the political feelings and 
violence of the revolution in England, about 
the middle of the 17th century. A civil war 
distracted the infant colony, which was ter- 
minated by the submission of the i)eople to 
Cromwell's government. The charter of 
Md. was obtained by a Roman Catholic no- 
bleman, and the settlement niadp on princi- 



MAR 



287 



MAR 



pies of civil and religious toleration, far in 
advance of the age ; but whilst the republican 
party, as they were with ineffable absurdity 
called, prevailed, all the rigor of anti-popery 
statutes enacted in England were enforced in 
Md. Such was the intolerance of the times 
that the restoration of the Stewart family on- 
ly changed the objects of oppression. Under 
James II. a quo warranto was sued out 
against the charter of Md., but before judge- 
ment could be had on the writ, the family 
ceased to reign. Under Cromwell the Cal- 
vert family were deprived of the government; 
were restored by Charles II., and again de- 
prived by William and Mary, and Maryland 
continued a royal government until 1716. The 
Calvert who held the claims of his family, fi- 
nally renounced the Roman Catholic religion, 
and at the latter epoch was reinstated in his 
rights. 

From 1716 to the revolution, the advance 
of Md. was slow, affording few incidents for 
history. In the war of Independence, it is 
not too much to say that " the Md. Line" was 
marked with unfading renown. The existing 
constitution was ratified at Annapolis, 14th 
Aug. 1776. The federal constitution was 
adopted by Md. in 1788, and in 1790, that 
part of the district of Columbia lying to the 
left of the Potomac was ceded to the general 
government. : . 

Government. — The legislature is divided 
into two distinct branches, a senate and house 
of delegates, styled " The general assembly 
of Maryland." Senators must be upwards of 
25 years of age, 15 in number, 9 for the wes- 
tern, and 6 for the eastern shore : before being 
. elected they must have had three years resi- 
dence in the state — term of office five years. 
Delegates or members of the lower house, 
must, when chosen, be above 21 years of age, 
and must have resided one year in the co. 
where chosen, next preceding their election. 
The governor is chosen by the legislature 
annually, but eligible only 3 years out of 7 ; 
when chosen, he must have resided in the 
state 5 years, and have attained to the age of 
25 years. The council, 5 in number, is 
elected by the legislature, and must, when 
elected, have attained 25 years of age, and 
resided in the state 3 years. Their duties 
are to advise the governor and assent to or 
dissent from the executive appointments. 
The judiciary is formed of a chancellor, su- 
perior and district judges. By the 9th section 
of the amendments to the constitution of Md., 
passed Nov. 1812, it was divided into 6 judi- 
cial districts, 2 e. and 4 w. of Chesapeake 
bay ; over each of these presides one chief, 
and 2 associate judges, who, during their 
term of office, must reside in their judicial 
district, and hold their office during good be- 
havior, removeable by conviction in a court 
of law, or by address of the general assembly, 
two thirds of the members voting for the re- 
moval. The court of appeals is formed by 
the chief judges of the districts, of which 
three form a <iuorum; but no chief judge can 



sit as a member of the same court of appeals 
before whom the original decision was made. 
The right of suflrage demands only citizen- 
ship, 21 years of age, and one year's resi- 
dence in the co. where the election is held, 
but is confined to free white males. 

Education. — Under the colonial govern- 
ment, as early as 1696, funds were, by legis- 
lative enactments, appropriated to education, 
by means of a college and free schools. As 
in nearly every other instance in the U. S. 
either before or since the revolution, the col- 
lege absorbed the funds, made progress, anil 
left the system of common education neg- 
lected. Washington college at Chester- 
town, Kent CO., eastern shore, was establish- 
ed in 1782. On the western shore at Anna- 
polis, St. John's college was established in 
1784, and the 2 subsequently formed a univer- 
sity. A Roman Catholic college at George- 
town was also formed in 1784. The medical 
college was founded in Baltimore, 1807. This 
latter institution was, in 1812, connected with 
the faculties of divinity, law, and general 
sciences, and the whole formed into a body 
corporate, under the title of "the university 
of Maryland." Baltimore college, and St. 
Mary's colleges, are separate institutions. 
The funds to support these different establish- 
ments, are drawn from lands, funded stock, 
and fees paid by students. Academies with 
more or less approach to collegiate form ex- 
ist in most of the principal towns in the 
state ; but no system of common instruction is 
in operation, though, since 1813, funds for 
that purpose were provided, amounting to 
$15,000 per amium, to be equally divided 
between the cos., whatever might be relative 
population. This fund is derived from bank 
stock, and appropriated to free and charity 
schools. Some few counties have met the 
provision, and availed themselves of its bene- 
fits, whilst others have not received their 
share of a real benefaction. 

Manufactures and commerce. — Thougli Ma- 
ryland has not been ranked amongst the ma- 
nufacturing states, it is doubtful whether in 
proportion to her population she is not in that 
respect amongst the first. Numerous wool- 
len and cotton mills, copper and iron rolling 
mills are in operation near Baltimore, and are 
also scattered over other parts of the state. 

Flour and tobacco have been called the 
staples of Maryland, but the former so greatly 
exceeds as to claim pre-eminence. Tobacco 
is however produced largely, and of excel- 
lent quality. Mineral coal, and iron ore 
abound in some of tlie western cos. The 
mineral coal is confined, indeed, to Alleghany 
CO., but there is in inexhaustible abundance 
the bituminous species. Iron ore is found in 
most of the cos. w. of the Chesapeake bay, 
and is extensively wrought into iron and pot 
metal. 

By the annual report, Dec. 30, 1831, of the 
treasurer of the western shore, it appears 
that the actual income of the stale of Mary- 
land, for the year which ended on the 1st 



MAS 



288 



MAS 



inst., (including $54,106 88, the balance in 
tlie treasury of the western shore on the 1st 
Dec. 1830,) was f 2D1,002 07. The disburse- 
ments of the year amounted to!$21(i,821 43, 
leaving an unexpended balance of !|>77,177 
64. Subject to appropriations uncalled for, 
«$41,81 42, leaving an unappropriated balance 
in the treasury on the 1st December, 1831, of 
$35,367 22, which will enable the committ(ie 
on ways and means, to discharge the entire 
amount of the public debt, which is payable 
at ihc pleasure of the state. 

Makysvh.le, p-v. in the southern part of 
Campbell co. Va. 20 ms. a lililc w. of s. 
Jjyiichburg, and by p-r. 147 s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Marvsvillk, St. jus. Charlotte co. Va. situ- 
ated on a branch of Little J^oanoke, 30 miles 
s. E. LynchburfT, and by p-r. 09 ms. s. w. from 
Richmond, n. lat. 37° 03', long. 1° 52' w. 
W. C. 

Marysviij.e, p-v. on Licking r. Harrison 
CO. Ky. about 45 ms. northcstrd. Frankfort. 

Marysvili.k, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. O. 
by p-r. 37 ms. n. w. "Columbus. Lat. 40° 16', 
long. 6° 22' w. W. C. 

Maryville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. Ten. 
18 ms. s. w. Knoxville, and by p-r. 101 ms. a 
little s. of K. Nashville. Lat. 35° 46', and 
long. 6° 51' w. W. C. It is the seat of the 
southern and western theological seminary 



Mavsvillo. Population 1820, 13,588, 1830, 
16,1!J9. 

Mason, or to preserve the sound more cor- 
rectly, Masson river of La. is one of the drains 
of the annually inundated tract between the 
Miss, and Roeuf branch of Ouachitta, rises 
near Grand lake and flowing sthrd. about 80 
ms. falls into Tensaw 20 or 30 ms. above the 
junction of the latter with the Ouachitta. 

Mason Hall, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Masontown. p-v. Fayette co. Pa. about 20 
ms. N.Union Town, and by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. 
W. C. - 

Masonville, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 24 
ms. w. Delhi, furnishes line grazing ; streams 
run into Del. and Susquehanah rivers. Pop. 
183 s 1,145. 

Masonville, or Mason's Ferry, p-o. York 
(list. S. C. situated where the road from York- 
ville to Charlotte in N. C croscs Catawba r. 
by p-r. 87 ms. a little e. of k. Columbia. 

Masonville, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala. by 
p-r. 119 ms. northward Tuscaloosa. 

Massauesick pond, in Chester, Rocking- 
ham CO. N. H. 6 ms. long, by 2 or 300 rods, 
has an area of 1,500 acres. 

Massac 'iii'sETTs bay, the waters enclosed 
by the coast of Mass. from cape Ann to cape 
Cod. It contains many islands, chiefly in 



Masard creek and p-o. Crawford co. Ark. Boston harbor, and several ports, the most 
by p-r. 226 ms. above, and westward Little important of which is Boston. It was visited 
Rock. by the pilgrims before they landed at Ply- 

Mascomy pond, Grafton co. N. II. ; con- moutli. 
tains 2 or 3,000 acres. Massachusetts, one of the United States, 

Mascomy, r. Grafton co. N. H. enters Mas- the oldest and most important stale in New 
corny pond at Enfield. England, bounded n. by Vermont and New 

Mason, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 43 ms. s. | Hampshire, e. by the Atlantic ocean, s. by 



Concord, 15 s. w. Amherst ; is crossed by 
Souhegan r., and has mills and manufactories. 
Fop. 1830, 1,403. 

Mason, one of the western counties of Va. 
bounded by C^abell s. w., Kcnhawa s. e., 
Wood n. e., Ohio r. separating it from Meigs 
CO. in O. N., and again by the Ohio r. sepa- 



the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, 
and w. by New York. It lies between 10° 
23' N. lat., and 3° 38' and 7° 7' e. long, from 
W. C. It is 60 ms. wide by 13i) long, and 
contains 7,800 square ms. of which, about 
4,644,000 acres are land. 

The early history of Mass. is that of New 



rating it from Gallia co. O. w. Length 40, j England. In this state the first permanent 
mean breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Ex- 'settlements by Englishmen were made. 
ttmding in lat. 38° 32' to 39° 05', and in long. There were tried the first experiments of 
4° 22' to 5° !2'w. W. C. This co. is washed, (founding a community on the principles of 
if vm follow the bends, nearly 60 ms. by the general virtue and intelligence. A party of 
O, r. ; and the southern part is traversed in a emigrants who had lied from England to seek 
northwesterly direction by the Great Ken- 1 a country in which they might enjoy freedom 
hawn. The surface is very broken, though j of conscience, landed at Plymouth, Dec. 22d, 
much of the .soil is of good quality. Salt 1620. They had sailed for Hudson's river, 
water has been procured by digging wells i but were carried by the master of the ship, 
near Kenhawa r. Chief t. Mount Pleasant. I who had been bribed by the Dutch, to a re- 
Pop. 1820, 4,868, 1830, 6,5.34. gion far better fitted for the ultimate success 
Mason, co. Ky. bounded by Bracken w., by of their plans, than that for which they started. 
Nicholas s. w,, Fleming s. and s. e., Lewis i In founding their political community, the 
E., Ohio r. separating it from Adams co. O. [equal rights and powers of individuals were 
N. E., and again by Ohio r. separating it from \ distinctly recognized. Legislative acts were 
Brown co. O. n. Length 20, mean width i soon passed, for the instruction of every 
13, and area 260 sq. ms. Extending in lat. child in the community. Religion was the 
38° 28! to 38° 44', and in long. 6° 32' to 7° w. first object of care with the colonists, and as 
W. C. Though this co. is bounded by Ohio ' early as 1631, the general court decreed that 
r. on the n., the general slope is wstrd. to- none but church members should enjoy the 
wards Licking r. Chief ts. Washington and privilege of voting, dec. From a few of tlie 



MAS 



289 



MAS 



first colonies on tho coaat of MasBachusetta 
bay; other eettleincnts were soon formed, so 
that tho same principles, habitn, and institu- 
tions, extended throughout New England, and 
have exercised un important inniionce on it, 
and on tho United States. The first general 
court or legislative assembly of Mass. com- 
posed of24 representatives from the various 
settlements, was held in 1634. Before this, 
all the freemen were accustomed to meet for 
the transaction of public business, &.c. The 
trial by jury was now adopted. The Pequod 
war, which threatened the south and west 
settlements, took place in 1637, and after 
some unjustifiable cruelties, terminated in 
the almost entire destruction of the only In- 
dian nation, inimical to the colonies. In 164.1 
\Jie settlements of New Hampshire were in- 
corporated with Mass. In ]()43, the first 
union took place between the New England 
colonies, when articles of an oflen.sivc and de- 
fensive confederacy were agreed to, which 
enabled thnin to combine their powers in the 
subsequent French and Indian wars. In 1652 
the province of Maine, placed itself under the 
protection of Mass., and was called the co. 
of Yorkshir. In 1664, four royal judges 
were sent out from England, to determine all 
causes of every kind, in the colonies, but were 
not permitted to perform the office assigned, 
and returned. In 167.') began Philip's war, 
during which, about 1000 buildings were de- 
etroyed, 12 or 13 settlements broken up, and 
nearly 600 of the colonists were killed. In 
1680 New Hampshire was constituted a sep- 
arate colony by the British cabinet. In 
16!t4 the English high court of chancery, 
declared the charter of Massachusetts for- 
feited, but Col. Kirk, who was appointed 
governor of New England, wp.s prevented by 
the king's death, from entering on his office. 
In 1685 Joseph Dudley became president of 
New England. He was succeeded tho next 



In 175G began the last French war, in which 
Mass, and the other colonies, took an active 
part, and suflered much. 

In 1765 measures were first taken by the 
British government, to raise revenue in the 
colonies, and at tho suggestion of Mass., a 
congress of delegates assembled at Now 
York, to procure tho removal of duties on 
stamped paper, &.c. The stani[) act was re- 
pealed the following year, but renewed in 
1767, with duties on various other articlci. 
Public excitement prevailed against the gov- 
ernment, and in 1770, the King's troops be- 
ing insulted by the i>roplo of Boston, killed 
four of the citizens. In 1773, several ship 
loads often, sent out by the East India com- 
pany, subject to a duty, wore forcibly thrown 
into the harbor, by the inhabitants of Boston. 
In 1774, commercial privijpges were denied 
to Boston, and Cicn. Gage, who was made 
commander of the troops, in North America, 
adopted severe measures, which at length led 
to a general insurrection, and finally to the 
establishment of American independence. 

In September, 1774, delegates from the 
colonies, met at Philadelphia ; in 1775, Gen. 
Gage's troops wcro resisted ; April 19th, oc- 
curred the battle of licxingtoi), and June 17th, 
that of Bunker's hill. In all those contests, the 
people opposed the encroachments of arbi- 
trary power, and rose in defence of those 
rights, in strong attachment to which they 
had been educated. In 1776, Gen. Wash- 
ington commenced tho siege of I'oston, and 
compelled the evacuation of it on the 17th of 
May. After this time, the soil of Mass., ex- 
cepting some islands, remained free from 
actual invasion ; but they contributed power- 
fully to the success of the American arms, by 
councils, men, and money. 

The constitution went into operation in 
1780. In 1786 commenced Shay's rebellion, 
which greatly agitated the state. It led to 



year by Sir Edmund Andross, who was re- no bloodshed except at its close, when 3 of 



sistcd in Mass. and (Jonn. In 1689 Plymouth 
was, by royal order, united to Mass., and the 
old charter of Mass. was confirmed. In 1692 
Sir Wm. Phipps, a native of New England, 
became governor under anew charter, which 
vested the appointment of governor, lieuten- 
ant governor, secretary, and admiralty offi- 
cers, in the crown, and rendered the govern- 
or's assent necessary to every public act, be- 
side giving him the appointment of military 
and judicial officers, and a negative on all the 
elections of civil officers, by the general court. 
In 1720, a controversy commenced between 
the house of representatives and the governor, 
in relation to privileges, which continued for 
Bome time. 

In 1745 the fortress of Louisburg, was cap- 
tured by New England troops, most of them 
from Mass. In 1753 was formed the first 
society for the encouragement of industry, at 
the celebration of which 300 young women 



his men were killed, in attempting to take 
the barracks at Springfield. The federal 
constitution of the United States, was adopt- 
ed by the convention of Mass. in 1788. 

The present constitution of Mass., is that 
of 17i;0, with some amendments, adopted in 
lfi20. Tlie government now corisiHts of throe 
parts. The legislature, called the " gen- 
eral court," is composed of a senate of 40 
members, chosen annually, ojid a house of 
representatives, of one or more members 
from each town, consisting in all of 500, or 
600 members, when all the towns send tho 
full number to which they are entitled. Each 
of these branches ha s a negative on the other. 
The senate is founded on the representation 
of property, the house of representativea 
on the representation of tho population in 
'owns ; the number of senators, (with a limi- 
tation to six) from any diHtrict, being propor- 
tioned to the amount of its taxes ; the number 



appeared on Boston common, at their spin- of representatives from any town, depending 
ning wheels, while one working at a loom. Ion the number of its inhabirants. The aenate 
was carried on a stage, on men's shoulders.! may constitute a court of impepchment ; the 



MAS 



290 



MAS 



house of representatives may impeach, origi- 
nate all money bills, &Ci &c. Every bill 
must be approved and signed by the governor, 
before it becomes a law, unless after being 
returned with his objections, it shall have 
been passed by two thuds of the legislature. 
The executive is vested in a governor, lieut. 
governor, and 9 counsellors, who are chosen 
annually, the two former by the people, the 
counsellors, by the legislature from the sen- 
ators. The governor has the power of oppo- 
eing or rejecting bills passed by the legisla 
ture ; he is commander-in-chief of the milita- 
ry forces, appoints all judicial officers, and 
with the council, exercises the pardoning 
power. The judiciary department consists of 
a supreme judicial court, and a court of com- 
mon pleas, each composed of a chief judge, 
and 3 associates, who hold their offices during 
good behavior. i3eside these, are courts 
held by justices of the peace, and also 
probate courts in each county. By an amend- 
ment to the constitution, made in 1831, the 
political year, hereafter, begins on the 1st 
Wednesday of January. Massachusetts is 
entitled to 12 representatives in congress. 

The state is divided into 14 counties, and 
307 towns. In each of the counties, is a 
registry of deeds, a house of correction, and 
one or more jails. The soil is various, though 
generally good, and the face of the state, 
greatly diversified. Nantucket, Duke's, 
Barnstable, Plymouth, Suffialk, and Essex 
counties, on the sea, have much poor soil, but 
good harbors, valuable fisheries, and much 
navigation and commerce. Worcester coun- 
ty, the largest in the state, and extending 
across its breadth, has an irregular surface, 
with good land, and excellent farms. Frank- 
lin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties are 
divided by Connecticut river, on which are 
extensive and fertile meadows, and which 
afibrds navigation for rafts and boats. Steam- 
boats have recently begun to ply to the 
upper parts of the river. Berkshire coun- 
ty, which forms the west extremity of the 
state, is mountauious, being crossed by 
the Green mountains, and Taughkannic 
ranges ; it is of more recent settlement and 
has much poor land, though a considerable 
portion of excellent pasturage ; it has good 
marble quarries, and its mountains abound in 
iron ore. The soil of the state generally is 
well adapted to the growth of grass and fruit 
trees, and produces nearly all the fruits of 
temperate climates, also indiancorn, rye, oats, 
&c. There is a lead mine in Southampton, 
the works in which have been for a long time 
suspended. The middle and e. parts of the 
state abound in granite of an excellent quality 
for building. Marble and limestone are found 
in exhaustless quantities in West Stockbridge, 
Hinsdale and Lanesborough. Anthracite 
coal is found in Worcester, and quarries of) 
soap stone in Middlefield. ( 

Near the w. line of the state is the Taugh-' 
kannic range of mts., which divides the I 
waters oi the Hudson and Housatonnic rs. | 
The highest peak is Saddle mtn. in the n. w. 



angle of the state. Hoosic mts. run nearlj' 
parallel, being a continuation of the Greeti 
mtn. range of Vt., and dividing the streams of 
the Housatonnic and Hoosic rs. extend to N. 
Haven, Conn. Wachusett mtn. in Worces- 
ter CO., Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke, in Hamp- 
shire CO., and Mt. Toby, in Franklin co., are 
isolated, but very considerable elevations. 

The principal river, is the Conn., the lar- 
gest and most important in the state, which 
flows N. and s. through the cos. of Franklin, 
Hampshire and Hampden. That portion 
which is included in Mass., affords great ad- 
vantages for navigation. By its annual floods, 
though they often injure bridges, crops, &.C., 
it greatly enriches the extensive meadows on 
its banks, with a deposit of soil; and its fish, 
particularly the shad, afford a supply of e\. 
cellent food to the inhabitants. Large sums 
of money have been expended on dams, locks, 
canals, &c., by which the navigation is much 
improved. Merrimack r. touches the n. e. part 
of the state. The principal tributaries of the 
Conn. r. in this state, are Deerfield, Westfield, 
Mille^^e and Chickopee rs., the two last of 
which rise in Worcester co. Housatonic 
and Hoosic rs. rise in Berkshire co., the for- 
mer running s. into Conn., the latter n. into' 
Vt. and N. York. In Worcester co. rise 
also Quinnebaug r. which runs s. into Conn., 
Pawtucket r. which runs into R. Island, 
Charles r. whic hempties at Boston, and Con- 
cord and Nashua rs. which join the Merri- 
mack. There are also many smaller streams 
and ponds which are generally supplied with 
fish, and most of which afford excellent mill 
seats for manufacturing, &c. 

Population. Mass. in 1800, contained 422, 
845 inhabitants; in 1810, 472,040; and in 
1820, 523,287. In 1830 the pop. was as fol- 
lows : — to which is prefixed the counties, 
with their population in 1820. 

Counties. Pop. 1S20. Pop. 18S0. 

Barnstable, 24,020 28,514 

Berk.-hire, 35,720 37,835 

Bristol, 40,yu8 49,592 

Dukes, 3,202 3,51 T 

Essei, • 74,655 82,869 

Frunklin, 29,268 '29,601 

Humpflcn, 2fi,0'2t 31,639 

Hfun|ishire, 26,487 30,254 

Middlesex, 61,472 77,961 

NanUickel, 7,266 7,20S 

Nwrtnlk, 36,471 41,972 

Fly.noulh, 38,136 43,044 ^ 

Su'flulk, 43,910 62,163 ' 

Worcester, 73,625 84,835 



Total, 


523, 


287 


610,408 


Of which were 


white 


persons — 








Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of 


age, 


40,644 


39,533 


From r> to 15 




70,667 


67,863 


'• 15 to 30 




91,422 


94,934 


" 30 to 50 




59,116 


64,847 


" 50 to 70 




25,327 


31,445 


ro to UO 




7,335 


9,701 


" 90 and over 


174 


351 



Total, 



294,685 



.308,674 



MAS 



391 



MAS 



Of the above, were deaf and dumb, under 
14 years, 56; between 14 and 25, 62; over 
25, 138. Blind 218. Aliens 8,787. 



Freo colored. 
Under 10 years of age, 
Prom 10 to 2t 
" -24 to 3G 
" 36 to 55 
" 55 to 100 
" 100 and over, 



Males. 
794 
889 
725 
620 
316 
10 

3,300 



Females. 
801) 
90", 
810 
661 
394 
40 



Total, 3,300 3,685 

Slaves, males none, females 4. Colored, 
deaf and dumb, 9. Blind 5. 

Recapitulation. 
Whitcg. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

003,3.09 7,045 4 010,408 

Slavery does not exist in this state ; a de- 
cision made by the supreme court of the state, 
ill 1783, declared that it was abolished by the 
following clause in the declaration of rights, 
" all men are born free and equal. " 

The commerce of Mass. extends to all parts 
of the globe. In the amount of its shipiiing 
it is before any state in the Union, and in the 
extent of its foreign trade, second only to New 
York. By the report of the secretary of the 
treasury, for the year ending September 30, 



sheep and wool in the county, is about $591,- 
250, making an aggregate amount invested by 
the manufacturers and wool growers of Berk- 
shire of $2,087,930. The value of the pro- 
duce of these establishments from Oct. 1830, 
to Oct. 1831, was estimated at $2,000,905. 
Salt is extensively manufactured on the coast 
from sea water. There are in the state 17,- 
545,700 sq. feet of salt works, of which 13,- 
799,710 sq. feet are in tho co. of Barnstable, 
and cost ^1,379,971. The expenses of the 
state in l!j31, were, $.381,481 68 cents, re- 
ceipts |325,055 25 cents, deficit $26,451 45 
cents, to be supplied by taxation. The amount 
of taxable property. May 1, 1832, $208,353,- 
024 45 cents, and tho number of polls 159,- 
444. In 1821, property, gl 53,360,407 54 cts. 
and polls 122,715. 

The taxable property in tho cos. of Mas;?. 
March 2, 1«32, was as follows :— Suffolk, 
$86,244,261 25; Essex, $24,335,935 57; 
Middlesex-, $21,lft2,009 ; Worcester, $21,- 
166,610 68; Hampshire, «.'i,603,255 87 ; 
Hampden, .$6,.'') 18,342 20; Franklin, $5,- 
452,300; Norfolk, $10,229,111 09; Berk- 
shire, $6,744,048 .34; Bristol, $11,346,916 
33; Barnstable, $3,500,000 ; Dukes, $534,- 
166 75; Nantucket, $3,895,288 40; Plym- 
outh, $7,576,932 06. There were in the 



1830, the amount of Am. and foreign tonnage .state in Oct. 1831, seventy chartered banking 
entered, was 74,741; departed, 97,794. corporations ; caintal stock paid in, .$21,439,. 



Amount of imports, .$572,666 ; exports, do 
mestic produce, $643,435 ; foreign, $27,087 ; 
total exports, $670,.522. 

A large amount of shipping is employed in 
the mackerel, cod, and whale fisheries. The 
Vfliale fishery was commenced very early. 
In 1668, James Soper, in petitioning for an ex- 
clusive right, stated lliat he had caught whale 
for 22 years. In the beginning of ihe 18th 
century, whales were constaiuly taken on the 
bay shore of Cape Cod. I'or the last 6l) years 
few have been seen in the buy ; but they have 
been pursued in ail parts of the world; and 
the enterprize, skill and hardihood, fostered 
by this adventurous busine.«s, have contribu- 
ed to the improvement of American seamen. 
The ships are cliiefly fitted out at Nantucket, 
and New Uedfoni. The cod-fishery is carri- 
ed on on the n. e. coasts of the U. S., and on 
those of Newfoundland and Labrador. In 
1831, in tho custom house district including 
Barnstable, licences were granted to 188 



800; bills in circulation, 7,739,317; neit 
I profits on liand, 734,312 33 ; balances due to 
other banks, 2,477,615 43; cash deposited, 
&c. not bearing interest, 4,401,965 62; cash 
deposited, bearing interest, 4,550,947 68; 
due from the banks, 41,393,083 33; gold, 
silver, &c. in banks, 919,959 73; real es- 
tate, 683,307 89 ; bills of banks in this state, 
1,104,567 29; bills of banks elsewhere, 270,- 
606 88 ; balances due from other banks, 2,- 
427,079 37 ; due to the banks, excepting bal- 
ances, 36,040,760 76; total resources of the 
banks, 41,445,700 09; amount of last divi- 
dend, 566,715; amount of reserved profits, 
109,128 76 ; debts Boeured by pledge of 
.stock, 752,312 37 ; debts due, and consider- 
ed doubtful, $20!{,687 81. 

Rale of dividend on capital of the banks, 3 
per cent, less J of 1-lOOth part of 1 per cent. 

Eight of the seventy being new banks, 
made no dividend on the 1st October; one no 
longer in operation. Four new banks have 



vessels engaged in cod-fishing, each avera- gone into operation since Oct. 1st, making 



ging 58 tons, and employing in all, 1,500 men 
and boys. The proceeds for the year, were 
about $319,000, or about $120 per share, 
after deducting owners' portions and inciden- 
tal expences. The mackerel fishery is chief- 
ly carried on along the coast. 

The manufactures of Mass. are extensive 
and various; those of cotton and woollen arc 



seventy-two now in existence, of which twen- 
ty-two are located in Boston, eighteen in tho 
county of Essex, five in Middlesex, one in 
i'lymouth, seven in Bristol, two in Barnsta. 
ble, three in Nantucket, two in Norfolk, si.x 
in Worcester, three in Hampshire, one in 
Franklin, and two in Berkshire. 
The interests of learning have ever been 



carried on chiefly by large and wealthy com- [cherished in Mass. with peculiar care. Many 
panics, and by machinery. In Berkshire co., lof the learned divines and civilians of Eng- 
there is invested for manufacturing purposes, (land were among its early settlers, and the 
in real estate, buildings and fixtures, $653,-1 people have ever been conspicuous for their 
625, in machinery and tools, $376,405, and ■ regard to useful knowledge ; to the general 
in active capital, $526,650. The value of; difineion of which they have greatly contrib- 



MAS 



292 



MAS 



uted. Harvard college, at Cambridge, the] America was that of Quincy, in Norfolk co. 
most liberally endowed institution in tlic U.vvhich ia used to transport granite to the wa- 
S., was founded in 1638, chiefly by a dona- ters of Boston harbor. Others have been 
lion of Jno. Harvard; and the first printing projected, but only 2 are now constructing, 
press in America, at which all the printing of; the Boston and Lowell rail-road, and the 



the colony was done for 30 years, was set up 
at that place the following year. In 1764, 
the college buildings, with a library of 5,000 
vols. &c. were burnt. 'Die constitution pla- 
ces this institution under a board of over- 
seers, consisting in part of the gov., lieut. 
gov., council and senate. It now has a 
choice library of 36,000 vols. There are two 
other colleges in the state, Williams college, 
in Williamstown, founded in 1755, and Am- 
herst college, near Northampton, founded in 
1821. The constitution makes it the duty of 
the legislature and magistrates, "to cherish 
the interests of literature and science, and all 
seminaries of them, especially the university 
at Cambridge, public schools, and grammar 
schools in the towns." There is a flourish 
ing theological institution for Congregational, 
ists at Andover, founded in 1807 ; and one for 
Baptists at Newton. There is a medical 
school at Pittsfield, beside that at Cambridge, 
and various private literary institutions ol 
highly respectable standing. The number of 
incorporated academies in the state is 43, 

The means of common education arc pro- 
vided for all at the expense of the state. 
Every town with 50 families ia required by 
law to have a free school for children, in 
which must be taught the rudiments of learn- 
ing, at least 6 months in the year. In towns 
of 100 and 150 families, it must be kept 10 
and 12 months, those of 500 families, the 
history of U. S., book-keeping, geometry, 
algebra, and surveying must be taught, at 
least 10 months of the year. In towns of 
4,000, in addition to the other branches, must 
be taught Latin, Greek, history, rhetoric and 
logic. It is made the duty of all teachers to 
impress the pupils with the principles of re- 
ligion and virtue, as the basis of human so- 
ciety and republican institutions. The schools 
are superintended, and the instructers ap 
pointed by committees of the districts. 

The internal improvements of the state are 
numerous. The roads and bridges are many 
and excellent. The South Hadley canal, 
round a fall of the Conn, r., was the first 
work of the kind used in the U. S. That round 
Miller's falls, near Greenfield, forms a part 
of the same line of improvements in ihe 



vigation of Conn. r. The Middlesex canal 

connects the Merrimack at Lowell with the|rious minerals and rock formations 

Boston harbor. The Blackstone canal, which 

extends to Providence in R. I., lies partly in 

this state. The Hampshire end Hampden 

canal is partly completed, and extends from 

the river at Northampton to the Farmington 

canal in Conn.; thus opening a '.ine of boat 

navigation to New Haven, Conn. Several 

other canals have been planned and some 

surveyed, but the modern improvements in 

rail roads will probably prevent their prose- 



Boston and Worcester rail-road. 

The state prison at Charlestown ia an insti- 
tution highly creditable to the state. By li- 
beral appropriations from the treasury to the 
means of experiment in penitentiary regulation 
and discipline, a mere prison house, for the 
physical restraint of the body, has been con- 
verted into a school of salutary instruction and 
reform to the minds of the most vicious and 
abandoned of our fellow men. The demea- 
nor of the convicts has been softened and 
corrected, and from the admonitions afforded 
here, and the greater terror inspired abroad, 
commiiments have sensibly diminished. With- 
in the last year, the number of prisoners was 
reduced from 290, at its commencement, to 
256 at its close. Of 256 convicts, 156 were 
led by intemperance to the commission of 
olfences, 182 had lived in the habitual neglect 
and violation of the Sabbath ; 82 were per- 
mitted to grow up without regular employ- 
ment ; 68 had been truants to their parents 
while m their minority ; 61 could not write, 
and many were wholly unable to read. In 
1828, the excess of expenditure was more 
than $12,000 ; in 1829, it was between 7 and 
$8,000, and in 1830, it approached to $7,000, 
while in 1831, it was only $477 47. A hos- 
pital for the insane is now erecting. The 
state government is doing much by the an- 
nual beetowment of a bounty for the educa- 
tion of the destitute deaf and dumb ; by libe- 
ral encouragement to agricultural societies, 
and by fulfilling the injunctions of the consti- 
tution upon " legislatures and magistrates, 
in all periods of the commonwealth, to pro- 
mote by rewards and immunities, agriculture, 
arts, sciences, trades, manufactures, and a 
natural history of the country." To promote 
the culture of silk, the legislature had a con- 
cise manuel compiled and circulated, on the 
growth and culture of the mulberry tree. 

The design of obtaining an accurate map of 
the state from actual surveys and admeasure- 
ments upon trigonometrical piiticiples, is in a 
course of diligent prosecution. The exami- 
nations of the country have been mostly 
made, and the first part of an elaborate scien- 
tific report, compiiaing the economical geolo- 
gy of the state, accompanied with a map, de- 
lineating by numbers and colorings, the va- 

ihich 
prevail, is prepared. The second part is to 
exhibit the topographical geology ; the third, 
the scientific geology, and the fourth, cata- 
logues of the native mineralogical, botanical, 
and zoological productions. Arrangements 
have been made to procure the immediate 
publication of the first part of the report. 
There were in Mass. in 1831, 491 Congrega- 
tional churches, with 423 ordained ministers, 
of whom 118 are Unitarians ; 129 Baptist 



cution. The first rail road constructed in churches, with 110 ministers, and 12,580 



MAT 



293 



MAU 



communicants; 71 Methodist preachers, and forming a boundary between King William, 
11,200 members ; 4G Uriiversalist societies ;j and Kinsj and Queen, unite with the I'anmn- 
31 Episcopal ministers; 8 New Jerusalem! ky, to form York river, after a comparative 
societies ; 1) Presbyterian ministers ; 4 Roman southeastern course of 10 ms. The valley of 
CathoUc churches, and 4 Shaker societies. jthe Mattapony lies between those of the Rap- 

Massametteu, p-v. marked on the p-o. listjpahannoc and Pamunky, and is traversed by 
as in Shenandoah co. Va. but is probably itijN. lat. 38° and the meridian of W. C. 
the new co. of Page, by p-r. 114 ms. west- 
ward W. C. 

Massena, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 43 
ms. E. N. E. Ogdensburgh, has a good soil, 
and Grass and Racket rivers furnish good 
mill seats. It is opposite Cornwall, Upper 
Canada. Pop. 1830, 2,o68. 



I Mattkawan, creek, Monmouth co. N. J. 
I runs into Raritan bay, 4 ms. s. e. Amboy, is 
navigable for vessels of GO tons to Middle- 
town point. 

Matteawan or Fishkill mts., N. Y., called 

the Highlands of Hudson r., IG or 18 ms. wide, 

in cos. of Rockland, Orange, Westchester, 

Masserne, from Mt. Cernc, one of its! Putnam and Dutchess. Tiiey are probably 

peaks ; a chain of mtns. in the United States I connected with the Alleghany, being of prim- 

and Texas, extending from the state of| itive rocks ; the numerous peaks form the ro- 

Mississippi over Arkansas into Texas in 

a nearly similar direction with the mtn. range 

of the App;ilachian system. The Masserne 

is traversed by Red and Arkansas rs. and 

gives source to the Merrimac, Gasconnadc, 

St. Francis, White Ouachitta rs. No scien- 
tific survey has ever been made of the Mas- 
serne, a remark which might indeed be 

extended and applied to the Aiipalachian sys- 

tem. The provincial vulgarism Ozark, the 

hunters' name for Arkansas, has been given to 

the Massernes, by some writers and map 

makers. 

Massillon, p-v. on the Ohio canal, near 

the centre of Stark CO. Ohio, by p-r. 1U8 ms. 

N.E.Columbus. Pop. 1830, 359. 'I'he water 



mantic pass of the Highlands in Hudson r. ; 
the range extends from N. J. n. k. to Mass. 

Mattox, or Mattax bridge and p-o. in the 
nrthwst. part of Westmoreland co. Va., by p-r. 
97 ms. N. N. E.Richmond, and 90 s. W. C. 

Mattox's, p-o. Tatnall co. Geo., by p-r. 131 
ms. s. E. Milledgcville. 

Mattsvii.i.e, i)-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 53 
ms. nrthrd. Phil. 

Maucii Chunk, flourishing p.v. on the right 
bank of Lehigh r., 31 ms. n. w. Bethlehem, " 
and 84 n. n. w. Phil. This very remarkable 
village has risen amid mtns. and rocks, on 
ground scarce wide enough to admit a street, 
from being the depot for the immense strata 
of anthracite coal found in the mtn. from 
level in the canal at Massillon, is 942 feet j which the name is taken, and at the foot of 



above the mean height of Atlantic tides 

Matapoiset Harbor, extends from Buz- 
zard's bay, into Rochester, and receives Mat- 
apoiset river from Plymouth co. Mass. 

Matciiapungo Inlet, on the coast of the 
Atlantic, between Hog and Prouts islands, 
Northampton co. Va. It opens into a sheet 
or small gulf called Broad Water, 28 ms. n. 
N. E.cape Charles. On Tarmer's U. S. it is 
laid down at lat. 37° 20'. 

Mathews, co. of Va. bounded by Glouces- 
ter CO. s. w. and w., by Piankatanck river sep- 
arating it from Middlesex n., Chesapeake 
bay E., and Mobjack bay s. Length from 
Point Comfort to the n. w. angle on Pianka- 
tanck bay, 17 miles, mean width 4 ms., aaLJ 
area 68 square ms. Extending in lat. 37° 
22' to 37° 30' and in long. 0° 33' to 0° 48' k. 
W. C. This CO. is commensuraffe with a small 
peninsula between Mobjack and Piankatanck 
bays. Pop. 1830, 7,664. 

Mathews court house, and p-o. Mathews 
CO. Va. by p-r. 108 ms. though in direct dis- 
tance about 70 ms. e. Richmond. 

Matjiews' Prairie, and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Scott CO. Mo. by p-r. 256 ms. s. e. Jefferson 
city, and 150 a little e. of^. St. Louis. 

Mathewsville, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by 
p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mattapo.w, river of Va. has its extreme 
source on the eastern border of Orange co. 
near the Rapid Ann, about 25 ms. westward 
Fredericksburg, but the most numerous of its 



which the village is situated. The coal stra- 
ta, or the most extensive mine yet opened, is 
about 9 ms. wstrd. from the village, and lies 
upwards of 1,000 feet above the Lehigh level. 
Down this descent the coal is brought along 
a rail-way, and meets a canal, and slack water 
navigation, at Mauch Chunk. This work, 
called "Tiio Lehigh navigation," extends 
along the Lehigh r. 47 ms., with a fall of 364 
feet to the Del. at Easton. This navigation 
every where admits boats of 5 feet draught, 
through 57 locks of 22 feet wide, (^ee arta. 
Del. and Lchifr/i rs.) The village was com- 
menced in 182.0 or '21, and in 1830 the num- 
ber of inhabitaftts was 1,343. 

Accfirding to a statement in the Phil. Eve. 
Post, Jan. 29th, IS'.iO, tlie quantity of coal 
shipped from the Lehigh mines, and passing 
through Mauch Chunk was, in 182.5, 2}{ 39S 
tons; 1826, 31,280; 1827, .30,-305; 1828 
30,111; l;i29, 2.5,110; 18.30, 4-2,225; total! 
187,424 tons. 

Mauiianov, p-v. Northumberland co. Pu. 
{See Mahaiiay.) 

Maukport, p-v. on O. r. Harrison co. Ind., 
by p-r. 152 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis. 

Maumek, r. of O., Ind., and Mich., the 
greatest wstrn. confluent of lake Erie. This 
very remarkable r. is composed of two con- 
stituent branches, the St. Mary's and St. Jo- 
seph's. St. Mary's rises in Allen, Mercer, 
and Shelby cos. O., interlocking sources with 
those of Wabash, Great Miami, and Au Glais 



creeks are in Spotsylvania. These unitelrs. ; flowing thence 60 ms. to the n. w., info 
within and traverse Carolina, and thence' Allen co. Ind., it unites with the St. Joseph's 



MAX 



294 



MEA 



The latter rising in Hillsdale co. Mich., j border of Lehigh co., and on the Sacony 



and assuming a s. w. course, traverses the 
nrthwstrn. angle of Williams co. O., enters 
Allen CO. Ind., and unites with the St. Mary's 
as already noticed. 

To view those two rivers on a map, iheir 
natur,al course would appear to be down the 
Wabash, but curving on themselves, the uni- 
ted waters now known as Maumee, assume 
a N. K. course ; flows in that direction 45 ms., 
to where it receives almost at the same point, 
Au Glaize r. from the s. and Bean or Tiffen's 
r. from the n. Continuing n. e. 60 ms. far- 
ther, Maumee is lost in the extreme wstrn. 
angle of lake Erie. This stream, like all oth- 
ers which issue from O. into lake Erie, is ob- 
structed by rapids a few ms. above its mouth ; 
otherwise it is navigable at high water into 
both its main branches. The Au Glaize, 
which falls into the Maumee at Defiance, is 
the most considerable branch, not falling 
much under the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's 
united. The valley of Maumee, occupying 
the whole nrthwstrn. angle of the state of O., 
is in length from s. w. to n. e. 100 ms., with 
a mean breadth of at least 50, area 5,000 sq. 
ms., comprising small fractions in Mich, and 
Ind. This r. and its branches drain in O. the 
cos. of Mercer, Allen, Vanwat, Putnam, 
Hancock, Wood, Henry, Williams, and Paul- 
ding. In lat. the valley stretches from 40° 
30' to 42°. 

Maumee, p-v. on Maumee r., where the 
road crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p-r. 
136 ms. N. N. w. Columbus. 

Maurepas, lake of, La., between the parish- 
es of St. Helena and St. John Baptiste, receiv- 
ing the Amite r. from the w., and communi- 
cating on the estrd. with lake Ponchartrain, 
by the pass of Mauchae, a strait of about 6 
ms. Lake Maurepas lies in an elliptic form, 
12 by 7 ms. ; depth generally about 12 feet, 
though in the pass of Mauchae the water shal- 
lows to about 6 feet. Beside the Amite, 
Maurepas receives New r. from the s. w., 
and Tickfoha from the n. The country ad- 
jacent to this lake is mostly low and marshy. 

Maurice, r. Cumberland co. N. J., rises in 
Gloucester co. and runs nearly s. about 30 ms., 
receiving several branches, and enters Del. 
bay at Maurice cove, through low and 
swampy banks. 

Maurice River, p-t. Cumberland co. N.J., 
between Maurice r. and Salem, and Glouces- 
ter cos. 

Maury, co. of Ten., bounded by Hickman 
w. ; Dickson n. w. ; Williamson n. ; Bedford 
E. ; and Giles s. Length 30, menn width 24, 
and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 
22' to 35° 50' N., and in long. 9° 42' to 10° 18' 
w. W. C. This CO. lies entirely in the valley 
of Duck r., which winds over it in a n. w. by 
w. direction, receiving numerous crs. from 
both sides; soil of first rate quality; staple, 
cotton. Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 1820, 
22,141 ; lti30, 27,665. 

Maxatawnv, p-o. and tsp. Berks co. Pa., 
20 ms. N. N. E. Reading. The tsp. lies on the 



branch of Maiden cr. Pop. 1820, 1,847. 

May (Cape), Cape May co. N. J., the n. 
point of Del. bay ; long. 74° 56' w. (Green- 
wich,) lat. 39° N. The Del. breakwater is 
erecting within this cape. Here is the ter- 
mination of a range of low, sandy, barren 
coast from Shrewsbury hither. Pop. 1830, 
4,936. 

Maybinton, p-0. Newberry dist. S. C, byp-r. 
14 ms. wstrd. Newberry, and 54 n. w. by w. 
Columbia. 

Mayfield, r. small stream of wstrn. Ky., 
rises in Graves co., and first pursuing a north- 
ern course, turns abruptly west, separating 
Graves from MacCracken, and thence Mac- 
Cracken from Hickman, falling into Miss, a 
few ms. below the mouth of Ohio. 

Mayfield, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., 8 
ms. N. E. Johnstown and 40 n. w. Albany ; 
has good grass and graia soil, and Cranberry, 
Mayfield, and Fondas crs. with mill scats ; 2 
post offices. Mayfield mtn. extends to Mo- 
hawk r. Pop. 18.30, 2,614. 

Mayfield, p-v. and st. jus. Graves co. Ky„ 
situated on a branch of Mayfield r., about 35 
miles 8. E. the mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 
277 miles s. w. by w. Frankfort, and lat. 36° 
'15', and long. 11° 45' w. W. C. 

Mayo, p-v. in the eastern part of Rocking- 
ham counly N. C. by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Mays Lick, and p-o. in the sfhrn. part of 
Mason co. Ky., about 05 ms. n. e. by e. 
Frankfort. 

Maysville, p-v. and st. juF. Buckingham 
CO. Va., situated near the centre of the co., 
on Slate cr., about 35 miles nthestrd. Lynch- 
burg, and bv p-r. 287 ms. very nearly due w 
of Riciimond. Lat. 37° 32', and long. 1° 32, 
w. W. C. 

Maysvillf., p-v. on the O. r., nthrn. part 
of Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. Frank- 
fort, This village was formerly called F/ime- 
stone, and was amongst the original settle- 
inonls of the state. The site is on a rather 
elevated bottom of the Ohio r., 3 ms. from 
Washington, the co. seat ; and by water about 
500 ms. below Pittsburg. It is the second t. 
of Ky. in regard to commercial importance, 
and contained by the census of 1830, a popu- 
hitiori of 2, 040. It contains a glass manufiic- 
tory of considerable magnitude, a number of 
stores and warehouses, and three or four 
places of public worship. The importance 
of Maysville has arisen from being the mart 
of upper Ky., and lying on the direct nrthn. 
thoroughfare. Lat. 38° 40', long. «° 40' w. 
W. C. 

Maytown, p-v. near the left bank of the 
Susquchannah r. Lancaster co. Pa., 22 ms. s. 
E. Harrisburg, and 15 w. Lancaster. 

IMazeville, p-o. (ireenbriar co. V^a. by p-r. 
266 ms. s. w. by. w. W. C. 

MEAnviLi.E, p-v. Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 
1.39nis. s.w. W. C. 

Meansville, p-o. Union district, S. C, by 
p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Columbia. 



MED 



295 



MEM 



Mearb Farm, and p-o. HaTiiilton co. Ohio, 
by p-r. IIG ms.s. w. Columbus. 

MiiucA, p-v. Trumbull co. O., by p-r. 17G 
me. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Mechanicsburo, p-v. Champaign co. O., by 
p-r. 39 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. 

Mechanic's Hai,l, p-o. Mooro co. N. C, by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Mechanic Grove, ami p-o. Clark co. Ala., 
by p-r. 132 m&. sthwd. Tuscaloosa. 

Meciiamcsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by 
p-r. 39 ms. nthrd. Philadelphia. 

Mechanicsville, p-v. Montgomery co. Md., 
30 ms. s. w. Baltimore, and 8 n. e. Rockville. 

Mechanicsville, p-v. Vanderburg co. Ind. 
by p-r. 164 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Meciianicville, p-v. Stillwater, Saratoga 
CO. N. Y. 

Mecklenburg, co. Va., bounded by Halifax 
w., Charlotte n. w., Lunenburg n., Bruns- 
wick E., and by Warren and Granville cos. 
N. C. s. Length 3G, mean width 18, and area 
648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 30' to 36° 
53', and in long. 1° 08' to 1° 46' w. W. C. 
The junction of Stanton and Dan rivers, to 
form the Roanoke, is made on the wstrn. side 
l)f this CO., and the thence fine navigable river 
winds by a rather sinuous channel over the 
CO. in a sthest. by e. direction, leaving it at 
the sthcstrn. angle. The nthrn. side is drain- 
ed by Meherin r., flowing nearly parallel to 
the Roanoke ; the slope is of course in the di- 
rection of the streams. Staples, grain, flour, 
cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town, Boydton. 
Pop. 1820, 19,786—1830, 20,477. 

Mecklenburg, co. N. C, bounded by Ca- 
tawba r. separating it from Lincoln n. w., 
Iredell n., Cabarraa n. e., Anson e., Lancas. 
ter dist. S. C. s., and York dist. S. C. s. vv 
Length s. to n. 50, mean width 18, and area 
900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 48 
to 35° 30', and in long. 3° 32' to 4° 06' w. W, 
C. The nthestrn. and estrn. boundary of this 
CO. coincides nearly with the dividing ridge 
between the sources of streams flowing into 
the Yadkin estrd. and into the Catawba river 
wstrd. The elope isof course wstrd. or rath- 
er a little s. of w. towards the latter r. Chief 
t. Charlotte. Pop.1820, 16,895—1830,20,078. 
Mecklenburg, p-v. Knox co. Ten., 12 ms. 
sthrd. Knoxville, and by p-r. 177 ms. a little 
s. of e. Nashville. 

Medfield, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 9 ms. s. 
w. Dedham, 17 s. w. Boston, e. side Charles 
r., w£ts burnt by Indians in 1675. Pop. 1830, 
817. 

Medford, (formerly Mystic) p-t. Middle- 
sex CO. Mass., 4 ms. n. of Boston. Mystic 
river and Middlesex canal pass through it. 
Burgoyne's army encamped at Winter Hill 
after his capture. Pop. 1830, 1,755. 

Medina, co. of Ohio, bounded by Stark 
s. E., Wayne s., Lorain w. and n. w., Cuya- 
hoga n., and Portage e. Length 24, mean 
breadth 24, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
10', long. 4° 48' w. Slope to the n. towards 
lake Erie. Chief t. Medina. Pop. 1830, 7,- 
560. 



Medina, p-v. and st. jus. Medina co. O., by 
p-r. Ill ms. N. N. K. Columbus. Pop. 1830. 
254. 

Medrosta Lake, Mo. is drained by Spey r. 
which flows into St. John's r. 

Mf.uwav, p-t. Norfolk co .Mass., 15 miles 
8. w. Dedham, 20 from Boston, n. Charles r., 
contains a number of manufactories. It was 
incorporated in 1713, before a part of Mod- 
field. Pop. 1830, 1,756. 

Meesville, p-v. Roane co. Ten., by p-r. 
153 miles estrd. Nashville. 

Meeting Street, p-o. nthrn. part of Edge- 
field district, S. C, by p-r. 65 miles wstrd. 
Columbia. 

Meherin, river of Virginia, and N. C, de- 
riving its most remote sources from Char- 
lotte, but rising principally in Lunenburg and 
Mecklenburg cos., and uniting on the wstrn. 
margin of Brunswick. Continuing its ori- 
ginal course s. e. by e. over Brunswick and 
Greensville, and thence separating a part of 
Greensville from Soutliampton, it enters N. 
C. between Northampton and Gates cos., 
and joins the Nottaway to form the Chowan, 
between Gates and Hertford cos. The entire 
comparative course of tlie Meherin is about 
95 miles, but the valley is narrow, not exceed- 
ing 20 miles width at any part, (mean 
width hardly 10) area about 900 sq. ms., ly- 
ing between the vallics of Roanoke and Not- 
taway. 

Meherin Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg co. 
Va. by p-r. 92 miles s. w. Richmond. 

Meigs, co. Ohio, bounded s. w. by Gallia, 
n. w. and n. by Athens, Ohio river separating 
it fr«m Wood co. Va. n. e., and again by the 
Ohio river separating it from Mason co. 
Va. E., s. e. and s. Length from east to 
west 30, mean breadth 15, and area 450 
sq. ms. Lat. 39° and long. 5° w. W. C. in- 
tersect in this CO. Surface very broken, but 
some tolerab]y,productive. Chief t. Chester. 
Pop. 1820, 4,480, and in 1830, 6,158. 

Meigs Creek, and p-o. Morgan co. O, by 
p-r. 77 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Meigsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 
211 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Meigsville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 
84 ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. 

Melmore, p-v. Seneca co. Ohio by p-r. 80 
ms. N. Columbus. 

Meltonsville, p-v. in the northeastern 
part of Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 ms. s. w. 
by w. Raleigh. 

Memphis, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ten. 
situated on an elevated blufi" of the Miss. r. 
immediately below the mouth of Loosahnt- 
che or Wolf r., by p-r. 226 ms. s. w. by w. 
Nashville. Lat. 35° 06' and long. 13° 02' w. 
W. C. 

Mkmphremagog Lake, partly in Orleans co. 
Vt. but chiefly in Lower Canada, is 30 or 40 
ms. long fron n. to s., and 2 or 3 wide, and 
communicates by the St. Francis with St. 
Lawrence river. Only 7 or 8 ms. of the s. 
end are in Vermont. It lies about half way 
between Connecticut r. and lake ('hamplain. 



MER 



296 



MER 



A bay from ihe s. end extends into Coventry. 
In Vt. the lake occupies about 15 sq. nis., re- 
ceiving Clyde, Black and Barton rivers. The 
" Magog oilstones" are brought from an isl- 
and 2 ms. N. of the Canada line, and are sold 
in the seaports for about 50 cents a pound. 

Menan, Little, island Washington co.. 
Me. has a light house, 2 ms. b. s. e. Golds- 
borough, and s. Steuben. 

Menassas Gap, and p-o. Frederick co. Va. 
by p-r. 134 ms. westward W. C. 

Mendiiam, p-t. Morris co. N. J. 7 miles w. 
Morristown, '^5 w. N. Y., near the head wa- 
ters of Passaic r. ; has an academy, and a 
fine hilly surface, with good farms. Pop. 1830, 
1,314. 

Mexdon, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 32 ms. 
s. w. Boston. Blackstone river and canal 
cross the s. w. part of the town, and Mill r. 
runs through it. There are several manu- 
factories of cotton, and woollen mills ; the 
Blackstone factory is very large. Pop. 1830, 
3,1.'>2. 

Mendon, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. 
of Rochester. Honeoye outlet and other 
streams supply mills. Pop. 1830, 3,057. 

Menomonie, r. of Mich, ter., and confluent 
of Green Bay, rises in the country of the 
Menomonie Indians, sthrd. lake Superior, and 
flowing thence sthestrd. about 100 ms., falls 
into Green Bay at lat. 45° 28', and nearly due 
w., the strait uniting Green bay to lake 
Mich., and 50 ms. n. e. fort Howard. 

Menomome island, in Green Bay, Mich, 
ter., lying about midway between the mouth 
of Menomonie r., and the Grand Traverse 
straits between Green bay and lake Mich. 

Menomonie, st. of jus. Brown co. Mich. 
Position uncertain. 

Mentor, p-v. and tsp. Geauga co. O., by 
p-r. 162 ms. N. e. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 
1830, 703. 

Mentz, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. n. 
w. Auburn. Seneca r. and Owasco outlet 
furnish mills and navigation. Villages, 
Montezuma and Bucksville, on Erie canal, 
and Throopsville. Pop. 1830, 4,143. 

Mercer, p-t. Somerset co. Me., s. w. Nor- 
ridgewock, n. Kennebeck co. ; has a large 
pond in the s. e. Pop. 1830, 1,210. 

Mercer co. Pa., bounded n. by Crawford ; 
N. e. by Venango; s. e. by Butler; s. by 
Beaver ; and w. by Trumbull co. O. Length 
6. to N. 34, mean width 25, and area 850 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 41° 02' to 41° 28', and 
in long. 3° 04' to 3° 37' w. W. C. The val- 
ley of Shenango r. occupies the far greater 
part of this co., flowing sthrd. into Big Beav. 
er; consequently the slope of the co. is 
sthrd. ; surface moderately hilly, and soil pro- 
ductive. Chief t. Mercer. Population 1820, 
11,681; 1830,19,731. 

Mercer, p-v. borough and st. jus. Mercer 



separating it from Garrard k. ; Lincoln s, e. ; 
Casey s. ; Washington w. ; Anderson n. ; and 
Ky. r. separating it from Woodford and Jes- 
samine N. e. Length s. to n. 28, mean breadth 
13, and area 364 sq. ms. Extending in lat, 
37° 32' to 37° 55', and in long. 7° 36', to 7° 56' 
w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is nthrd. ; 
the soil highly productive. Chief t. Har- 
rodsburg. Pop. 1820, 15,587 ; 1830, 17,694. 
Mercer, co. O., bounded by Vanwert n. ; 
Allen N. E. ; Shelby s. e. ; Darke b. ; and the - 
state of Ind. w. Length 28, mean breadth 
20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 40, 35', and 
long. W. C. 7° 38' w. This co~. occupies the 
table land from which flows St. Mary's branch 
of Great Maumee, and on which rise the ex- 
treme sources of the Wabash. It is remark- 
able that both rivers assume a parallel n. w. 
course, which they maintain over Mercer in- 
to Indiana, and thence converge into directly 
opposite courses; the Wabash to the s. w. 
and Maumee n. e. It is obvious from the 
foregoing circumstances in the course of its 
streams, that Mercer is amongst the most el- 
evated tracts between the vallies of O. and 
St. Lawrence. Chief town, St. Mary's. Pop. 
1830, 1,110. 

Mercer co. II. bounded N. by Rock Island 
CO. ; n. E.by Henry ; s. e. by Knox ; s. War- 
ren ; and w. Miss. r. Breadth 20, mean 
length from e. to w. 30, and area 600 sq. ms. 
Lat. of its centre, 41° 15', long. 14° 42' w. W. 
C. This new co. occupies the space estrd. 
of the Great bend of the Miss, r., below the 
rapids of Rock r., and opposite the influx of 
the Low and Iowa rs., and lies about 200 ms. n. 
w. Vandalia. By the census of 1830, it con- 
tained but 26 inhabitants, and possessed no 
p-o. Oct. 1831. 

Mercer's Bottom, and p-o. on the Ohio r. 
Mason co. Va., by p-r. 326 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mercersburg, p-v. in the sthwst. part of 
Franklin co. Pa., 16 ms. s. w. Chambersburg, 
and by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Mercersville, p-v. Edgecombe co. N. C. 
by p-r. 47 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

Meredith, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., w. 
Winnipiseogee lake, and 29 ms. n. Concord. 
Contains many ponds, a good soil, rich land- 
scapes, and advantages of boat navigation on 
the lake and streams. The village at the 
bridge is partly in Guilford, and contains an 
academy, «fec. Pop. 1830, 2,683. 

Meredith, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 8 ms. 
N.Delhi, and 66 w. Catskill. It sends streams 
both to Del. and Susquehannah rs., and is half 
way between both. Hilly, with good soil. 
Pop. 1830, 1,666. 

Meriden, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 17 ms. 
s. Hartford, 17 n. New Naven, 8 w. Middle- 
town. Has pretty good, but uneven land ; in 
some parts mountainous ; and though with 
few natural advantages, has become an im- 



co. Pa., situated near the centre of the co., 55 portant manufacturing place, by dint of indus- 
ms. a little w. of n. Pittsburg, and 30 ms. a try. The v. is pleasant, and contains several 
little w. of s. Meadville ; lat. 41° 15', long. 'very fine private houses, and 4 churches, 1 
3° 20' w. W. C. Pop. 1820, 506. ! Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 

Merckr, CO. of Ky., bounded by Dicks r. Methodist. The streams are small, with lit- 



MER 



297 



MER 



tie water power ; yet about a million of dol- 
lars worth of different articles are annually 
manufactured and sent to other places. One 
company employs about 230 hands in the man- 
nfacture of brittania coffee pots, spoons, cof- 
fee mills, waffle irons, signal lanthorns, &c. ; 
value about s4200,000 per ann. Other manu- 
factures are wooden clocks, value per ann. 
about J^50,000 ; ivory, wood, box wood, and 
horn combs, value per ann. about $40,000; 
augur bits and rakes, value per ann. about 
;g20,000 ; tin ware, value per ann. ^90,000 ; 
and another manufactory of brittania ware, 
which manufactures $25,000 worth annually. 
There are others of japanned ware, shoes and 
boots, &c. &c. Some very useful inventions 
have originated in this place. The first 
branch of manufacture extensively engaged 
in here, was that of tin ware. Pop. 1830, 
1,708. 

Meridian Springs, and p-v. in the wstrn. 
part of Flinds co. Miss, about 65 ms. n. e. 
Natchez, and 31 s. w. Jackson ; the seat of 
government for the state. 

Meridianvillf., p-v. Madison co. Ala., 8 
ms. N. Huntsville, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. e. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Merit, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. 75 ms. s, e. 
Raleigh. 

Mermentau, r. of La., rises within and 
drains the extensive prairies of Opelousas and 
wstrn. Attacapas. It is formed by the bay- 
ous, Nezpique, Cane, Plaquemine Brule, and 
Queue Fortue. General course sthwst. over 
a country almost a perfect plane, where the 
smallest fragment of stone is rare, and except 
narrow lines of woods along the streams, the 
whole covered with grass. Before reaching 
its outlet into the gulf of Mexico, timber, with 
the exception of detached clumps of live oak, 
entirely ceases. The soil towards the sour- 



lake is also a shallow sheet of water, not 
deeper than the outer bar. The greatest 
length of the Mermentau basin is about 90, 
mean width 30, and area 2,700 sq. ms. Of 
this surface, more than four fifths is composed 
of open grassy plains, water, or sea marsh. 

Mermentau lake, is an expansion of the r. 
of the same name, below the union of the dif. 
ferent confluent branches. It is a shallow 
sheet, about 30 by 10 ms., differing in no es- 
sential physical characteristic from similar 
lakes along the coast of La. The shores are 
low and marshy. 

Merom, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. Ind., 
by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 30 ms. 
IN. Vincennes. It is situated on the left bank 
of Wabash r., lat. 39° 04', long. 10° 36' w. 
W. C. 

Merrimack, r. N. H., the largest in that 
state, and one of the principal rivers of New 
England, is formed of the Pemigewassct, 
from the White mtns. and Winnipiseogee, 
which unite near the lower part of the line 
of Strafford and Grafton cos. It crosses the 
line of Mass. in Hillsboro' co. near Rocking- 
ham CO. after a course of 78 ms. nearly s., 
and soon after runs n. k. 35 ms. to the ocean at 
Newburyport. The Pemigewasset receives 
Mad and Baker's rs. and the streams from 
Squam and Newfound lakes. Winnipiseogee r. 
comes from Winnipiseogee lake and Great bay. 
The Merrimack receives Contoocook, Sou- 
cook, Suncook, Piscataquog, Souhegan and 
Nashua rs. There are many falls, the principal 
of which are dammed, and supply water to im- 
portant manufactories. Canals have been 
made round them all, with locks, by which the 
r. has been navigated in boats, for some years, 
up to Concord. There are several bridges 
and many ferries, and the capital and other 
chief towns stand on its banks. Monomake, 



ces of its branches, is but of second rate qual- lits Indian name, means a sturgeon. The 
ity, but contrary to the usual operations of! Middlesex canal extends from the bend in 
nature, still more deteriorates advancing [this river in Mass. to Boston harbor. The 
downwards towards the Gulf. The prevail- 1 following is a list of the chief canals, &c. 
ing timber in the woods is oak, hickory, sweet Bow canal, below Concord, made in 18)2, 



gum, and pine along the bayous Cane and 
Plaquemine Brule ; on the Nezpique, pine in- 
creases proceeding nrthwstrd., and approach- 
ing the waters of Calcasin becomes the com- 
mon tree. Cypress swamps are frequent near 
the confluence of Nezpique and Plaquemine 
Brul6. Below the latter point, live oak ap- 
pears, and in greater or less quantities is 
found on this r. thence to the mouth. With 
the Mer^nentau, however, live oak terminates 
in that part of the gulf coast ; none is to be 
seen on either the Calcasin or the Sabine. 

In autumn, when the streams are low, the 
tide ascends this basin into each of the con- 
fluent streams; but on the contrary, in win- 
ter and spring, when heavy rains have fallen, 



cost $20,000 ; Hookset, 6 ms. below, .$1,500 ; 
Amoskeag, 8 ms. below, $50,(100 ; the Union 
canal embraces 6 falls, and with Cromwell's 
falls canal cost $50,000. Wicasee, 15 milea 
below, $14,000. 

Merrimack, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 6 ms. 
from Amherst, 27 s. Concord, on w. side of 
Merrimack r. Souhegan r. and its branchea 
supply manufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,193. 

Merrvmeeting bay. Me. at the junction of 
Merrimack and Androscoggin rs. 20 ms. from 
the sea. 

Merrittstown, p-v. on Dunlap's creek, 
Fayettte co. Pa. 5 ms. a little w. of s. Browns- 
ville, and !0 n. w. Uniontown. 

Merrittsville, p-v. at the foot of Blue 



the flood from the prairies overpowers the Ridge, and in the northern part of Greenville 
low tides of the gulf. Below the union of its dist. S. C. about 40 ms. s. w. Rutherfordton, 
branches, this r. expands into a lake, and N. C. and by p-r. 122 ms. n. w. Columbia, 
again contracts into a narrow stream, and fi- Merriwether, co. Geo. bounded by Talbot 
nally is lost in the gulf, ovar a bar affording s. E., Harris s. w., Troup w., Coweta n., and 
at common tides about 3 feet of water. The Flint r. separaimg it from Fayette s. c, and 

38 



MEX 



298 



MIA 



Pike E. It ifl very nearly a square of 20 me. 
each wny; area 400 sq. ms. P^xttrulinK in 
lat. 32° 53' to 33° 15', and in long. 7° 39' to 
8° 2' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is 
CHtwrd. towards Flint r. Chief t. Greenville. 
Pop. I!l3(>, 4,422. 

Mkrry IIji,l and p-o. Pertie co. N. C. by 
p-r. 145 nis. n. k. by e. Raleigh. 

Merrv Meeting Bay, Alton, Strafford co. 
N. H., is the a. e. arm of Winiiipiscogee lake, 
1,600 rods lonp:. 

MEsoroTAMiA, p-v. Triimbull co. O. by p-r. 
168 me. n. e. Columbus. 

Metcalf, p-v. Richland co. O. by p-r. 93 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Metawamkeao, r. Me. enters Penobscot r. 
on the E. side. 

Metetecunk, r. Monmouth co. N. J. enters 
the head of BarncRat bay. 

Metiiuen, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. 
Boston, 10 from Lowell, 5 n. Andover, n. 
Merrimack r., and bordering on N. 11., is a 
large town, with wild scenery. The viliago, 
with about 800 inhabitants, is on >Spieket r. 2 
ms. from its junction with the Merrimack. 
150,000 to 200,000 pair shoes are annually 
manufactured here ; and on ihc Spicket r. are 
2 brick cotton factories, owned by the Me- 
thuen CO., containing 4,400 spindles, ]'M 
looms, and manufacturing annually 1,137,200 
yards tickings, drillings, and sheetings. One 
of these factories is 124 feet long, and 5 sto- 
ries high. The Spicket has a fall at this 
place of 40 feet, whicli turns a wheel 108 
feet in circumference, and 14 wide, sup|)Osed 
to be the largest in the country. Pop. 1830, 
2,006. 

Metuciun, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 4 ms. n. 
E. New Brunswick. 

Mexico, great inland sea of North Ameri- 
ca, having the Mexican states on tlie n. w., 
w., 8., and s. k., the Cuba channel, island of 
Cuba and Florida channel E., and the U. S. 
N. E. and N. Lying between lat. 18° and 30° 
31' N., and in long, from 4° to 20" .30' w. W. 
C. The greatest length from Florida point 
to Tampico bay, about 1,000 ms., with a 
mean breadth at least COO ms., and area 
660,000 sq. ms. Tiiis Mediterranean is re- 
markable for its great depth. It is an im- 
mense reservoir, receiving ihe current of ro- 
tation through the Cuba, and discharging it 
again by the Flor. channel. The surface of 
the gulf must consequently be higher than 
that of the Atlantic ocean. The tides in the 
Gulf of Mexico, where examined at several 
distant points along the northern shore, are 
found about 2 to 3 feet. A steady current 
sets wstrd. along the coast of La. a phenome- 
non demonstrated by the debris of the Miss, 
being entirely borne in that direction, and 
found scattered along the coast. Of all the 
inland seas of the earth, the (iulf of Mexico 
ia most compact in its form, and least broken 
by islands or salient capes, and with an i 
mcnse periphery of 3,200 m 
ficicnt in good harbors 



Augusta ; it lies n. of Androscoggin r., and 
is watered by two of its tributaries. Pop. 
1830, 343. 

Mexico, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 20 ms. e. 
Oswego, has many springs and mill streams. 
Salmon creek, the principal, with Mexico 
Point and Juliana p-vs. Population 1830, 
2,671. 

Mexico, p-v. on the left bank of Juniata r. 
Mifllin CO. Pa. 31 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Miami, or (iaEAT Miami, r. of O. and Ind., 
has its extreme sources in Shelby and Darke 
cos. of the former, and flowing thence s. s. e. 
50 ms,, over Miami and Montgomery, re- 
ceives in the latter Mad r. from n. e. Mad r. 
rising in Logan, traverses Champaign and 
('lark, unites with Great Miami as already 
noticed. The two streams unite at Dayton, 
and assuming a course of s s. w. flows in that 
direction by comparative courses 100 ms. to 
its junction with (.)hio t. having received, a 
few ms. above its mouth. White Water r. from 
Ind. White Water is a stream of 70 miles 
comparative course, rising in Darke co. Ohio, 
but having most of its course in, and deriving 
its principal tributaries from Ind. The boun- 
dary line between Ind. and Ohio, strikes the 
Ohio r. at the mouth of Great Miami. The 
valley of Great Miami is in length 120 miles 
from s. w. to n. e., with a mean breadth of 50 
ms., or comprises an area of 6,000 sq. ms. 
This river has become of increasing conse- 
quence since the completion of a navigable 
canal, extending from Dayton to Cincinnati, 
opening a water means of transport from the 
interior tabic land of O. to the O. r. reaching 
the latter at the most considerable city in the 
state, or indeed of all the western states ex- 
cept New Orleans. (See article Ohio.) 

Miami, co. O. bounded by Montgomery 8., 
Darke w., Shelby n.. Champaign n. e., and 
(Jlark s. E. Length and breadth nearly equal, 
20 ms., area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and 7° 
15' w- long. W. C. intersect in this co. It is 
traversed in a direction from n. n. w. to s. s. e. 
by the main stream of Great Miami, and also 
by its 8. w. branch. The soil is generally 
fertile. Chief t. Troy. Pop- 1*^20, 8,851, 
18:30, 12,807. 

Miami, co. Ind. bounded n.e. by Wabash 
CO., s. E. by Cirant, Miami's tcr. s., Cass co. 
of Ind. w., and to the n. uncertain. Ijcngth 
from 8. to N. 30, mean breadth 10, and area 
300 sq. rns. Lat. 40° 50', and long. 9° w. 
W. C. intersect in this co. Slope to (he w., 
and in that direction it is traversed by tliu 
main Wabash in the centre, by the Mississi- 
ncwa to the s. and Eel r. to the n. These 
rivers unite near its western border at Mia- 
misport, the chief t. 

Miami, p-v. Mamilton co. O. by p-r. 129 ms. 
s. w. Columbus. 

MiAMisBuiKJ, p-v. Montgomery co. O. by 
p-r. 82 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

MiAMispoRT, placed in the p-o. list as in 

is greatly dc-;Cass, is really in Miami co., and situated at 

the junction of Wabash and Miesissinewa 



Mexico, p-t. <^)xford co. Mc. 47 ms. fromj rs. by p-r. 131 ms. a little e. of .\. Indianopo- 



MIC 



299 



MIC 



lis. As laid down by Tannor itstuiids at hit. 
40° 45', long. 9° 4' w. W.C. 

Miccdi'owN, j)-v. on Alitliupa r. nortlicn 
part of JFaiiiillon co. l-'lor. about 90 ma. a lil- 
tlo N. (if K. 'rallahassc. 

MicMAKLsvn.LK, ji-o. Maitford co, Md. 
about 31 ins. n. e. Baltimore. 

Micuir.AN, larf!;nst lake, which Ilea enfiroly 
in llu; U. S. Taken in connexion with the 
general jihysieal geography of the two baHinw 
(if MiHfiissi|)i)i and St. Jiawrencc, it iH evident 
that lake Michigan fiU.s a [lart of tlio (,neat 
valley, of" which lIliiioiH r. is the continuation 
towards the Gull' of Mexico. On our old 
inapa all the (/anadian lakes were delineated 
too round. Tliiiy were reprcHcnlod as vast 
ponds; but more recent observation has in- 
creased their Icnglh when compared with 
their brcndlh, and given them a nalural ap- 
proach to I he form of rivers. As now laid 
down by Tarmer, this groat sheet of fresh 
water extends .'JGO ms. from the mouth of W. 
Calumick (Calum(^t) r. to the straits of Mi- 
chilimakiiiak. 'I'he breadlh, opposite the 
mouth of Kaleinazoo r. ().') ms. 

The breaflth is rtimarkably uniform, and 
yields an average of at least 4.') miles, and 
adopting that breadth as a mean, the area will 
be lfi,2()0 sfiuarc ms., an area by no means 
overrai(!d, if (Jreen bay is included. The <de. 
vation of its surface, is above the Atlantic 
ocean, very near (iOO feet. In lat. it ex- 
tends from 41° 40' to 4G° 10', and in long, 
from T-i to 1 1° w. W. C including (ireen 
bay. In depth, it is a profound gulf, the bot- 
tom far below the level of either the Atlantic 
ocean or Culf of Mexico ; conscrpiently if a 
chann(d existed, similar to the straits offiili. 



river, across Fox rivor of (Jrccn bay, and up 
Wolf river to its source, 170 ms. ; mcoii 
breadth about 100, and ar(;a 19,(100 siiaarc 
ms. It may be observed iliai the whole Mich- 
igan basin apiuoa<;hes iIk; form ol a paralloK 
ogram, as the salient or most acute angles 
of the two slopes are reversed, the uastorii 
c-oming to a point on the straits of Michil- 
imakinak and the western, towards the sour- 
ees of West Calamick. 

If the hand of art had cut the channel of 
Michigiiii, it could liot h.ive been iimch beltc^r 
placed to conslilute jiarl o( an immense chan- 
nel of intercomnmnication between diirorcnl 
sections of the earth. A canal has already 
i)(!en projected, and will no doubt be executed 
in a few years, to coimettt lake Miidiigaii 
with Illinois river, ajid a rail road has been 
|)i<)iected (rom Indianopolis to the soulhorn 
extremity of lake Michigan, to be extended 
in the state of Indiaiui. 

Mkjiiumn, territory of the United States. 
For [lolilical i)urpos('S, the large territory of 
Huron, westward of lak(! Michigan, has iieen 
united to the peninsida, projierly call(;d Mich- 
Mr. Austin JO. Wing, the delegate iri 
the present congress, IH.'JI — 2, informed the 
luthor of this article, that it was probable that 
as early as 18.34, Michigan would become a 
state, as the iioiiulation was rapidly augment- 
ing, and, that on the western side iIh; boim. 
dary would be a line frdlowiiig the uiiddlu of 
lake Michigan, from the northwestern angle 
>f In<Jiana to the northern extremity of the 
ake, and thence due north to lake Suixirior. 
If this demarcation is ado[ited, the state of 
Michigan will contain the i)eninsula north 
)f(Jliio, and Iiidiaiui, together with tli(^ co. 



rallar, still the lake would exist as an im- |ol Ohippeway, or that peinnsiila, bounded 
incnse reservoir to the rivers, to which it i.i a|by lake Michigan, n. by lake Superior, and k. 
recipient. If we commence on the southern fby the straits or river St. Mary, un<l lake 
€;n<l or what is really the source, Michigan ! Huron, and will have outlines, commencing 
receives from the left the two Calamieks, jat the point on lake Michigan, separating 1, a 
and Riviere du (^heinin, from Indiana ; from Porte co. ol Indiana from Herrien eo. of Mich- 
the peninsula of Michigan, the rivers Si. .lo. igan, and thence al<MU( western shore of the 
Bcph, Kalcma/.oo, Grand river, Maskeuon, ! peninsula, to the mouth of Traverse bay 280 
White river, I'ent-water, Pero Mnrtpjette, i'wiles ; over lake Michigan to its northern 
Sandy, Monistic, Platte, Carp, Grand Tra- coast o|)i>osite Heaver islands 45 ms. ; across 
verse, and some other streams of lesser note. I tiie intermediate land surface between 
From the opposite or western slope, advaii- 1 1'dies Michigan and Superior to the latter 50 
cing in the same manner, from the mouth ofjms. ; along the souIIkmii shore of lake Supe 



West ('alumick, to (ho mouth of (<reeii bay, 
the c(jiiHuent rivers are mere creeks, of 
which the Manawakee, 70 ms. long, is the 



riorto the outlet or head (d St. Mary's strait 80 
ms. ; from r-stm. end of i,)rummoiid's isl. to the 
straits and island of Michilimakinak (>0 ms. ; 



most im|)ortant. Green buy is, howevfir, the I thence along the a. w. shore of lake Huron 
rccii)ieiit to Fox, Menomonie, and numerous to its outlet, or to tjie head of St. Glair river 
other small rivers. See Fox rivers, forex- 250 ms. ; thence down St. (JIair r., St. (Mair 
planation of the peculiar physical geography ' lake, Detroit river, and along the western 
of the western slope of lake Michigan | end of lake Frio to the northern boundary of 
basin. ;Uhiol3Gms. ; thence due west along the 

The eastern Michigan slope is a triangle northern boundary of Ohio, to the eastern 
of. 3:20 ms. base, perpendicular 1 10 ms. up the boundary of Indiana 85 ms. ; due north along 
vallies (d'Kalemazoo, and (irand rivers ; area jCast boundary of Indiana, to the northeast 
about 17,1)00 sfpiare ms. The western slope, angle of that state 10 ms. ; and thence due 
measuring from the southern source of W. west along north boundary ol Indiana, to 
Calamick, to the source of Mino Cofiuieii place of beginning 110 ms, ; haviiig an entire 
rivpr, has a base of. 380 ms. (Jrealest breadth outline of 1,100 ms. ; measured either by the 
from the mouth of the western Cheboiegon j rhombs or proportional scale, the area of thte 



MIC 



300 



MIC 



which were white persons : — 




Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 3,023 


2,743 


From 5 to 10 3,326 


2,066 


" 10 to 15 1,905 


1,686 


" IS to 20 1,543 


1,438 


" 20 to 30 4,389 


2,540 


" 30 to 40 2,739 


1,399 


" 40 to 50 1,232 


726 


" 50 to 60 658 


390 


" 60 to 70 264 


140 


" 70 to 80 64 


35 


" 80 to 90 20 


10 


" 90 to 100 4 


S 


" 100 and upwards, 1 






Total, 18,168 13,178 

Whites who are deaf and dumb, under 14 
years, 4 ; 14 to 25, 7 ; 25 and upwards, 4 ; 
Blind 5. 

Colored population as follows : — 

Free colored. Slaves. 
Males. Fern's. Males. Fein's. 



peninsular part of Michigan comes out I whole territory contains a pop. of 31,639, of 

about 34,000 square ms. and of Chippeway 

CO. 3,000, yielding, for what is supposed to be 

the surface to be included in the state, 37,000 

square ms. ; or in statute acres, 23,680,000. 

Extending in lat. from 41° 40' to 46° 47', and 

in long, from 5° 18' to 10° 35' w. W. C. 

The dividing ridge which separates the 
eources of Great Miami and Maumee, from 
those of the Wabash, is continued over Mich- 
igan, in a northerly direction, dividing the 
peninsula into two not very unequal inclined 
plains. The western or lake Michigan plain 
is drained by St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand 
and numerous other streams. (See lake Mich- 
igan.) The opposing or eastern plain gives 
source and course to the rivers Raisin, Huron 

of Erie, Rouge, Huron of lake St. Clair, Belle 

river. Black, Saginaw, Thunder, Cheboie- 

gon, and numerous smaller streams. 

What might well be called the sea shore 
of Mich, which, if the inflections of the coasts 

were included, would far exceed 1,000 ms., 

are with little exception uniform along lake' 

Mich, only aff'ording harboru in the mouths of 

the rivers. Lake Superior and Huron coasts 

are more indented, and Saginaw bay offers a 

gulf of 60 ms. depth. Taken as a whole, the 

number of havens are not in a proportion fa- 
vorable to commerce when compared with 

the distance of sea line. The phenomena of 

the rivers, prove the peninsula to be a vast 

table land, as all the rivers fall over ledges of 

rock before reaching their recipients. The 

nthrn. part of the peninsula is sterile when 

compared with the sthrn. towards Ohio and 

Ind., and the whole coimtry with very partial 

exceptions a forest. 

Political geography. — By Tanner's impro- 

ved map, up to the present time. Aug. 1832, 

it appears that Mich, as delineated in the first 

part of this article, is subdivided into the 

counties of: — 

Pop. 1830, 

1,191 
2,413 

877 

3,187 
4,911 



Under 10 years of age 31 


20 


2 


1 


From 10 to 24 43 


36 


7 


'i 


" 24 to 36 48 


26 


11 


3 


" 36 to 55 29 


16 


1 


3 


" 55 to 100 8 


4 


1 





100 and upwards 












102 



22 



10 



Counties 


Pop. 1830, 


Counties. P 


Allegan, 




Lapeer, 


Arena, 




Lenawee, 


Barry, 




Macomb, 


Berrien, 


326 


Michilimakinuk, 


Branch, 




Midland, 


Calhoun, 




Monroe, 


Cass, 


919 


Montcalm, 


Chippeway, 


626 


Oakland, 


Clinton, 




Oceana, 


Eaton, 




Ottawa, 


Gladwin, 




Saginaw, 


Gratiot, 




St. Clair, 


Hillsdale, 




St. Joseph, 


Ingham, 




Sanilac, 


Ionia, 




Shiawassee, 


Isabella, 




Van Buren, 


Jackson, 




Washtennu, 


Kalamazoo, 




Wayne, 



1,114 
1,313 



6 
4,042 
6,781 



Total on peninsular Mich, and Chippeway co. 28,004 
In the three Trane-Michigan cos. Brown' 
Crawford and Iowa, (for the pop. of which> 
aee article Huron Ter.) there were in 1830, 
3,6^5 inhabitants, and including these the 



Total, 159 

Of the colored pop. none axe either deaf and 
dumb, or blind. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

31,346 261 32 31,639 

General remarks on Mich. — Volney, and 
some other writers who knew little of the 
real geography, and of course still less of the 
climate, have given a very erroneous idea of 
the aerial temperature of this peninsula and 
adjacent countries. The writer of this arti- 
cle, from actual observation, found the winds 
on lake Erie so excessively prevalent from 
the wstrd. and n. wstrd., as to bend the whole 
forest trees in an opposite direction. In ma- 
king voyages from Detroit to Buffalo, and the 
reverse, the time demanded differs about as 
three to one. By reference to the tables un- 
derthe head of U. S., the excessive severity 
of winter at Detroit, and Fort Biady, Chippe- 
way CO. maybe seen. 

History. — The first civilized settlements in 
Mich, were made by the French from Canada ; 
and Detroit (the strait) was founded about 
I670,but this region, so remote from the Atlan- 
tic coast, was peopled slowly, and at the end of 
the revolutionary war, when ceded to the U. 
S. by the treaty of Paris, contained but few 
inhabitants. Under various pretences the 
British colonial agents retained Detroit, with 
all that is now Michigan, until after the treaty 
of Greenville, and the U. S. did not obtain 
the country in actual possession until 1796. 
The territory of Mich, was formed in 1805. 
The country had to sustain more than a share 
of the vicissitudes of the last war between^ 



MID 



301 



MID 



the U.S. and Great Britaiit, and was, in 181'2 i westward Sunbury, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. N. 
actually overrun by the troops of the latter, j w. Ilarrisburg, and G ms. s. w. New Berlin, 
but in the ensuing year was retaken by an| Middlebukg p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 
army of the U. S. under Gen. Harrison. 20 ms. n. e. of Frederick 
Relieved from calamities of war, and laid 
open to Atlantic commerce and emigration by 



the great wstrn. canal of New York, the ad- 
vance of Michigan has been rapid, liy the 
census of 1820, it contained but 8,896 inhabi- 
tants, but as shown by the tables in this arti- 
cle, in 1830, the pop. of the peninsula and Chip- 
peway co. contained a fraction above 28,000, 
and by information received from Mr. Wing, 
the inhabitants now, 1832, exceed 50,000. 



MiDDLEBURG, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. Pop. ■ 
1830, 3,278. 

MiDDLEBURY, p-t. and St. jus. Addison co. 
Vt. 33 ms. s. Burlington, and 31 s. w. Mont. 
pelier. Generally level. Otter creek and 
Middlebury river afford mill seats. Much 
marble is quarried and wrought here, and is 
fine, white, bluish &.c. The village is on Ot- 
ter creek at the falls. Here is Middlebury 
college, a jail, academy, court house, state 



On the 17th July, 1822, Col. Brady founded arsenal, &c. The college was incorporated 
Fort Brady on the straits of St. Mary, and] in 1800, and owed its support to private con- 
commenced the settlement of Chippeway co. j tributions. The medical academy at Castle- 
The settlements on the peninsula are spread- ton is connected with it ; a new college build- 



ing with great rapidity, as may be seen by the 
numerous counties formed since the census of 
1830 was taken. Those with numbers annex. 
ed are those which were organized in 1830, 
and amount to 13, out of 36 named in the ta- 
ble. 

MicuiLiMAKiNAK, CO. of Mich. includingth c 
strait and islands of the same name, and the 
nrthrn. extremity of the peninsula. The lim- 
its are undefined on the main land, as the 
nthm. settlements are separated by a wilder- 
ness from those of the sihrn. and central parts 
of the territory. Chief town, Fort Mackinac. 
Pop. 1832, 877. 

Through the straits on both sides of Michi- 
limakiuak island, a constant and very sensible 
current flows from lake Mich, into lake Hu- 
ron. The straits are wider and shorter than 
any of the other water connexions between 
the great Canadian lakes, but are in every 
other respect similar to St. Mary's, St. Clair, 
Detroit, or Niagara. 

MiDDLEBORouGii, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 
34 ms. s. from Boston, has a poor sandy soil. 
Assawampsit and Long ponds arc chiefly in 



is to be erected. Pop. 1830, 3,468. 

Middlebury, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 
22 ms. N. w. New Haven, 36 ms. from Hart- 
ford, 4 ms. by 5 ; 19 sq. ms ; has Hop river, 
•fee. It is hilly, with granite rocks. It pro- 
duces grass and grain. Pop. 1830, 816. 

Middlebury, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 15 
ms. s. of Batavia, produces excellent fruits. 
The village is on Black creek. Pop. 1830, 
2,416. 

Middlebury, p-v. on Goose creek in the 
s. s. w. part of Loudon co. Va. 12 ms. s. 
w. Leesburg, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Middlebury, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 
115 ms. N. E.Columbus. 

Middle Creek, p-o. southern part of Wake 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 12 ms. s. Raleigh. Middle- 
creek is a small branch of Neuse r. 

MiDDLEriELD,.p-t. Otscgo CO. N. Y. 3 ms. 
E. of Cooperstown, 35 s. e. Utica, e. lake 
Otsego and Susquehannah river. The great 
Western turnpike passes through it. The 
dairy is esteemed. Pop. 1830, 3,323. 

MiDDLEi'iELD, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 



this town. Bog iron ore is taken irom the; 178 ms.N. e. Columbus. 

former with long tongs, and manufacturedl Middlisford, p-v. Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 

here. Cotton is also manufactured. Popu-j 54 ms. sthrd. Dover. 

lation 1830, 5,008. Middle Grove , and p-o. Ralls co. Mo. 

MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. and St. jus. Tyler co.j about 110 ms. r». w. by w. St. Louis. 
Va, situated on middle island creek, 45 ms.i Middleport, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 
a little w. of s. of Wheeling, and 258 ms. by |74 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 
p-r. westward W. C. Lat. 39° 32', long. 3°| Middlesex, p-t. Washington co. Vt. n. of 
55' w. W. C. I Onion r., 30 ms. e. Burlington, is rough. A 

MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. Gucmsey CO. Ohio, by (bridge over Onion r. crosses a rocky chasm 



p-r. 97 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the southern part of 
Augusta CO. Va. 10 ms. s. s. w. Staunton, and 
by p-r. 185 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the western part of 
Edgefield district S. C. by p-r. 98 ras. wstrd. 
Columbia. 

MiDDLEBROOK MILLS, On little Seneca, p-o. 
Montgomery co. Md. 28 ms. n. w. W. C. 

MiDDLEBURGH, p-t. Schoharic co. N. Y. 10 



30 feet deep. Pop. 1830, 1,156. 

Middlesex, co. Mass. in the e. part of the 
state, bounded by New Hampshire n., Essex 
CO. E., Norfolk s., and Worcester w. Con- 
tains 46 towns. Cambridge and Concord are 
the shire towns, but Charlestown is the most 
populous. Merrimack. Concord and Nashua 
rivers are the principal streams. The Mid- 
dlesex canal, 31 ms. long, 24 feet wide, and 
4 feet deep, reaching from Boston harbor to 



ms. s. of Schoharie, and 35 w. of Albany. Merrimack river, is wholly within this coun 
Schoharie creek affords mill seats. The Hel-'ty. It was begun in 1793, finished in 1804, 
derburg limestone hills are scattered over [cost above $700,000, has 13 locks, and 107 
the town. jfeet descent n., and 3 locks and 21 feet des- 

MiDDLEBURG, p-v. UnioH CO. Pa. 15 miles 1 cent s. The amount of capital invested in 



MID 



302 



MID 



manufacturing is very great. Lowell and i ous hills of the co. give rise to a multitude of 



Waltham, the two principal manufacturin 
towns in Massachusetts, are in this county. 
In Lowell, in April, 1832, $3,129,000 were 
stated to be invested in real estate and ma- 
chinery, for manufacturing purposes, without 
including the Suffolk, Tremont, and Law- 
rence manufacturing companies. There are 
numerous paper mills in this county, and an 
agricultural society which has annual cattle 
shows, (fee. 

In June 1832 a census was taken of I/ow- 
ell, which shows the population to be 10,2.54; 
increase in 2 years nearly 2,000. Belvidere 
village 1,004. It has been recently stated, 
(July, 1832)that in tips county the cotton man- 
ufacture employs .$3,129,000 capital, vested 
in real estate and machinery, consumes 6,- 
913,000 lbs. cotton, produces annually 20,- 
378,000 yards cloth, employs 3,89G hands, 
pays in wages $731,750 ; the woollen manu- 
facture employs $394,000 capital, vested in 
real estate and machinery, consumes 899,000 
lbs. wool, produces annually 849,300 yds.wool- 
nel cloth, flannel and carpeting, employs 653 
hands, pays in wages $152,000; the manu- 
facture of leather, boots, shoes, hats, paper, 
glass, sheet lead, lead pipe, iron, starch, gun- 
powder, soap and candles, drugs, oil of vitriol 
and other acids, barilla and other chemicals, 
used in the county by bleachers, dyers, cali- 
co printers, soap boilers, and other artists, 
are more extensive than in any other section 
of our country of equal extent, employing in 
these branches, in the aggregate $1,050,255 
capital, vested in real estate, machinery, 
tools, &c. and producing manufactured arti- 
cles of the annual value of $3,565,613. Pop. 
1820, 61,472—1830, 77,961. 

Middlesex Canal. (See art. Rail Roads 
and Canals.) 

Middlesex, co. Conn, situated near the 
middle of the state, is bounded n. by Hart- 
ford CO , E. by Hartford and New Loudon cos., 
s. by Long Island sound, and w. by New Ha- 
ven CO. It is 342 square miles in extent, and 
contains 7 towns, Chatham, Durham, E. Had- 
dam, Haddam, Killingworth, Middletown and 
Saybrook. It was formed into a county in 
May, 1785, and then consisted of 6 towns, to 
which a seventh, taken from New Haven co. 
was annexed in May, 1799. 

The early settlers of Middlesex were al- 
most entirely of English origin and extrac- 
tion, and its present inhabitants arc chiefly 
their descendants. The first English settle. 
mcnt was commenced in Saybrook in 1635. 
The several townships of the county were 
purchased of the Indians, who were former- 
ly numerous here, and in no case were ob- 
tained by conquest. 

The general surface of Middlesex is une- 
ven. A wide range of hills crosses the coun- 
ty obliquely from s. w. to n. e., and on the w. 
border of Durham and Middletown are the 
Wallingford hills. The soil adjacent to the 



sjjrings, brooks and streams, which fertilize 
the land, and many of them are highly valua- 
ble for mill seats, &c. The climate ia fine, 
and the region remarkably healthy. 

The county is divided by Connecticut river 
which affords great advantages for naviga- 
tion, and abounds in valuable fish, particular- 
ly shad, which are taken in large nmnbers. 
Much ship building is carried on in the co. 
The foreign trade was formerly extensive, 
and the coasting trade is still very great. 
Manufactures are flourishing, particularly on 
the streams in and near Middletown, where 
are manufactories of woollen, cotton, fire 
arms, &,c. Valuable quarries have long been 
wrought at Chatham, which furnish the best 
free stone to the New York market, and em- 
ploy many sloops, &c. Building stoi^e is al- 
so abundantly supplied from the granite hills 
bordering the straits of the Connecticut river. 
Many of the rocks of this county exhibit pe- 
trified fish, leaves, &.c. partly carbonized, and 
other indications of bituminous coal, though 
no bed of that valuable mineral has been dis- 
covered. There are also a load and a cobalt 
mine, the latter about 5 ms. E. from the head 
of the strait. 

At Middlefield, where is a fall of about 30 
feet over a bed of trapp rocks, are found 
chlorophoeite, datholite and iolite. 

There are in the county 41 houses of pub- 
lic worship, viz : 19 Congregational, 18 B.np- 
tist, 1 Free Will Baptist, 7 Episcopalian, 5 
Methodist, and 1 Universalist. For more 
than a century after the first settlement of 
the county, the inhabitants were universally 
Congregationalists. 

The courts sit alternately at Middletown 
and Haddam. Middletown is the principal 
town. Middlesex comprises 2 senatorial dis- 
tricts. Population of the county 1820, 22,- 
405—1830, 24,845. 

Middlesex, p-t. Yates co- N. Y. 194 miles 
w.vAlbany. Pop. 1830, 3,428. 

Middlesex, co. N. J. near the centre of the 
state, is bounded by Essex co. n., the N. Y. 
line and Monmouth co. e. and s., llurlington 
and Somerset cos. w. It is divided by ilie 
lower part of Raritan r. It contains the up- 
per parts of Millstone and Assanpink rivers, 
and its principal town is New Bnmswick. 
Pop. 1830, 23,157. 

Middlesex, co. of Va. bounded by Pian- 
katank r. which separates it from Gloucester 
s., and King and Queen w., by Essex n. w., 
by the bay of Rappahannoc n., separating it 
from Lancaster, and e. by Chesapeake bay. 
Length s. e. to n. w. 35 ms., mean width 5, 
and area 175 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 
30' to 37° 48', and in long. 0° 13' to 0° 40' e. 
W. C This county comprises a long and 
narrow point between the 2 bounding rivers. 
Chief t. Urbanna. Pop. 1820,4,057-1830, 
4,122. 

Middleton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., has 



Connecticut river is generally good. The I no rivers, ponds nor mountains, except part 
Chatham meadows are of excellent quality — of Moose mountain, and the soil is rocky; 48 
the uplands usually very good. The niuner-'ms. n. e. Concord. Population in 1830, 561. 



MID 



303 



MID 



MiDDLETON, t. Essex CO. Mass. SO ms. n. of 
Boston, has no village, an luicvon surface, 
and only tolerable soil. Pop. 1830, 607. 

MiDDLETOWN, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ms. 
8. of Burlington, and 41 n. of Bennington, is 
crossed by Foultney r., has a soil of gravelly 
loam, and a pleasant village and several mills, 
&c. Pop. 1830, 919. 

MiDDLETOWN, t. Newport co. R. I. 2 miles 
y. E. Newport, and 28 s. e. Providence. Pop. 
1830, 915. 

MiDDLETOWN, city, port of entry, and chief 
town of Middlesex county, Connecticut. Lat. 
4l°35'N. and long 4° 15' e. The Indian 
name was Mattabeseek. It is pleasantly sit- 
uated on the gradually rising ground on the 
west bank of the Connecticut river, 31 miles 
above its mouth, 15 miles s. of Hartford, 24 
N. E. of New Haven, and 325 from W. C. 

The principal street, which runs n. and s. 
is broad, level and well built, find with those 
parallel to it, is intersected at right angles by 
others leading to the river. The wharves 
are commodious, and two of them are ap- 
propriated for steam-boats, by which daily 
communication is kept up with the cities of 
New York and Hartford. Population of the 
city 1820, 2,618, including the town, 6,681, 
1830, city 2,965, including the town, 6,- 
892. 

The city contains a court house, a custom 
house, 2 banks, a jail, an almshouse, and 7 
places of public worship, 2 of which are Con- 
gregational, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist, 1 Me- 
thodist, 1 Universalist and 1 African. The 
Wesleyan university, founded in 1831, is an 
institution of great promise under the patron- 
age of the Methodist Episcopal church. Its 
buildings are eligibly situated on a hill adja- 
cent to the city, and command a fine view of 
the river and the surrounding country. Its 
officers in 1832, were a president and 4 pro- 
fessors. It possesses a valuable library, cab- 
inet of minerals, chemical and philosophical 
apparatus, &c. Many of the houses and 
stores are built with brick, and much taste is 
displayed in and about the residences of the 
citizens. Two weekly newspapers are pub- 
lished in the city. 

The manufactories of the city and town are 
numerous. Among them are three for arms 
for the United States' service, 1 of broad- 
cloth, 1 of cotton, 1 of webbing, 1 of combs, 
1 of Guntcr's scales, &,c., 1 of machinery, 1 
of pewter, 1 of axes, 2 of tin ware, 1 paper 
mill, 1 powdermill, 4 jewelry establishments, 
&-C. &.C. One manufactory makes 1,500 ri- 
fles annually, milling all the parts ; another 
2,000 milled muskets; another 1,200 guns 
which are cast. One company make 45,000 
lbs. of cotton yarn, and another 30,000 yards 
of broad cloth ; 200,000 coflee mills are made 
here every year, and the annual value of man- 
ufactures in the place, is about ,^700,000. 
The coasting trade of Middletown is ex- 



other towns on the river, are registered here. 
The river is navigable to Middletown for ves- 
sels drawing 10 feet of water. There is a 
horse boat ferry between this place and Chat, 
ham. Two miles above the city is the village 
of Middlelotvn Upper Houses, which contains 
a post office. 

The whole township from n. to s. is about 
9 miles long, and it varies in breadth from 4 
to 10 miles, and contains about 58 sq. ms. It 
was settled in 1636, the same year with Hart- 
ford and Windsor. The public records of the 
town commence in 1654. The city was in- 
corporated in 1784. 

Middletown rests on secondary red sand 
stone — the other rocks are pudding stone and 
bituminous shale, having impressions of 
leaves, fish, &c. The range of granite hills 
terminates 2 miles s. of the city, forming the 
straits of Connecticut river. Vnluable min- 
erals are found in various parts of it. Dur- 
ing the revolution, a lead mine was wrought 
some distance e. of the city, on the bank of 
the Connecticut river, and several shafts were 
sunk. The ore was found in quartz veins, 
with some fluor spar. It is now neglected. 

Middletown, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 20 
ms. s. E. Delhi, and 68 s. w. Albany, is wa- 
tered by Papachton river, the e. branch 
of Delaware river, and tributaries which sup. 
ply many mill seats. It is very hilly, with 
vallies of good land, and has a mixed popula. 
tion. Pop. 1830, 2,383. 

Middletown, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
N. of Newburgh. 

MiDDLETown, p-v. Saratoga co. N. Y. 3 
ms. N. w. Waterford. 

MiDDLETOWN, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. on 
Raritan bay, and at the mouth of a creek, 50 
ms. E. of Trenton, and 30 s. w. N. Y. It has 
an academy. Pop. 1830, 5,128. 

Middletown Point, p-v. Monmouth co. N. 
J. on Matteawan creek, which falls into Rar- 
itan bay, 14 ms. n. w. Shrewsbury, 12 n. n. 
E. Freehold, and 9 s. e. Amboy. 

Middletown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus. 
quehannah r., above the mouth of Swatara 
creek, 9 ms. below Ilarrisburg, and 27 n. w. 
by w. Lancaster. It is comparatively an an- 
cient village, extending mostly in a single 
street along the main road. Pop. 1820, 567. 
Middletown, p-v. upon Appoquinimink 
creek, in the southwestern part of New Cas- 
tle CO. Del. 25 ms. s. s. w. Wilmington, and 
27 by p-r. n. n. w. Dover. 

Middletown, p-v. Washington co. Pa. 
(See West Middletown.) 

Middletown, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 8 ni«. 
N. w. by W.Frederick, and 17 s. s. e. Ha- 
gerstown. 

Middletown, p-v. on Cedar creek, near the 
southwestern border of Frederick co. Va. 16 
ms. s. w. Winchester, and by p-r. 83 miles a 
little N. of w. W. C. 
Middletown, p-v. in the east part of Hyde . 



tensive — its foreign trade considerable. In co. N. C. 158 ms. estrd. of Raleigh. 

1816 it owned more shipping than any town - Middletown, p-v. in the northeastern part 

in Connecticut. Vessels for Hartford and ' of Jeflerson county, Ky. 12 ms. £. of Louis- 



MIL 



304 



MIL 



ville, and by p-r. 44 ms. a little n. of w. oi 
Frankfort. 

MiDDLETowN, p.v. southem part of Butler 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 165 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

MiDULETowN, p-v. Butler co. O.by p-r. 90 
ms. s. w. by. w. Columbus. 

MiDDLETowN, p.v. Henry co. Ind. by p-r. 
49 ms. N. E. by e. Indianopolis. 

MiDDLEWAY, p-v. westem part of Jefferson 
CO. Va. 85 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Midway, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 81 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Midway, p-v. in the western part of Cald- 
well CO. Ky. by p-r. 216 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

Midway, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 126 ms. 
N. E. by. E. Columbus. 

Midway, p-v. Spencer co. Ind. by p-r. 177 
ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Mifflin, co. Pa. bounded by Perry s. e. 
and s., Huntington s. w. and w.. Centre n.. 
Union n. e., and the Susquehannah river sep- 
arating it from Dauphin e. Length 45, mean 
width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 40°, 14' to 40° 52', and in long, from 
the meridian of W. C. to 0° 56' w. The 
surface of ♦lifflin is very much broken by 
mountain ridges, stretching from s. w. to n. 
E. ; yet much of the soil is excellent. The 
county is traversed in the greatest part of its 
length by the Juniata r., flowing first north- 
east, then east, and finally entering the adja- 
cent county of Perry by a bend to s. s. e. 
Along this river valley passes the Transverse 
Division of the Union canal, affording an 
outlet to the productions of Miffiin co. Chief t. 
Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 16,818—1830, 21,690. 
Mifflin, p-v. southwestern part of Hender- 
son CO. Ten. by p-r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Mifflin, p-v. Richland co. Ohio, n. e. Co- 
lumbus 



MiFFLiNBURG, p-v. ou Buffalo cr. Union | Columbia. 



began river, has mills and factories, 31 ms. 
s. Concord, and yields good apples, &c. Pop. 
1830, 1,302. 

MiLFORD, p-t. Worcester CO. Mass. 18 ms. 
s. e. Worcester, is supplied with excellent mill 
seats by Charles and Mill rivers. It is gently 
swelling in surface, has an academy. Pop. 
1830, 1,360. 

MiLFORD, p-t. New Haven co. Conn, on 
Long Island sound, 9 ms. s. w. New Haven ; 
has some good land, but is very rocky. It 
has a harbor for vessels of 200 tons, and a 
quarry of marble like verde antique, clouded 
greenish, &lc. but not very valuable for work- 
ing. Pop. 1830, 2,256. 

MiLFORD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 10 ms. s. 
Cooperstown, 76 ms. w. Albany, on the north 
side of Susquehannah river, is hilly, but has 
excellent soil for grazing. Pop. 1830,3,025. 
Military Academy of the United States. 
(See West Point.) 

MiLFORD, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Pa. sit. 
uated on the right bank of Del. river, 56 ms. 
above and a little e. ofN. Easton, and 119 
ms. northward Philadelphia, lat. 41° 18', long. 
2° 16'E. W. C. 

MiLFORD, tsp. of Mifflin co. Pa. opposite 
Mifflintown, and on Tuscarora creek. Pop. 
1820, 1,554. 

MiLFORD, village and tsp. in the western 
part of Somerset co. Pa. The village is situ- 
ated 8 ms. s. w. by w. the borough of Som- 
erset. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,394. 

MiLFORD, p-v. on Mispillion creek, south- 
eastern part of Kent co. Del. 20 ms. s. s. e. 
Dover, and by the p-r. 102 ms. a little n. of 
E. W. C. 

MiLFORD, P-V. on the left bank of Mononga- 
hela river, in Plarrison co. Va. 5 ms. s. s. w. 
Clarksburg. 

MiLFORD, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Green- 
I ville dist. S. C. by p-r. 95 ms. n. w. by w. 



Pa. 6 ms. N. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 
65 ms. a little w. of n. Harrisburg. 

Mifflintown, p-v. on the left bank of Juni- 
ata river, by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Mifflinsville, inthep-o. list, but Mifflins- 
burg on Tanner's map, p-v. on the left bank of 
Susquehannah river, and southeast part of 
Columbia co. Pa. IB ms. n. E.byE. Danville, 
and by p-r. 80. ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Milan, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. 
N. E. Poughkcepsie, a part of Ancrams creek, 
and streams of Wappingers creek furnish 
mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,886. 

Milan, p-v. Huron co. Ohio, by p-r. 117 
ms. northward Columbus. 

MiLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by 
p-r. 199 ms. s. w. W.C. 

MiLESBURG, p.v. Centre co. Pa. 2 ms. w. 
Bellefonte, and by p-r. 87 ms. N. w. Harris- 
burg. 

Miles, cross roads and p-o. Knox co. O. 
by p-r. 54 ms. n. e. Columbus. 



MiLFORD, p-v. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 66 
ms. w. Milledgeville. 

MiLFORD, p-v. in the N. w.part of Clermont 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

MiLFORD Centre, p-v. sthrn. part of Union 
CO. O. by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. Columbus. 

Military Grove, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by 
p-r. 220 ms. a httle n. of w. Raleigh. 

MiLLBORo', p-v. in the eastern part of Wash- 
ington CO. Pa. by p-r. 214 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 207 w. Harrisburg. 

MiLBORo', p-v. Sussex CO. Va. 4 or 5 ms. 
1 s. e. Sussex court house, and by p-r. 55 ms. 
s. s. E. Richmond. 

MiLLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by 
p-r. 214 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

MiLLBRooK, p-v. Wayne co. Ohio, north- 
eastward Columbus. 

MiLLBURY, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms. 
s.w. Boston, is crossed by Blackstone river 
and canal. The water taken from the falls 
feeds the canal to Mendon. Here was formed 



Milestown, p-v. nr.ar Phil, city, Phil. co. Pa. j the first of those lyceums which are now so 

MiLFiELD, p-v. Athens co. Ohio, by p-r. 82 numerous and useful. The Goodell manu- 

ms. s. e. Columbus. ;facturing company make woollens, and there 

MiLFORD, p-t. Hillsboro' CO. N. H. on Sou- are gun and cotton manufactories, &.c. &c. 



MIL 



305 



MIL 



and quarries of granite. Pop. 18J0, 1,011. 

Mii.i. Creuk, p-o. Berkeley co. Va. by p-r. 
03 ins. N. w. W. C. 

Mii.i, CREKK,.ancl p-o. Coshocton co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 93 ins. a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Mill CauEK, p-o. Madison co. Indiana, by 
p-r. 46 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. 

MiLLEDGEviLLE, p-t., St. JUS. for Baldwin 
CO. and of government for the state of Geo. is 
situated on the right bank of Oconee river, at 
lat. 33'3 05', long. 6° 17' w. W. C. This geo- 
graphic position gives by actual calculation, 
the bearing from W. C. to Milledgeville s. 
41° 09' w. and a distance of 536 ms. nearly ; 
the post oflice disr.;ince along the post road 
6G2 statute ms. Milledgeville is 92 ms. s. 
w. by w. along the road through Warren- 
town and Sparta from Augusta, and 175 ms. 
N. w. by w. Savannah. Following the windings 
of the Oconeee and Alatamaha, this place is 
312 ms. above the Atlantic ocean. Boats of 
25 or 30 tons are navigated to Milledgeville. 
The site of this town is broken into hills. It 
contains a state house, a branch of the state 
bank, several places of public worship, and 2 
or 3 printing offices. The state penitentiary 
is also located in Milledgeville. The latter 
establishment appears from recent informa- 
tion to support itself. The convicts in 1829, 
were 92. 

Miller, co. of Ark. bounded n. by Craw- 
ford, E. by Clark, s. by Sevier, and w. by the 
unapproi>riated western territory, length 50, 
width 36, and area 1,800 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 34° to 34° 43' n., and in long. 
16° 50' to 17° 30' w. W. C. It is chiefly 
drained to the southward by the constituent 
creeks of the Little river of the north. The 
northern part is mountainous and drained to 
the northward by the head branches of Poto- 
mac river flowing into Arkansas. The co. 
is therefore in part a table land, between the 
Red and Arkansas rs. and lies about 100 ms. 
s. w. by w. Little Rock. Pop. 1830, 356. 

Miller, C. H. and p-o. in the preceding co. 
is marked on the p-o. list, as distant 1,326 ms, 
from W. C, and 2l5 from Little Rock. 

Miller's river, Worcester and Franklin 
COS. Mass. enters the Connecticut river at 
Nonhficld, 35 ms. long, with a fall of 62 feet 
near its mouth. .lust above it a large body of 
Indians were destroyed in Philip's war, by a 
small army of volunteers from Northamp- 
ton, &c. 

Mri.LERSBURG, p.v. in the northensinrn part 
of Bourbon co. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. Paris, and 
by p-r. 53 ms. a little n. oTe. Frankfort. 

MiLLEusBi'RG, p-v. and st. jus. Holmes co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 80 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, 
and 46 ms. \. Zanosvillc, lat. 40° 32', long. 
W. C. 4° .57' w. It is situated on Kilbuck 
creek, near the centre of the co. 

MiLLERSBURG, p-v. Ripley co. Indiana, by 
p-r. 75 ms s. e. Indianopolis. 

MiLLERSBURG, p-v. in the northern part of 
Callaway co. Mo. by p-r. 44 ms. n. e. Jefl^er 
eon city, and about 140 n. w. by w. St. Louis 

MiLLEKSBURG, p-v. On the left bank of Sua. 

30 



quehannah river, on the point above the 
mouth of Wicomisco creek, 23 ms. n. and 
above Harrisburg. 

Millers Creek, and p-o. Estill co. Ky. by 
p-r. 81 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Miller's Inn, sthwstrn. part of Nelson co. 
Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. from B irdstown, and 64 ms. 
s. w. Frankfort. 

Milleh's Tavern, and p-o. Esse.Y co. Va. 
by p-r. 119 ms. s. W. C. 

Millerstowv, p.v. on the left bankof Juni. 
ata r. Perry co. Pa. 29 ms. n. n. w. Harris- 
burg. 

MiLLERSTOWN, p-v. Graysou co. Ky. 10 ms. 
from Litchfield, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. by 
w. Frankfort. 

MiLLERsviLLE, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 5 ms. 
s. w. Lancaster. 

Mill Farm, and p-o. Caroline co. Va. byp-r. 
92 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Mill Grove, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
Va. by p-r. 258 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 135 
ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Mill Grove, and p-o. Sumpter dist. 'S. C. 
by p-r. 60 ms. e. Columbia. 

Mill Hall, p.v. in the nthwstrn. part of 
Centre co. Pa. 23 ms. n. w. Bellefonte, and 
108 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Mill Haven, p-v. Scriven co. Geo. by 
p-r. 142 ms. a little s. of e. Milledgeville. 

MiLLHEiM, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of Cen- 
tre CO. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Bellefonte, and 
by p-r. 86 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

MiLLiNr.Tov, p-v. Kent co. Md. by p-r. 53 
ms. N. E. Annapolis. 

MiLLiNGTON, p-v. Decatur co. Ind. by p-r. 
55 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Millport, p-v. in the wstm. part of Meck- 
lenburg CO. Ky. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

Mill River, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 250 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

MiLLSBORo', p-v. near the head of Indian r. 
in the s. e. part of Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 49 
ms. s. s. E. Dover. 

MiLLSFiELD, t. Coos CO. N. H. 150 ms. N. 
Concord. Pop. 183' >, 33. 

MiLLSFORD, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p.r. 
197 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Mills Point, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p.r. 
338 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Mill Springs, p.v. in the sthrn. part of 
Wayne co. Ky. 24 ms. from MonticelJo, and 
by p-r. 1.52 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. 

Millstone Brook, N. J. a branch of Riri. 
tan r. rises in Monmouth co., flows N-thruu^h 
Middlesex, receiving Stony brook, and part of 
Somerset, where if joins the r. 9 ms. above 
Brunswick. On its banks, where it is crossed 
by the Princeton and Trenton roads, Wash, 
ington defeated the British regiment of grena- 
diers, on his retreat from Lamberton. The 
Delaware and Raritan canal is now construe 
ting along the course of this .=itream a part 
of its length. 

Millstone, p.v. Somerset co. N. J. 38 ms. 
N. E. Trenton. 

-MiLLTowN, p.v. in nthwstrn. part of Brad . 



MIL 



306 



MIN 



ford CO. Pa. by p-r. 146 ins. n. Harrisburg. 
MiLLTOwN, p-v. Crawford co. Ind. by p-r. 
114 nis. sthrd. Indianopolis. 

MiLLViLLE, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. 12 ms. 
E. Bridgetown. It has iron works, which are 
supplied with water by a short canal from a 
pond. It is crossed by Maurice r. Pop. 
1830, 1,561. 

MiLLviLLE, p-v. in the nthrn. part ofColum- 
bia CO. Pa. by p-r. 9.3 ms. nthrds. Harrisburg. 
MiLLviLLE, p-v. King George's co. Va. by 
p-r. 91 ms.s. W. C. 

MiLLviLLE, P-V. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

MiLLviLLic, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. about 60 
ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 
235 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

MiLLviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. 
8. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 196. 

Millwood, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 11 ms. 
s. E. by E. Winchester, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. 
w. by w. W. C. 

MiLNERSviLLE, p-v. Guemscy co. O. by p-r. 
102 ms. E. Columbus. 

MiLo, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 25 ms. s. e. Ca- 
nandaigua, w. Seneca lake, e. Crooked lake, 
whose outlet aflbrds mill seats. The soil is 
rich, argillaceous loam, with some alluvion 
and warm gravel. Penn Yan p-v. was na- 
med from the settlers being Pennsylvanians 
and N. Engenders. Pop. 1830, 3,610. 

MiLTON, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 27 ms. n. 
Portsmouth, 46 from Concord, is on the w. 
side of Salmon Falls r., which divides it from 
Maine. It includes Teneriffe mtn., and is 
crossed by a stream. Pop. 1830, 1,273. 

Milton, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. e. side lake 
Champlain, on Lamoille r. 12 ms. N. Burling. 
ton, and 40 n. w. Montpelier, has the advan- 



margin of a small valley, probably once a 
lake; and there is the Spa village, which 
contains 2 churches, a courthouse &c., with 
several boarding houses, the chief of which 
is the Sans Souci. Milton v. 3 ms. n. w. of 
the Spa, has 2 churches, limekilns, and 
several factories. Pop, 1830, 3,079. 

Milton, p-v. Orange co. N, Y. 12 ms. n. 
Newburgh. 

Milton, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 1 m.. w. 
Rahway. 

Milton, p-v. on the left side ofSusque- 
hannah r. at and above the mouth of Lime- 
stone run, 12 ms. above Northumberland, and 
81 N. Harrisburg. 

Milton, p-v. on Dan r. in the nthesrn. angle 
of Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 98 me. n. w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Milton, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r. 65 
ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Milton, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part of Ruth- 
erford CO. Ten. 

Milton, p-v. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 83 
ms. N. e. Frankfort. 

Milton, p-v. Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 154 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Milton, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 75 ms. 
E. Indianopolis. 

Mina, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,388. 

Minden, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. of 
Mohawk r., 15 ms. w. Johnstown, and 58 w. 
N. w. Albany. Has gentle hills and rich val- 
lies for wheat, with argil, loam on clay. Ots- 
quaga creek affords mill seats. Fort Plain 
was on Mohawk r. The inhabitants are Ger- 
man, and speak the German language. Pop. 
1830, 2,567. 

Mine River, confluent of Missouri, and hav- 
ing its entire course in the state of Mo., rises 



tage of the Great Falls of Lamoille and its between the northern sources of Osuge river 
branches, plenty of iron ore and limestone, and and that part of Missouri river between the 
of a low sand bank, extending to the s. w.i influx of Kansas and Grand rs. The valley 
corner of S. Hero, by which the lake is forda- of Mine r. comprises the northern sections of 
ble most of the year. The Great Falls are J Lafayette, Saline and Cooper counties, the 
curious ; an island stands in the channel, ! stream falling into Missouri 4 or 5 ms. above 
where the river descends 150 ft. in 50 rods, j Boone viile, the st. jus. of the latter co. The 
Cobble and Rattlesnake hills, 4 or 500 ft. high, I valley of Mine r. does not amount to 70 ms. 

in its greatest length, but it is a large stream 
compared to its length, draining a circular 
valley of 60 ms. diameter, exceeding an area 
of 2,800 sq. ms. 

MiNEHEAD, t. Essex CO. Vt. N. Conn. r. 60 
ms. N. E. Montpelier, 100 from W^indsor, and 



are the principal ; the surface is gently varied. 
Pop. 1830, 2,097. 

Milton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. s. 
Boston, s. Neponsct r., has various mills, &,c., 
Good tillage in the middle and n. e., but inj 
the s. part, is broken and hilly. Part of the j 
Blue hills are in the t. some of which are j is watered byNulhegan r.&-c. Pop. 1830, 150. 



710 ft. above high water. Pop. irv30, 1,576. 
Milton, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms. 



Mineral Point, and p-o. Iowa co. Mich., 
or more correctly in Huron. As laid down 



Albany, is nearly level, and has a stiffor san- 1 on Tanner's improved U. States' map, this 
dy loam, except a sandy pine tract in the e.| place is situated on the head of the w. Fork 



Kayderosseras brook crosses it. Slate and 
limestone lie under the surface, and loose 
masses of granite, gneiss, limestone, &c. 
above. It comprehends Ballston springs, 
and the village of Ballston Spa, celebrated 
as a fashionable retreat, on account of the 
value of its waters. There are several cha. 



of Peeklano r. 74 ms. s. w. of fort Winne- 
bago, 75 ms. a little s. of e. Prairie du Chien, 
and 64 n. e. Galena in II. 

Minersvii.le, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 71 ms. n. e. Har- 
risburg, and 179 x. n. e. W. C. 

Minerva, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. w. 



lybeate sj^rings, and one of ihem is strongly Elizabethtown, is little inhabited, and 14 ms. 
charged with salts. They all rise near the! by 25. The bourcts of Hudson r. riseinil. 



MIS 



307 



MIS 



and water it well. The surface is irregular, 
uiid ilie soil pretty good. Pop. 1830, .l.-iS. 

Minerva, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 63 ms. 
N. E. Frank fort. 

Minerva, p-v. Stark co. O. by p,r. 135 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

MiMsiNK, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. 
Goshen, N. Y. on Wallkill creek, n- e. N. J. 
and Pennsylvania lines. The Shawangunk 
nitns. from the Alleganies and Navisink r. 
cross it. Near the Wallkill are some drown- 
ed lands. Soil and surface various. There 
are 4 p-os. at Minisink, West town, Carpen- 
ter's point, and Ridgeburgh. . Dolscntown 
and Brookfield are also villages. The Hud 
son and Delaware canal crosses the town, 
meets Delaware r. nt Carpenter's point, and 
proceeds up that stream. Pop. 1830, 4,979. 
MiNOT, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. w. of An 
droscoggin r., 33 ms. n. Portland, n. Little 
Androscoggin r., and s. Oxford co. Popula- 
tion 1830, 2,904. 

MiNTONSviLLE, P-V. Gatcs CO. N. C. by p-r 
149 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Miranda, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 163 
ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 
MissiSQUE, (•S'ee Troy.) 
MissisauE, bay, an arm of lake Champlain 
containing 35 sq. ms., reaching 4 or 5 miles 
into Lower Canada, between Swanton and 
Highgate,Vt. It is 5 miles wide on the line. 
MissisQUE, r. of Vt. rises in Orleans co., 
and passing into Lower Canada, traverses 
Franklin co., enters lake Champlain at Mis- 
sisque bay. It is wide, slow and shallow, with 
several falls. It receives Trout river, Black 
creek, Taylor's branch, &c., draining about 
582 sq. ms. in Veriuont. It is 75 miles long, 
and navigable to Swanton falls, 6 ms. in ves- 
sels of 5i) tons. 

Mississippi, river of the United States. 
Though the various large constituent streams 
of the mighty Mississippi will be severally 
noticed, yet a general view of the great cen- 
tral basin is indispensable in a treatise of the 
nature of this Gazetteer. Beside many of in- 
ferior magnitude, the great constituent riv- 
ers which drain the basin, and unite their wa- 
ters to form tlic Miss., are the Red, White, 
Arkansas, Miss., Miss, proper, and Ohio. 

A very erroneous opinion of the relative 
extent of the basin of the Miss, has been fos- 
tered by too many geographers of our own 
country. The true characteristic to deter- 
mine the comparative importance of rivers, is 
the area drained, and not mere length of 
course. T«) give more correct views of the 
true rank of the large rivers of the earth, 
the following table was constructed. 

No. 1. Table of the basins of the large 
rivers of the earth, including the length of 
course of each great river, exclusive of min- 
ute sinuosities. 

Length of Mean width Area in 
River Rasiiis. course. of Busiii. ijq. ms. 

Rio de la Plate 1,600 800 l,2S0,00n 

.AniaKim, inclusive of 

llie Toouiitiua.s, 3,000 OFO 2,940,000 

Oiiiioio, 1,100 yfiO 300,000 



LenRtli of Mean widtli 


Area in 


River Basins. course. 


of Basin. 


nq. ms. 


Atlantic slope of N. 








America, from Flor. 








point, exclUHive of St. 








Lawrence, 


1,800 


170 


306,000 


Mi.ss. iucludinp Red, 








Arkansas, While, 








Miss, proper, Ohio, 








Missouri, (Sec. 


2,000 


550 


1,100,000 


St. Lawrence, 


1,200 


425 


510,000 


Saskatchawainc, 


1,200 


200 


240,000 


Unjiga, or Macken- 








zies r. 


1,400 


200 


280,000 


Euxine Basin, 


1,800 


550 


090,000 


Wiiite sea Basin, 


1,3H0 


700 


066,000 


Caspian & Arab unl- 








- ted basins, 


2,500 


1,000 


2,500,000 


Oby, 


2,150 


COO 


1,290,000 


V'eniseii, 


2,100 


400 


840,000 


Lena, 


2,070 


350 


724,000 


Amur, 


l,8-'0 


3()0 


055,000 


Yellow liver. 


1,980 


200 


396,000 


Blue r 


2,280 


200 


450,000 


Basin of s. e. Asia, 


1,800 


150 


270,000 


Ganges & Buramapoo- 






tre, united. 


1,500 


380 


589,000 


[ndus, 


1,200 


180 


216,000 


Euphrates & Tigris, 








united, 


1,1.50 


140 


161,000 


Nile, 


1,680 


250 


420,000 


Niger, 


2,000 


200 


400,000 



By this table it is shewn, that the surface 
comprised in the Miss, basin, falls short of 
that of the Plate, and is only to that of the 
Amazon as 377 to 1000 ; yet the enormous 
extent of the former, though the third in rank 
amongst the rivers of America, becomes ve- 
ry apparent, when it is seen, that it exceeds 
in extent all the rivers of the Atlantic slope 
of North America, including the St. Law- 
rence, or either the Baltic or Euxine basins; 
that it far exceeds the united basins of the 
Indus, Ganges, and Buramapootre, or the 
great central basin of China, 

A line drawn from the Appalachian sys. 
teni, where the sources of Ten. and Great 
Kenhawa separate in Ashe co. N. C. to the 
sources of Marias river, the northwestern 
confluent of Miss, is by calculation n. 55° 40' 
w. 1,985 statute ms. Another line very near- 
ly at right angles to the preceding, drawn be- 
tween the sources of Red and Ouisconsin rs., 
measures 1,100 ms., the mean width of the 
basin is, however, about 550 ms. The fol- 
lowing table exhibits the relative extent and 
geographic position of the constituent vallies 
of this Kreat basin. 



mean width, area sq. ms. 
261 196,000 



277 
437 



200 



180.000 
523,000 

200,000 



Nat. Sections. lengtl 

Oliio valley, 750 

Miss, valley, or Miss. 

proper, 650 

Missouri valley, 1,200 

Oliio, including the "1 
valleys of White, [ 1,000 
Arkans.-is, Ke(l,&c. J 

Of these vallies, which drain a territoryof 1,099,000 
sq. njs., the e.xtent is as follows : 
Ohio, fm. lat. 34° to 42° 30' long. w. W.C. 1° to 1 1° 40' 
Miss, proper, 370 " 48O " " 90 " 20O 

Missouri, 370 " 50O " " 13° " 350 

Ohio, iiiclud- "i 

Ingthe vallies ',000 -MOO .1 n 1 10 >. 3Q0 

ofWhite.Ark. f— ' " 

Red, &c. J 

The various sections of this great physical 
region will be found under their respective 
heads, but we here notice the general feature* 



MIS 



308 



MIS 



in order to explain the phenomena of the an- 
nual inundations. By reference to table II. 
it will be seen that the difi'orencc of hit. be- 
tween the extremes is from lat. 29 to 50, or 
21 degrees. Tlic relative elevation has nev- 
er been accurately determined, but may with- 
out estimating mountain ridges, be assumed 
Safely at 5,000 feet, or an equivalent to 10 
degrees of lat. Combining these elements 
would give a winter climate to Miss, sources 
similar to that of Labrador, on the Atlantic 
coast, of lat. 61° 

The basin, if taken as a whole, is composed 
of two very unequal inclined plains, one, tlie 
western and much most extensive, falling 
from the Chippewayan system, is about 800 
miles mean width ; the second declines from 
the Appalachian system westward, and is 
about 400 miles wide at a mean. The base 
line, or line of common depression, follows the 
valley of Illinois and Miss, below the mouth 
of Miss. The general characters of the Ap- 
palachian and Chippuwayan systems are com- 
municated to their respective plains. In a 
state of nature the Appalachian system was 
a dense forest. This vast body of woods was 
protruded on one side to the shores of the 
Atlantic ocean, and westward encroached on 
the central plains. 

The Chippewayan is mostly naked of tim- 
bers, as are the immense grassy plains which 
compose its eastern slope. By reference to 
the art. Md. it will be seen that, independent 
of comparative height, the prevalent winds 
of the continent are from the westward, and 
that winter cold increases in intensity advan- 
cing westward to the summits of the Chip- 
pewayaii. 

Permanent snows cover the earth in winter 
over the Atlantic slope and Miss, basin as 
low as lat. 31°, but from the peculiar struc- 
ture of the vallies, the floods produced by 
winter snows and spring rains cannot be sim- 
ultaneously discharged. The gradual dis- 
charge is produced by three causes ; first, dif- 
ference of lat. ; second, difference of height ; 
and thirdly, contrariety of direction. 

The general course of the flood being to 
the southward, spring advances in a reverse 
direction, and releases in succession, the 
waters of the lower valley, then those of O., 
then those of Miss. In a mean often years 
the swell commences on the Delta, in the end 
of Feb. and beginning of March, and continues 
to rise bymtequal diurnal accretions to the 
middle of June, when the waters begin again 
to depress. But what might excite much 
surprise to those unacquainted with the cause, 
the waters of the upper Miss, do not reach 
the Delta until upwards of a month after the 
inundation has been abating. 

Rising between 42° and 5u° and at an ele- 
vation of from 1,200 to 5,(J00 feet, the higher 
sources of the Miss, are locked in ice and 
snow long after summer reigns on the Delta. 
Again the courses of the Yellow Stone river 
and Miss, are to the northeastward for 5 or 
6(l0ms. from the Chippewayan ridges, giving 
to their floods a very circuitous route. 



To these particular causes of separate dis- 
charge one general cause may be added, that 
is the slow motion of the waters. Amongst 
the many vulgar errors introduced into our 
books concerning the Miss, basin, none stands 
more opposed to fact than the rapid motion of 
the waters. If in reality the floods moved 
with half the commonly assigned velocity, the 
Delta would be annually and totally sub- 
merged. The waters of Upper Miss, do 
not reach the Delta before the beginning of 
August, about 100 days or 2,400 hours after 
the breaking up of winter. This supposes a 
motion of about one mile per hour. Similar 
to the Russian or northeastern plains of Eu- 
rope, the Miss, basin is remarkable for the 
very regular slope of its declivities, and con- 
sequently the scarcity of direct falls or even 
cataracts in its rs. If we allow an elevation 
of 5,000 feet to the sources of Miss, we find 
the much greater part of the fall in the vicini- 
ty of the Chippewayan, and to estimate the 
height of the junction of Miss, and Yellow 
Stone river at 2,000 feet is full more than 
would be warranted by known elevation 
at the source of Miss, proper. But allowing 
2,000 feet elevation for the mouth of Yellow 
Stone river, and 2,400 ms. for distance thence 
to the Delta, we have a fall of only 10 inches 
to the mile. This estimate, moderate as it 
appears, is nevertheless too high. Pittsburg 
is by actual measurement within a small 
fraction of 700 feet above the surface of the 
Gulf of Mexico, and distant by the windings 
of the streams from that recipient, about 
1,800 nis. yielding a mean fall of 4 G-10 
inches per mile nearly. If in brief, we allow 
a mean fall of 6 inches to the mile, it is more 
than sufiicicnt for the mean fall of the waters 
of the Miss, basin, from their heads to final 
discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The seasons of general immdation are 
tolerably well known to the inhabitants of 
the Delta, but so very greatly do the quantity 
of meteor differ in different years, that no 
length of experience enables any person to 
anticipate, with any approach to certainty, 
the elevation of flood in any given year. Some 
years, as in 1800-1, the waters do not rise 
above their channels, of course no inundation 
takes place. 

Connected with the general history of the 
Miss. Delta, is the mistaken opinion that the 
main channel is changeable. When the an- 
nual inundations occur, the surface of the 
river is indeed above that of the adjacent 
country, but the bed or bottom, similar to all 
other rivers, is, nevertheless, the deepest 
valley of the region througii which it flows. 
The author of this article has sounded the 
Miss, from the efilux of Atchafalaya to the 
different outlets, and found the stream at the 
lowest water, from 75 to 80 feet at the head 
of the Delta, 130 feet near the outlet of La- 
fourche at Donaldsonville, upwards of 100 
feet opposite New Orleans, and from 7.5 to 80 
feet three ms. above the main bars. Lake 
Pontcharirain is the deepest lake of La. and 
yet does not average a depth of 18 feet; say 



MIS 



309 



MIS 



its bottom is 25 foct below the general level 
of the Delta, then would the bottom of the 
Miss, at New Orleans, be 75 feet below that 
of the greatest adjaeent depression. 

The great, and in many cases almost eircu- 
lar bends of the Miss, in and above the Delta, 
produce a reverse of the current at once 
on the opposite sides of a neck of land. This 
neck being composed of alluvion, yields easi- 
ly to the abrasion of water, and is finally 
worn away and a new channel opened. 
Above and below where the isthmus formerly 
existed, the ancient bod is filled up with sand 
and earth, whilst the old bed around the point 
nssumes the aspect of a lake, but by its prox- 
imity to the parent river and its form proves 
the origin. Such lakes are Fause Riviere, 
one near the mouth of Homochitto river, 
C'oncordia, St. John's, St. Joseph's, Provi- 
dence, and Grand lakes, and one (orniing the 
mouth of Yazoo. Of these, Fause Riviere, 
that on the left bank near the mouth of Ho- 
mochitto, and that also on the left bank at the 
mouth of Yazoo, have been formed within 
the period of white settlement. With the 
exception stated, the volume of the Miss, is 
as efl'octually and permanently confined to its 
channel, as is any other river of the earth. 
{See art. Aichafalaya, Lafourche, La. ^-c.) 

Mississippi, state of the U. S. bounded by 
the Gulfof Mexico s., La. s. w.. Ark. n. w., 
Tenn. n., and Ala. e. The outlines of this 
state are, from the southwestern angle of 
Ala. along that part of the Gulf of Mexico, 
called lake Borgno, to the mouth of Pearl r. 
60ius. ; u[) Pearl river to lat. 31° G5 ms. ; 
thence due w. along lat. 31° to the bank of 
the Miss, nearly opposite the outlet of Atcha- 
falaya 105 ms. ; thence up the Miss, river to 
lat. 35° at the southwestern angle of Ten 
following the windings 530 ms. ; thence due 
E. along the southern boundary of Ten. to 
Ten. river, and up that stream to the mouth of 
IJoar cr. 123 ms ; thence along the western 
boundary of Ala. to the place of beginning on 
the Gulfof Mexico 320 ms. having an entire 
outline of 1,203 ms. Lying between lat. 30° 
f'8' mid 35°, and between long. 11° 12' and 
14° 42' w. W. C. Extreme length from s. to 
N. 337 ms. and the area being 45,700 square 
ms., the mean breadth is a small fraction 
above 135 'J-4 miles ; containing 29,280,400 
statute acres. 

Natural Geography. — The general decliv. 
ity of this state is sthrd. but the western side 
declining by an easy descent s. s. w. towards 
the Miss, whilst the eastern side declines 
slightly towards the Tombigbee. Ofthers. 



mer case ; the hills confine the water which 
is augmented by the river and creeks flowing 
from the interior of the state. The bottoms 
of tiie Miss, river which exist in the state of 
Miss, bear a small fractional proportion to the 
aggregate surface. From the western side 
of the state, advancing n. to s. flow into the 
Miss, river in succession, the Yazoo, Big 
Black, Bayou, Pierre, and Homochitto. Pearl 
r. rises near the centre of the state, but 
flows s. s. w. nearly parallel to the Big Black, 
about 80 ms. and thence curving s. s. e. 150 
ms. falls into the pass of rigolets between 
lakes Pontchartrain and Boyne, after an en- 
tire comparative course of 230 ms. draining 
the central and much of the sthrn. parts of 
the state. Between Homochitto and Pearl 
rise in the sthrn. part of the state of Miss, 
and flow thence into La., the Bogue, Chitto, 
Tangipoho, Tickfoha, and Amite rivers. 
Eastward from Pearl, and draining the south- 
eastern angle, and that protruding point be- 
tween La. and Ala. comprising the cos. of 
Hancock and Jackson, the various branches 
of Pascagoula water the space between the 
vallies of Mobile and Pearl. The northeastern 
part of the state gives source to the Tombig- 
bee or Great western branch of the Mobile r. 
whilst the extreme n. is drained by the sour- 
ces of Wolf, and Big Hatch rs. The north- 
eastern angle is terminated by Ten. r. These 
rivers are noticed under their proper heads. 

It is obvious from the preceding brief no- 
tice of its rs. that as far as river navigation 
extends, this state possesses great advanta- 
ges. It is true that neither the Pascagoula 
or Pearl offer navigable facilities in propor- 
tion to their comparative magnitude, but the 
most fertile part and that yet best inhabited 
and cultivated, have access to the Miss, or 
streams directly flowing into it as a recipient. 

The soil of the state is varient in (luality, 
but the much greater proportion thin if not 
sterile; the southwestern cos. drained directly 
into the Miss, river, contain large bodies of 
excellent land, and tracts of productive soil 
skirt the streams over the whole state. Cot- 
ton, indigo and tobacco, have been, in succes- 
sion, staples of this state. The soil and cli- 
mate are favorable to the growth of each of 
these vegetables, as also to Indian corn, pota- 
toes, and numerous garden vegetables. The 
peach and fig are the common fruits, though 
apples are cultivated in some places to advan- 
tage. For the last 30 years, the great ob- 
ject of farming operations in this state has 
been cotton, to the injurious neglect of grain 
and meadow grasses. Large quantities of 



of this state the principal is the great stream I Indian corn are indeed annually produced, but 
from which its name is derived. The state too much dependence is placed on supplies 
of Miss, rises from the river of the same name from the northward, through the channel of 
into a buttress of moderate and -undefined' the Miss. In general terms the blufllands are 



general elevation. I'his inte 
reaches the stream in a series of crumb- 
ling banks, called " The Bluflfs." Be- 
tween the Bliili's and stream, the bottoms are 
as low and more subject to inundation than 
are those on the western bank, as in the for- 



buttress i the best in the state ; those next the river al- 
luvion ; and the third and least productive, the 
pine woods. Indigenous trees most common, 
are the pine, various species and varieties of 
oak, and hickory, sweet gum, liriodendron, 
tulipifcra, black wahiut, pcrsimon, beech. 



MIS 



310 



MIS 





Males. 


Females. 


Jnder 5 j'eara of age, 


7,918 


7,-319 


^roin 5 to 10, 


5,572 


5,165 


" 10 to 15 


4,591 


4,169 


" 15 to 20 


3,623 


3,653 


" 20 to 30 


7,237 


6,231 


" 30 to 40 


4,632 


3,090 


" 40 to 50 


2,419 


1,739 


" 50 to 60 


1,595 


983 


" 60 to 70 


632 


436 


" 70 to 80 


189 


149 


" 80 to 90 


47 


34 


" 90 to 100 


11 


7 


" 100 and upwards, 


00 


2 



Total, 



Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14 
years, 12 ; 14 to 25, 10 ; 25 and upwards, 7. 
Blind 25. 

Colored population as follows : 



red maple, honey locust, black locust, and| Total population of the 

numerous other species of trees. Of dwarfj which are white persons, 

trees, the most common are dogwood, chin 

quipin, papan, spice wood, thorn, &c. Buck 

eye, a forest tree in the valley of Ohio, is a 

dwarf in the states of Miss, and La. whilst 

the chinquipin, a mere bush in the middle 

states, rises in the southwest to a tree often 

more than 25 feet high. In the rich bottom 

lands of the state of Miss, the large reed 

cane, arundo gigantea abounded, but has in 

great part disappeared. 

Climate. — Compared with the winters of 
the nrthrn. states, those of Miss, may be re- 

garded as mild, but the seasons of the latter, 
like those of all the adjacent regions, are va- 
riable from each other, and not unfrequently 
very severe. The temperature near Natch- 
ez has afforded a cold of I2° above zero of 
Fahrenheit. No winter passes without less 
or more severe frost, and few without snow. 
The sugar cane and orange tree, can neither 
be preserved in any part of the state of Miss. 
above lat. 31°. The summ.ers are, however, 
very warm, and long droughts frequent, as 
are, on the contrary, excessive and protract- 
ed rains. These are the exceptions to a gen- 
erally pleasant climate. Along the streams, 
bilious complaints are frequent in autumn, but 
taken altogether, the settled cos. of the state 
of Miss, are healthy. The winters along the 
Miss, and adjacent places, are from two to 
three degrees colder than those of corres- 
ponding lats. along the Atlantic coasts. This 
difference is demonstrated by native and ex- 
otic vegetation, and by recent thermometical 
observations. The prevailing winds of the 
whole sthwstrn. parts of the U. S. are from 
the wstrn. side of the meridians, and princi- 
pally from the nrthwst. {See art. Md.) 

Political Geography. — For political purpo- 
ses, the state of Miss, is subdivided into the 
cos. of 

Pop. 1820, 
12,073 



state 136,621, of 



38,466 



31,977 



Free colored. 


Slaves. 


males. 


females. 


males. 


females. 


l/ndei 10 years, 81 


72 


11,037 


10,860 


10 to 24 82 


51 


10,793 


10,841 


24 to 36 59 


. 45 


6,947 


6,983 


36 to 55 43 


49 


3,455 


3,173 


.55 to 1(10 22 


14 


845 


68-i 


101) and over, 1 





"22 


21 



Total, 



288 



231 



33,099 



32,560 



Adams, 

Amite, 

Claiborne, 

Copiate, 

Covington, 

Franklin, 

Greene, 

Hancock, 

Hinds, 

Jackson, 

Jefferson, 

Jones, 

Lawrence, 

Lowndes, 

Madison, 

Marrion, 

Monroe, 

Perrv, 

Pike, 

Kankin, 

Simp.soa, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

Wilkinson, 

Yazoo, 



6,853 
6,963 

2,230 
3,821 
1,445 
1,594 

1,682 
6,822 

4,916 



3,116 

2,721 
2,037 
4,438 



2,693 

3,323 

9,718 



Pop. 1830. 
14,937 
7,934 
9,787 
7,001 
2,55] 
4,622 
1,854 
1,962 
8,645 
1,792 
9,755 
1,471 
5.293 
3,173 
4,973 



Free colored and slaves who are deal and dumb, 
12. Blind, none. 

Recapitulation. 
Whiles. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

70,443 519 65,659 136,621 

Comprising the aggregate area of that part 
of the state of Miss, yet organized into cos., 
and comparing it with the superficial extent 
of the state, as given at the head of this arti. 
cle, the reader will perceive how large a por- 
tion remains unsettled and uncultivated. Ex- 
amining the COS. separately, it will again ap. 
pear, that density of population is in propor- 
tion to distance from the original settlements, 
downwards along the Miss. Blufl's, from 
Natchez to lat. 31°. 

History. — The whole country now included 
in the states of Ala. and Miss, was held by 
France, or more correctly, that nation claim. 
ed this region as a part of La. from their first 
settlement on the northern shores of the Gulf 
of Mexico. In 1716, the French formed a 
settlement amongst the Natchez Indians, and 
built a fort where the city of Natcliez now 
stands. In the first instance the Indians 
were unaware of the consequence, but dissa- 
tisfaction soon arose, and ended, in 1723, in 
open war. Bienville, the governor general, 
marched a force from New Orleans to 
Natchez, which the Indians were unable to 
oppose, and were compelled to submit to- 
3,691 {terms. In 1729 a man of the name of Cho- 
3,861 part was commandant at Natchez, but his in- 
2,30ii justice and folly so exasperated the natives, 
and at the same time neglecting the means 
of defending his colony against their wrath, 
a massacre was planned, and on the 30th of 



5,402. 
2,083 
2,680 
7,86] 



1976 ^ov- l'^29, perpetrated ; when, with two or 
o'78]llhree exceptions, the French of both sexes, 
ll',686i'o 'he amount of 700, fell victims. The total 
6,550 dispersion of the Natchez nation soon fol- 
lowed, as they were too weak to sustain 



MIS 



311 



Mis 



themselves against the French. The country he shall be chosen, and shall have attained 
in the vicinity of Natcliez was abandoned by ; to the age of 21 years, and also unless he 
both whites and Indians, and remained long shall hold in his own right, within this state, 
uninhabited. The French still, however, 1 150 acres of laud, or an interest in real es- 
claimed the country imtil 1763, when it was tate of the value of $500 at ihe time of hia 
ceded as part of Florida to Great Britain, election, and for six months previous to the 
Settlers slowly entered the country, and term of one year. Every free white male 
many very respectable British families loca- person, of the agu of 21 years or upwards, 
ted themselves in and near Natchez. During who sliall be a citizen of the U. S., and shall 
the revolutionary war in 1781, governor have resided in this state 1 year next prece- 
Galvez of La. invaded and conquered W. ; ding an election, and the last six months 
Flor., and by the treaty of Paris, 1783, it fell j within the county, city, or town, in which he 
once more to Spain, who held it until J798, jofiers lovote, and shall be enrolled in the mi- 
when it was given up to the U. S. By an i litia thereof, except exempted by law from 
act of congress passed 7th of April, 1798, ; military service, or having the aforesaid 
the president of the U. S. was authorized to qualifications of citizenship and residence, 
appoint commissioners to adjust the limits shall have paid a state or county tax, shall 
between Flor., La., and the acquired terri- be deemed a qualified voter. The supreme 
tory N. 31st degree of n. lat., and w. of, executive power of this state shall be vested 
('hattahoochee r. By a subsequent act of in a governor, who shall be elected by the 
the 10th of the same month, provision was , qualified electors, and shall hold his office 
made for a territorial government, and what ■ for 2 years from the time of his installation, 
is now comprised in Ala. and Miss, named and until his successor be duly qualified, 
the Miss. ter. Tiie second grade of govern- 1 The governor shall be at least 30 years of 
ment went into operation in the spring of 1801. 'age, shall have been a citizen of the IJ. S. 20 
The 9th of July, 1808, an act of congress years, shall have resided in this state at least 
was passed to admit a delegate from Miss. ' 5 years next preceding the day of his elec- 
ter. into congress. June 17th, the assent of : tion, and shall be seized in his own right of 
Geo. demanded to the formation of two states I a freehold estate of the value of $2,000 at 
from the Miss. ter. Geo. acceded to the de- ; the time of his election, and 12 mths. previous 
mand, but the country remained a territory | thereto. The judicial power of this state 
until December 1817. Previous to the latter shall be vested in one supreme court, and 
date, on the 21st of January, 1815, a petition i such superior and inferior courts of law and 
from the legislature of the Miss. ter. praying I equity, as the legislature may, from time to 
admission into the union as a state. This j time, direct and establish. There shall be ap- 
petition was favorably reported on by a com- ; pointed in this state, not less than 4, nor more 
mittee of congress, December 1816. An act [ than 8 judges of the supreme superior courts, 
was passed the 1st of March 1817, autho- ■ The judges of the several courts of this state 
rizing the people of the petitioning territory, I shall hold their offices during good behavior ; 
to a call a convention, which was called and 'removeable by address to the governor of the 
met in July 1817. The conveniion accepted the i two thirds of both houses of the legislature, 
act of congress and proceeded to frame a con- or by impeachment before the senate, brought 
stitution of government. The constitution | up by the lower house. No person who 
was adopted on the 15th of August, and in shall have arrived at the age ot 65 years 
the ensuing December was confirmed by con- shall be appointed to or continue in the office 
gress, and the new state, with the limits of judge in this state. By the 6th article 
{riven at the head of this article, took her sta- and 7th section, no minister of the gospel or 
tion as a member of the U. S. (See Ala. priest of any denomination whatever shall be 
state of.) I eligible to the offices of governor, lieutenant 

Government. — A governor, with a general governor, or to a seat in either branch of the 
assembly, composed of two houses, a senate general assembly. Post musters are the only 
and house of representatives. To be eligible officers of the general government admitted 
as a senator, the person must be a citizen of to office in Miss. Revision provided for when 
the U. S., shall have been an inhabitant of, two thirds of the general assembly shall re- 
the state 4 years next preceding his election, commend to the quali.led voters to vote for or 
and the last year thereof a resident of the against a convention. Number of the con- 
district, for which he shall be chosen, and vention equal to that of the general asseni- 
shall have attained to the age of 26 years, bly, which convention shall meet within 3 
and also, he shall hold, in his own right months after the election of its members, for 
within this state, 300 acres of land, or the purpose of revising, amending, or 
an interest in real estate of the value of changing the constitution. 
$1,000, at the time of his election, and for 6 ' Missouri, large r. of North America, but 
months previous thereto. Term 3 years. No in great part included in the U. S. great wes- 
person shall be a representative unless he be tern territory. So much has been already 
a citizen of the U. S., and shall have been an given of the phenomena of this stream under 
inhabitant of this state 2 years next preceding the general head of Mississippi, as to very 
his election, and the last year thereof", a resi-' nuich abridge what is necessary to notice 
dent of the county, city, or town, lor which under its own head. 



MIS 



312 



MIS 



The course of discovery has led to the 
adoption of the name Mississippi, as a gene- 
ric term for the main stream of the basin, 
though the Missouri is already a very large 
river when it approaches and passes the 
sources of its very inferior rival. In regard 
to area drained, the Mo. is the largest secon- 
dary river of the earth. A direct line drawn 
along its valley from its junction with the 
Miss. r. to the head of Marias r. is within a 
small fraction of 1,400 ms., a length of 
course, falling but little short of either the 
Madeira liranch of Amazon, or the Paraguay 
branch of Rio de de la Platte ; but by refer- 
ence to table II. article Miss., it will be seen 
that the Mo. r. drains 523,000 sq. ms., or a 
surface more than double that of the whole 
Atlantic slope of the U. S. between the two 
St. Johns' rs. inclusive. This fine river de- 
rives its sources from the Chippewayan 
chains between lat. 42^° and 50 i°, and about 
30° long. w. W. C. From these elevated 
regions, the general course of the main 
branches is to the n. e., until they reach 
nearly the 49th degree of n. lat. Here the 
Mo. Proper and Yellowstone rs. unite. In 
cither length of course or surface drained 
there is but little difference between these 
confluent rivers above their point of union. 
Though much less extensive than the sthrn. 
slope, from which fall the numerous branches 
of Yellowstone and Mo. Proper, there is 
another northerner counter slope, from which 
issue the rivers Marias, Brattons, Milk, Por- 
cupine, and several smaller streams, which 
enter the Mo. above the influx of Yellowstone 
r. The entire Mo. valley above the mouth of 
Yellowstone r. is 600 ms. across the sources, 
and a mean of 300 ms. in the general direc- 
tion of the streams; area 180,000 sq. ms. 
This higher valley of Mo. presents a surface 
on the western side, broken by mountains, 
and descending the rivers, gradually spread- 
ing into plains. The whole country, . with 
partial exceptions along the rivers, is open 
prairie, exhibiting a great resemblance to the 
steppes of Asia, in very nearly the same 
latitude. 

After their junction, it is probable that the 
united waters of the Mo. and Yellowstone 
form a river as large in volume and as wide 
and deep as at the reception of the Miss. 
The Mo. now a powerful volume, rolls on to 
the N. E. to the mouth of White Earth r. where 
it has reached its extreme northern bend at 
lat. 48° 20'. Inflecting to s. e. about GO ms. 
by comparative courses it receives Little Mo. 
from the right. And here it may be remarked 
that the Moose r. a branch of Assiniboin, rises 
within 1 m. of the bank of Mo. Continuing 
s. E. 160 ms. the Mo. reaches the Mandan vs. 
at lat. 47° 25'. Passing the Mandan towns, 
this great stream inflects to a southern course, 
which it maintains upwards of 30O ms. by 
comparative courses. The structure of the 
country is such, that in the latter long course 
through 43° of lat. the Mo. receives no re- 
inarkable tributary from the left, ^d from the 



right the comparatively small rivers, Heart, 
Cannon Ball, Maripa, Wetarhoo, Sarwarcar- 
na, Chayeime and White rs. Sweeping an 
immense general curve to the northestwrd. 
and gradually round to sthrd. 300 ms. the 
Mo. is augmented from the wstrd. by the 
large river Platte, a stream deriving its sour, 
ees from the same system of mountains which 
produced the recipient. Along the great 
curve above the Platte, the Mo. receives 
from the nthrd. Jacques, and the Great and 
Little Sioux rs. Receiving the Platte, the 
main volume rolls on s. e. 200 ms. to the in- 
flux of the Kansas, another very large con- 
fluent from the wstrd. The Kansas rises also 
in the Chippewayan, and flowing eastwardly, 
joins the Mo. after a general comparative 
course of upwards of 600 ms. The Platte 
and Kansas till the space between the higher 
valley of Mo. and that of Ark. The length 
of course not materially diflerent, and the 
character of country they drain, is mostly 
open plains, similar to that drained by the 
Mo. itself. 

With the influx of Kansas, the Mo. bends to 
a general course of a little s. of e.250 ms. to 
where its immense volume and name is lost 
in the inferior stream of Miss, proper. With 
the entrance of the Kansas, Mo. enters the 
state of the same name, within which it re- 
ceives from the right, descending. Mine, Mo- 
reau, Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and from 
the left or n. Grand r., w. Chariton, e. Cha- 
riton, and a long series of streams which are 
merely large creeks. 

The entire comparative course of Mo. is 
1,870 ms., but following the bends or channel, 
the length no doubt exceeds 3,000 ms. The 
real length of this great r. as indeed of all 
the American rivers, has been overrated. 
Our knowledge of the valley is general, and 
except along the main stream, in few places 
have we exact specific material for these im- 
mense regions. As far, however, as explo- 
red, the face of the earth is monotonous when 
compared with extent. From much greater 
relative elevation, higher lat. and from the 
peculiar courses of its confluents, the flood of 
Mo. is the last in order, and occurs after the 
tide from the Miss, proper, Ohio, Ark., and 
Red rs. have in great part subsided. {See 
:rfs. Miss. Ark. tj-c.) 

Missouri, state of the U. S., bounded n. e. 
and E. by the Miss. r. separating it from the 
state of II., s. E. by the Miss. r. separating it 
from Ky. and Ten., s. by Ark. territory, and 
w. and N. by the wstrn. unappropriated do- 
main of the U. S. 

Having outlines, beginning on the right bank 
of the Miss., at the mouth of Les Moines r., 
and thence down the former stream, to where 
it is intersected by lat. 36°, 550 ms. ; due w. 
and along lat. 36° to the St. Francis r., 50; 
thence up St. Francis r. to lat. 36i°, 50 ; 
thence due w. along the n. boundary of Ark. 
to a meridian line passing through the junc. 
tion of Mo. and Kansas rivers intersect lat. 
362"^, 200; thence due n. to a point where a 



MIS 



313 



MIS 



line drawn due w. from the Sac village on 
Lemoiiie r. will intersect the w. boundary, 
273; thence due e. to the Lemoine r., 130; 
down Lemoine r. to place of beginning, 20 ; 
having an entire outline of 1,273 ms. Lying 
betwen lat. 36° and 40° 36' and long. w. W. 
C. 12° 12', and 17° 28'. Without including the 
small rhomb between Miss, and St. Francis 
rivers, the length is 287 ms. The greatest 
breadth from a little distance below the mouth 
of Ohio to the wstrn. boundary is 300. The 
breadth exceeding the length may seem ab- 
surd, but the reader will observe that the 
half degree of lat. extended between St. Fran, 
cis and Miss, rivers was excluded, and which, 
if added, would make the entire length 321 
ms. The mean breadth 230 ms., would be 
very nearly represented by a line drawn due 
w. from Herculaneum in Jefferson co. to the 
wstrn. boundary. 

Measured carefully by the rhomb, the area 
of Mo. amounts to 64,000 sq. ms. very nearly, 
or 40,960,000 statute acres. It is the second 
state of the U. S. in point of superficial extent, 
only falling short of Va. This state is natu- 
rally divided into two unequal slopes. Leav- 
ing the Miss, near St. Genevieve, opposite the 
mouth of the Kaskaskias r., a dividing ridge 
extends rather w. of s. w. by w. From this 
ridge issue and flow sthrdly. the sources of 
St. Francis, Black, White, and Grand r. of 
Arkansas r. This sthrn. slope has a breadth 
of about 60 ms. with the entire breadth of the 
state, 300 ms., or 18,000 sq. ms. As aphysi- 
cal section the sthrn. slope of Mo. belongs 
to the same inclined plane, down which flows 
the Miss, below the influx of Ohio r., but in 
extent amounts to only about the 28-lOOth of 
the whole state. The central and nthrn. sec- 
tions are comprised in the lower slope of the 
Mo. valley, and incjine very nearly due e. By 
a very circuitous channel, but general course 
of a little s. of e., the main volume of Mo. r 
winds down the central plain, leaving about 
one third of the state to the nthrd. 

The sthestrn. angle of Mo. is a level, and 
in a great part an annually inundated tract. 
This submerged section has been too highly 
estimated in regard to extent ; it is about 100 
ms. from s. to n. with a width of 40 ms., or 
4,000 sq. ms. It is not all, indeed, subject to 
submersion, and aflbrds parcels of dry ara- 
ble land over the whole extent. The bottoms 
along the rivers are subject to casual flood, but 
taking the whole state into view, it is a hilly, 
and in many parts a very broken state. The 
ridge noticed in the first part of this article 
as dividing the Mo. slope from that of Ark., 
rises into rocky elevations, which have recei- 
ved the title of mtns. The idea of extended 
plains is given by the appearance of the land- 
scape from the Miss. r. the usual channel of 
entrance. It is 28 ms. above the mouth of 
the O. r. before a rocky eminence shows itself 
on the Mo. side of the stream. The first 
rocks are enormous walls of limestone, evi- 
dently, if we extend our view cstrdly., an ex- 
tension of the vast limestone formation of Ky., 

40 



Ind. and II. They are in Mo. the buttress of 
the dividing ridge already noticed and extend 
to an undefined distance wstrd. and nthrd. 
Under their respective heads will be found 
noticed, the rivers which water Mo. It is sufli- 
cient to observe in this place that the state is 
washed in all its length by the Miss. ; the 
sthrn. part drained by the heads of St. Fran- 
cis. Black, and White rivers ; central part is 
deeply cut and channelled by the Mo. and its 
confluents, the Osage and Gasconade from the 
right, and the Chariton from the left. Beside 
the Lemoine and Salt rs., the Miss, above the 
mouth of the Mo. receives from the state of 
Mo. a long series of crs. many of which are for 
a greater or less distance above their mouth 
navigable streams. From the preceding data 
it is evident, that in natural commercial facili- 
ties Mo. abounds. 

Soil. — Climate. — Vegetables. — Minerals. — 
The soil of Mo. as indeed the face of the 
country, is a mean between the same objects 
in the valley of Ohio. Much of the bottom 
land along the Mo. r. and it confluents are 
more sandy than that on the Miss, and its 
tributaries, and this character of soil prevails 
wherever the alluvion of Mo. r. is deposited. 
Distant from the streams, the soil is almost 
invariably gravelly and poor. There are, 
however, some partial exceptions, and detach- 
ed spots of upland are found, with a very pro- 
ductive soil, but they are oases. Much of 
the state is prairie, and the prairie soil, as in 
the contiguous states, and in La. present the 
same varieties of soil, with woodland. As 
the expense of clearing timber was avoided 
where prairies exist, settlements will be first 
formed on their margins, and such has been 
the case in La., Ark., Mo., and II. " There 
are scarcely any lands i;i this state " (Mo.) 
says Flint, " sufficiently level for cultivation, 
that have not fertility enough to bring good 
crops of corn without manure, and in many in- 
stances the poorer lands are better for wheat 
than the richer." The very deep and rich allu- 
vial lands are no where in the central or s. ws- 
trn. states, suitable for wheat, until cultivated 
several years. Cotton in small quantities can 
be cultivated on the s.e. section of the state, In- 
dian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c., are however 
the staple crops of the state. Apples, peach, 
es, pears, plums, and perhaps some kinds of 
grape, succeed well. Natural grasses abound, 
and yet from some cause meadows have not 
been cultivated to advantage in Mo. The 
abundance indeed of any natural production 
is inimical to the artificial culture of anala- 
gous species. In fine, it would be safe to say 
that at least 20,000,000 acres of farming land, 
sufiiciently fertile to produce good crops, ex- 
ist in Mo. The mineral wealth of the state, 
particularly lead and iron, is, according to all 
concurrent testimony, inexhaustible. The 
tract in an especial manner called "The 
Mineral Tract," in Madison, Washington, 
and St. Francis cos., and from which rise the 
sources of Maramec, and St. Francis rs., is 
represented as not only abundant in lead, but 



MIS 



314 



MIS 



still more BO in iron ore. Mr. Schoolcraft i whole, instead of the climate becoming more 
mentions zinc as also amyngst the produc- mild, as we advaiice w. on the same parallel, 
tions of Mo., and in ereat quantities. Water | it is believed that the reverse is the case/' 



impregnated with Muriate of soda (common 
salt) is found in several places. Plaster of 
Paris is plentiful, and, it is said, produces a 
more than common effect on the vegetation 
where used as a manure. Such are, in a 
rough sketch, the outlines ofthe resources of 
this new and extensive state. 

The native vegetables, and particularly fo- 
rest timber, evince an approach towards the 
prairie region. The peccan hickory is plen- 
tiful ; wild grapes and plums are plentiful. 
The crab apple tree, which in La. grows to 
the height of 30 or 40 feet, is also of large 
growth in Mo. 

The climate is here, as elsewhere in cen- 
tral N. America, the great stumbling block of 
travellers and geographers. " This state," 
says Flint, " occupies a medial position and 
has a temperature intermediate between that 
ofN. Y. and La." Whatever may be the re- 
semblance in the face of Mo. and La., there 
is but little similarity in their respective sea- 
sons. La. is in winter a very cold country, 
when compared with its lat., but it is tropical 
when contrasted with Mo. At St. Louis, 
which may be regarded as a central point be 
tween the northern and southern extremes of 
Mo., the Miss. r. is frozen and passable on 
the ice by the first of January, in a great ma- 
jority of years. In the winter of 1831-2, the 
Miss, was frozen and passable on the ice at 
Memphis in Ten., nearly a degree of lat. s. 
of any part of Mo. In article U. S., it may 
be seen that at the Council Bluffs, lat. 21° 25', 
about a degree of lat. n. of Missouri, the mer- 
cury has fallen to 21° minus zero ; and what 
is more decisive, by a letter directed to the 
editor of the Saturday Evening Post, Phila- 
delphia, on the 26th Jan. 1832, the mercury 
was 18° minus zero at Florence in Ala., lat. 
34° 47', or 1° 43' s. of any part of Mo. It 
may be safely stated, that of all sections of 
the actually inhabited parts of the U. States, 
no other is so exposed to excessive vicissi- 
tudes of atmospheric temperature as is Mo. 
Open on the westward and northwestern sides 
to the great plains of grass, with winds pre- 
vailing about ^ths of the time in all seasons 
of the year, the cold ofthe vast central table 
land of the continent is borne towards the 
Appalachian system of mountains, and sweeps 
over Mo., with a severity which, to be known, 
must be felt. The most accurate observers 
have acknowledged the dryness of the atmos- 
phere over all the prairie regions of central 
North America ; and M.O. shares the exemp- 
tion from moisture. " The winter," says 
Flint, "commences aboutChri6tmas,(a month 
sooner would be nearer the fact,) and is fre- 
quently so severe, as to bridge the mighty 
current of the Mo. so firmly tliat it may be 



The reader will find in the article U. S. that 
the increasing severity of cold, advancing to- 
wards the Chippewayan mountains, is not 
simply believed but demonstrated. 

It is worse than idle to speak ofthe health 
of such a widely spread and diversified sur- 
face as that of Mo. A country containing 
fens constantly filled with stagnant water, aa 
low as lat. y6°, and high, dry, and airy tracts 
above lat. 40°, where the human breast is in- 
flated by air coming from regions exempt, as 
far as the face of earth can any where be ex- 
empt, from every source of miasmata. 

Polilical Geogra-phy. — For political purpo- 
ses the following counties have been organis- 
ed out of the territory of Mo., leaving coTi' 
siderable tracts not yet laid out. 
Counties. Pop. 1830. Counties. Pop. 1830. 



Boon, 8,859 

Callaway, 6,159 

Cape Girardeau, 7,445 



Chariton, 

Clay, 

Cole, 

Cooper, 

Crawford, 

Franklin, 

Gasconade, 

Howard, 

•Jackson, 

Jefferson, 

La Fayette, 

Lincoln, 

Madison, 



1,780 
5,338 
3,023 
6,904 
1,721 
3,484 
1,545 
10,854 
2,823 
2,592 
2,912 
4,059 
2,371 



Marion, 

Montgomery, 

New Madrid, 

Perry, 

Pike, 

Ralls, 

Randolph, 

Ray, 

St. Charles, 

St. Francois, 

St. Genevieve, 

St. Lewis, 

Saline, 

Scott, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 



4,837 
3,902 
2,350 
3,349 
6,129 
4,375 
2,942 
2,657 
4,320 
2,366 
2,186 
14,125 
2,873 
2,136 
6,784 
3,264 



Total population 140,455, of which were 

white persons, 



Under 5 years of age. 

From 5 to 10 

" 10 to 15 



15 to 20 
20 to 30 
30 to 40 
40 to 50 
50 to 60 
60 to 70 
70 to 80 
80 to 90 
90 to 100 
100 & upwards 



Males. 

13,531 

9,617 

7,469 

'5,639 

11,147 

7,084 

3,642 

1,939 

927 



334 
60 
14 
2 



Females. 

12,561 

9,077 

6,794 

6,766 

8,794 

5,121 

2,718 

1,499 

766 

227 

60 

9 

2 



53,390 



Total 61,405 

Of which 12 persons are deaf and dumb 
under 14 years of age, 5 between 14 and 25 
years, and 10 of 25 years and upwards. Blind 
27. Of the colored population were 

Free. Slaves. 

Males. Fem's. Males. Fern's. 

Under 10 years of age 87 77 4,872 4,611 

From 10 to 24 76 62 4,364 4,605 

" 24 to 36 43 46 2,058 2,199 

" 36 to 55 57 63 923 1,014 

" 55 to 100 18 34 208 219 

100 and over 3 3 14 4 



Total, 



passed many weeks with loaded teams. In 

the winter of 1818, this was the case for nine! dumb, or blind. 

weeks." This author again, after some gen- 1 Recapitulation. 

eral observations, comes at last to the ration- 1 Whites. Free colored. 

al conclusion and acknowledges that, " on the ' 114,793 569 



284 285 12,439 12,652 



Of the colored pop. none are either deaf and 



Slaves. 
25,091 



Total. 
140,465 



MIS 

Constitution. — Government — Judiciary. — ', 
The coustiiulion of Mo. was adopted in con- 1 
veuiioii at St. Louis, the 25th June, 1820 ; the j 
most important provisions provide, that : i 

Art. 2. The powers of the government 
shall be divided into three distinct depart- 
ments ; each of which shall be confided to a 
separate magistracy ; and no person charged 
with the exercise of powers properly belong- 
ing to one of those departments, shall exer- 
cise any power properly belonging to either of 
the others, except in the instances hereinaf- 
ter expressly directed or permitted. 

Art. 3. — Sec. 1. The legislative powers 
shall be vested in a " general assembly," 
which shall consist of a " senate," and a 
" house of representatives." Sec. 2. — 
The house of representatives shall consist of 
members to be chosen every 2nd year, by the 
qualified electors of the several counties. 
Sec. 3. — No person shall be a member of the 
house of representatives, who shall not have 
attained to the age of twenty. four years : who 
shall not be a free white male citizen of the 
U. States ; who shall not have been an inhab- 
itant of the state two years, and of the coun- 
ty which he represents one year next before 
his election. Sec. 5. — The senators shall be 
chosen by the qualified electors, for the term 
of 4 years. No person shall be a senator who 
shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
years ; who shall not be a free white male 
citizen of the U. S. ; who shall not have been 
an inhabitant of this state 4 years, and of the 
district which he may be chosen to represent 
one year next before his election. Sec. 13. 
— No person, while he continues to exercise 
the functions of a bishop, priest, clergyman, 
or teacher of any religious persuasion, de- 
nomination, society, or sect, whatsoever, shall 
be eligible to either house of the general as- 
sembly ; nor shall he be appointed to any of- 
fice of profit within the state, the office of jus- 
lice of the peace excepted. Sec. 16. — No 
senator or representative shall, during the 
term for which he shall have been elected, 
be appointed to any civil office under this 
state, which shall have been created, or the 
emoluments of which, shall have been in- 
creased during his continuance in office, ex- 
cept to such offices as siiall be filled by elec- 
tions of the people. 

Art. A. Seel. — The supreme executive 
power shall be vested in a chief magistrate, 
who shall be styled " the governor of the 
state of Mo." Sec. 2. — The governor shall 
be at least 35 years of age, and a natural born 
citizen of the U. S. ; or a citizen at the adop- 
tion of the constitution of the U. S. ; or an 
inhabitant of that part of La. now included 
in the state of Mo., at the time of the cession 
thereof from France to the U. S. ; and shall 
have been a resident of the same at least 4 
years nextbefore his election. Sec. 3. — The 
governor shall hold his office 4 years, and 
until a successor shall be duly appointed and 
qualified. He shall be elected in the manner 
following. At the time and place of voting 



315 MIS 

for members of the house of representatives, 
ihe qualified electors shall vote for a govern- 
or, and when 2 or more persons shall have an 
equal number of votes, and a higher number 
than any (other) person, the election shall be 
decided between them by a joint vote of both 
houses of the general assembly, at their next 
session. Sec. 4. — The governor shall be in. 
eligible for the next 4 years after the expira- 
tion of his term of service. Sec. 14. — There 
shall be a lieutenant governor, who shall be 
elected at the same time, in the same man- 
ner, for the same term, and shall possess the 
same qualifications as the governor. Sec. 15. 
— The lieutenant governor, shall, by virtue of 
his office, be president of the senate. Li com- 
mittee of the whole he may debate on all 
questions ; and when there is an equal divis. 
ion, he shall give the casting vote in senate, 
and also in joint votes of both houses. 

Art. 5. Sec. 1. — The judicial powers, as 
to matters of law and equity, shall be vested 
in a " supreme court," in a " chancellor," in 
" circuit courts," and in such inferior tribu- 
nals as the general assembly may, from time 
to time, ordain and establish. Sec. 3. — The 
supreme court shall have a general superin- 
tending power and control over all inferior 
courts of law. It shall have power to issue 
writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo war- 
ranto, certiorari and other original remedial 
writs ; and to hear and determine the same. 

Except, however, in specified cases provi. 
ded for in the constitution, the supreme court 
of Mo. has only appellate jurisdiction. 

Right of Suffrage. — This primary right, 
is, by thelOth sec. of the 3rd article, secured 
to " every free white male citizen of the U. 
S. who shall have attained to the age of 21 
years, and who shall have resided in the state 
one year before an election, the last 3 months 
svbereof, shall havt? been in the county or 
district, in which he offers to vote, shall be 
deemed a qualified elector, of all elective of- 
fices ; provided, that no soldier, seaman or 
marine, in the regular army or navy of the 
U. S, shall be entitled to vote at any election 
in this Slate." The principles set forth in the 
declaration of rights, general provisions for 
offices, civil and military, and their duties, 
powers, and term of office, do not materially 
difler from other constitutions of the states of 
the U. S. Slavery of the blacks is admitted, 
but the power of the master is placed under 
control of the legislature, and on trials for 
capital offences, trial by jury secured to the 
slave, and no other punishment permitted ex- 
cept what would be inflicted on a free white 
person in like case; and the courts are re- 
quired to provide counsel to manage the de- 
I fence of slaves imder a criminal prosecution. 

History. — This country was amongst the 
original discoveries of the French from Can- 
ada, who reached the Miss, about 1674. The 
first civilized settlements made, however, by 
the French on that great river, were in II., 
and St. Louis was not founded until after the 
treaty of Paris, in 1763. St. Genevieve pre- 



MOB 



316 



MOB 



ceded St. Louis, and was founded by a mi- 
ning company, styled " Pierre Claude, Maxan 
and Co." St. Louis was established in 1764, 
and in 1780 St. Charles, on Mo. The settle- 
ments and towns remained feeble and scat- 
tered, until after the cession of La. to the U. 
S. In 1804, the unwieldy La. was divided, 
and the territory of Mo. created. Emigra- 
tion, though not very rapid, carried the pop. in 
1819 to the constitutional amount to entitle the 
people to state government. Application was 
accordingly made to congress at the session 
of 1819 — 20, and after a stormy and protract- 
ed debate, turning principally on the admis- 
sion or rejection of slavery, permission was 
given to the people of Mo. to form a constitu- 
tion, admitting slavery under certain restric- 
tions. Complying with the conditions, a con- 
stitution was formed as already noticed, and 
on the lOth of Aug. 1821, Mo. became a state 
oftheU. S. 

Mitchell's Mill, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., 
by p-r. 31 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Mitchell's Store, and p-o. Goochland co. 
Va. by p-r. 153 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 50 ms. 
N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Mobile Bay, in Ala. The estuary of the 
same name opens from the gulf of Mexico, 
between Mobile point and Dauphin isl., atlat. 
30° 12', long. 11° 10' w. W. C. The follow- 
ing directions to enter Mobile bay, will also 
serve to aid in giving its geographical fea- 
tures. In running in for the land in the bay 
of Mobile, should you make it to the west- 
ward of the bar, the land will appear broken, 
as it consists of small islands ; if to the east- 
ward, the land is uniform as far as Pensacola 
E., and covered with timber ; the beech is gen- 
erally sandy, and quite perceptible in clear 
weather 8 or 10 ms. distant. Dauphin isl. on 
the west point of the bay, appears high and 
bluff — Mobile point low, sandy, with a single 
tree on the extremity, in the form of an um- 
brella, and thinly wooded for five miles from 
the point. There are houses on the point, and 
on Dauphin isl. Before shoaling into 7 
fathoms water, bring Mobile point to bear n. 
i w., and the estrd. of Dauphin isl. to bear n. 
N. w. i w., and steer inN. n. w. This course 
will run you over the bar, on which you will 
have from 16 to 20 ft. water in good tides. 
After passing a small hurili isl. on your lar- 
board, you are over the bar and out of dan- 
ger, with a shoal on each side of you. Then 
haul up for the point of Mobile, giving it a 
hurth of 3 or 400 yards, and steer up the bay. 
It is necessary to calculate for the bay cur- 
rents, as, when the tide is flowing, you will 
drift to the wstrd., and when at ebb to the 
estrd., until you get near Dog r. bar, which 
extends across the bay. When in 11 feet wa- 
ter, and2i ms. from the wstrn. shore, 7 ms. 
from Mobile, and 13 from Blakeley, come to 
for a pilot. 

The bay is in form of a triangle, of about 32 
ms. base from Dauphin isl. to Mobile harbor, 
the apex formed by the minor bay of Bon Se- 
cours, stretching n. e. by e. from Mobile 



point into the high angle ; and between Mo- 
bile and Blakeley, the bay is terminated by 
the different mouths of Mobile r. 

On the outer bar, there is, as We have 
shown, 16 feet water ; but on Dog r. bar, 7 
ms. below Mobile harbor, 11 feet only can 
be safely calculated on. Beside the princi- 
pal entrance between Mobile point and Dau- 
phin isl., there is another inner passage by 
the pass of Heron. The latter is the strait 
between Dauphin isl. and the continent, open- 
ing from the s. w. angle of Mobile bay into 
Pascagoula sound. In the pass oi Heron 
there is at mid tide 6 feet water. It is by this 
passage that steamboats and small sail ves- 
sels are navigated between Blakeley and Mo- 
bile, to New Orleans, reaching the latter by 
the rigolets, lake Pontchartrain, and Bayou 
St. John's. Anchorage in mud, sand, and 
shells, can be had in any place in this interior 
chain of lakes, straits, and sounds. 

Mobile Basin. Under this head is inclu- 
ded a very important physical section, com. 
prising 37,120 sq. ms., and drained by the va- 
rious constituents of Mobile r. Each of those 
constituents will be formed, noticed and de- 
scribed, under their proper heads, but we here 
insert a general view of the whole basin. 
This basin occupies the space between that of 
Ten. N., Chattahooche e., Cunecut s. e., the 
Gulf of Mexico s., Pascagoula r. basin s. w., 
and the sources of the Pearl and Yazoo n. w. 

This fine agricultural and navigable basin, 
lies between lat. 30° 12' and 35° 05', and be- 
tween long. 7° and 12° w. W. C. It is in a 
near approach to a triangle, base 400 ms. from 
the pass of Heron, to the extreme nrthestrn. 
sources of the Coosa r. in the nrthwstrn. part 
of Geo., in a direction very nearly from s. w. 
to N. E. The greatest breadth 230 ms., from 
the eastern sources of Tallapoosa, to the north 
wstrn. of Tombigbee. The area of the basin 
measured by the rhombs, 37,120 sq. ma. 
Though the course of Tombigbee and Mo- 
bile declines a few degrees estrd. of s., the 
general declivity of the basin is about s. s. w. 
The difference of relative height from the 
sources of Mobile r. to Mobile bar, cannot 
fall much, if any, short of 2,000 feet, or an 
equivalent to 5 degrees of lat. Uniting the 
actual difference of lat. between the extremes 
to the allowance for relative elevation, the 
winter climate must difl'er about equal to 10° 
of lat. If the soil suited the growth of that 
vegetable, sugar might be cultivated near 
Mobile bay, whilst the nrthrn. part of Geo. 
has a climate suitable to wheat, rye, &c. Of 
cultivated vegetables in the U. S., Indian 
corn, cotton, tobacco, and the peach tree, 
seem most congenial to this region, though 
the apple flourishes in the northern, and the 
fig in the southern extreme. 

The soil is extremely variable. Along the 
streams, are tracts of very productive allu. 
vion, and bordering on the alluvion, exten- 
sive bodies of second rate soil ; but if taken 
as a whole, a large proportion of the surface 
is sterile. 



MOH 



317 



MON 



Mobile, co. Ala., bounded n. by Washing- 
ton, N. K. by Tombigbee r., separating it from 
Clarke, e. by Mobile r. separating it I'roin 
lialdwin, s. e. by Mobile bay, s. by the pass 
of Heron and Pascagoula sound, s- w. by 
Jackson co. state of Miss., and n. w. by 
Greene co. state of Miss. The extreme 
length of Dauphin isl. is 90 ms., mean breadth 
25, and area 9,250 sq. ms. ; extending in lat. 
from 30° 12' to 31° 30', and in long, from 1 1° 
04' to 11° 34'. The dividing line of the sour- 
ces of crs. flowing wstrd. into the basin of 
Pascagoula, and those flowing estrd. into 
that of Mobile, divides Mobile co. into two 
nearly equal portions. Surface towards the 
Gulf of Mexico waving, but becomes rather 
hilly in the nrthrn. part ; with but partial ex- 
ception, the whole superfices covered with 
pine forest, and soil sterile. Chief town. 
Mobile. Pop. 1820, 2672 ; 1830, 3,073. 

MouiLE, city, port of entry, and st. jus. for 
Mobile CO. Ala., is situated on the right bank 
of Mobile r., near the head of the bay of the 
same name. Lat. 30° 44', long. 11° 12' w. 
W. C. The harbor admits vessels of 8 ft., 
but to reach the anchorage, or wharves, with 
such vessels, it is necessary to pass round a 
small isl. in front of the town, which compels 
ships of more than 3 feet draught, to be navi- 
gated round the head of the isl. 5 ms. above. 
By this circuitous entrance, however, all ves- 
sels which can pass Dog r. bar, can reach 
Mobile. 

Mobile, r. Locally, this name only applies 
to the stream, or streams, below tne junction 
of Alabama and Tombigbee rs., to the head 
of Mobile bay. The entire water of Alaba- 
ma does not mingle with the Tombigbee, the 
former having an outlet above their junction, 
which outlet, flowing sthrd., joins another and 
larger, which leaves the united streams about 
10 ms. below their confluence. The two out- 
lets, united, form the Tensaw, or eastern Mo- 
bile, which flowing sthrd. passes Blakeley, 
and is lost in the northeastern angle of Mo- 
bile bay. The wstrn., the proper Mobile, and 
main stream, flows along the wstrn. bluffs at 
a distance of from 3 to 4 or 5 ms. from Ten- 
saw, passes the town of Mobile, and is ter- 
minated in the bay about 2 ms. below Mobile 
harbor. Vessels which can pass l^og r. bar, 
can reach to either Mobile or Blakeley, and 
those drawing from 5 to 6 feet can be navi. 
gated into either the Tombigbee or Alabama, 
and up the former to St. Stephen's, and the 
latter to Claiborne. The junction of Alaba- 
ma and Tombigbee is at lat. 31° oC and long. 
11° 05' w. W. C. 

MocKviLLE, p-v. in the northern part of 
Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 141 ms. westward 
Raleigh. 

Moffitt's Mills, and p-o. Randolph co. 
N. C. by p.r. 70 ms. w. Raleigh. ■ 

Mohawk, r. Coos co. N. H. rises in Dix- 
ville mountains, and enters Conn. r. in Cole- 
brook. 

Mohawk, r. N. Y. about 135 ms. long, the 
principal branch of Hudson r., rises ia Onei- 



da 



CO. near the source of Black r., runs 20 
ms. s. to Rome, thence e. by s. to Hudson r. 
at VVaterford, between Albany and Saratoga 
cos. It has many rapids, and falls a little at 
German Flats, 42 feet at Little Falls, and 
nearly 70 at the Cahoos. The banks are ve- 
ry level and fertile in some places, particu- 
larly at Herkimer, and poor or rocky in oth- 
ers. The navigation for boats was formed 
some years ago by a canal round the falls, and 
one from Rome to Wood creek and Oswego 
river. The Erie canal now passes along its 
course, (chiefly on the s. bank) to Rome. {See 
Erie Canal.) 

MoHEGAN,Indian village. Conn. w. Thames 
r., 4 ms. s. of Norwich in the t. of Montville, 
on a reservation of land for the Mohegan 
tribe, now reduced to a small number. A 
church was built here in 1831, on the site of 
Unca's fort. The government of the U. S. 
have appropriated $900 for their benefit, and 
exertions have been recently made, for their 
instruction, by benevolent individuals. The 
ancestors of these Indians were faithful 
friends of the colonists, and assisted them in 
their wars. 

MoiRA, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
791. 

MoNADNocK MOUNTAIN, (commonly called 
Grand Monadnock) Cheshire co. N. H., 22 
ms. E. Conn, r., 10 ms. n. Mass., is a high 
ridge, n. e. and s. w., 5 ms. long and 3 wide. 
The base is said to be 1,452 feet above tide, 
the top 3,250. The rocks are talc and mica- 
slate, stratified, and sometimes contain schorl, 
garnets, quartz and feldspar. Plumbago, or 
black lead, is found on the e. side, and made 
into crucibles and indifferent pencils. Mon- 
adnock mineral spring is near the base, and 
the top commands a fine view. 

MoNAMET Point, cape, Mass., in Cape Cod 
bay. Long. 6° 35' e. W. C, lat. 41° 45'. 

MoNGUAGo, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Wayne co. Mich. 14 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 
by p-r. 512 ms. nrthwstrd. W. C. 

MoMTEAU, p-v. Cole CO. Mo. 5 ms. wstrd. 
Jefferson city, and 139 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 
Mo.NKTox, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 18 ms. s. 
Burlington, and 27 w. Montpelier. Little Ot- 
ter creek, Pond brook and Lewis creek, tho' 
small, are the principal streams, and allbrd 
few mill sites. It contains a considerable 
pond, Hogback mtn. and others. Iron ore is 
very abundant in the s., principally hematite, 
as well as black oxyde of manganese, and a 
large bed of porcelain clay. There is also a 
curious cavern. Pop. 18.30, 1,348. 

Monmouth, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 17 ma. 
w. Augusta, contains an academy. It ia 
N. of Lincoln co. and has small streams flow- 
inginto Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,879. 

MoNAiouTH, CO. N. J. bounded by Middle- 
sex co. and Raritan bay n., Atlantic ocean r., 
Burlington co. s. and w. Contains much poor 
pine land, with a scattered population, and 
only a few villages in the n. The coast is 
low and sandy, and the scene of frequent 
shipwrecks. Marl, which is found in differ- 



MON 



318 



MON 



ent places, is an excellent and lasting ma- 
nure for the poorest soil. Much pine wood is 
sent to N. Y. It has 7 large townships, 
but a great deal of poor sandy soil, with in- 
valuable beds of marl, which makes the rich- 
est manure. Sandy Hook is the s. cape of 
Raritan bay, by which is the communication 
between the ocean and N. York bay, and the 
N. E. extremity of this county. Shrewsbury 
and Nave sink rs. (short but broad streams) 
enter Raritan bay just within the Hook, which 
they have sometimes isolated by cutting thro' 
the neck into the sea. At Shrewsbury and 
Howel, the coast is a sand bank, about 30 ft. 
with a beautiful white beach, having arable 
land to the bluff. Below, Barnegat and Lit- 
tie Egg Harbor bays are formed by Squam 
Isle and Long Beaches, with 2 inlets to the 
ocean, in this co. Many small streams flow 
into them, and others rise in the co. which 
fall into Raritan and Delaware rs. The prin- 
cipal town is Freehold. In the Pines are 
furnaces for iron, &c. Pop. 1830, 29,233. 

MoNONGAHELA, r. of the U. S. in Va., Md. 
and Pa., is formed by Monongahela proper, 
Tygart's valley r., Cheat r., and the Youghio- 
ghany. The Cheat is in fact the main stream, 
having its remote source in the sthrn. part of 
Randolph co. Va., atlat. 38° 27', interlocking 



ative course, is lost in the Monongahela at 
MacKeesport. Augmented by the Youghio- 
ghany, the Monongahela below the junction 
assumes the course of the former, 18 ms. by 
the channel, but only 11 direct distance to 
Pittsburg, where it unites with the Alleghany 
to form the Ohio. The general course of the 
Monongahela is almost exactly n., and almost 
as exactly along long. 3° w. W. C, 150 ms. 
by comparative distance. The widest part of 
its valley lies nearly along the line between 
Pa. and Va. 80 ms, ; the mean width 40, and 
area 6,000 sq. ms. 

If we allow only 1,500 feet elevation to the 
cultivatable country on the head bTanches of 
Cheat, Pittsburg being elevated 678 feet, will 
give a descent of 822 feet to the valley of 
Monongahela. The extremes of lat. are thus 
almost exactly compensated by declivity, and 
explain why the seasons near Pittsburg and 
in Randolph co. Va. differ but slightly. 

Though the two estrn. branches. Cheat 
and Youghioghany, rise in mountain vallies, 
and the whole coimtry drained by all the con- 
fluents of Monongahela is very broken, and 
rocky, direct falls are rare and of no great 
elevation when they occur. Cheat r. is nav- 
igable through Monongahela and Preston, in- 
to Randolph co., both branches of Mononga- 



sources with those of Green r. and Jackson's hela proper above their junction, andYoughi- 



branch of James r. The remote sources of 
Tygart's valley r. are nearly as far s. as those 
of Cheat, and also in Randolph co. The 
mountain ridge from which both streams rise 
is known locally as Green Brier mountain, 
and the valleys from which the higher sour- 
ces are derived, must be at least 2,500 feet 
elevated above tide water in Chesapeake bay. 

Monongahela proper is the western branch, 
rising in Lewis co. Va. with interlocking 
sources with those of Tygart's valley and lit- 
tle Kenhawa. The three branches near their 
sources pursue a general northern course, 
but the two western gradually approach each 
other, and unite at lat. 39° 28', where they 
form a point of separation between Harrison 
and Monongahela cos. Thence assuming a 
northern course over the latter county, finally 
leave Va., and form a junction with Cheat 
on the boundary between Fayette and Green 
cos. Pa. 

The Cheat in the highest part of its course 
flows along a mtn. valley in a nrthrn. direc. 
tion, but gradually inclining to nthwstrd., as 
already noticed under the head of Cheat 
r. Below the junction of the main branches, 
the Monongahela, by a rather circuitous chan- 
nel, pursues a general nthrn. course over 
Pa. about 50 ms. comparative length to its 
junction with Youghioghany, 1 1 ms. s. e. of 
Pittsburg. 

TheYoughioghany is a considerable branch, 
having its remote sources in the wstrn. part of 
Alleghany co. Md. Flowing thence nrthrd- 
ly. enters Pa., and separating for some few 
ms. Somerset, from Fayette co., receives a 
large tributary from the estrd. Casselman's r. 
and turning to n. n. w. about 50 ms., conipar- 



oghany to Ohio pile falls. The whole val- 
ley has gained recent increase of importance 
as being part of the route or routes of pro- 
posed lines of canal improvement. 

Monongalia, co. Va. bounded e. and s. e. 
by Preston, s. w. by Tygart's valley river and 
Buffalo creek, separating it from Harrison, 
w. by Tyler co., n. w. by Green co. Pa., and 
N. e. by Fayette co. Pa. Extending in lat. 
from 39° 17' to 39° 42', and in long, from 2° 
39' to 3° 25' w. W. C. This county declines 
to the nrthrd. and is traversed by both bran- 
ches of Monongahela, Cheat to the e., and 
Monongahela proper to the w. Its length 
from w. to E. is 38 ms., mean width 15, and 
area 570 sq. ms. Though very broken, the 
soil is excellent. Pop. 1820, 11,060, 1830, 
14,056. 

Monroe, p-t. Waldo co. Me. s. Penobscot 
CO., crossed by Marsh r. a brancli of the Pe- 
nobscot. Pop. 1030, 409. 

Monroe, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, on Housa- 
tonic r. 20 ms. w. New Haven. 

Monroe, p-t. N. Y. {See Munroe.) 

Monroe, co. N. Y. 236 ms. w. n. \v. Alba- 
ny, bounded by lake Ontario and Upper Ca- 
nada N., Ontario co. e., Livingston s., Gene- 
see w. ; 20 by 30 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. Con- 
tains 16 townships, has a gently varied sur- 
face, rich soil and mild climate. It is crossed 
by Genesee r., the Erie canal, and the Moun- 
tain Ridge, which was probably once the 
shore of lake Ontario, and extends from 
near York, Upper Canada, to Jefferson co. 
Bog iron ore, salt springs, and free stone are 
found in some parts. Rochester is the co. t. 
Pop. 1830, 49,682. 

Monroe, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. 



MON 



"519" 



MON 



Monroe, co. Va. bounded by Giles s. and 
w., Greenbrier n., Alleghany n. e., Botetourt 
K. Length 40, mean width 18, and area 720 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 22' to 37° 
45', and in long, from 3° 16' to 3° 54' vv. W. 
C. The base of this co. maybe regarded as 
New r. which bounds it on the w., but the ge- 
neral declivity is wstrd. from the Alleghany 
mtn. The northwestern part is traversed by 
Greenbrier r., which falls into New r. at the 
point where meet the angles of Giles, Logan, 



18' to 35° 48', and in long, from 6° 57' to 1" 
33' w. W. C. The boundary line between 
McMinn and Monroe cos. follows very nearly 
the ridge dividing the sources of the creeks 
flowing s. w. into the Hiwassee, from those 
flowing in an opposite direction into Tenn. ; 
the declivity therefore of Monroe co. is north- 
estrd. Chief t. Tellico. Pop. 1820, 2,539, 
1830, 13,708. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Overton co. Ten. 
situated on a branch of Obies r. 100 ms. a 



Greenbrier and Monroe. By actual mea- little n. of e. Nashville, and about 35 a little 



surement, the mouth of Greenbrier river is 
1,333 feet above the oceanic level, and of 
course the surface of Monroe co. must be 
still higher, say from 1,400 to 1,700, or 1,800 
feet. Chief t. Union Town. Pop. 1820, 
6,620, 1830, 7,798. 

MoMROE, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 70 
ms. N. E. Raleigh. 

Monroe, co. Geo. bounded by Bibb s, e., 
Crawford s., Upson w.. Butts n., and Oakmul- 
gee r. separating it from Jones n. e. Length 



of s. Burke sville in Ky. Lat. 36° 22', 
long.8°10'w. W.C. 

Monroe, co. Ky. bounded w. by Big Bar- 
ren r. separating it from Allen, n. by Barren, 
N. E. by Adair, E. by Cumberland, s. by Jack- 
son CO. Ten., ands.w. by Smith co. Ten. 
Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean width 20, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 36' to 36° 53', and in long, from 8° 
19' to 9° w. W. C. This co. is very nearly 
commensurate with the higher part of the 



diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., mean valley of Big Barren r., but with the excep- 
width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 33°, and tion of the southeastern angle. Into the 



long. 7° w. W. C, intersect very near the 
centre of this co. Declivity to the s. e., and 
drained by Chupee and other creeks, flowing 
into Oakmulgee r. Chief t. Forsyth. Pop. 
1830, 16,202. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Walton co. Geo. 
by p-r. 66 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Monroe, co. Ala. bounded by Baldwin s. 
w., Cunecut s. e., Butler n. e., Wilcox n. and 
the Ala. r. separating it from Clarke w. The 
greatest length from s. w. to n. 48 ms., mean 
width 20, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 31° 14' to 31° 48', and in long. 
from 10° 04' to 10° 50' w. W. C. Declivity 
wstrd. towards the Ala. r. Surface generally 
sterile. Pine wooded land. The banks of 
the Ala. afford some excellent soil. Staple, 
cotton. Chief town, Claiborne. Pop. 1820, 
8,8.38, 1830, 8,782. 

Monroe, p-v. s. e. part of Perry co. Miss. 



latter part of the co. the main volume of 
Cumberland r. enters by one of its sweeping 
bends, and again abruptly winds back into 
Cumberland co. The dividing ground be- 
tween the waters of Cumberland and Green rs. 
passing from Adair over Monroe into Jackson 
CO. Ten., divides Monroe into two unequal 
portions. The much larger section, with a n. 
western declivity, is in the valley of Green r. 
or sub-valley of Big Barren. The chief t. 
Tomkinsville, is by p-r. 137 ms. s. s. w. from 
Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 4,956, 1830, 5,340, 

Monroe, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Hart CO. Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. s.s. w. Frank, 
fort, and 20 n. n. e. Glasgow. 

Monroe, co. O. bounded by Washington s., 
Morgan w., Guernsey n. w., Belmont n., and 
the O. r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. e. 
Length from e. to w. 36 ms., mean breadth 
16, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 40', long. 



by p-r. 151 ms. s. e. Jackson, and by the di-i4° w. W. C. The central part of this hilly 
Tect road 158 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. but fertile co. is a real table land, from which 

Monroe, co. Miss, bounded by Lowndes Sunfish cr. flows estrd. into Ohio r. Little 
CO. same state s., by Tombigbee r. separating Muskingum sthrd. also into O. r., but by a 
it from the Chickasaw ter.w., the Chickasaw !s. w. course over Washington co., and the 
ter. again on the n., by Marion co. Ala. n. e., j extreme head sources of Will's creek, branch 
and Lafayette co. Ala. s. e. Length 25 ms., I of Muskingum, n. w. into Guernsey co. Chief 
mean breadth 15, and area 375 sq. ms. Cen-ltown, Woodslield. Pop. 1820, 4,641, 1830, 
tral lat. 33° 50', long. 11° 30' w. W.C. 18,768. 

Slopes 8. w., and traversed by Battahatchee Monroe, p-v. in the eastern part of Butler 
and Weaver rs., with some smaller streams, ico. O. by p-r. 25 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 
Chief t. Hamilton. Pop. 1830, 3,861. 1 1830, 119. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus., parish of Washi-j Monroe, co. Ind. bounded by Lawrence s., 
taw, La., situated on the left bank of Washi-' Greene s. w., Owen n. w., Morgan n., and E. 
taw r., about 80 ms. in a direct line n. n.w.I uncertain. Length 24 ms., breadth 20, and 
Natchez, and 100 a little e. of n. Alexandria iarea 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 9° 
at Rapides. Lat. 32° 32', long. 15° 10' w. [38'w. W. C. The nthrn. part slopes wstrd., 
W. C. I and is drained by Bean Blossom creek, a 

Monroe, co. Ten. bounded by the Chero- branch of White r., and the southern section 
kce country s. E. and 8., McMinn CO. w., Roan slopes to the sthrd., and is drained by Salt 
N., and Ten. r. separating it from Blount n. e. creek, a branch of the South fork of White r. 
and E. Length 30 ms., mean width 15, and Chief t. Bloomington. Pop. 1830, 6,577. 
area 450 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° Monroe, co. II. bounded n. e. and e. by St, 



MON 



320 



MON 



Clair, s. e. by Randolph, s. w. and w. by Miss. 
r. separating it from Jefferson co. Mo., and 
N. w. by the Miss. r. separating it from St. 
Louis CO. Mo. Length 30 ms., mean width 
12, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. 
13° 12' w. W.C. This co. stretching estrd. 
from the Miss. r. to the Kaskaskias r., slopes 
towards both, the central part being a table 
land. Chief town, Waterloo. Pop. 1830, 
2,000. 

Monroe, co. Mo. ; situation uncertain. 
Monroe, C. H. and p-o. Monroe co. Mo. by 
p-r. 129 ms. from Jefferson city. 

Monroe, co. Mich, bounded by Sandusky 
CO. O. s. E., Wood CO. O. s., Lenawee county, 
Mich, w., Washtenaw co. Mich. n. w., Wayne 
N. E., and lake Erie e. Length from s. to n. 
32 ms., mean width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. 
Lat. 42°, and long. 6^° w. W. C. intersect in 
the northeastern part of this co. Slope 
estrd. and traversed by the river Raisin and 
Ottawa creek, with other smaller streams. 
Much of the soil is excellent. The south- 
estrn. part receives Maumee r. from Wood 
CO. O. Chief t. Monroe. Pop. 1820, 1,831, 
1830, 3,187. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Mich. 
by p-r. 36 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 490 north. 
wstrd. W. C. It is situated on the right 
bank of the river Raisin, near its mouth. Ves- 
sels of 5 or 6 feet draught can ascend thus 
far. 

MoNROETON, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 126 ms. 
nthrd. Harrisburg. 

MoNROETON, p-v. on the right bank of Staun- 
ton r., and in the extreme northwestern angle 
of Pittsylvania co. Va., by direct road about 
130 ms., but by p-r. 150 ms. s. w. by w. Rich 
mond. 

MoNROEviLLE, p-v. Huron CO. O. by p-r. 109 
ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

MoNsoN, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 17 ms. e. 
Springfield, 50 s. w. Boston, s. Chickapee r. 
The soil is good, and in some parts the land 
is irrigated. It is a pleasant t. and has several 
manufactories, and an academy with about 
100 pupils, a valuable apparatus, and a board- 
ing house connected with the institution. 
Pop. 1830, 2,263. 

Montague, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. e. side 
Conn, r., 87 ms. n. w. Boston, s. and e. Conn, 
r., which falls 65 feet, among rude scenery. 
A little below is an old Indian fort, which 
was attacked with great slaughter, in Philip's 
war, by captain Holyoke of Northampton. 
A rocky island divides the fall, which is dam- 
med 330 yards, and passed by a canal 3 ms. 
long, 25 feet wide, with 8 locks 75 feet long, 
12 deep, and 20 wide. The dam is of tim- 
ber, and in one place 40 feet high. It was 
torn down 2 or 3 years ago by a violent flood. 
4 ms. above is the dam at Miller's falls, 
where is a canal cut through a pudding stone 
of primitive rock. A bridge crosses to Deer- 
field. Pop. 1830, 1,152. 



N. w., and is connected with it by a bridge 
over Del. r. Its small streams flow in se- 
veral directions. Pop. 1830, 990. 

Montague, p-v. sthrn. part of Essex co. 
Va. 72 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Montalban, p-v. in the sthrn. part of War- 
ren CO. Miss, by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. Jackson, 
and about 60 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

MoNTAUK Point, Easthampton, Suffolk co. 
N. Y., the E. end of L. I. The light house 
is on the extreme point, on an elevation, and 
is a very important land mark, particularly to 
vessels bound into L. I. sound. It was erec- 
ted in 1795. It commands a clear view of 
Block isl. and the opposite shores of Conn. 
The road leading to Montauk Point is 
rough ; but no troublesome insects are found 
there ; and there is a convenient tavern on the 
spot. It is 20 miles from East Hampton. 
There are a few Indians remaining, but many 
of them of mixed blood. The soil is rich, 
and affords pasturage to numerous oxen, 
horses and sheep ; but Napeage beach, 5 
ms. in extent, is a sandy tract. The distance 
from Sandy Hook, in a direct line, is 140 
ms. 

McNTEBELLo, p-v. Hancock CO. II. by p-r. 
144 ms. N. w. Vandalia. 

MoNTEVALLo, p-v. Shelby CO. Ala. about 45 
ms. nearly due e. Tuscaloosa. 

Montezuma, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y., 
11 ms. n. w. Auburn, 170 w. Albany; has 
some salt springs, and is 80 rods from the 
junction of Erie canal and Seneca r. 

Mon'tezuma, p-v. and st. jus. Covington co. 
Ala. situated on the Connecuh r. by p-r. !76 
ms. southestrd. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', 
long. 9° 40' w, W. C. 

Montezuma Salt Works and p-o. in the 
estrn. part of Casey co. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms, 
very nearly due s. Frankfort. 

Montezuma, p-v. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 77 
ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Montgomery, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 42 ms. 
N. Montpelier, 39 n. e. Burlington. Trout r. 
and its branches afford mill seats. On the 
principal stream is excellent meadow land ; 
but there is much mountainous country. Pop. 
1830, 460. 

Montgomery, t. Hampden co. Mass. 10 
ms. w. n. w. Springfield, 100 w. Boston, n. e. 
Westfield r. Pop. 1830, 579. 

Montgomery co., N. Y. bounded by Ham- 
ilton CO. N., Saratoga co. e., Schenectady, 
Schoharie, and Otsego cos. s., Herkimer co. 
W. The greatest length 36 miles, breadth 
32 ; about 1,000 sq. ms. The surface is a lit- 
tle varied, being crossed by the Klypse ridge 
from Sacandaga r. to the Nose, on Mohawk 
river. It has rich meadows on Mohawk r. 
and various soils. Crossed by Mohawk r. 
and E. Canal. Pop., 1830, 43,715. 

Montgomery, p-t.. Orange co., N. Y., 12 
nis. w. Newburg ; 12 n. Goshen; 100 from 
Albany; N. Waalkill r., is irregular 



Montague, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., the most form, varied surface and good soil, yielding 
northerly town in the state, with Delaware r. Imuch hemp, &c. In the v. sometimes called 
w., the Blue mtns. e., N. Y. state n.e., Pa. j Wards bridge, and which is on Waalkill cr. 



MON 



321 



MON 



is an academy, &c. The skeleton of the 
mammoth in tho Philadelphia museum was 
found here. Pop., 1830, 3,885. 

Montgomery t., Somerset co., N. J., e. 
Millstone r., has much handsome swelling 
land, with a range called Rocky hill. It pro- 
duces good grass and excellent cider, chiefly 
from a species of apples called Harrison, 
Crab, &c. On the s. border is the borough 
of Princeton, the seat of Nassau Hall, or 
Princeton college, and a Presbyterian theo- 
logical seminary. Pop., 1830, 2,834. 

Montgomery co., Pa., bounded by Phil. co. 
s. K. ; Del. CO. s. ; in part an artificial and 
in part the Schuylkill r. separates it from 
Chester s. w. ; on the n. w. a range of hills 
or rather a minor chain of mnts. separates it 
from Bucks, and on the n. e. it is bounded 
by Bucks. This co. is very nearly a paral- 
lelogram of 24 by IG ms. ; area 384 sq.nis. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 27', and 
in long. from,l° IG' to 1° 56' e. W. C. The 
declivity of this fine co. is almost due s. and 
in most part drained by the various confluents 
of Perkiomen and Wissahiccon crs. The 
surface is beautifully variegated by hill, dale, 
and even mtn. scenery. The soil, though 
naturally not of first rate quality, is no where 
sterile. The staples, nearly every vegetable 
production of the U. S. in the same lat. The 
beautiful marble of White Marsh is also 
amongst the most valuable staples of the co. 
Ciiief t. Norristown. Pop., 1820, 35,793; 
1830, 39,406. 

Montgomery, p-o. in Montgomery tsp., 
Montgomery co., Penn. The tsp. lies on the 
N. boundary of the co,, between the source of 
Perkiomen, Neshaminy, and Wissahiccon 
crs. The village called Montgomery square 
stands 20 ms. N. Phil. Pop. of the township, 
1820, 751. 

Montgomery CO., Md., bounded s. e. by 
Prince George's co. and the Dis. Col., by Po- 
tomac r., which separates it from Fairfax s., 
and Loudon w. ; by Frederick n. w., and 
by Patuxent r., separating it from Ann Arun- 
del N. E. The greatest length of this co. is 
by a westerly line from the easterly angle on 
Patuxent to the bend of Potomac r., between 
the mouths of Seneca and Monocacy, 32 ms. ; 
mean width 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° 55' to 39° 21', and in long, 
from 0° 09' e. to 0° 29' w.W. C. Montgom- 
ery comprises two unequal inclined plains ; 
one falling s. s. w. towards the Potomac and 
the second and least sthestrd. towards the 
Patuxent. The Potomac plain is drained by 
the estrn. branch of Potomac, Rock, Watts, 
and Seneca crs., and contains near two 
thirds of the co. The surface of Montgomery 
is moderately hilly. The estrn. part drained 
by the sources of the estrn. branch of Potomac 
and Rock crs. rests on primitive gneiss. 
■ J" rem this part nrthwetrly. extends the divi- 
ding ridge between the waters of Potomac 
and Patuxent ; this ridge is elevated from 400 
to 800 ft. above tide water. If taken gener- 
ally, the soil of Mont. co. is rather sterile, 

41 



yet much very good land skirts the streams- 
Staples, grain and tobacco. Chief t. Rock- 
ville. Pop., 1820, 16,400 ; 1830, 19,876. 

Montgomery co., Va., bounded by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Franklin e., 
and Patrick s. e., Grayson bounds it s. w., 
Wythe on the w.. Walker's mtn. separates it 
from Giles n. w. ; on the n. e. it has Bote- 
tourt, diagonally from the Blue Ridge to 
Walker's mtn. ; the length in a northerly di- 
rection is 50 ms. ; mean width 20, and area 
1,000. Extending in lat. fr. 30° 43' to 37° 24', 
and in long. fr. 3° 04' to 03° 50' w. W. C. This 
CO. occupies two mtn. vallies, being botmded 
on one side by the Blue Ridge and on the op- 
posite by Walker's mtn., and traversed at 
near mid-distancc by a minor ridge. The 
mountains, stretching from s. w. to n. e., pre- 
sent the curious phenomenon of the dividing 
line of r. source being nearly at right angles 
to the mtn. chains. This line of river source 
divides Montgomery into two unequal sec- 
tions. The larger portion of about two thirds, 
comprising the sthrn. and sthwstrn. parts, has 
a nrthwstrn. declivity, and is traversed by the 
Great Kenhawa, and drained by Little r. and 
numerous crs. falling into the main stream. 
The nrthrn. and smaller section, declines 
to the N. E. giving source to the extreme head 
of Roanoke, and to Craigs cr. and other 
branches of Jam.es r. Thus, Montgomery 
occiipies a part of the plateau between the At- 
lantic slope and Miss, basin. 

The mouth of Sinking cr., which enters the 
Great Kenhawa in Giles co., at the wstm. 
foot of Walker's mtn., of course below any 
part of Montgomery, is found, from actual 
measurement, elevated 1,585 feet above tide 
water in James r. The highest spring trib- 
utary to Sinking cr. was found 2,509 ; we 
may, therefore, very safely assume as the 
general elevation of J\lontgomery from 1,800, 
to 2,500 ; or a mean exceeding 2,100 feet, or 
an equivalent to more than five degrees of lat. 
If then we assume 37° as the mean lat. of 
Mont. CO., Va., the real winter climate will 
be similar to that on the Atlantic coast in n. 
lat. 42°. Beside the mountains the whole 
face of this co. is broken and rocky, yet 
though so rough and elevated, the streams 
are bordered with excellent soil. 

Chief town, Christiansburg. Pop., 1820, 
6,733 ; 1830, 12,306. 

Montgomery co., N. C, bounded w, by 
Cabarras, n. w. by Davidson, n. e. by Ran- 
dolph, E. by Moore, s. e. by Richmond, and 
s. w. by Rocky r. separating it from Anson. 
The greatest length along the sthrn. border 
50 ; mean width 17, and area 850 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 10' to 35° 30', and 
in long, from 2° 40' to 3° 32' w. W. C. This 
CO. is subdivided into two not very unequal 
portions by Yadkin r., which traverses it by 
a sthrdly. course. The general declivity of 
the CO. is also sthrdly. The surface hilly, 
and in part mountainous. Chief t., Law- 
renceville. Pop., 1820. 8,693 ; 1830, 10,919. 
Montgomery co., Geo., bounded by the 



MON 



d22 



MON 



Ockmulgoe r. Hoparating it from Appling s.,| tionby the ere. of thoso two rivers roBpoctivc 
Auclionchntchoe r. Ropn.ruting it fr. Telfair B. 
w., Laurens n. w., Gr<mt Ohoopcc r. separa- 
ting it from Emnnuol n. b. nnd Tntnnll ir.. and 
s. K. Lcnptli, s. w.fo N. E., 38; mean width 
22, and arcu 89fi sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 3'2° to 32° 37', and in long, from 5° 18' 
to C° 06' w. AV. C. This co. is traversed and 
subdivided into two unequal sections by 
Oconee r., which joins the Uokmulgco and 
forms the Altamaha, on its stlirn. border. 
The course of the Oconco is hero s. s. k., and 
the other streams of Montgomery flow nearly 
parallel except the Ockmulgoe which flows, in 
that |)art of its course immediately above the 
mouth of Oconee, to the n. k. by e. Chief t., 
Vernon. Pop., 1820, 1,8G9 ; 1830, 1,2G9. 

MoNTooMERY p-v., (Jrcon CO., Geo., 35 ms. 
nthrdly. from Millcdgoville. 

Montgomery co., Ala., bounded s. e. by 
Pike ; s. w. by Butler and Wilcox ; w. by 
Dallas ; n. w. and n. by Ala. r., separating it 
from Autauga, and n. e. by the country oftiic 
Creek Indians. Length from e. to w. 50 ms., 
mean width 30, and area 1,500 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in hit. from 31° 57' to 32° 32' and in 
long, from 9° 07' to 9° 55' w. W. C. The 
Bthrn. boundary extends along the dividing 
ridgo between tho sources of Conecuh r., 
flowing sthwrdiy, and numerous crs. flowing 
nthwstrdly. over this co. into Ala. r. Tho de- 
clivity is of course to tho n. w. Staple, 
cotton. Chief t., Montgomery. Pop., 1820, 
6,G04 ; 1830, 12,695. 

Montgomery, p-v., and st. just., Montgom- 
ery CO., Ala., situated on the left hank of Mo- 
bile r , 54 ms. by tho road e. Cahaba, and by 
p-r. 104 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', 
long. 9° 25' w. W. C. 

Montgomery co., Tenn., boimdcd by Robert- 
son E. and s. E. ; Dickson s. ; Stewart s. w. and 
w.; Trigg co. of Ky. n. w. ; Christian co. of Ky. 
N. ; and Todd co. of Ky. n. e. The greatest 
length along Tenn. 44 ms. ; mean width 15, 
and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 17' to 36° 37. Cumberland r. enters and 
traverses tho souihnrn part of this co., re- 
ceiving at Clarksviilc, near the centre. Red r. 
from the nrthostrd. The general declivity is 
wstrd. Chief t., Clarksviilc. Pop., 1820, 
J 2,219; 1830, 14,349. 

Montgomery, p-v. and st. just., Morgan co., 
Tenn., situated on the Sulphur branch of 
Obics r., about 120 ms. a little n. of ic. Nash- 
ville, and 68 ms. n. w. Knoxvillo. Lat. 36° 
22', long. 7°42'w. W. C. 

Montgomery, p-v., Sumner co., Tenn., 17 
ms. N. E. Cnlbitin, and 48 in a similar direc- 
tion from Nashville. 

Montgomery co., Ky., bounded by Estill 
K. ; ('lark w. ; Bourlion and Nicholas n. w. ; 
Bath N. and n. e., and Morgan e. and s. e. 
Length from s. e. to n. w. 33 ms. ; mean width 
8, and area 264 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 46' to 38° 1 1', and in long, from 6° 38' to 7° 
04' vv. W. C. This narrow co. uxlendH along 



ly. Mount Starling, tho st. just., is situated 
55 ms. a littlo n. of e. Frankfort. Pop., 1820, 
9,587; 1830, 10,240. 

Montgomery co., O., bounded by Warren 
s. E. ; Butler s. w. ; Prebble w. ; Dark n. w. ; 
Miami N. ; Clarke n. e., and Green e. Length 
24 ms.; mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. 
Lat. 39° 45', long. W. C. 7° 18' w. The 
main stream of the Great Miami receives 
Mad. r. in tho nrthcst. part of this co. at Day- 
ton, tho St. just., from whence the Miami ca- 
nal commences. Tho general course of the 
Great Miami, and tho slope of tho co., is to 
tho s. s. w. Tho surface finely diversified by 
hill and dalo, and soil fertile. Chief t. Day- 
ton. Pop., 1020, 15,999 ; 1830, 24,362. 

Montgomery, p-v., Hamilton co., O., 11 
ms. N. N. E. Cincinnati. Pop., 1830, 219. 

Montgomery co., Ind., bounded by Putnam 
8. ; Parke s. w. ; Tippecanoe n. ; Boon e., 
and Hendricks s. e. Length 24 ms. ; breadth 
21, and area 504 sq. ms. Lat. 40°, and long. 
W. C. 10° w. intersect in this co. ; slope s. 
w., and in that direction it is traversed by Su- 
gar and Raccoon crs., branches of Wabash'r. 
Chief t., Crawfordsville. Pop., 1830, 7,317. 

Montgomery co., II., boiuided by Bond 
s. ; Madison s. w. ; Macaupin w. ; Sangamo 
N. ; Shelby n. e., and Fayette s. e. Length 
36 ms. ; breadth 24, and area 864 sq. ms. Lat. 
38° 15, long. W. C. 12° 30' w. Sthrn. part 
drained by Shoal cr., branch of Kaskaskias 
r. flowing s. ; wstrn. part by Macaupin cr., 
branch of Illinois r., flowing w. ; and the 
nrlhrn. pt. by tho sthrn. confluents of Sanga- 
mon r. flowing n. Chief t., Hillsboro*. Pop., 
1830,2,953. 

Montgomery co., Mo., bounded by Callo- 
way CO. w. ; Ralls N.w. ; Pike n. e. ; Lincoln 
and St. Charles e., and Mo. r., separating it 
from Franklin s. e., and Gasconade s. w. 
Length from e. to w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 

30 ms., and area 1,140 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', 
long. W. C. 14° 18' w. Tho nrtbestrn. sec- 
tion slojjes estrd., and is drained in that direc- 
tion by Cuivre (Copper) r., a small confluent 
of the Miss. The central, sthrn., and much 
the most extensive sections decline sthrd. to- 
wards the Mo. r. Chief t., Lewistown. Poj)., 
1830, 3,902. 

Montgomery's Ferry, and p-o. Perry co. 
i*a., 2G ms. n. w. llnrrisburg. 

Montgomeryville, 1)-v. Montgomery co. 
Pa., by p-r. 24 ms. nrlhrd. Phil. 

MoNTicEi.LO, tho seat of the late venerable 
Thomas Jcfl'erson, 2 ms. estrd. Charlottes- 
ville, Albemarle co. Va. 

MoNTicELLo, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C, 35 
ms. N. Columbia. 

MoNTicELLO, p-v. and st. jus. Jasper co. 
Geo., 38 ms. n. w. Milledgevillc. Lat. 33° 
18' and long. 6° 44' w. W. C. 

MoNTiCEi.LO, P-v. and st. jus. Jerterson co. 
Flor., situated in the nrthrn. part of the c<i., 

31 ms. N. E. by e. Tallahassee. Lat. 30° 31', 



the dividing ground iictween Ky.and Licking long. 7° 06' w. W. C. 

rivers, and is drained in a nearly equal |)ropor-l Monticello, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co 



MOO 



323 



MOR 



Miss., situated on the riyht bank of I'carl r., 
HI) nis. ni;arly duo k. Nalchoz, and by [)-r. (i6 
me. below and Hthrd. Jackson. Lat. 31° 27', 
lony. 1.3° la'w. W. C. 

MoNTiCELLO, p-v. and at. jua. Wayno co. 
Ky., situated in the nitluvstni. part of the co., 
by p-r. 128 ms. nearly due s. Frankfort. Lat. 
3G° 53', long. 7° 44' w. W. C. 

MoNTicELf-o, p-v. Fairfield co. O., by p-r. 
35 nis. s. E. Columbus. 

MoNTRiouENCY, p-v. JefTerson co. Pa., by 
p-r. 212 ins. n. w. W. C, and 171 ms. n. w. 
by w. Ilarrisburg. 

MoNTrfCLiEii, p-t. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Vt., and ca])ital of the state, is situated 30 
ms. s. E. Burlington, 140 n. w. IJoston, 524 n. 
by E. Washington, 120 s. e. Montreal, and at 
the confluence of the two head branches of 
Onion r. It is surrounded by rough hills, and 
on broken ground, and has a wild situation 
Hero is the state house, court house, jail, 
bank, academy, churches, and various manu. 
factories. Pop. 1830, 1,7'J2. 

MoNiTELiER, p-v. Hanover co. Va., 24 ms 
nrthrdly. Richmond. 

MoNTPELiKR, p-v. Richmond co. Va., by p-r, 
105 ms. 8. w. Raleigh. 

Montrose, p-v. and st. jus. Susquohannah 
CO. Pa. This is a very neat village, occupy 
ing a remarkable site. It stands on the eleva- 
ted tablo land, encircled on three sides by the 
Susquehannah r. In the vicinity rise the liigh- 
er sources of Tunkhannock, Mcshoppon, and 
Wyalusing, flowing sthwstrdly. into Susque- 
hannah, whilst, also from tho same vicinity, 
crs. are discharged nrthestrdly. into tho same 
stream. Montroso is 31 ms. s. e. Oswego, 
in the state of Now- York, 71 n. w. Milford, 
on Del. r., and by p-r. 1(53 ms. n. e. by e. Ilar- 
risburg. Lat. 41° 51', long. 1° e. W. C. 
MoNTviLLE, p-t. Waldo Cf. Mo., 30 ma. n. 
E. Wiscasset, without considerable streams ; 
lias an cminoncc in tho centre. Pop. 1830, 
G7G. 

MoNTViLLE, p-t. New London co. Conn., .35 
ms. B. E. Hartford, next s. Norwich, and n. 
New London, w. Thames r. and 7 ms. n. its 
mouth; surface uneven, with good land ; con- 
tains tho Indian reservation of Mohegan, in 
which are 3,000 acres of very good soil. Pop. 
1830, 1,9G4. 

MoNTviLLE, P-V. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 178j 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

MooERs, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y., 23 ms. n. w. 
Plaitbburgh. Pop. with Ellenburgh, 1830, 
1,222. 

MooRE, CO. N. C, bounded s. w. by Rich- 
mond, w. by Montgomery, n. w. by Randolph, 
N. by CUiathani, and e. and s. e. by Cumber- 
land. It lies in form of an isosceles triangle, 
two sides 44 ms., and base 34, urea 748 sq. 
rns. Extending in lat. from 35° 04' to 35° 
3U', and in long, from 1° 58' to 2° 44' w. W. 



source to Lumber r. The st.just., Carthnge, 
is 55 ms. sthwatnlly. from Raleigh. Pop. 
1H2(), 7,128 ; 1H30, 7,745. 

MooREiaEi.u, p-v. and st. jus. Hardy co. 
Va., situated on tho right bank of tho south 
branch of Potomac, 50 ms. a little s. of w. 
Winchester, and by p-r. 123 ms. w. W. C. 
Lat. 39° 02', long. 2° 02' w. W. C. 

MooREFiELL), p-v. Nicliolas CO. Ky., by p-r. 
C8 ms. N. E. by e. Frankfort. 

MooREi'jELi), p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 
HI ms. u little N. of e. Columbus. 

MooRESBURG, p-v. wstm. part Columbia co. 
Pa., 10 ms. N. E. Northumberland, and by p-r. 
71 ms. N. Ilarrisburg. 

MooREKi'iELD, or Moorcstown, p-v. Clios- 
tor, Burlington co. N. J., 13 ms. e. Philadel- 
phia. 

Moore's Hill, and p-o. Dearborn co. Ind., 
about 100 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Moore's Ordinary, and p-o. Prince Edward 
CO. Va., by p-r. 137 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 
Moore's Prairie, and p-o. Jefferson co. II., 
by p-r. 79 ms. a little e. of s. Vandalia. 

Moore's Salt Works, and p-o. Jefferson co. 
O., by p-r. 147 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 
Moorebville, p-v. nrthrn. part of Lime- 
stone CO. Ala., by p-r. 124 ms. nrtlird. Tusca- 
loosa. 

MooRESviLLE, p-v. in the sthrn. part of 
Maury co. Ten. IG ms. from Columbia, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. CI ms. e. s. w. Nashville. 

MooREsviij.E, p-v. Morgan co. Ind., by p-r. 
16 ms. 8. w. Indianopolis. 

Moorland, p-v. Wayne co. O., by p-r. 92 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Moorino's Cross Roads, and p-o. wstm. 
part of Pitt CO. N. C, 10 ms. n. w. Greenville, 
tho CO. seat, and by p-r. 95 ms. e. Raleigh. 
Moose Isl., Mo. (See Eastport.) 
Moose r., N. II., rises on the n. side of the 
White mtns. near Durand, through which it 
passes, and unites with the Ameriscoggin in 
Shelburne. Its source is near that of Isra- 
el's r., which ija.sses w. into Connecticut. 

Moose r., N. Y., nms into flic e. side of 
Black r., at the High Falls in Turin. 

MoosEiiEAD Lake, Kennebec co. Me., CO 
ms. long ; the source of the e. branch of 
Kennebec r. has an irregular form, and lies in 
a tract little inhabited. 

MoosEiiiLLOCK, or Mooshclock, N. H. a no- 
ble eminence in the s. e. part of C'oventry. 
The height of the n. jicak, as estimated by 
Capt. Partridge, is 4,C3C feet ; that of the s. 
peak, 4,53C. I3akcr's r. has its source on 
its E. side. 

Moosui- r., joins the Quinnebaug in Plain- 
field, Ct. 

MoREAu, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 21 ms. 
N. E. liullston Spa, and 50 n. Albany. Situa- 
ted in the- Groat IJend of the Hudson, embra- 
cing part of Baker's falls. Glen's falls, and 



C. Deep r. curves into, and again leaves the the Great dam at Fort Edward, and posses- 
nrthrn. boundary of Moore, flowing estrdly. sing extensive water power; soil in general 
into Haw r., which gives a nrthrn. declivity to good for farming ; timbered with pine, &.c. in 
(his part of the co. The estrn. jiart is also some jiarts, and contains likewise a large 
drained into iluw r., whilst the sthrn. giveblir.ictoflicrch and maple. Ilcrt is an c.xtcu- 



MOR 



324 



MOR 



sive manufactory of gunpowder, and a paper 
mill, beside other manufactories of various 
kinds. The navigation of the Champlain ca- 
nal is in the Hudson, along the line of this 
town ; 6 schools, attended 7 months, in 12. 
Pop. 1830, 1,690. 

Moreman's r., Albemarle co. Va. Though 
called a r., it is only a creek about 10 ms. 
long, but it is one of the extreme heads of 
Ravenna r., having its source in the Blue 
Ridge. 

Moreman's r. p-o., on Moreman's r. 10 ms. 



occupies the plateau between Cumberland 
and Ten. rs. The surface is broken by mtne. 
and hills. Cumberland mtn. bounding the co. 
on the s. e., inclines wstrdly., and traversing 
the sthrn. part separates the vallies of Eme- 
ry's andObies rs., whilst the n. e. and central 
jiarts are again separated by the Poplar mtn. 
Chief t. Montgomery. Pop. 1820, 1,626, 
1830, 2,582. 

Morgan, C. H., Morgan co. Ten. {See 
Montgomery, Morgan co. Ten.) 

Morgan, co. O., bounded s. e. by Washing. 



N.w. Charlotteville, and in the nrthwstrn. an- ton, Athens s. w.. Perry w., Muskingum 



gleof Albemarle CO. Va. 

Moretown, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 8 ms. 
w. Montpelicr. Much of this town is moun- 
tainous, and incapable of being settled. It is 
watered by Mad r, which furnishes several 
mill privileges ; G school dists. Pop. 1830, 815. 
Morgan, t. Orleans co. Vt., 52 ms. n. e. 
Montpelicr; contains Knowllon's lake, 4 ms. 
long, and part of Clyde r. Pop. 1830, 331. 

Morgan, co. Va., bounded by Berkeley e. 
and s. E., Frederick s., Hampshire s. w., Po- 
tomac r. separating it from Alleghany co. of 
Md. N. w., and by Washington co. Md. n. 
Gtreatest length along Berkeley 22 ms., mean 
width 16, and area 352 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 39° 22' to 39° 40', and in long, from 
0° 58' to 1° 25' w. W. C. The declivity of 
this mountainous co. is from s. w. to n. e., and 
drained by Sleepy and Great Cacapon crs. 
Though very broken and rocky, this co. con- 
tains nmch excellent r. and valley soil. Chief 
t. Berkeley Springs. Pop. 1820, 2,500 ; 1830, 
2,094. 

Morgan, co. Ala., bounded e. by the Cher- 
okee territory of that state, s. by Blount co., 
w. by liawrence, n. w. by Ten. r. separating 
it from Limestone, and n. e. by Ten. r. separ- 
ating it from Madison. Length from e. to w. 
30 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq.ms. 
Extending in lat. from 34° 18' to 34° 41', and 
in long, from 9° 40' to 10° 13' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the nrthrd., and drained 
in that direction into Ten. r., by Flint r. and 
Cotaco cr. Its sthrn. boundary extends 
along the dividing ridge, between the valley 
of Ten., and the sources ot Mulberry, and 
branch of Black Warrior. Chief town, Som- 
ervillc, or Summerville. Pop. 183h, 9,062. 

Morgan, co. of Ten., bounded by Camp- 
bell E., Cumberland mtns. separating it from 
Andersons, e., Roan s., Bledsoe s. w., Over- 
ton w., and Wayne co. Ky. n. Length dia- 
gonally s. w. to n. e. 52 ms., mean width 15, 
and area 760 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° to 36° 35', and in long, from 7° 14' to 7° 
50' w. W. C. This co. comprises part of 
three inclined plains. The nthestrn. is the 
higher part of the valley of the south fork of 
Cumberland r. which flowing nrthrd. into Ky. 
gives that exposure to this section of the co. 
The opposite extreme s. of Cumberland 
mtns., declines nthestrdly. and is traversed 
in that direction by Emery's r. The central 
section, containing about one half the whole 
area, has a westerly declivity and gives source 



w., Guernsey n. e., and Monroe e. Length 
32 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 576 sq. 
ms. Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 4° 50' w. 
Slope s. s. E. and traversed in that direction 
by the Muskingum r. Surface broken and 
hilly. Chief t. MacConnellsville. Pop. 1820, 
5,297, 1830, 11,799. 

Morgan, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 187 
ms. N. E.Columbus. 

Morgan, co. Ind. bounded by Monroe s., 
Owen s. w., Putnam n. w., Hendricks n., 
Marion n. e., and Johnson e. Length 26 ms., 
breadth 21, and area 546 sq. ms. Lat. 39" 
30', long. W. C. 9° 30' w. This co. approach- 
ing very nearly to a sq., is entered near the 
nthestrn. angle by the main stream of White 
r., which crossing diagonally leaves it at the 
s. w. angle, after having divided it into two 
not greatly unequal sections. Chief t. Mar- 
tinsville. Pop. 1830, 5,593. 

Morgan, co. II. bounded s. e. by Macaupin, 
s. w. by II. r. separating it from Pike, n. w. 
by II. r. separating it from Schuyler, n. San- 
gamon r. separating it from Sangamon co., 
and again on the e. by Sangamon co. Length 
from s. to N. 42 ms., mean breadth 30, and 
area 1,260 sq. ms. Lat. of its centre 39° 
.50', long. W. C. 13° 18' w. Slope almost 
due w. towards II. r., which is also the gene- 
ral course of the Sangamon on its nthrn. bor- 
der. The eastern boundary follows the divi- 
ding ridge between the confluents of II. and 
Sangamon. Chief town, Jacksonville. Pop. 
18.30, 12,714. 

Morganfield, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. 
Ky., situated 12 ms. e. Shawnectown, on Ohio 
r., about an equal distance s. e. from the 
mouth of Wabash r., and by p-r. 197 ms. a 
little s. of w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 41', long. 
11° w. W. C. 

Morgan's Store, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
N. C. by p-r. 121 ms. s.w.by w. Raleigh. 

Mogantown, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 10 ms. 
cstrd. Reading, and 58 in a like direction 
from Harrisburg. 

Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Monongalia 
CO. Va., situated on a high bottom of the right 
bank of Monongahela r. 35 ms. below and n. n. 
e. Clarksburg, about GO ms. s. Pittsburg, and 
by p-r. 201 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 39° 
40', long. 2° 50' w. W. C. 

Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Burke co. 
N. C, situated near the right bank of Cataw- 
ba r. 35 ms. n. n. E. Rulherfordton, and 205 
ms. almost exactly due w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 



to Obiea r. Taken as a whole, Morgan co. 45', long. 4° 39' w. W. C. 



MOR 



325 



MOU 



MonaANTowiN, p-v. wstrn. part of Blount] 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 152 nis. k. Nashville. 

MoRGANTowN, p-v. aiicl St. jus. Butlcr CO. 
Ky., situated on the left bank of Green r. 32 
ms. N. N. E. llusselvillc, and by p-r. 144 ms. 
8. vv. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 12', long. 9° 
40' w. W. C. 

MoKGANViLLE, p-0. Nottaway co. Va. by p-r. 
5G ms. 8. w. Richmond. 

Mom AH, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. on the vv. 
shore of lake Champlain. Soil good for grass 
and well watered. Timbered with maple, 
beech, ash, basswood, &c. Contains iron 
ore ; has two mill streams ; a quarry of white 
limestone or marble, and some asbestos ; 10 
ms. 8. Elizabcthtown and 119 n. Albany. 4 
schools, attended 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
1,742. 

Morning Sun, p-o. Shelby co. Ten. by p-r. 
20.5 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Morris Canal, N. J. {See " Rail-roads 
and Canals") 

Morris, co. N. J. is bounded n. e. by Ber- 
gen, s. E. by Essex, s. by Somerset, s. w. by 
Hunterdon, and n. w. by Sussex cos., and 
contains an area of about .500 sq. ms. It is wa- 
tered by several streams, Rockaway and other 
confluents of the Passaic, and some streams 
flowing s. into the Raritan. The surface of 
this county is undulating, except in the n. w. 
part, which is mountainous. The Passaic is 
i'ormed on its estrn. border by the imion of the 
Pompton and Rockaway rs., about .5 ms. above 
the falls of the former. The soil is general- 
ly very productive in grain, pasturage, and 
fruits. Chief t. Morristown. Pop. 1820, 
21,368, 1830, 23,.580. 

MoRRisANA, Green co. Pa. {See Ryerson's 
station, Green co. Pa.) 

Morris Cove, p-o. Bedford co. Pa., 5 or G 
ms. N. w. from the borough of Bedford, and 
by p-r. 132 n. w. W. C. 

Morris Hill, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by 
p-r. 184 ms. w. Richmond. 

Morrison's Bluff, and p-o. Pope co. Ark 
It is on the Ark. r. 23 ms. above and wstrd. 
Dwight.aiid by p-r. 101 ms. above andnthwst- 
rd. Little Rock. 

Morrison's Tan Yard, and p-o. Mecklen- 
burg CO. N. C. by p-r. 148 ms. s. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Morristown, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 20 ms. n. 
w. Montpclier, 29 n. e. Burlington. It is ve- 
ry level for an interior t. ; diversified, howev- 
er, with gentle hills and vales. Soil, in 
general, very good. Timbered with maple, 
beech, birch, hemlock, &c. Watered on the 
N. E. part by Lamoille r. 13 school dists. Pop. 
i;;30, 1,315. 

Morristown, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 
on St. Lawrence r. 12 ms. above Ogdens- 
biirgh. The shores of the r. hereabout pre- 
sent the most beautiful scenery. 6 schools, 
attended 4 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,600. 

Morristown, p-t. and st. jus. Morris co. 
N. J. 18ms. N. w. Newark, 19 w. n. w. Eliz- 
abeth t., 28 w. N. w. N. York. The village 
stands on a fine elevated plain, with steep 
elopes on two sides of the public square, and 



picturesque views. The court house is a fine 
building, and contains the jail. Near it is the 
bank. It is on the Oswego mail route, and 
daily stage coaches run on two routes for N. 
York. The American army wintered here 
in the revolutionary war, while the British 
held New Brunswick. The house is stand- 
ing in which Washington had his quarters. 
There is a church lor Presbyterians, one for 
Episcopalians, one for Baptists, and one for 
Methodists. Pop. 1830, 3,630. 

Morristown, p-v. Belmont co. Ohio by p-r. 
115 ms. estrd. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 2G7. 

MoRRisvii,LE,p-v. in the estrn. part of Bucks 
CO. Pu. 25 ms.^. K. Phil. 

MoRRisviLLE, p-v. in the sthm. part of Fau- 
quier CO. Va. by p-r. 62 ms. s. w. W. C. 

MoRRisviLLE, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p-r. 
313 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

MoRTONsviLLR, p-v.Woodford CO. Ky. about 
30 ms. s. s. E. Frankfort. 

MoRVEN, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 
ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

MoRVEN, p-v. Shelby co. Ind. by p-r. 42 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

Moscow, t. Somerset co. Me. 28 ms. n. of 
Norridgewock, e. Kennebec r. and crossed 
by one of its streams. Pop. 1830, 405. 

Moscow, p-v. Lafayette co. Tcnn. by p-r. 
246 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Moscow, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p-r. 320 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Moscow, p-v. on O. r. in the sthm. part of 
Clermont co. O. by p-r. 127 ms. s. w. Colum- 
bus. Pop. 1830, 196. 

Moscow, p-v. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 52 ms. 
s. E. by e. Indianopolis. 

Moss Creek, p-v. Jefferson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 239 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

MoTTE Isle, Vt. in lake Champlain, 8 miles 
long and 2 broad. 

MoTTs, p-o. Wilcox CO. Ala. by p.r. 102 ms. 
sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

MoTTviLLE, p-v. St. Joseph's CO. Mich, by 
p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. i w. Detroit. 

MouLTON, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. 
Ala., situated near the head of a creek, flow- 
ing nrthrd. into Ten. r., 50 ms. s. w. by w. 
Huntsville, and by p-r. 116 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 
Lat. 34° 33', and long. 10° '28' w. W. C. 

MouLTONBORouGH, p-t. Strnfford co. N. H. 
on lake Winnipiseogee, 50 ms. n. of Concord. 
Broken by mountains and ponds. Bog ore 
is found in this town, and there is a mineral 
chalybeate sjiring. There is a large spring 
in the t. which furnishes water sufficient for 
mills. On the stream thus produced, nearly 
a mile below its source, is a beautiful water- 
fall of 70 feet perpendicular. Descending on 
the left of this fall, a cave is found, contain- 
ing charcoal, and other evidences of its hav- 
ing been a hiding place for Indians. Soil 
fruitful, though in some parts rocky. The 
Ossipee tribe of Indians once resided in this 
vicinity. Pop. 1830, 1,422. 

MouNDVii.LK, p-v. Iowa CO. Mkh. (Huron) 
as laid down on Tanner's improved U. S. 
map, situated on the road from Fort Winne- 
bago to both Prairie du Chien, and Galena, 



MOU 



326 



MOU 



10 ma. E. of tho Fork, 52 ms. s. w. by w. from 
Fort Winncbag:o, 74 ms. nrthcstrd. Galena, 
and 97 e. of Prairie du Chien, on the ridgo 
between the sources of Peclitano, branch 
of Rock r. and the valley of Ouiseonsin r. 

Mountain Covk, p-o. Nicholas co. Va. by 
p-r. 273 miles wstrd. W. C. 

Mountain Creek, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. 
C. by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. by w. Kaleigh 

Mountain Creek, p-o. Harris co. Geo. by 
p-r. 145 nis. wstrd. Milledgevillo 

Mountain Island, p-o. Owen co. Ky. 44 
ms. nrthrd. Frankfort 

Mountain Shoals, and p-o. nrthrn. part of 
Laurens district S. C. by p-r. 81 nis. n. w. 
Columbia. The falls or shoals of Ennoreo r. 
from which tho place is named, is just below 
the mouth of Beaver Dam creek, IG ms. n. of 
Laurensville. 

Mount Airy, p-o. Randolph co. Mo. by p-r. 
85 ms. N. N. w. Jcflcrson city. 

Mount Aiuv, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 177 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Mount Airy, p-v. in Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 
172 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount Airy, p-v. Tuscaloosa, Ala. 10 
ms. from tho village of Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Airy, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r. 
152 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Mount Alto, p-o. in tho Blue Ridge, wstrn. 
part of Albemarle co. Va. by p-r. 104 miles e. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Ariel, p-v. Abbeville district, S. C. 
by p-r. 128 ms. w. Columbia. 

Mount Bethel, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 
by p-r. 208 miles N. n. e. W. C. 

Mount Carbon. (See Port Carbon.) 

Mount Carmel, p-v. Covington co. Miss. 
about 110 ms. e. Natchez. 

Mount Carmel, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by 
p-r. about 85 ms. e. Frankfort, 

Mount Clemens, p-v. and st. jus. Macomb 
CO. Mich, on Clinton r. or Huron of lake St 
Clair, about 3 nis. above its mouth, on the 
road from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, 26 ms. n. 
n. e. the former, and 45 s. s. w. tho latter 
place. Lat. 42° 35', long. W. C. 5° 47' w.' 

Mount Clio, p-v. on Lynch's creek, cstrn. 
side of Sumpter district, S. C. by p-r. 52 ms. 
a little N. of E. Columbia. 

Mount Comfort, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. 
by p-r. 152 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Mount Crawford, p-v. in the wstrn. part 
of Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 152 ms. s. w. 
byw. W. C. 

Mount Croohan, p-v. Chesterfield district, 
S. C. by p-r. 110 ms. n. e. Columbia. 

Mount Desert, island mid p-t. Hancock co. 
Me. 15 ms. long and 12 wide. Lat. 44° 12', 
and is a [loiiinsula between Union r. and Mt. 
Desert sound. Pop. 1830, 1,G03. 

Mount Eaton, p-v. Wayne co. O. by p-r. 
100 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Mount Edkn, p-o. in the western part of 
Spencor co. Ky. 10 nis. w. Tuylorsville, and 
37 s. w. by w. Frankfort. 



I Mount Gallagher, p-v. Laurens district, 
S. C. by p-r. 90 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Mount Gilead, p-o. in the wstrn. part of 
Loudon CO. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. northwestward 
from W. C, and 8 in a similar direction from 
Leesburg. 

Mount Gould, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. by p-r. 
144 ms. a little n. of e. Raleigh. 

Mount Henry, p-o. Montgomery co. Ten. 
by p-r. 58 ms. n. w. by w. Nashville. 

Mount Hill, p-o. Abbeville district, S. C 
by p-r. 99 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Holly, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 60 ms. 
s. Montpelicr, and 20 w. Windsor. Mill r- 
is tho only stream of consequence. Better 
adapted to grass than grain. Hero are found 
amianthus, common and ligniform asbestos, 
and fossil leather. There aro 10 school dis- 
tricts. Pop. 1830, 1,318. 

Mount Holly, p-v. and st. jus. Gloucester 
CO. N. J. on Rancocus creek, 7 ms. 8. e. Bur- 
lington, and 17 e. Philadelphia; it has a hand- 
some court house and jail, a bank, and sever- 
al churches. Tho creek is navigable to the 
village. 

Mount Holyoke, Hadley, Mass., e. Conn, 
r. 3 ms. s. e. Northampton. It is 830 feet 
above the level of Conn, r., and aflbrds an ex- 
tensive and beautiful view of tho surrounding 
country. 

Mount Hope Bay, tho n. e. arm of Narra- 
ganset bay, receives Taunton r. 

Mount Hope, on the w. shore of the above 
bay in Bristol R. I. is a beautiful eminence, 
and is celebrated as the residence of the fa- 
mous Wampanoag, Indian king Philip. 

Mount Hope, p-v. Lancaster co. Pu. by p-r. 
34 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Mount Hope, p-v. Williamsburg district, 
S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. by e. Columbia. 

Mount Hope, p-o. in tho southern part of 
Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Mount Hope, p-o.Tuscaloosa co. Ala. {Sec 
Mount Airy, same county and slate.) 

Mount Hope, p-o. Lawrence co. Ala. by 
p-r. 104 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Hope, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. by 
p-r. 1 14 ms. nrthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Mount IIoreb, p-o. Nelson co- Va. by p-r. 
Ill ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Mount Horeb, p-v. Jasper co. Geo. 24 ms. 
N. w. Milledgevillo. 

Mount Independence, Orwell Vt. about 2 
ms. 8. e. Ticonderoga fort. It figured as a 
military position in tho early history of our 
country. 

iMocrNT Israel, p-v. Albemarle co. Va. by 
p-r. 145 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Mount Jackson, p-o. wstrn. part of Beaver 
CO. Pa. 20 ms. wstrd. Beavcrtown. 

Mount Jackson, p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. 
97 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mount Joy, p-o. township, Lancaster co. 
Pa. between little Chiqucs and Conewago 
creeks. The p-o. is 21 ms.s. e. Harrisburg, 



Mount F^LON, p-v. Darlington district, S. C.j and about 10 w. Lancaster. Pop. of (he 
by p-r. 75 ins. e. Columbia. 'township 1820, 1,835. 



MOU 



397 



MOU 



Mount Laurel, p-o. in the sthwstrn. part 
of Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 125 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Mount Lebanon, p-v. Augneta co. Va. by 
p-r. 184 mg. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Level, p-v. Dinvviddie co. Va. by 
p-r. 47 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Mount Lewis, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa. 25 
ms. wstrly. from Williamsport, and 118 ms. 
northwardly from Harrisburg. 

Mount Lineus, p-v. Monongalia co. Va. by 
p-r. 240 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Meigs, p-o. in tho estrn. port of 
Montgomery co. Ala. by p-r. 110 ms. s. e. of 
Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Meridian, p-v. in tbo wstm. part of 
Augusta CO. Va. by p-r. 176 ms. s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Mount Maria, or Mariah, p-v. on the right 
bank of Lackawaxen r. and in tho extreme 
nnlirn. part of Pike co. Pa. 24 ms. n, w. by 
w. Milford, and 144 ms. n. Phil. 

Mount Morris, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 
on the Genessee r. 8 ms. s. s. w. Geneseo. 
Land of a good quality, presenting a pleasing 
variety of surface, heavily timbered with ma- 
ple, beach, oak, elm, &c., 6 schools continu- 
ed 8 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,534. 

Mount Morris, p-o. Green co. Pa. 

Mount Mourne, p-v. Iredell co. N. C. by 
p-r. 153 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Olympus, p-v. Madison co. Miss. 
by p-r. 140 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Mount Pinson, p-v. Madison co. Ten. by 
p-r. 1G6 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Mount Pisgah, p-o. Iredell co. N. G. by 
p-r. 152 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Pisgaii, p-v. in the sthrn. part of 
Wilcox CO. Ala. by p-r. 128 ms. s. Tuscaloo- 
sa. 

Mount Pisgah, p-o. Blount co. Ten. 8 ms. 
sthrd. Maryville, the co. t. and by p-r. 1G8 ms. 
a little s. of e. Nashville. 

Mount Pleasant, p-t. Westchester co. N. 
Y., on the e. side of Hudson r. 33 ms. n. N. 
Y., 130 s. Albany. The land is of good qua- 
lity, and the town is abundantly supplied with 
mill seats. It contains a copper mine, and a 
marble quarry. The Sing Sing state prison, 
containing cells for 1,000 prisoners, is here. 
There are IG school diste. Pop. 1830, 4,932. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp. in the s. w. 
angle of Wayne co. Pa. on the head of 
Ijackawaxen creek. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 
874. (Set' Pleasant Mount, Wayne co. Pa.) 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp. on tho wa. 
ters of Jacob's and Sewickly creeks, in the 
southern part of Westmoreland co. Pa. The 
village and p-o. is situated about 11 miles s. 
Grcensburg, the co. t. Pop. of the tsp. in 
1820, 874. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 
by p-r. 49 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Sjjoltsylvaniaco. Va. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the western part 
of Rockingham co. N. C. 10 ma. w, Wcnt- 
wonli, and 13G n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount PiJiASANT, p-v. in tlie iiortbcrn part 



of Fairfield dist. S. C. 13 ms. northwardly 
Irom Winnsborough, and 44 ms. in a similar 
direction from Columbia. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Monroe co. Ala. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Wilkinson co. Miss. 
10 ms. northwardly from Woodvillo, the co. t. 
and 23 southwardly Natchez. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the eastern part of 
East Baton Rouge, La. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Williamson co. Ten. 
about 23 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Mount Pleasant, p-t. and st. jus. Harlan 
CO. Ky. on the left bank of Cumberland r., 
about 70 ms. n. n. k. Knoxville in Tenn., and 
by p-r. 152 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 3G° 47', 
long. G° 21' w. W. C. This is the most 
southestrd. co. seat in Ky. The situation is 
elevated, mountainous and romantic. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Jefferson co. O. by 
p-r. 135 ms. a little rv. of e. Columbus, 21 s. 
w. Steubenville, and 273 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. This fine village is situated on a hill, and 
is chiefly composed of one main street, and 
contains a printing office, bank, several 
stores, and schools. The Friend's meeting 
house is a capacious building, 92 by 62 feet ; 
the Seccders and Methodists have also meet, 
ing iiouses. By tho census of 1830, tho vil- 
lage contained 554 iniiabitants. 

Mount Pleasant, tsp. around and compris- 
ing the foregoing village, is in the southwes- 
tern part of Jefferson co. O., and in 1820, 
contained 1,468 inhabitants, which had aug- 
mented to 2,362 in 1830 ; in both times in- 
cluding the village. Tho tsp. is drained by 
Indian Short creek, and gives by tho rapid 
descent of its branches numerous and excel- 
lent sites for mills and manufactories, which 
are numerous and valuable, consisting of 
grist and saw mills, paper mills, and cloth 
factories. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and st. jus. Martin 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 121 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis, 
and 659 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Union co. II. by p-r. 
167 ms. s. Vandalia. 

Mount Pleasant Mills and p-o. on a branch 
of the Mantango creek, and in the sthestrn. 
part of Union co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a little 
w. of N. Harrisburg. 

Mount Pocono, p-o. nthrn. part of North- 
ampton CO. Pa. by p-r. 221 ms. n. n. e. W. C 

Mount Praiuie, p-o. Ralls co. Mo. by p-r. 
145 ms., but by direct distance only about 
100 N. N. E. Jefferson city, and about a like 
distance n. w. St. Louis. 

Mount Prospect, p-v. Edgecomc co. N.C. 
15 ms. sthrd. Tarboro', and by p-r. 82 e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Mount Repitblic, p-v. in the central [lart of 
Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 164 ms. n. e. Harris- 
burg, and 127 n. Phil. 

Mount Rp.skkve, p-o. Bedford co. Ten. 
about 35 B. Nashville. 

Mount Richardson, p-v. Jackson co. Tea. 
by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. by e. Nashville. 

Mount Salus, p-v. Hinds co. Mis&. situated 
on the main road from Natchez to Florence 



MOU 



328 



MOU 



in Ala. 12 nis. w. Jackson, the seat of go- 
vernment for the state, and 91 ms. n.e. from 
Natchez. 

Mount Seir, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 158 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount Sharon, p-v. Blount co. Ala. 93 ms. 
N. N. E. Tuscaloosa, and about 40 southwardly 
from Huntsville. 

Mount Sidney, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by 
p-r. 131 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Sterling, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- 
mery CO. Ky. on the table land between the 
sources of creeks flowing northwardly into 
Licking from those pursuing an opposite di- 
rection into Ky. r. 33 ms. e. Lexington, and 
57 ms. a little s. of e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 
04', long. 6° 55' w. W. C^ Pop. 1830, 561 . 

Mount Sterling, p-v. Madison co. O. by 
p-r. wstrd. Columbus. 

Mount Sterling, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. 
by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Mount Tabor, t. Rutland co. Vt. 26 ms. s. 
w. Windsor, 36 n. e. Bennington. It is moun- 
tainous, and much of it incapable of being 
settled. Fop. 1830,210. 

Mount Tirza, p-v. Person co. N. C. by p-r. 
89 nis. N. n. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Tom, Mass. w. Connecticut r., near 
Northampton, opposite Mt. Holyoke. It gives 
name to a range of mountains commencing in 
New Haven, Conn., and extending n. to East 
Hampton, Mass., where it crosses Conn, r 
and unites with the Lyme range at Belcher, 
town. 

Mount Vernon, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 18 
ms. N.w. Augusta. Pop. 1830, 1,439. 

Mount Vernon, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H 
28 ms. s. Concord. It occupies a very ele- 
vated position. Pop. 1830, 762. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Chester co. Pa. about 
45 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 104 ms. n. 
E. W.C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Rowan co. N. C. 11 
ms. nthrd. Salisbury, and by p-r. 131 ms. w. 
Raleigh. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. in the western part of 
Spartanburg dist. S. C. 105 ms. n. w. Colum- 
bia, and 9 w. Spartanburg. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Montgo- 
mery CO. Geo. situated e. from the Oconee r. 
by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 
13', long. 5° 39' w. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. on the left bank of 
Appalachicola r. immediately below the junc- 
tion of Flint and Chattahooche rs., and is the 
northwestern angle of Gadsden co. Flor. 
about 160 ms. a little n. of e. Pcnsacola, and 
by p-r. 52 ms. n. w. by w. Tallahasse. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Rock Cas- 
tie CO. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 
37° 22', long. 7° 12' w. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, Bullitt co. Ky. {See Mount 
Washington, Bullitt co. Ky.) 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Mobile co. Ala. by 
p-r. 189 ms. s. Tuscaloosa., 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Warren co. Miss. 
about GO ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. 



O. on the left bank of Owl creek, by p-r. 45 

ms. N. e. Columbus. This village contains 
the usual appendages belonging to a st. jus. 
of a CO., with numerous mills and factories in 
the vicinity. Pop. 1830, 886. Lat. 40° 24', 
long. 5° 30' w. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Posey co. 
Ind. by p-r. 187 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. It is 
situated on Ohio r. in the bend above the 
mouth of Wabash. Lat. 38° 50', long. 11° 
w. W.C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson 
CO. II. by p-r. 65 ms. s. s. e. Vandalia. Lat. 
38° 21', long. 11° 58' w. W. C. 

Mount View, p-v. Davidson co. Ten. IC 
ms. from Nashville. 

MouNTviLLE, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. G ms. 
sthrd. Lancaster, and by p-r. 32 ms. s. e. Har- 
risburg. 

MouNTviLLE, p-v. Loudon CO. Va. 42 ms. n. 
w. by w. W^. C. 

Mount Vintage, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C 
by p-r. 63 ms. s. w. by w. Columbia. 

Mount Washington, N. H. {See White 
mtns.) 

Mount Washington, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 
130 ms. s. w> Boston. This town is situated 
on the height of land between the Ilousatonic 
and Hudson rs., upon the Taghgannuck 
range, the principal summit of which is in 
this town, and is about 3,000 feet above the 
level of the sea. A broken tsp. of scattered 
habitations. Pop. 1830, 345. 

Mount Washington, p-v. eastern part of 
Bullitt CO. Ky. 7 ms. n. e. by e. Shepherds- 
ville, and 62 s. w. by w, Frankfort. 

Mount Washington, p-v. Copiah co. Miss, 
by p-r. about 55 ms. e. Natchez. 

Mount Washington, p-v. Catahoola parish, 
La. by p-r. 263 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Mount Welcome, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by 
p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Mount Willing, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C. 
situated on a branch of Little Saluda, 12 ms. 
N. E. Edgefield, and 40 ms. w. Columbia. 

Mount Willing, p-v. East Feliciana, 12 
ms. E. St. Francisville. 

Mount Wilson, p-v. Fentress co. Ten. 
about 130 ms. e. Nashville. 

Mount Yonah, p-o. Habersham co. Geo. 
by p-r. 159 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Mount Zion, p-o. nrthrn. part of Hancock 
CO. Geo. 31 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Mount Zion, p-v. Monroe co. Miss, by p-r. 
163 ms. N. E. Jackson. 

Mount Zion, p-v. sthrn. part of Union co. 
Ky. by p-r. 236 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Mount Zion, p-v. Lowndes co. Miss, by 
p-r. 256 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 10 ms. from 
Columbus, the county seat of Lowndes. 

Mouth of Black river, p-o. extreme north, 
ernpart Lorain co. O. by p-r. 139 ms. n. n. e. 
Columbus. 

Mouth of Paint Rock creek, sthrn. part 
of Roan co. Ten. by p-r. 10 ms. s. Kingiston, 
the county seat, and 166 ms. e. Nashville. 

Mouth of Monocacy, p-o. extreme wstrn. 



MUL 



339 



MUS 



part of Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 43 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Mouth of Sandy creek, and p-o. nrthestrn. 
part of Henry co. Ten. 94 ms. N. w. by w. ^ w. 
Nashville. 

Mouth of Tei>lico, p-o. Monroe co. Ten. 
on Ten. r. where the road from Knoxville to 
Athens crosses that stream, 42 ms. s. w. of 
Knoxville, and by p-r. 166 ms. s. k. by b. of 
Nashville. 

Mud Camp, p-v. Cumberland co. Ky. 152 
ms. sthrd. Frankfort. 

Mud Creek, Ontario co. N. York, rises in 
Bristol, and after a course of about 43 ms. en- 
ters the Canandaigua outlet at the village of 
Lyons. A very valuable stream. 

Muddy River, Ky. rising in Todd and Lo- 
gan COS. interlocking sources with Red river, 
branch of Cumberland, and flowing to the 
nrthrd. leaves Todd and Logan, and for about 
12 ms. forms a boundary between Butler and 
Muhlcnburg cos., finally falling into Green r. 
opposite Ohio co. 

MuHLENBURG, CO. Ky. bounded s. by Todd, 
8. w. by Christian, w. by Pond r. separating 
it from Hopkins, n. by Green r. separating it 
from Daviess, n. e. by Green r. separating it 
from Ohio co. and s. e. by Muddy r. separat- 
ing it from Butler. Length diagonally s. e. 
to N. w. 38 ms., mean width 13, and area 494 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 04' to 37° 
32', and in long, from 9° 47' to 10° 17' w. W. 
C. It will be seen that this co. is bounded 
on all sides except to the s. by rivers. The 
declivity is to the n. n. w. Chief t. Green- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 4,979, 1830, 5,340. 

Mulberry, r. of Ala., the nrthwstrn. and 
main branch of Tuscaloosa or Black War- 
rior r. having its sources in the table land be- 
tween the basins of Mobile and Ten. The 
general course is s., draining the wstrn. half 
of Blount and all Walker co., and uniting on 
the wstrn. border of Jefferson, with the Lo- 
cust fork to form the Black Warrior. The 
valley of the Mulberry comprises an area of 
1,500 sq. ms. lying in form of a triangle, base 
GO ms. and altitude 50 ms. The valley is 
traversed and divided into two not very une- 
qual sections by lat. 34°. 

Mulberry, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Lin- 
coin CO. Ten. about 50 ms. s. Nashville. 

Mulberry, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Au- 
tauga CO. Ala. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

MuLBEiiRv, p-v. Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 
13o ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Mulberry Gap, p-v, Claiborne co. Ten. by 
p-r. 264 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Mulberry Grove, and p-o. Harris co. Geo. 
by p-r. 135 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Mullensford, an^ p-o. Franklin co. Geo. 
by p-r. 114 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Mullicus River, N. J. runs into the At- 
lantic through New Inlet, 4 ms. e. of Leeds. 
It is navigable 20 ms. for vessels of 60 tons, 
and forms the boundary of Burlington and 
Gloucester cos. 

Mulloy's, p-o. Robertson co. Ten. by p-r. 
29 ms. N. w. Nashville. 

42 



MuMFORDsviLLB, p-v. and St. jus. Hart co. 
Ky. situated on the right bank of Green r., 
20 ms. N. Glasgow, 32 s. Elizabethtown, and 
97 8. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 17', long. 8° 
50' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 194. 

MuNCYTOwN, P-V. and st. jus. Delaware co. 
Ind. by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Indianopolis, lat. 40° 
13', and long. W. C. 8° 36' w. 

MuNCY, post township, on both sides of 
Muncy creek, in the sthestrn. part of Lycom- 
ing CO. Pa. 80 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Munroe, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 19 ms. s. 
Newburgh, 115 s. Albany, and 50 n. N. Y. 
Surface broken and hilly, and well watered 
by numerous streams. The hills or moun- 
tains abound with iron ore. Here are exten- 
sive iron works; 11 schools, continued 6 mo. 
in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,671. 

MuNSTER, p-v. Cambria co. Pa. eastward 
Ebensburg, and by p-r. 130 ms. wstrd. Har- 
risburg. 

MuRFREESBORo', p-v. Hertford, N. C. 

MuRFREESBORo', p-v. and St. jus. for Ruth- 
erford CO. Ten. situated on a branch of Stone 
r. 30 ms. s. e. Nashville, and 82 ms. a little 
E. of N. Huntsville in Ala. Lat. 35° 51', and 
long. 9° 15' w. W.C. 

Murray's Mills, and p-o. Dearborn co. 
Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Murraysville, p-v. Lorain co. O. by p-r. 
128 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Murraysville, p-v. on a branch of Turtle 
creek and in the wstrn. part of Westmoreland 
CO. Pa., 12 ms. n. w. Greensburg, and 20 ms. 
a little s. of e. Pittsburg. 

Murrill's Shop, and p-o. Nelson co. Va. 
by p-r. 110 ms. w. Richmond. 

MuRRiNsviLLE, p-v. Butler CO. Pa. by p-r. 
251 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Muscogee, one of the wstrn. cos. of Geo. 
bounded by Harris n., Talbot n. e., Marion e., 
Randolph s., and the Chattahoochee r. sepa- 
rating it from the Creek country in Ala. w. 
Length E. to w. 25 ms., breadth 20, and area 
500 sq. ms. Extending in lat.from 31°17'to 31° 
35', and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 14' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is wstrd. and drained 
by the different branches of Upotoi cr. Chief 
t. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 3,508. 

MusKEGAT, isl. Mass. lying between Nan- 
tucket and Martha'.=i Vineyard, in the form of 
a horse shoe, about 3 ms. in extent. 

Muskingum, important river of Ohio, and 
one of the great branches of the river Ohio, 
from the right or n. w. side. It is formed by 
two branches, Tuscarawas from the north- 
eastward, and White Woman's r. to the nrth- 
westward. White Woman's r. rises near the 
centre of the state of Ohio, interlocking sour- 
ces with those of Sciota, Huron of Erie, 
Vermillion, and Black rs. Composed of two 
branches, Mohiccon and Killbuckcrs., White 
Woman's r. drains Wayne, Holmes, Richland, 
Knox, and part of Coshocton counties ; gen- 
eral course s. e. joining Tuscarawas in Co. 
shocton CO., between the villages cff Coshoc- 
ton and Caldersburg, after a general compar- 
ative course of 60 nin. 



NAH 



330 



NAN 



Tuscarawas has interlocking sources with 
those of Cuyahoga and Big Beaver. In the 
higher part of its course for 50 ms. it pursues 
a sthrn. course, out ef Medina and Portage 
COS. over Stark into Tuscarawas co. In- 
flecting abruptly to the w. and entering Co- 
ehocton, it unites with White Woman's r., 
as already noticed, after a general compara- 
tive course of 60 miles. 

It is at the junction of Tuscarawas and 
WhiteWoraan's rs. that the united waters take 
the name of Muskingum, which flowing s. 10 
ms. receives a large estrn. branch, Wills cr., 
and bending to about s. a. w. 15 ms. receives 
Licking creek, and falls over a ledge of rocks 
at Zanesville. Below Zanesville, with large 
partial bends, the general course is s. e. 50 
ms. comparative distance to its influx into O. 
river at Marietta. The Tuscarawas branch 
drains all Tuscarawas and Stark, with parts 
of Harrison, Columbiana, Portage, Medina, 
Wayne, Holmes, and Coshocton cos. Wills 
creek drains and its valley is nearly commen- 
surate with Guernsey co. The Muskingum 
r. properly so called, winds over the southern 
side of Coshocton, and over Muskingum, 
Morgan, and Washington cos. 

The entire Muskingum valley approaches 
remarkably near a circle, of 100 ms. diame- 
ter ; but with allowance for the salient parts, 
the area is about 8,000 sq. ms. The Ohio and 
Erie canal enters this valley in Licking co. 
and is carried n. e. to Coshocton, and thence 
along the main channel of Tuscarawas to the 
Portage Summit. {See art. Rail Roads and 
Canals.) 

The level of the canal on the Portage sum- 
mit is 973 feet above the ocean tides, whilst 
that of Ohio at Marietta, but little if any ex- 
ceeds 600 feet of similar relative height. The 
arable soil around the sources of the higher 
fountains of White Woman's and Tuscara- 
was rs. must exceed 1,000 feet above the 
ocean, or the diflcrence of level of the valley 
amounts to at least an equivalent to a degree 



of lat. The actual extremes of lat. are 39° 
20' and 41° 10'. The soil of the Muskingum 
valley is of unsurpassed fertility. The sur- 
face presenting the usual features of the rs. 
of Ohio ; that is, level at the sources and be- 
coming more and more hilly approaching the 
main recipient, the Ohio r. The true cause 
of this inversion of the common character of 
rs., will be seen by reference to article O. r. 

Muskingum, co. Ohio, bounded by Morgan 
s. E. and s.. Perry s. w., Licking w,, Coshoc- 
ton N., and Guernsey e. Length 27 ms., mean 
breadth 26, and area 700 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
and long. W. C. 5° w. intersect almost exact, 
ly at the centre of this co. It is traversed- 
from N. to s. and very nearly equally divided 
by Muskingum r. Surface moderately hilly, 
and soil fertile. Chief t. Zanesville. Pop. 
1820, 17,824, 1830, 29,334. 

The northwestern angle is traversed by 
the Ohio and Erie canal, and in the opposite 
direction the U. S. road passes over at the 
greatest breadth. 

MusKONKTcuNK, lake, or Hopatcong, 9 ms. 
long, 14 ms. n. n. w. Morristown N. J., has 
been dammed at the outlet (South) and sup- 
plies Morris canal, through a feeder. 

MusKONETCUNK, r. N. J. rises in Muskonet- 
cunk lake, and flowing s. w. divides Sussex 
and Warren from Morris and Hunterdon cos., 
and falls into Delaware r. 5 ms. below Eas- 
ton. It is a fine mill stream. 

Myers, or Meyers creek, a small stream 
of Frankfort, Herkimer co. N. Y., which en- 
ters the Mohawk near the e. extremity of 
the long level of the Erie canal. 

Myers, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 256 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Myerstown, p-v. on a branch of Quitapa- 
hilla creek, Lebanon co.Pa., 31 ms. a little n. 
of e. Harrisburg, and 5 ms. v/. from the bo- 
rough of Lebanon. 

Mystic, river of Mass., flows into Boston 
harbor, navigable for sloops to Medford. 



N. 



Nacouchy Valley, p-o. (See Coopersloton, 
Habersham co. Geo.) 

Naglesville, formerly 'I'obyhanna, p-v. 
southern part of Pike co. Pa. by p-r. n. n. e. 
W. C. 

Nahant, Essex co. Mass. a peninsula ex- 
tending from the s. shore of Lynn far into the 
sea. It is considered a great natural curiosi- 
ty. It appears once to have been two islands, 
but is now connected to the main land by two 
ridges of pebbles and sand thrown up by 
the water. The surface is broken, and the 
shores are bold and rocky. It is a place 
of great resort in the summer. Tlic air is 
fragrant and cooling ; the scenery romantic ; 
the walks round the margin of the cliffs plea- 
sant, and the prospect grand. It is 9 ms. s. 
of Salem, and 14 K. E. Boston. 



Nahunta, creek and p-o. northern part of 
Wayne co. N. C. by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. by e. 
Raleigh. 

Namasket, r. Mass. joins Bridgewater r. to 
form the Taunton. 

Nanceville, p-o. Floyd co. Ind. by p-r. 129 
ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. 

Nankin, p-v. western part Wayne co. Mich, 
by P-r. 17 ms. w. Detroit. 

Nanjemoy, creek, bay, and p-o. in the 
southwestern part of Charles co. Md. The 
' p-o. is by p-r. 47 ms. nearly due s. W. C. 
i Nanjemoy hay is a small opening from the 
lleft bank of Potomac r. at the great bend 
' above Port Tobacco. 

Nansemond, CO. Va. bounded by Black 
i Water r. w. separating it from Southampton, 
by the Isle of Wight n. w., Hampton Roads 



NAN 



331 



NAS 



f}. E.,Tforfolk CO. E., Pasquotank co. N. C. s. ] Nantuckkt isl., co. and p-t. situated in the 
K., and Gates CO. S. C. s. Length diagonally | ocean about 20 nis. s. Chatham, Barnstable 



s. w. to N. K. 40 ma., mean breadth 16, and 
area 640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
30' to 36° 54', and in long, from 0° 6' to 0=" 
41' K. W. C. The northern part has a gentle 
inclhiation to the n. n. E., and is drained by 
the branches of Nansemond r., which stream, 
or rather bay, extends about 18 ms. towards 
the centre of the co. Tiie southwestern sec- 
tion has a slight declivity to s. s. w., and is 
drained into Nottaway r. The southeastern 
angle is low, marshy, and in part occupied by 
a small lake called Drummond's pond. From 
this pond, a small lateral canal has been con- 
structed into the main trunk of the Dismal 
Swamp canal. Lake Drummond canal an- 
swers the double purpose of a feeder, and of 
a navigable channel ; it is 5 ms. in length, 16 
feet wide, and 4^ feelTirdepth. The general 
surface of Nansemond is level, and contains 
a good share of productive soil. Chief t. 
Suffolk. Pop. 1820, 10,494, 1830, 11,784. 

Nansemond, r. Va. rising in Isle of Wight 
and Nansemond cos. Va., but chiefly in the 
latter. It opens by a comparative wide bay 
from Hampton Roads, and is navigable for 
vessels of 100 tons draught, something above 
20 ms. to Suflblk, the co. t. of Nansemond co. 

Nantasket Road, the entrance into Boston 



CO. Mass., and about 15 ms. e. Martha's 
Vineyard, being 100 ms. s. e. Boston on a 
straight line, and 125 round Cape Cod. It is 
15 ms. long, and 11 wide at its greatest 
breadth. The soil is light and sandy, but in 
some parts productive. The people are al- 
most all whalemen and seamen, and are con- 
sidered as among the most skilful and adven- 
turous in the world. The ship masters have, 
with commendable zeal, established a marine 
reading room, cabinet, &c. 

Nantucket is the name for the island, 
county and town. The climate is much milder 
than that of the neighboring continent. 
There is not a tree of natural growth on the 
island, though it was formerly well wooded. 
The exports are spermaceti and right whale 
oil, whalebone and sperm candles ; of these 
and oil there are 50 manufactories. 

There were in 1829, sixty ships employed 
in whaling from the port. Other ships have 
since been built. The value of this fleet, as 
fitted for sea, amounts to abojit $2,000,000. 
On the s. e. of the island are Nantucket 
Shoals, where numerous vessels have been 
wrecked. They extend 50 ms. in length, 
and 45 in width. The harbor of Nantucket 
is safe from all winds, being almost landlock- 



harbor, Mass. It affords safe anchorage in 5 ed. There are in Nantucket 7 or 8 houses 



to 7 fathoms water, and was formed in 1831. 
Nanticoke, r. of Del. and Md. is formed 
from two branches, Nantikoke Proper, and 
Marshy Hope, both rising in Del. The Nan- 
tikoke rises within, and drains the central 
and western parts of Sussex co. Del., and 
flowing southwstrd. enters Dorchester co. 
Md., in which it receives from the N. Marshy 
Hope. The latter rising in Kent co. Del. 
traverses the southeastern angle of Caroline 
CO. Md., from which, entering Dorchester, 
it falls into the Nantikoke. Below the junc- 
tion of the two branches, the Nantikoke | 
gradually widens into a bay from one to two 
ms. wide, until finally merged into the still 
wider Fishing bay. The entire comparative 
course of Nantikoke, by either branch, is 
about 50 ms., the valley lying between those 
of Pocomoke and Choptank. 

Nanticoke, mtn. Luzerne co. Pa. extends 
along the left bank of Susquehannah r. about 
8 ms. downwards from Nanticoke falls. 

Nanticoke Falls, or rather rapids in the 
Susquehannah r. 6 ms. below Wilkesbarre. 
The river after having flowed down the Wy- 
oming Valley to the s.w. turns abruptly to 
the w., and piercing the Nanticoke mtn. 
again resumes a s. w. course. 

Nanticoke, v. Broome co. N. Y. 155 ms. 
s.w. Albany. 

Nanticoke, p-o. near Nanticoke falls, 7 ms. 
s.w. Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Nantikoke, hundred, of Sussex co. Del., 
and occupies the southwestern part of Sussex 
CO. on Nantikoke r. Pop. 1820, 2,335, 1830, 
S,36G. 



of religious worship, 2 banks, and 2 insurance 
offices. There is a bar of sand at its mouth, 
on which there are 7^ feet of water at low 
tide. The taxable property of this island in 
1832, amounted to $3,895,288 40. Pop. 1830, 
7,202. 

Nantucket Bay, N. J. opposite Bombay 
Hook. 

Naples, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. w. 
Canandaigua. Contains fine groves of pine. 
13 school dists. ; schools continued 5 months 
in 12. Pop. 1830, 1,941. 

Naples, or Henderson bay, extends from 
Cliaumont bay to the s. w. into Henderson. 
{See Henderson.) 

Naples, p-v. Morgan co. II. by p-r. 125 ms. 
N. w. Indianopolis. 

Napoleon', p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 67 
ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Napoli, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 852. 

Nap's creek, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by 
p-r. 242 ms. a little s. of w, W. C. 

Naraganset Bay, R. I., sets up from s. to 
N. between Point Judith on the w., and Point 
Seaconet on the e. It is about 30 ms. long, 
and 15 broad. Embracing several very con. 
siderable islands, and good harbors, and re- 
ceiving Providence and Taunton rs. It is ac. 
ccssible from the ocean at all seasons. 

NariMarcungawack, N. H. a branch of the 
Ameriscoggin, rises in the tsp. of Success, 
and unites with the main stream in Pauls- 
burgh. 

Nash, co. N. C. bounded a. w. by Content- 
ny creek, separating it from Johnson, w. 
iind N. w. by Franklin, N. e. by Fishing creek, 



NAS 



332 



NAT 



separating it iiom Halifax, and by Edge- 
combe e. and s. e. Length 36 ms., mean 
width 18, and area 048 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 35° 42' to 36° 13', The declivity 
of this CO. is to the s. e. by e., and drained by 
various branches of Tar r. Chief t. Nash- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 8,185, 1830, 8,490. 



Nash and Sawyer's Location, a tract of surface 
2,184 acres, granted May 20th, 1773, to 
Nash and Sawyer, for exploring a route 
through the White mnts. 

Nashawn, one of the Ehzabeth isls. on the 
s. E. side of Buzzard's bay, 9 ms. long, and 2 
broad. 

Nashawenna, another of the Elizabeth 
isls. lying between Cutahunk and Presque 
Islo. 

Nash's Stream, N. H. a branch of the 
Upper Amonoosuck, has its sources in Strat- 
ford and the lands e., and unites with the r. 
in the n. w. part of Piercy. 

Nashua, r. a beautiful stream in the s. part 
of Hillsborough co., has its source in Wor 
cester co. Mass., and falls into the Merrl 
mack at Dunstable, N. H. 

Nashua, v. on the preceding r. in Dunsta- 
stable, Hillsborough co. 11 ms. from Am- 
herst, 36 from Boston, and 32 from Concord. 
It is a manufacturing village, and a place of 
considerable business. The r. falls 65 feet 
in the distance of 2 ms. 

Nashville, p-v. and st. jus. Nash co. N. C. 
situated on Peach Tree creek, by p-r. 44 ms. 
N. E. by E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 56', long. 1° 2' 
w. W. C. 

Nashville, p-t. and st. jus. Davidson co., 
and seat of the government of Ten. situated 
on the left bank of Cumberland r. Lat 36° 
05', long. 9° 43' w. W. C, and by actual cal- 
culation, a small fraction above 565 statute 
ms. s., 70° w. W. C. ; but by p-r. the stated dis- 
tance between the two places is 709 miles. 
Nashvilk is 218 ms. s. w. Frankfort, Ky. 430 
N. e. Natchez, and 480 n. n. e. New Orleans. 
The site is a high bank on the concave side 
of Cumberland r-, the central point of a very 
fertile and well cultivated country. This 
flourishing town is accessible to steamboat 
navigation, and possesses all the features of a 
commercial depot, having numerous stores, 
a branch of the bank of the U. S., and two 
other banks. The university of Ten. is lo- 
cated in its vicinity, as are several manufac- 
tories. Pop. 1830, whites. 3,554 ; colored, 
2,012 ; total, 5,566. 

Nassau, r. of Flor. gaining importance only 
as giving name to a co. This small stream 
rises in the angle between St. John's and St. 
Mary's rs. flows estrd. 30 ms. to its outlet by 
Nassau inlet to the Atlantic ocean, between 
Cumberland and Talbot's islands. 

Nassau, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
e. E. Troy, 14 from Albany. Surface uneven. 
Vallies rich and fertile. 14 schools, continued 
9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 3,255. 

Nassau, northeastern co. of Flor., bounded 
by Nassau r. separating it from Duval co. s., 
by Duval co. s. w., St. Mary's r. separating 



it from Camden co. of Geo. w. and N., and by 
the Atlantic ocean e. Length from e. to w. 
36 ms., mean width 16, and area 576 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 30° 27', to 30° 46', 
long, from 4° 40' to 5° 14' w. W. C. Cumber- 
land isl. constitutes the outer part of this co. 
towards the Atlantic ocean. The general 



of the CO. is level, part marshy. 
Chief t. Fernandina. Pop. 1830, 1,511. 

Natchauo, r. Conn, joins the Shetucket in 
Windham. 

Natchez, city, p-t. and st. jus. Adams co. 
Miss., is situated on the left bank of Miss. r. 
at lat. 31° 33', long. 14° 30' w. W. C. 322 ms. 
above New Orleans, followimg the bends of 
the Miss., but only 157 over -lake Pontchar- 
train, and thence by the road direction nearly 
N. w., and by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. Jackson, the 
seat of government. 

At Natchez, the bluff" reaches the r. and is 
entirely composed of clay unmixed with the 
smallest pebble ; the whole rising on a sub- 
stratum of pudding stone rock. The rock, 
however, lies below the higher level of the r., 
and is only visible at a very low stage of the 
water in that stream. It is loose, friable, 
and much admixed with petrifactions of wood. 
Above this rock rests the clay superstrata, 
admixed with sand, and in some places, in 
digging wells, beds of sand are detected. 
The surface of the ground on which the city 
stands, and that of the whole adjacent co. is 
waving, not unlike a sea in a storm, and cu- 
riously contrasted with that of La. on the op- 
posite side of the Miss. The streets of 
Natchez are extended at right angles ; many 
of the houses are elegant, though generally 
the style of building is plain. It contains 
several places of public worship ; the prevail- 
ing sects are Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, 
Methodist and Baptist. The public edifices 
are a court-house, jail, and bank. The Nat- 
chez bank, with three branches, is the only 
one in the state, and by its charter, has a 
pledge that no other banking institution shall 
be created by the legislature of the state be- 
fore 1840. 

The pleasantly waving site of Natchez, 
rising from 100 to 200 feet above high water 
in Miss, affords an airy, and for 9 months in 
the year, a healthful, agreeable, and advanta- 
geous residence. The author of this article 
resided many years in Natchez, and from his 
observation found the city in most seasons 
healthful to residents. There are, however, 
casual seasons, when all classes are subject 
to bilious and remittent fevers. There is 
perhaps no other city of the U. S. where the 
amount of manufacturing and commercial bu- 
siness bears so large a proportion to its popu- 
lation. In 1810, (he total population was 
1,511, in 1820, 2,184, and in 1830, 2,789. In 
1820, the exports of cotton exceeded 35,000 
bales. The quantity of goods sold here as 
early as 1800, was very great ; and within the 
last 30 years has been constantly increasing. 
The city is a corporation, governed by a 
mayor, aldermen, and city council. 



NAT 



333 



NEL 



Natchitoches, northwestern parish of La., 
bounded by the parish of Claiborne n. e., Ra- 
pides s. E., Opelousas s., Sabine r. separating 
it from Texas s. w., and by a meridian Hne 
from lat. 32" to 33°, also separating it from 
Texas n. w., and by Lafayette co. in Ark. n. 
Length s. to n. 150 ms., mean width 40, and 
area 6,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 
to 33°, and in long, from 13° 32' to 1G° 24' w. 
W. C. Considerably the largest part of this 
very extensive parish is barren pine wooded 
land, or equally sterile oak flats. The alluvion 
of Red r. is, however, to this character 
of soil, a complete exception. The lower 
and southern section of the parish is traversed 
by Red r. and its numerous outlets, affording 
some of the finest cotton lands in La. This 
is the only tolerably well peopled part of the 
parish, and of the pop. of 7,486, in 1820, the 
far greater part were resident in the town 
and vicinity of Natchitoches, the st. jus. Pop. 
1830, 7,905. 

Natchitoches, p-t. and st. jus. for the pa- 
rish of Natchitoches, La. is situated on the 
right bank of Red r. at lat. 31° 44', long. 16° 
10' w. W. C, 355 ms. by the road through 
Attacapas and Opelousas, n. w. by w. New 
Orleans, and as stated on the p-o. list 1,339 
s. w. by w. W. C. This v. is built chiefly in 
one street along the r. at the foot of a bluff. 
Not quite 1 m. s. of the present town is the 
spot where the original French settlement 
was made in 1717. 

Natchitoches is the extreme southwestern 
entrepot of the U. S. towards Texas, and 
has been consequently a place of importance 
ever since the acquisition of La. by the U. S. 
In itself it is a very pleasantly situated vil- 
lage. 

Natick, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 ms. w. 
Boston, situated on Charles r. ; a pleasant 
farming town. Here labored the apostolic 
Elliott among the Natick Indians. By his 
advice, they adopted the form of govern- 
ment proposed by Jethro to Moses, choos- 
ing one ruler of a hundred, two rulers of 
fifties, and ten rulers of tens. There is an 
extensive wheel factory at Natick bridge. 
Pop. 1830, 890. 

Natural Bridge, a fine deviation from the 
ordinary course of nature in the phenomena 
of streams. A small water course called 
Cedar creek in the southern angle of Rock- 
bridge co. Va. before it joins James r., passes 
imder a natural arch of rocks, affording a 
splendid assemblage of bold and contrasted 
ft>atures in scenery. A visit to the Natural 
Bridge can be rendered still more interesting 
from the proxim.ity to the peaks of Otter. 
This highest part of the Appalachian system 
s. w. from the Del. rises 10 ms. s. from the 
Natural Bridge. On Tanner's maps the Na- 
tural Bridge is laid down at lat. 37° 35', long. 
2° 34' w. W. C, 14 ms. s. w. Lexington, Snd 
180 w. Richmond. 

Naturai, Bridge, p-v. in the southern part 
of Rockbridge co. Va. IG or 17 ms. s. w. Lex- 
ington, the CO. St., 30 ms. n. w. Lynchburg, 



and by p.r. 224 s. wt by w. W. C, and 176 a 

very little s. of w. Richmond. 

Nandaway, r., a confluent of Mo. rises 
about lat. 42°, interlocking sources with the 
Racoon fork of Des Moines, Grand, and 
Nishnebatona rs, ; flowing thence by a general 
course of a little w. of s., falls into Mo. at 
lat. 39° 55', about 70 ms. in a direct distance 
above the influx of Kansas r. The valley of 
the Nandaway lies between those of Nishne- 
batona and Grand rs. in long, between 17° and 
18° lO'w.W.C. 

Naugatuck, r. Conn, rises in the n. w. 
part of the state, and joins the Housatonic 
at Derby. Above Waterbury, it is called 
Mattaluck. 

Navlor's Store and p-o. St. Charles co. 
Mo. by p-r. about 25 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Nazareth, Lower and Upper, two contigu- 
ous tsps. of Northampton co. Pa. on Bushkill 
and Manskissy creeks, about 8 ms. nthwcst- 
ward Easton. The joint pop. 1820, 1,747, 
1830, 2,146. 

Nazareth, p-v. Northampton eo. Pa. 7 ms. 
N. w. Easton, and 10 n. Bethlehem. This v. 
belongs to the Moravian society, and contains 
a school of that sect. 

Neddock, Cape, York, Me., York co. 
Long. 6° 20' e. W. C, lat. 43° 8'. It is a 
rocky, barren bluff", with a small population 
of poor fishermen. 

■ Needham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 ms. s. 
w. Boston, on Charles r. Soil coarse, and 
surface uneven. Here is a perpendicular fall 
in the river of 20 feet, at which mills ore 
erected. Pop. 1830, 1,418. 

Neffsville, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by 
p-r. 39 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Nelson, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p.r. 162 ms. 
nthrd. Harrisburg. 

Nelson, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 40 ms. 
from Concord, on the height of land between 
the Conn, and Merrimack rs. Surface hilly, 
but good for grazing. Streams small. Con- 
tains mill privileges. Pop. 1830, 875. 

Nelson, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 6 ms. w. 
Morrisville, 109 w. iv. w. Albany. Situation 
elevated. Soil good and fertile. It is better 
for grass than grain. 15 schools, continued 7 
months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,445. 

Nelson, co. Va. bounded by the Blue 
Ridge, separating it from Rockbridge w. and 
Augusta s. w., by Albemarle n. e. and e. 
James r. separating it from Buckingham s. e., 
and Amherst s. and s. w. The longest line 
is a diagonal from the extreme southern to 
the extreme northern angle, about 40 ms. ; 
the CO. is in form of a trapezium ; greatest 
breadth 28 ms., and area 560 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° 32' to 38° 02', long. 
from 1° 50' to 2° 7' w. W. C. Declivity s. of 
s. e., aud is drained by the diflercnt branches 
of Rock and Tye rs. The surface hilly, and 
towards James r. traversed by South mtn. 
Chief t. Lovington. Pop. 1820, 10,137, and 
in 1830, 11,251. 

Nelson, p.v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 146 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 



NEU 



334 



NEW 



Nelson's p-o. Robeson co. N. C. by p-r. G8 
ms. 9.8. w. Raleigh. 

Nelsonville, p-o. Athens co. O. by p-r. 59 
ms. 8. E. Columbus. 

Nemawhaw, the name of two confluents of 
Mo. called relatively Great and Little Ne- 
mawhaw. Great Nemawhaw rises between 
the vallies of the Republican fork of Kansaw 
r., and Platte r., and between lat. 40° and 41°, 
and about 21° long. w. W. C. Flowing thence 
by a course of a little s. of e. 170 ms. falls 
into the Mo. at lat. 40° 05', and by direct 
distance 70 ms. above, and n. w. from the in- 
flux of Na'ndaway. 

Little Nemawhaw, a very inferior stream 
to the preceding, falls into the right side of 
Mo. a short distance above the influx of the 
Nishncbatona, after a general course of about 
70 ms. from the northwestward. 

Nkponset, r. Mass. flows into Boston har. 
bor, and is navigable for vessels of 150 tons 
4 ms. to Milton. 

Neponset, v. on both sides of Ncponset r. 
6 ms. s. Boston. Contains a number of mills 
and manufacturing establishments. 

Nescopeck mtn. in the southern part of 
liUzerne co. Pa. between Wapwallopcn and 
Nescojiock creeks. The local name is con- 
fined to a ridge of about 12 ms. in length ; 
but it is merely a ridge of the chain which 
separates the vallies of the Lehigh and 
Lackawaxen r. from that of tlie Susquehan- 
nah, and which rises info bold peaks to the 
estrd. of Wilkesbarre. 

Nescopeck, creek, in the southern part of 
Luzerne co. Pa. interlocking sources with 
the extreme western creeks of the lichigh, 
and llowing wstrd. into the Susquchannah 
opposite Berwick. The valley of the Nes- 
copeck lies between those of the Catawissa 
and Wapwallopen creeks. 

Nescopeck, p-v. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa. 
The v. stands on the left bank of Susquelian- 
nah r., above the mouth of Nescopeck creek, 
and opposite the borough of Berwick, by p-r. 
86 ms. above nnd n. n. e. Ilarrisburg. 

Neshaminy, small r. or large creek of 
Bucks CO. Pa., heads partly in Montgomery 
CO., but mostly in ihe central ])art of Bucks, 
interlocking sources with the Tohickon, Per- 
kiomcn, and Wissihickon creeks, flows 
southestrd. into Del. r., which it joins 4 ms. 
below Bristol, after a comparative course of 
about 25 ms. 

Nesiianock, creek of Mercer co. Pa., the 
eastern branch of Shenango. {See She7ian- 
go r.) 

Nether Providence, p-v. Del. co. Pa. by 
p-r. 124 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Nettle creek and p-o. in the northwestern 
part of Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 61 ms. estrd. 
Indianopolis. 

Nei'se, r. N. C. rises in Person and Orange 
cos. inlcrlocking sources with those of Haw 



terly direction, it thence enters Wayne, and 
assuming an easterly course over the latter, 
Lenoir and Craven cos. to Newbern. Now 
gradually opening into a wide bay, curving 
first 3. E. and thence n. e. into Pamlico sound 
between Beaufort and Carteret cos. The val- 
ley of the Neuse lies between those of Cape 
Fear and Tar rs. The length of the Neuse, 
by comparative courses, is about 200 ms. The 
valley, independent of the great bends of the 
stream, 180, but comparatively narrow, the 
mean breadth not averaging above 25 ms., 
and area 4,500 sq. ms., lying between lat. 
34° 50' and 36° 22', and between long. 0° 30' 
e. to 3° 10' w. 

Neversink, or Navisink, t. Sullivan co. 
N. Y., 15 ms. n. Monticello, 30 w. Kingston. 
9 schools, continueu 7 months in 12. Pop. 
1830, 1,257. 

Neville, p-v. Clermont co. Ohio, by p-r. 
123 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

New Albany, p-v. Bradford co. Penn. by 
p-r. 116 ms. nrthrd. from Harrisburg. 

New Albany, p-v. and st. jus. Floyd co. 
Ind. by p-r. 121 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopo- 
lis. It is situated on the right bank of O. r. 
at the foot of the rapids, and nearly ojiposite 
>Shii>ping port in Ky. Mr. Flint slates that 
the main street is 3-4 of a mile in length. It 
has a convenient harbor for boats, and is a 
fine thriving v. Pop. 1830, 1900. 

New Albion, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 
Pop. 1830, 380. 

New Alexander, p-v. Columbiana co. O. 
by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

New Alexandria, p-v. Westmoreland co. 
Penn. 1 1 ms. n. e. from the borough of Groens- 
burg, &.8 by p-r., 171 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

New Antrim, p-v. Washington co. Va. by 
p-r. 353 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Newark, or Arthur Kull, bay, N. .T. 
formed by llie conlluence of the Passaic and 
Ilackineack rs. and separated from Hudson 
r. on the e. by Bergen neck. It communi- 
cates tlirough the kills, 4 ms. long, M'itii N. 
Y. bay, and through Staten isl. bound with 
Amboy bay. 

Newark, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. n. e. 
Owcgo. Pop. 1830, 1027. 

Newark, p-t. and cap. Essex co. N. .T. the 
most populous t. in the state, is on the w. side 
of Passaic r. 3 ms. from its moulh,.in Newark 
bay ; 9 ms. w. N. Y., 5 n. e. Elizabethtown, 
and a remarkably beautiful and flourishing 
place. It is noted for the variety and excel- 
lence of its manufactures ; particularly car- 
riages, saddlery, leather, shoes and jewelry, 
which are sold in different parts of the U. S. 
to a great amount. About 2,000,000 of pairs 
of shoes are said to be produced annually by 
one manufactory. There are quarries of ex- 
cellent free stone in the vicinity, which are 
extensively worked for N. Y. and other pla- 
ces. The Newark cider, -which is made 



branch of Cape Fear r., and Dan r. branch near this place, is produced fiom two or three 
of Roanoke. The different higher constitu-j sorts of apples, and is of i)roverbial excel- 



rnls unite in tlie n. w. angle of Wake, autl 
crossing that co. and Johnson in a southcae- 



Icncc. The Morris canal, tenninatmg at 
this iilace, affords great advantages and has 



NEW 



333 



NEW 



added to its trade, pop. and cnterprize. There insurance offices, each with a capital of 350 
are a fine C. H., academy, 3 banks, and several j 000 dollars ; ten places of public worship, 3 
churches, for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, 1 Baptists, a Presbyterians, 3 Methodist, 1 
Baptists, Methodists and Catholics; some of Unitarian, 1 Quaker, and 1 Roman. There 
them are very large and beautiful. The v. is are seven considerable manufactories of 
situated on a beautiful level, and principally sperm caiidloe, and there are employed fifty 



on a fine street of remarkable breadth and 
straightness. Pop. 1830, 10,953 ; 1832, sup- 
posed to bo more than 12,500. 

Newark, p-v. in the n. western part of 
New Castle co. Del. 12 ms. s. w. by w. 
Wilmington, 52 ms. n. n. w. Dover, and 113 
nis. N. N. E. W. C, 

Newark, p-v. in the 8. eastern part of Wor- 
cester CO. Md. by p-r. 158 me. b. e. by e. 
W. C. 



thousand tons of shipping in the foreign and 
whale fishery — forty thousand, probably, en- 
gaged in the whale business — about 1,200 
tons in the cod and mackerel fishery, and 
8,000 tons coastwise. The number of foreign 
clearances at the port of New Bedford, 1831, 
was 101, and of foreign entries 83. Of the 
arrivals 58 were from whaling voyages, im- 
porting 41,144 bbls. of spermaceti oil, 53,. 
145 bbLs. whale oil, and 381, UOO lbs. whale- 



Newark, p-v. in the 8. eastern part of Lou- bono. There remained at sea, on whaling 

isa CO. Va. by p-r. 31 ms. n. w. Richmond. voyages, at the end of the year, 100 ships, 9 

Newark, p-v. and st. jus. Licking co. O. barques, and 7 brigs, measuring 35,208 tons, 

by p-r. 34 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus, and navigated by 2,635 men. Of these vessels, 

362 ms. a little w. of n. w. by w. W. C. lat. 56 are in the Pacific ocean, and the rest on 

40° 04', long. W. C. 5° 27' w. It is situated the Brazil Banks, in the Indian ocean and 
at the main forks of Licking cr. and on the [elsewhere. The whole tonnage of the dis- 



O. and Erie canal, and contains the usual co. 
buildings, several stores, 2 printing offices, 
2 ware houses, market house, 5 or 6 taverns, 
several schools, and 2 or 3 places of public 
worship. Pop. 1830, 999. The elevation of 
the water in the canal at Newark is 834 feet 
above the mean level of the Atlantic tides, 
and 360 feet above the mean level of O. r. at 
the mouth of Sciota. 

New Ashford, t. Berkshire co. Ms. 20 ms. 
N. Lennox, 121 from Boston. Pop. 1830, 285. 

New Athens, p-v. in the s. eastern part of 
Harrison co. O. by p-r. 130 ms. a little n. of 
E. Columbus, and 6 ms. s. Cadiz, the co. seat. 
Pop. 1830, 198. 

New Baltimore, Greene co. N. Y. IG ms. 
N. Catskill, 20 s. Albany. Watered by Cox- 
sackie and Ilaanekrai crs. which supply mill 
seats in abundance. Surface, broken ; soil, 
diversified. Has a landing on the Hudson. 
There is a spring in this t. which is said to 
rise and fall ijt certain periods. 10 schools, 
continued 9 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,370. 

New Baltimore, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Fauquier CO. Va. 45 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

New Barbadoes, t. Bergen co. N. J. w. 
Hackcnsack r. Pop. 1830, 1,693. Hacken- 
sack, the st. jus. is a v. in this t. 

New Bedford, p-t. and port of entry, Bris- 
tol CO. Mass. 52 ms. s. Boston, lat. 41° 38', 
long. 6° 10' e. W. C. It is beautifully situa- 
ated on the w. side of the Acushnct r., which 
here empties into Buzzard's bay. It is chiefly 



trict is 55,588. Pop. 1820, 3,947; 1830, 
7,. 592. 

New Bedford, p-v. s. w. part of Mercer 
CO. Penn. 15 ms. s. w. from the borough of 
Mercer, and 55 n. w. Pittsburg. 

New Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. O. by 
p-r. 99 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Pop. 
1830,51. 

New Berlin, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. on 
the w. bank of the Unadilla, 7 ms. n. e. Nor- 
wich, 93 w. Albany. It is supplied with good 
mill seats by the Unadilla, and some of its 
branches. Here are manufactories on a 
large scale. 14 schools, continued 7 months 
in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,643. 

New Berlin, p-t. and st. jus. Union co. 
Pa. by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. Ilarrisburg, 11 
ms. w. Sunbury, lat. 40° 52', and very nearly 
on the meridian of W. C. 

Newbern, p-v. in the western part of Mont- 
gomery CO. Va. 16 ms. s. w. by w. Christians, 
burg, and by p-r. 324 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Newbern, p-t. and st. jus. Craven co. N. 
C. situated on the point above the union of 
the Neuse and Trent rs. by p-r. 351 ms. near- 
ly due s. W. C. and 119 s. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Newbern was long the seat of government of 
N. C, and is still the largest t. of the state. 
It is a port of entry, and though large vessels 
cannot ascend Neuse bay, the trade is con- 
siderable in lumber, tar, turpentine, pitch, &^c. 
Pop. 1820, 2,467; 1830, 3,776. 

Newberry, p-v. on the point above the 



built of wood on an inclined plane, and pre- j junction of Lycoming cr. with Susquchannah 
scnts a lively and picturesque appearance, r. Lycoming co. Pa. 2 mg. w, Williamsport, 
This is one of the most flourishing towns in i and 89 n. n. w. Ilarrisburg. 
New England, as is indicated by the rapidity; Newberry, district of S. C. bounded by 
of its growth, and the wealth and cnterprize Laurens w. and n. w., Union n.. Broad river, 
of its inhabitants. The citizens arc much on- 'separating it from Fairfield n. e., Lexington 
gaged in commerce, but the whale fishery s. e., and the Saluda r. separating it from 
constitutes the chief business of the place. Edgefield, s. and s. w. Length 26 ms., 
A steamboat runs to Nantucket, and some- mean breadth 20, and area, 540 sq. ms. Ex- 
tunes is used for towing vessels over the tending in lat. from .34° 03' to 34° 30', and in 
bar. Here are three banks, whose united .'long. 4°- 20' to 1° 55' w. W. C. The dividing 
capital is nine hundred thousand dollars; three ridge between the sources of waters flowing 



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NEW 



s. eastward into Saluda, and n. eastward 
into Broad and Ennoree rs. traverses this co. 
and subdivides it into two not very unequal 
inclined plains. Bush r. and Little r. both 
rising in Laurens, flow s. eastward over the 
wstrn. part of Newberry and falling into Sa- 
luda. Ennoree r. formhig a part of the north- 
ern boundary, then enters Newberry, and 
falls into Broad r. in the n. eastern angle of 
the district. The n.. eastern declivity thus 
falling towards Ennoree and Broad rs. is 
drained by Cannon's and Keller's crs. flowing 
eastward into the latter, and by King's, Indian, 
and Duncan's crs. flowing n. eastward into 
the former. There is much excellent soil in 
Newberry. Staples, cotton, grain &c. Chief 
town, Newberry. Pop. 1820, 16,104 ; 1830, 
17,441. 

Newberry, p-t. and st. jus. Newberry dis- 
trict, S. C. situated near the centre of the 
district, by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia, 
lat. 34° 12', long. 4° 23' w. W. C. 

Newberry, p-v. in the s. western part of 
Geauga co. O. by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus. Pop. of Newberry t-sp., 1830, 594. 

Newberry town, p-v. York co. Pa. 2 ms. 
N. w. by w. from the borough of York, and 
14 ms. s. s. w. of Harrisburg. 

Newberry town, (see Newberry, York co. 
Fa.) 

Newbiggen or., p-o. Pasquotank co. N. C. 
9 ms. 6. E. Elizabeth city, and by p-r. 190 n. 
E. by E. Raleigh. 

New Bloomfield, p-v. and st. jus. Perry 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 36 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Newborn, p-v. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. G3 
ms. northwestward Milledgeville. 

New Boston, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
9 ms. from Amherst, 22 s. Concord, 57 from 
Boston. Watered by the s. branch of the 
Piscataquog, and several other streams. 
This is a mountainous t. In the s. part is a 
considerable elevation, on one side of which 
it is nearly perpendicular. Its height, taken 
from the road through the notch of the hill, is 
572 ft. Pop, 1830, 1,684. 

New Braintree, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 
18 ms. w. N.W.Worcester, 66 w. Boston. It 
is excellent grazing land, with fine hills, well 
watered. Pop. 1830, 825. 

New Britain, p-v. of Berlin, Hartford co. 
Conn. 10 ms. s. w. Hartford. Here are vari- 
ous and extensive manufactures of brass, and 
plated ware, of diff"erent kinds ; three manu- 
factories of suspenders, — one of silver spoons, 
and another of machinery for cotton factories, 
which is operated by steam power. These 
and similar causey have rendered this one of 
the most thriving and pleasant villages in the 
state. 

New Britain, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 24 ms. 
nrthrd. Phil. 

New Brunswick, city, Middlesex co. N. 
J., s. w. Raritan r. which is navigable to this 
place for vessels of 80 tons, 16 ms. n. e. 
Princeton, 33 s. w. N. Y., 67 n. e. Phil. The 
situation is low, but it is not unhealthy. 
There is a bed of peat of great size 2 or 3 ms. 



E. of this city, and i a mile from the Raritan, 
depth about 11 ft. It is estimated that 5 or 6 
millions of chaldrons per annum could' be ex- 
tracted for 25 years. Three chaldrons of 
this peat are believed to be equal to one of 
coal. Here is Rutgers college, founded by 
ministers of the Reformed Dutch church, and 
likewise a'Dutch Reformed theological sem- 
inary, partly connected with the college. 
Pop. 1830, 7,831. 

New Buffalo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 
20 ms. nrthwstrd. Harrisburg. 

Newburgh, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 
1830, 626. N.Waldo co. 54 ms. e. Augusta. 

Newburgh, p-t. and half shire town. Or- 
ange CO. N. Y. on the w. bank of the Hud- 
son, 95 ms. s. Albany, and 70 on the stage 
road N. New York. It is good for farming. 
Contains mill seats in abundance. The vil- 
lage of Newburgh commands a very exten- 
sive trade with the country on the w., and by 
navigation of the Hudson, with N. Y. It is 
incorporated and is handsomely laid out in 
streets and squares. 13 common schools con- 
tinued 10 months in 12. Here is an acade- 
my, and there is an extensive cannon foundry, 
on Chamber's creek. Pop. 1830, 6,424. 

Newburg, p-v. Bthwstrn. part of Cumber- 
land CO. Pa. 19 ms. s. w. by w. Carlisle, and 
37 ms. a little s. of w. Harrisburg. 

Newburgh, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. 6 ms. s. 
E. Cleaveland, the co. seat, and by p-r. 144 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. of Newburgh town- 
ship 1830, 869. 

Newburgh, p-v. nrthwst. part of Warrick 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 181 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

New Burlington, p-v. wstrn. part of Ham- 
ilton CO. Ohio, 12 ms. from Cincinnati, and 
by p-r. 124 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Newbury, p-t. Orange co. Vt. w. Conn, r., 
27 ms. E. Montpelier, 47 n. E.Windsor. Well 
supplied with mill streams. Contains several 
mineral springs. Two bridges cross the 
Conn, from diff"erent parts of this town. The 
legislature has holden two sessions in this 
place; the one in 1787, the other in 1801. 
Here is the bend in the Conn, denominated 
the Great Ox Bow. Pop. 1830, 2,252. 

Newbury, t. Essex co. Mass. s. Merrimack 
r., opposite Salisbury, with which it is con- 
nected by a bridge, 32 ms.N. E.Boston. Land 
in general of an excellent quality. Parker r. 
a fine mill stream, falls nearly 50 feet in the 
course of 1 J ms. in this town. Limestone of 
a good quality is found here ; also marble, 
serpentine, amianthos, asbestos, and arseni- 
cal iron pyrites. Here are two academies. 
Pop. 1830, 3,603. 

Newbury, p-v. and tsp. York co. Pa. The 
village is situated 10 ms. s. s. e. Harrisburg, 
and 14 n. n. w. from the borough of York. 

Newbury, district and p-t. S. C. {See New- 
berry.) 

Newby's Bridge, and p-t. Perquimans co. 
N. C. by p-r. 209 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Newburyfort, p-t., port of entry, and one 
of the shire towns of Essex co. Mass., s. of 
Merrimack r. 3 ms. from its mouth, 38 n. e- 



NEW 



337 



NEW 



Boston. It is one of the handsomest towns lan eastern course intoDolawarc bay; the slope 
in tjio U. S., and the smallest t. for land, con- of New Castle co. is consequently to the east- 
tainlng but G47 acres. A turnpike and bridge ward. The northern part is traversed and 
connects this t. with Plumb isl. A handsome drained by the diflerent contluents of Brandy.- 



bridge thrown across the Merrimack and sus- 
pended by chains, connects it with Salisbury. 
It is well situated for ship building, having 
the advantage of receiving lumber by tlic 
Merrimack. The harbor is deep, safe, and 
spacious, but difficult to enter. The t. suf- 
fered severely by the restrictions on com- 
merce, previous to the late war, and by fire 
in 1811. Here was the only stocking factory 
in the U. S. in 1831. A small silk factory 
lias likewise been established at this place. 
Pop. 1830, 6,375. 

Nevvby's Cross Roads, and p-o. Culpepper 
CO. Va. by p-r. 70 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

New Canaan, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 8 ms. 
N. Long Island sound, 77 ms. s. w. Hartford. 
Surface mountainous. Soil a hard gravelly 
loam, tolerably well tiniber.ed. 9 school dis- 
tricts and 1 academy. Pop. 1630, 1,826 

New Canton, p-v. on the right bank of 
James r., at the mouth of State creek, and in 
the nrthestrn. part of Buckingham co. Va., 
63 ms. w. and by land from Richmond. 

New Canton, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Haw- 
kins CO. Ten., by p-r. 244 ms. a little n. of e. 
Nashville. 

New Carlisle, p-v. Clarke co. O. by p-r. 
66 ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 23 ms. wstrd. 
Springfield, the co. seat. Pop. 1830, 343. 

New Carthage, p-v. Concordia parish. La. 
by p-r. 284 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

New Castle, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. w. of 
Sheepscot r., 7 me. e. Wiscasset. Pop. 1830, 
1,544. 

New Castle, or Great Island, isl. and t. 
Rockingham co. N. H., lat. 43° 5'. It is a 
rough and rocky isl. in Portsmouth harbor. 
It is connected with Portsmouth by a hand- 
some bridge. Fishing is here pursued with 
success. Fort Constitution and the light 
liouse stand on this isl. Pop. 1830, 845. 

New Castle, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 37 
ms. N. N. Y., 128 s. Albany, 6 w. Bedford; 10 
schools continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 
1,336. 

New Castle, p-v. on the peninsula between 
Shenango and Neshanock creeks, and near 
the s. border of Mercer co. Pa. 18 ms. s. s. 
w. from the borough of Mercer, 41 n. n. w. 
Pittsburg, and 264 ms. n. w. W. C. 

New Castle, nrthrn. co. of the state of 
Delaware, bounded l)y Kent co. of the same 
state s., Kent co. of Md. s. w., Cecil co. of 
Md. s. w., Chester co. of Pa. n. w., Delaware 
CO. Pa. N., and by Del. r. separating it from 



wme creek, wiiich enters the Del. in the vi. 
cinity of Wilmington. Below the Brandy- 
wine, flow also into Del. in this co. the Appo- 
quiniminck and Black Bird creeks. Duck 
creek on the s. separates New Castle from 
Kent. {See Chesapeake and Delaware canal.) 
Some parts of this co. towards Del. r. are low 
and marshy, but receding wstrd. and north- 
westward, the surface rises into waving hills, 
and though no whero much elevated the inte- 
rior is pleasantly diversified. The soil is 
mostly productive in grain, grasses and or- 
chard fruit. The falls in the different bran- 
ches of Brandywine have made the northern 
part of New Castle a manufacturing county. 
Chief towns, Wilmington and New Castle. 
Pop. 1820, 27,899, 1830, 29,710. 

New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. New Castle 
CO. Del. situated on the bank of Del. r. 5 ms. 
a little w. of s. Wilmington, 32 s. w. I'hil., 
and by p-r. 103 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 39° 40', 
long. 1° 24' e. W. C. The village of New 
Castle extends lengthwise along the Del., and 
is tolerably compact and well built. The site 
is a rising plain, and the Hundred, in 1810, 
contained a pop. of 2,438, in 1820, 2,671, in 
1830, 2,463. 

New Castle, p-v. in the forks of Craig's 
creek, western part of Botetourt co. Va., 15 
ms. a little s. of w. Fincastle, and by p-r. 210 
ms. s. w. by \v. W. C. 

New Castle, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 
175 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. 

New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. 
Ky. 24 ms. n. w. Frankfort, 38 ms. n. e. by 
E. Louisville, and by p-r. 564 ms. a little s. of 
w. W. C. Lat. 38° 25', long. 8° 08' w. W. 
C. Pop. 1830, 538. 

New Chester, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 16 
ms. s. Plymouth, 24 ms. from Concord, 44 
from Haverhill, 25 from Hanover, and 66 
from Boston. Watered by Pemiguwasset and 
Blackwater rivers, and several small streams. 
Timbered with white pine, birch, beech, 
hemlock, maple, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,090. 

New Columria, p-v. in the northern part of 
Union co. Pa. 68 ms. n. n. w. Hurrisburg. 

Newcomb, t. Essex co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
62. 

Newcomb, p-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 8 
ms. s. Eaton, the county seat, and 100 ms. u 
little s. of w. Columbus. 

Newcomerstown, p-v. in the sthwstrn. an- 
gle of Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 96 ms. n. e. by 
Colundtus, and 12 ms. e. Coshocton. It is 



Salem co. N. .1. e. Length from s. to n. 38 situated on Tuscarawas river, and on the O 



ms., mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 18' to 39° 50', and 
long, from 1° 17' to 1° 3S' e. W. C. The line 



following, particularly in the northern part, 
very nearly the dividing ridge or oummit, sep 



and Erie canal. Lat. 40° 16'. Pop. 1830, 
100. 

NKwCovi.\<.ro\, p-v. in the noniiorn p.irt of 



of demarcation between Md. and Del. states Luzerne co. Pa. 19 nis. nrthrd. from Wilkes. 



barre, and by p-r. 144 niLi. n. e. Hurrisburg. 
New CuMutRLAND, p-v. on the point above 



arating the sources of creeks flowing west- the entrance of Yellow Breeches creek intr 
ward info Chcs-apcako, from those pursuinc Sus;.qarhannah r., uid in the txtremf oaslora 



i;;>~* 



NEW 



338 



NEW 



angle of Cumberland oo. Pa., 3 ms. s. Har- 1 Union. In Rhode Island, whore no provieion 



risburg. 

New Derry, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. 6 
ms. eetrd. (ireenBburg, the co. t., by pr. 188 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

New DKsiriN, p. v. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 217 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

New Durham, p-t. Slraflbrd co. N.H. Sur- 
face very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be 
unfit for cultivation. It is well watered. In 
this town there is a remarkable cave. Pop. 
1830,1,162. 

New England, a name given to the six 
states of the Union lying east of New York, 



was made by law for the support of either 
learning or religion, the experience of many 
years has induced the people to take meas- 
ures to secure, as far as possible, the advan- 
tages in these respects, enjoyed by the other 
parts of New England. 

A large part of the distinguished men of 
the U. S., have been educated at Harvard & 
Yale colleges ; and though there are many 
respectable institutions of learning in other 
parts of the country, still, many students from 
the 8. and w. are annually taught in the colle- 
ges of New England. Teachers of schools, 



viz. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- of all descriptions and in different states, arc 



sacliusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
It is bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by N. 
Brunswick, s. by the Atlantic ocean, and 
Lond Island sound, and w. by New York. It 
lies between 41° and 48° 12' n. lat., and be- 
tween 2° 45' and 10° long. e. W. C, and 
contains 65,475 sq. ms. 

The inhabitants are almost exclusively of 
unmixed English origin, and though never 
united as a political whole, they have at dif- 
ferent periods been connected by their com- 
mon interests. From the earliest settlement 
of their country they have enjoyed peculiar 
advantages for literary and religious instruc- 
tion, and being trained to habits of industry, 
economy and enterprize, by the circumstan- 
cee of their peculiar situation, as well as by 
the dangers of prolonged wars, they present 
traits of character which are considered as 
remarkable abroad, as they aro common and 
universal at home 

Some of the first settlements were made 
in the territory of Maine, which had been 
visited by Martin Pring, an English naviga- 
tor, in the years 1603, and 1606; but the 
most important was that of Massachusetts, 
which was commenced in 1620, by the Pil- 
grim forefathers of New England, who had 
been expelled from England for asserting lib- 
erty of conscience, and who found Holland 
not sufficiently remote from their oppressors, 
to secure to themselves or their ofl'spring, 
the civil and religious blessings which they 
desired. While the French missions, and 
the English colonics in Maine, have scarcely 
left any traces of their existence, the princi- 
ples which were regarded as fundamental by 
the Plymouth Pilgrims, have produced effects 
which may be more or less plainly traced in 
the institutions and condition of all the United 
States, and have diffused an influence which 
is felt at the present day in every country of 
Europe. As early as 1638, Harvard college 
was founded, and in 1647, the legislature of 
Mass. passed a law making cflectual provis- 
ion for the instruction of every child in the 
rudiments of learning. The support of p\ih- 
lic worship was also legally provided for. In 
consequence of these and similar enactments, 
the people are generally well instructed and 
moral ; and from them has ])een furnished a 
large portion of the learned and influential 
men wlio have figured in other parts of the 



derived from the same quarter of the Union, 
education being so easily and cheaply obtain- 
ed, that instructers are to be found in abund- 
ance. Many defects have hitherto existed in 
the systems of popular education in N. Eng- 
land ; but notwithstanding all such impedi- 
ments, she has maintained the superiority in 
common instruction and general intelligence, 
not only in the U. S., but probably also in the 
world. Improvements, however, have been 
commenced : Mass. with liberal and enlighted 
views, taking the lead in measures which 
promise much for the interests of education. 

Evidence of the good morals of the New 
Englanders might be adduced from various 
facts, did the nature and limits of this work 
permit. The Pequod war, in 1634, placed in 
their power the first, and it is believed, the 
only land ever claimed on the ground of con- 
quest. The laws of the colonies forbade any 
and to be obtained from the Indians by indi- 
viduals, and the government frequently paid 
for the same tracts, several times over, to 
avoid the imputation of injustice. Crimea 
have always been comparatively rare, and 
duelling is almost unknown in their criminal 
records. Criminals have generally been 
among those who were least instructed, and 
the conviction is deep and general in N. Eng- 
land, that the general diffusion of learning 
and. religion is indispensable to the good or- 
der of society, and to the existence of a free 
and popular government. 

The intelligence and enterprizing spirit of 
the people are seen in the expedients to 
wliich they resort to obtain a livelihood at 
home, as well as their judgment and foresight 
in choosing places to which to emigrate. 
They have never found the means of accu- 
mulating wealth, or even of subsisting, with- 
out persevering labor and economy ; their 
soil and climate offered no attractions to ad- 
venturers, and their simple habits and strict 
rules of society, are unpalatable to persons of 
that class. 

The early circumstances of New England 
obliged its inhabitants to dwell in villages, 
as the Indians could thus be best resisted ; 
the first settlers were thus confined to a few 
sjiols on the coast, long enough to discipline 
them in tjie political, intellectual, and reli- 
gious principles of the pilgrims; so thai, tho' 
the emigrants from England brought over 



NEW 



339 



NEW 



much ignorance, and oven vice, they were | the pop. of the six N. E. states by the census- 
restrained, it" not entirely reformed by the I es of 1820 and 1H30: 



pure and intelligent society to which they 
were iiitro(i\icod. At every Htcp of their pro- JMainc, 
grcHS in extending tlicir sotllenicnls, tlie col- 1 Ncnv llampsliirr, 
onists carried with them their schools andj Vermont, 
churches. Had not the population been pre- M.-issarhii^iotts, 
vented by circumstances, from spreading too Rhode Island, 
fast, this probably coidd not have been the Oonnecticut, 
case, and it would have degenerated both in- 
tellectually and morally. Many of the pil-i Total, 
grim settlers, had been men distinguished for 
their learnin 



1620. 
298,335 
214,101 
235,764 
C'23,287 
83,059 
27.5,218 



1830. Iiirroase pr. ct. 



3'.»9, tr,2 
209,533 
2Sn,G79 
610,014 
97,210 
297,711 



34 
10 
19 
17 
17 



1,059,854 1,954,009 
According to the census of 1830, the in- 
and piety in England, and jcrcase of the U. S. for the preceding 10 years 
their influence produced happy and perma- was about 3.''> per cent. The average in- 
nent impressions on the community, which crease in the states of New England, during 
they had aided in founding. These influen- the same period, was 17i per cent, 
ces extended to all the early settlements, To prevent repetition, the reader is refer- 
and have been still more widely diffused by ed to individual states, and to the art. United 



the amount of emigration which has taken 
place in later years, from N. England to va- 
rious parts of the country, especially the 
western states. The early colonies first 
spread slowly along the coast, then along 
Conn. r. ; and afterwards, as the strength of 
the people increased, and their enemies di- 
minished, gradually occupied the remaining 
territory of Mass., Conn., R. I., and the lower 
parts of N. II. and Vt. The close of the war 
of the revolution opened the adjacent states 
to the colonists of New England, and every 



States, for farther details, in agriculture, 
manufactures, arts, &c. 

New FairI'-ield, Fairfield co. Conn., 04 
ms. s. w. Hartford, 7 n. Danbury. Tap. bro- 
ken, soil hard and gravelly. Pop. 1830, 940. 

Newkane, p-t. and st. jus. Windham co. 
Vt. 10 ms. w. Conn, r., 12 n. w. Brattlcbo- 
rongh, 110 ms. from Boston, 80 from Albany, 
110 from Montpelier, and 50 from Windsor. 
Well watered and supplied with mill seats. 
Diversified with high hills and deep vallies. 
Timbered with rock maple, beech, birch, wal- 



opportunity has been improved for extending! nut, oak, &.c. and contains a variety of miner 



their settlements. Considerable portions of 
N. Jersey, N. York, and a part of Pennsyl- 
vania were settled by New Englanders ; and 
Ohio, which within 30 years has grown up 
from a wilderness to an important state, deri- 
ved a largo part of its inhabitants, and most 
of its cnterprize and prosperity, from New 
England emigrants ; the same is true to a less 
extent, of Illinois, Michigan Territory, &,c. ; 
and emigrants now proceed every year to 
those states, to Florida, Texas, and even to 
the Oregon Territory, with as much readiness 
and confidence of success, as they once did 
to N. Y., or in earlier days to the Conn, river. 
There are in N. England 12 colleges, 3 in 
Mass. 3 in Conn., 2 in Me., 2 in Vt., 1 in N. 
Hampshire, and 1 in R. I. : 6 theological 
seminaries, 4 of which arc in Mass.,1 in Me., I 



als. The centre village, which contains a 
C. H., jail, and academy, stands on an eleva- 
ted situation, and affords a very extensive 
and picturesque prospect. From the meeting 
house may be seen some part of at least 50 
towns, lying in Vt., N. H. and Mass. Here 
are a county grammar school, imd 12 school 
districts. Pop. 1830, 1,441. 

Newfane, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 276 ms. 
w. Alba,ny, 10 n. Lockport. Pyp. 1830, 1,448. 

Newi-ield, t. York co. Me., 40 ms. n. w. 
York, 36 w. n. w. Portland, e, Strafford co. 
N. H. Pop. 1830, 1,286. 

Newfieeu, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y., 9 ms. 
s. w. Ithaca. Well watered ; limestone plen- 
tiful, and some marie. 15 schools, 5 months 
in 12. Pop. 1830,2,664. 

Newfound lake, Grafton co. N. H., 6 ms. 



in Conn.: 8 medical schools, 2 in Me., 3 in Vt., Hong from n. to s. and 2 broad. Communi 
2 in Mass., and 1 in Conn. : 3 law schools, 1 jcates with the Merrimack at Bridgewatcr. 
in Mass. and 2 in Conn. Newfound river mii.i.s, p-o. Hanover co. 

The following table will show the number Va.. 30 ms. northward Richmond, andbyp-r. 
of newspapers and periodicals of the NoWj98ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

England slateu, at difTerent periods : j New Gaillard, [see New Gilead, Moore 

\co. N. C.) 

New Garden, p-v. between Red and While 
Clay crs. Chester co. Pa., 45 ms. s. w. by w. 
Phil., 12 ms. N. w. by w. Wilmington, Del., 
[and by p-r. 123 ms. n. e. W. C. 

New Garden, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by 
p-r. 82 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 
The pop. of this portion of the U. S. has; New Garden, p-v. western part Columbia- 
been gradually but not rapidly increasing. In na co. O., by p-r. 9 ms. w. New Lisbon, the 
1700 it was about 120,000, and in Martin's Ico. st., and 142 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 
London Magazine we find it stated in 1755, New Garden, p-v. Wayne co. Ind., by p-r. 
at 345,000 ; the troops in the provinces at thai 84 ms. e. Indianopolis. 
time, not being reckoned. The following is i New Geneva, p-v. on the right bank of Mo. 





1775. 


1810. 


1828 


Maine, 






29 


Mtujsachusetts, 


7 


32 


78 


Ni-w Huuipsliin;, 


1 


12 


17 


Ver;nont, 




14 


21 


Khoi^e Island, 


2 


7 


14 


Coniieclicut, 


4 


U 


33 



NEW 



340 



NEW 



nongahcha r. in the s. western part of Fayette 
CO. Pa., 20 ms. by land sthrd. Brownsville, 
and by p-r. 217 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

New GiiRMANTOWN, p-v. in the n. western 
part of Perry co. Pa., by p-r. 46 ms. wstrd. 
Plarrisburg. 

Nkw Gili;au, formerly New Gaillard, p-v. 
Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 8 nis. s. westward 
Carthage, and 6.3 s. w. Raleigh. 

New Glasoow, p-v. n. western part of Am- 
herst CO. Va. 20 ms. n. n. e. Lynchburg, and 
by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. W. C, and 132 ms. 
nearly due w. Richmond. 

New Gloucester, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 

23 ms. N. Portland, and is crossed by a small 

stream flowing to the tide. Pop. 18.30, 1,682. 

New Grantham, t. Cheshire co. N. H., 35 

ms. N. w. Concord. 

New Hampshire, one of the United States, 
bounded n. by Lower Canada, e. by Me. and 
the Atlantic ocean, s. by Mass. and w. by the 
Conn. r. which separates it from Vt. It lies 
between 42° 40' and 45° 20' n. lat., and be- 
tween 4° 30' and G° 15' e. long. W. C. Its 
extreme length is 1G8 ms., its greatest 
breadth 90, and its whole area, 9,491 sq. ms. 
New Hampshire was first discovered in 
1614, by Capt. John Smith, the English navi- 
gator, and was afterwards named by John 
Mason, to whom it was granted in 1622, by a 
patent in which it is called Laconia. The 
first settlements were made in the following 
year at Dover and Portsmouth. In 1629, the 
territory between the Merrimack and Piscata- 
qua rs. and extending 60 ms. from the sea, 
which had previously been purchased of the 
Indians by the Rev. John Wheelwright, was 
granted to Mason alone, by whom it was then 
first called New Hampshire. In 1641, all 
the settlements of the state united themselves 
to Mass. and formed part of the county of 
Norfolk. In 1679, they were again constitu- 
ted a separate province by Charles II., and 
in 1680, the first assembly convened. From 
1689, with the exception of a short period, it 
waa again miited with Massachusetts, until 
1741, when it was constituted a separate 
government under the care of Gov. Went- 
worth. A few settlements were commenced 
in Coos CO. before 1775, but were abandoned 
imtil the conclusion of peace. During the 
war of the revolution, the government of New 
Hampshire was conducted by a temporary 
administration; and in 1784, a new constitu- 
tion was adopted, which, with the amend- 
ments of 1792, forms the present constitution 
of the state. The legislative power of the 
present government is vested in a senate of 
12 members, who are chosen by districts, 
and a house of 229 representatives from the 
towns ; each branch having a negative on the 
other. The executive is composed of a gov- 
ernor, and a council of 5 members. The 
governor is annually elected by the people, 
and has a negative on both branches of the 
legislature. The regular time for the annual 
session of the legislature, is the first Wednes- 
day in June. The judiciary department is 



composed of a superior court and a court of 
common pleas, each consisting of three 
Judges, who are removublc only by impeach- 
ment, except that they arc disqualified by 
attaining 70 years of age. 

The surface of the state is nearly level for 
20 or 30 ma. from the sea coast, which ex- 
tends but 18 ms., and is generally a sand 
beach with salt marshes within ; back of this 
it becomes hilly, and in many parts mountain- 
ous. Detween the Connecticut and Merri- 
mack rs. lie Monadnock, Sunapee, Kearsarge, 
Moosehillock, and Carr's mtns. In the low- 
er part of Coos co. is a cluster of mtns., call- 
ed the White hills, or White mtns., among 
which are the most elevated peaks in the U. 
Slates. This region, which is wild and al- 
most entirely uninhabited, abounds in sublime 
scenery, and formerly afforded much wild 
game. There are now many deer, wild cats, 
and some bears, &c. New Hampshire has" 
been called the granite state, from the quan. 
titles of that rock quarried within it ; and the 
Switzerland of America, on account of its 
wild and picturesque mountain scenery, its 
lakes, cascades, &c. The largest collection 
of waters in the state, is Lake Winnipiseogee, 
which is one of the most varied and beautiful 
in the U. States, and a favorite resort of 
travellers. Besides this are Connecticut, 
Ossipee and Squani lakes, &c. which afford 
fish and fowl. Lake Umbagog is partly in 
this state and partly in Maine. The state is 
remarkably well watered, and five of the 
principal rivers of New England have their 
sources within its borders. The air is pure 
and salubrious, and the climate,though severe, 
very healthy. The soil of New Hampshire 
is generally fertile, and mostly capable of 
cultivation. The best lands are those bor- 
dering the" rivers, which are enriched by the 
annual floods. The hills afford excellent 
pasturage. By far the greatest part of the in- 
habitants is occupied in agricultural pursuits. 
The principal productions are maize, wheat, 
rye, oats, barley, flax, «fec. Large quantities 
of pork, beef, butter, cheese, &c. are annual- 
ly exported. The state produces excellent 
timber, much of which is also sent abroad. 
The white pine attains a very large size. 
The ginseng, long supposed to grow only in 
China and Tartary, is found here in abund- 
ance and of excellent quality. Apples are 
abundant, and excellent ; pears, plums, cher- 
ries, &c. are also produced. Beautiful and 
fine grained granite is found in various parts 
of the state, of which large quantities arc 
transported for building stone. Iron and cop- 
per ore of excellent quality have been found 
at Franconia ; and very good plumbago or 
black lead, at Bristol. There are many in. 
ternal improvements and channels of commu- 
nication. A large part of the commerce of 
the lower counties finds its vent by the Merri- 
mack r. into Mass., while most of that from 
the upper cos. passes e. to Portland, Me. 
Indeed so important has the road through the 
White mtns. been considered to that slate, 



NEW 



341 



NEW 



that the legislature of Mo. have sometimes i high schools in many of the large towns. 



appropriated money for its improvement 
Morriniack r. has been dummed, locked and 
canalled by the state, at the falls between 
Concord and Mass., so as to be navigable in 
boats ; and great quantities of lumber, granite, 
produce, and foreign merchandize, are trans- 
ported by that channel. Numerous factories 
arc erected at the falls. The Middlesex ca- 
nal opens a communication between the bend 
of the Merrimack r. and Boston harbor. Pis- 
cataqua r., at the mouth of which is Ports- 
mouth, the port of the state, and a navy yard 
of tho U. S., is rather an arm of the sea, 
which receives 5 small rs. the principal of 
which is Salmon Falls r. Androscoggin and 
•Saco rs. which flow into Me., rise in tho up- 
per parts of N. Hampshire ; the last has its 
source on Mt. Washington. 

By the report of the secretary of the treas- 
ury, tho amount of American and foreign 
tonnage entered in N. H. for tho year ending 
Sept. 30th, 1830, was 9,416 ; departed, 4,G32; 
value of imports, $130,828 ; exports, domes- 
tic, $93,499 ; foreign, $2,Cl)5; total exports, 
$96,184. 

The state is divided into 6 counties and 215 
towns ; none of which are large. Portsmouth 
is the chief in size, and Concord is the seat 
of government. The pop. of New Hampshire 
has been steadily on the increase. In 1800 
the pop. was 183,858, in 1810, 214,460. By 
the two last censuses the pop, of the counties 
and state is as follows : • 

Counties. Pop. 1820. 

C)ic3iiiro, 45,370 

C.H.R, 6,.';i9 

32,9.-39 
53,8.-31 



Grafton, 

Hill.sborouprh, 

Merrimack, 

Hockiiifjh.ini, 

SlralEtrd, 

Sullivan, 

T..tal, 



55,210 
51,117 



2-11,101 



Pop. 1330. 
27,016 
8,338 
.38,082 
37,724 
31,014 
44,325 
58,910^, 
19,069" 

209,328 



Of tho iorcgoing there were white persons. 



Males. 

Under 5 years of ago 19,428 

From 5 to 15 34,25;! 

" 15 to 30 36,038 

" 30 to 50 25,468 

" 50 to 70 12,277 

" 70 to 90 3,626 

90 and above 89 

Total, 131,184 



Females. 
18,538 
32,315 
39,387 
28,586 
14,336 
4,195 
180 



137,537 

Of these were deaf and dumb, under 14 
years of ago, 32; between 14 and 25, 55; 
above 25, 48. Blind 105. Aliens 410. Of 
the colored poi)ulation in 1830 there were 
free, males 279 ; females, 323. Slaves, males 
none ; females 5. There were 9 colored, deaf 
and dumb, — blind, none. 

The counties of Merrimack and Sullivan 
have been formed since the census of 1820. 

The common schools of Now Ilampsliiro 



are ostablislic<l by law, and arc generally [spond to the humane wish'of Mr. Fhnt 

w«>ll supported ; and there are academies andjlo be hoped that thi;.' beautiful village, whirl 



Dartmouth college at Ilanovcr is the only one 
in the .'^tatc : it was founded in 1770. In the 
number of its graduates, it is the third in the 
United States ; and the libraries connected 
with it contain 14,000 vols. There is a state 
prison at Concord. 

There are various religious denominations 
in the state. The Congregationalists have 
146 churches, 116 ministers, and 12,867 com- 
municants ; Baptists 75 churches, 61 minis- 
ters, and 5,279 com. ; Free Will Baptist.*! 
67 churches, 51 ministers, and 4,500 com. ; 
Methodists 30 ministers, and 3,180 com. ; 
Presbyterians 11 churches, 9 ministers, and 
1,499 com. ; Christ-ians have 17 ministers ; 
Friends 13 societies ; Universalists 20 con- 
gregations ; Unitarians 10 ministers ; Episco- 
palians 8 ministers ; Catholics 2 churches ; 
Shakers 2 societies, and Sandemanians 1. 

New Hampton, p-t., Strafford co., N. II., 30 
ms.N. Concord, watered in the w. part by Pemi- 
gewasset r. The surface is broken and un- 
even. The soil remarkably fertile. Here 
is a flourishing academical institution, with 76 
pupils ; connected with which is a female de- 
partment with 124 pupils, about a milo and a 
half from the other. Pop. 1830, 1,905. 

New Hampton, p-v., eastern part Madison 
CO., O., by p-r. 15 ms, w. Columbus. 

New Ha.\over, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 
24 ms. nthrd. Phil. 

New Harmony, p-v. Posey co. Ind. by p-r, 
171 ms. s. s.w. Indianopolis and 732 ms. a lit- 
tle 3. of w. W. C. lat. 38° 10', long W. C. lio 
west. 

This V. has been the scene of some inter- 
esting revolutions. It was founded in 1814 
by a society of Germans, called " the Har- 
monites," who removed there from their settle- 
ment of the same name in Butler CO. Pa., on 
jthe Conequenessing cr. The principles of 
their civil polity, as far as developed to the 
public, was a community of goods, landed and 
personal. Their civil and religious leader 
was George Rapp. They were remarkable 
for industry, quietness, decency, and indeed 
every moral quality which gives force to a 
people. With such principles they soon 
made a garden of New Harmony. But MAN 
continued to be MAN on the Wabash, as he 
had done since he came with his partner 
weeping down from the hill of Eden. Robert 
Owen of Lanark, who had heard of New Har- 
mony, having discovered, or thought he 
had discovered, a gold mine in tho human 
heart, came to America and purchased New 
Harmony for .$190,000, and began his exper- 
iment on a plan directly the reverse of the 
Harmonites. With the German reformer all 
was order and obedience, and of course suc- 
cess in his operations ; with the Scotch re- 
former, all was equality, and the result an- 
swered to tho means. Robert Owen left New 
Harmony, covered with the weeds of discord. 
It is probable all reflecting persona will re 

It i.s 



NEW 



342 



NEW 



has been the theatre of such singular and op- 
posing experiments, will again flourish." The 
actual papulation is not given by cither the 
census returns, or by Mr. Flint. 

New IIarrisdurg, p-v. Stark co. 0.,byp-r. 
132 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

New Haven co. Conn. bo\inde(l n. by 
LitchfieUl and Hartford cos., E. by Middlesex 
CO., s. by Long Island sound, and w. by Litch- 
field CO. and tlie Ousatonic r. which separates 
it from Fairfield co. Its average length from 
E. to w. is about 2G ms. and its width from n. 
to s. 21 ms. Containing 540 square ms. or 
345, ()00 acres. This county, lying on Long 
Island sound, has a very extensive maratinie 
border, but its foreign trade is chiefly con- 
fined to New Haven harbor. Its fisheries of 
oysters and clams and other fish are valuable. 
It is intersected by several streams, none of 
them of very large size, but of some value for 
their water power and fish. Of these the 
princi[)al are the Pompcraug and Naugatuck, 
on tlie w. ; the Quinnepiack, the Mcnunka- 
tuck, and West and Mill rs. on the e. The 
Quinnepiack is the largest, and passes 
through extensive meadows. A part of its 
course is pursued by the Farmington canal, 
which passes througli this county from n. to 
s. There is a great variety of soil in this 
county, as well as of native vegetable and 
mineral productions. The range of seconda- 
ry country which extends along Conn. r. as 
far as Middlctown, there leaves that stream, 
crosses into this county and terminates at 
New Haven. This intersection of the primi- 
tive formation by a secondary ridge, affords a 
great variety of minerals, and materials for 
diflerent soils. Considerable tracts on the 
mountains and sandy plains are of little value. 
This county contains the largest city in the 
state, one of its capitals, a seaport with pret- 
ty extensive trade, and one of the most beau 
tiful towns in the union. The manufactures 
are not very numerous. There are however 
large maTjufactories of cotton, and buttons, at 
Humphreysvillc, in the western part of the 
CO. ; an extensive gun manufactory at Whit- 
neyville, near New Haven, and a number of 
nianufaclories of various articles at Meriden 
and other towns. Population of tho county in 
l!;20, 39,01 fi, 1830,43,847. 

Nr.w Haven, city, seaport, and st. of jus. of 
New Haven co. Conn., and one of the capi- 
tals of the state, is 34 ms. s. w. Hartford, 52 
w. New London, 7G n. e. New York, and 
301 from W. C. in lat. 41° 17', and long. 3° 
58' e. W. C'. It is beautifiilly situated about 
4 ms. from Long Island sound, at the head of 
New Haven bay, on a large and level plain, 
surrounded, exccptinthe direction of the har- 
bor, by a grand amphitheatre of hills, two of 
which present bold and perpendicular preci- 
pices of rude and naked trap rock. These 
abrupt eminences, which are called East and 
West rock, are 350 to 370 feet high, and in 
connection with the surrounding scenery are 
said very much to resemble the famous 
" Salisbury craig" in England. New Haven 



was first settled by the English in 1G38, ond 
was united with the Connecticut colony in 
IGG5. The Indian name was Quinnipiack. 
The city was incorporated in 17C4, is 3 ms. 
long from e. to w. and 2 wide, and includes 
the old and new townships, each of which is 
regularly laid out by right lines which divide 
it into spacious squares. The central squtire 
of the old township, which is 182 yards on 
each side, is, with its ornaments, one of the 
finest in the U. S. The city is characterised 
by an appearance of plainness, neatness and 
order. Its houses and private edifices, aro 
mostly of wood, not expensive, but neat and 
convenient. The public square and the prin- 
cipal streets are finely ornamented with large 
and spreading elms, and other shade trees ; 
and a great part of the houses have gardens 
attached to them, filled with fruit trees and 
shrubbery, giving to the city a rural and de- 
lightful api)earance. The central square is 
intersected by a beautiful street, overspread 
by elms. The cast section is free from build- 
ings and occupied only by majestic elms. On 
the west, are situated the new state house, 2 
Congregational, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Metiio- 
dist church. The new state house is a splen- 
did edifice, built after the model of the Par- 
thenon, commanding in its appearance ; and 
for the beauty of its proportions, and the style 
of its workmanship, it holds a high rank 
among the best specimens of architecture in 
the country. It is situated near the centre of 
the section, and includes a large hall for city 
and town meetings, the halls of legislature, 
with committee rooms, court rooms, &.c. 'I'ho 
Episcopal church is a large Gothic edifice, 
i)uilt ot dark stone from East Rock. lu the 
new township, is also a new Episcopal 
church, in the G'othic style, an elegant Con- 
gregational church also lately erected, and a 
■■^^aptist church of stuccoed stone. The state 
'hospital, erected in 1832, is a fine stuccoed 
edifice, with a colonnade, standing on an emi- 
nence about half a mile s. w. iVoni the centre 
of the city. This institution is one that must 
prove highly useful, and honorable to the 
state. Yale college, one of the oldest and 
most distinguished literary institutions of the 
country, is located here. It was founded in 
1700, and received donations in books and 
money, the former from clergymen in Con- 
necticut and others, and the latter chiefly 
from England. Its name was derived from 
its principal foreign donor. It was charter- 
ed in 1701, was originally located at Killing- 
worth, was removed to Saybrook in 1707, and 
to New Haven in 1717. The original design 
of the institution was to afl'ord instruction to 
young men designed for the ministry. A 
large proportion of all the youth who have 
received a classical education in the the U. 
S. have, however, been instructed here. It 
has long suH'ered for want of funds. The 
whole amount of pecuniary donations received 
from all sources, since it was founded, is less 
than ^l.'SO.OOO, viz. from the state f 75,00(1, 
and from individuals about $70,000. It Iras 



NEW 



343 



NEW 



not an endowed professorahip, and its annual i sophical and chemical apparatus, is very ox- 
income is only about $2,000. Tho receipts J tensive and valuable. The mineralogical 
of the students' bills constitute, therefore, the I cabinet, contains more than 16,000 Hpcci- 
only means of defraying the expenses of in-| mens, and is tho most valuable in the coun- 
struction, and these have hitherto been insuf- 1 try. Commencement is held on the third 
ficient. A subscription has recently been Wednesday in August. The number of 
opened, wliich it is presumed will soon fur- j students in 1831, was 409, of whom 331 were 
nish a fund of )$ 100,000, by which the facili- j in the academical department, and tiie re- 
tics and means of instruction will bo greatly I mainder in preparation for the various learn, 
increased, and its embarrassments, at least led professions. Tho number of living gradu- 
for a time, removed. Tho general manage- [ates is y, 500 ; of alumni 4, GOD ; of degrees 
mentofthe college is committed to the corpo- 1 conferred .5, 138. There are 10 very respecta. 
ration, consisting of its president, tho govern- 1 blc schools of tho higher class for young 
or and lieutenant governor of tho state, the 61 ladies, in' which about 400 pupils are edu- 
oldest members of tiio state senate, and the cated. 

same number of distinguished clergymen of Tho Farmington canal, which in connec- 
tho state, chosen by the corporation. The tion with the Hampshire and Hampden canal, 
faculty of the university, to whom is entrusted was designed to afford a communication with 
the government and instruction of the pupils, Connecticut river at Northampton, terminates 



consists of a president, 14 professors, viz. of 
law ; of the principles and practice of sur- 
gery ; of chemistry ; pharmacy ; mineralogy 
and geology; of the Latin language and lit- 



here. Tho harbor of New Haven is well 
protected from winds, but is shallow and 
gradually filling up ; there being but 7 feet of 
water on the bar at low tide. To remedy 



crature ; of the theory and practice of physic ;jthis, a wharf with flood gates has been lately 
of materia mcdica and therapeutics; of di- erected, at considerable expense, forming a 
dactic theology ; of anatomy and physiology ; spacious basin, whore the water may be ai- 
of obstetrics ; of sacred literature ; of divini- ways kept at high tide mark. There is anoth- 



ty ; of rhetoric and oratory ; of mathematics 
and natural philosophy; and of the Greek 
language and literature ; 7 tutors ; besides 
assistants to the professors of law and chemis- 
try, and instructers in elocution, drawing, 
and perspective, botany, and in the Ger- 
man, French, and Spanish languages. The 
situation of the college buildings is very fine, 
hoalthfid, and convenient. They consist of 
4 buildings 100 feet by 40, each of 4 stories, 
•and containing 32 rooms for students ; a 
chapel, in which is one story appropriated to 
the theological school, and one to the college 
library ; with 2 other buildings, called the 
lyccum and atheneum, appropriated to recita 
tion and lecture rooms, rooms for the profes 



or wharf extending 3,943 feet into the har- 
bor ; longer than any other in the U. S. by 
2,000 feet. The harbor bridge is half a mile 
in length, 27 feet wide, and cost $(10,000. 
The foreign commerce of the city was form- 
erly very extensive, but is now principally con- 
fined to the West Indies. Its coasting trade 
is more important. Regular lines of packets 
run to New York, with which city there is a. 
daily communication, by swift and commodi- 
ous steamboats. Among other objects of en- 
terprise in the city, are a large carpet manu- 
factory, and a carriage manufactory, one of 
the most extensive in the U. S. It is a coach 
making village, comprising the habitations of 
the workmen, aiul a large building with a Dor- 



Bors, and libraries for the literary societies, ic front in which are the workshops, cha|)f;!. 
These are all built of brick, and are ranged &c. The ground is laid out for gartlens, and 
in a line, on a gentle elevation facing tho city the whole occupies a beautiful situation, near 
green, with a broad yard in front, sliaded the mouth of Qiiinnipiack river, and the n. 
with elms and maples. In the rear of these side of the harbor. There are in the city, 
is anoliicr range of buildings, consisting afj beside what have been mentioned, the county 
the chemical laboratory ; tho commons hall, | jail, an almshouse, custom house, museum, 3 
in the 2d story of which, is an elegant audi banks, 2 insurance ofTices, ami 6 printing of- 
spacious apartment, fitted up for the mtnera- 1 fices, from which are issued five weekly 
logical cabinet ; and a third, a neat and taste- 1 newspapers, and three other periodicals. The 
fill building of stuccoed stone, recently erect- Franklin institution has been lately establish- 
ed, lor the reception ofa part of Col. Trum- ed for the benefit of ilio citizens, and atgreat 
bull's paintings, (which have lately become the ' expense, by an enterprising mechanic of the 
])roperty of the college) and other pictures. I city. It is an institution for popular lectures, 
A short distance from these, are the build- [ and comprises a spacious lecture room, chcm- 
ings of the law and medical schools. Thejical ajiparatus, and a mineralogical cabinet, 
medical institution is furnished with a library i At Whitneyville, a village at the base of 
and an anatomical museum. The lectures 1 East rock and within tho limits of the town 
commence the last week in October and ter- 'of New Ilavcn, is a very extensive gun man- 
minate the last week in February. During ufactory, established a few years since by an 
the course, from 50 to 100 lectures are given enterprising citizen of New Haven and one 
by each professor. The library of tho col- of the most ingenious und inventive mechan- 
legc, consists principally of old and valuable lies of our coimtry ; from whom the village 
books, and contains 9,500 vols. The libra- [derives its name. The burying ground of 
ries of tiie literary societies of the students! New Haven is a level spot, regularly laid out 
amount to ten thousand vols. The philo- m squares and ornamented with rows ot pop- 



NEW 



344 



NEW 



lars. It contains a great number of very i it from N. Y., s. by Del. bay, and w. by the 
handsome monuments, many of" them made Del. r. which separates it from Pa. It is 
from ancient models, and is said to be one of situated between 38° 56' and 41° 21' n. lat., 
the most solemn and impressive spots of the and between 1° 45' and 3° 30' e. long. W. 
same kind in our country. There are 10 [C. Its greatest length is 1G3 ms., and its 



churches in the city, viz. 4 Congregational, 2 
Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 2 Afri- 
can. Pop. of the city and town, 1820, 8,326. 
In 1830, city 10,180 ; town exclusive of the 
city, 4'Jd ; total 10,678. 

New Haven, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. s. lake 
Ontario, 10 ms. e. Oswego, has good land, 
|)retty well supplied with mill seats by Cat- 
fish creek, &,c. Fruit grows very well. Pop. 
1830, 1,410. 

New Haven, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 95 
ms. nihrd. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. of 
New Haven, 1830, 615. | 

New Holland, p-v. southern part of Pick- 
away CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. sthwrd. Colum- 
bus. 

New Holland, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa. 13 
ms. N. E. Lancaster city, and 55 ms. a little 
N. of w. Phil. 

New Hope, p-v. on the right bank of Del. 
r. Bucks CO. Pa. opi)Osite Lanibcrtsvillc 
New Jersey, 11 ms. n. e. Doylestown, and 
34 N. N. e. Phil. 

New Hope, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 
114 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New Hope, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 112 ms. nrthrd. Columbia. 

New Hope, p-v. Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 
26 ms. N.E. Milledgeville. 

New Hope, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. by p-r. 56 
ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

New Hope, p-v. Brown co. O. by p-r. 97 
ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

New Hope, Perquimans co. N. C. (See 
DuranVs Neck.) 

New Hope Forge and p-o. Iredell co. N. 
C. by p-r. 372 ms. s. w. W. C, and 166 wstrd. 
Raleigh. 

New Iberia, p-v. on the right bank of Te- 
che r. parish of St. Martin's, La. about 200 
nis. following the p-r., and in a direct course 
almost due w. New Orleans. It is a small 
village containing about 200 inhabitants, situ- 
ated on a biink something higher than those 
of Teche r. generally. It is 11 ms. s. St. 
Martinsville, the st. jus. for the parish, and 
45 ms. s. s. E. St. Landre in Opclousas. 
Newiciiawannock. {Sec Piscataqua r.) 
New Inlet, N.J. between Brigantiae and 
Tucker's beaches, leads from Great bay into 
the sea s. of Little Egg harbor. Long, about 
3° E. W. C, lat. 39° 50'. It is at the mouth 
of Mullicus r. 

New Ipswich, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 50 
ms. s. w. Concord, 52 n. Boston, 5 ms. by 6 ; 
20,860 acres, crossed by Souhogaii x., over 
which is a stone bridge, on the turnpike road 



width 52, and it contains about 8,320 sq. ms. 
The first settlement within the limits of 
New Jersey, was made by the Danes in 1624, 
at Bergen, so called from a city of Norway. 
In 1626, a company was formed in Sweden 
for the purpose of colonizing somo part of 
America, and in the following year the 
Swedes and Fins made a settlement on the 
w. bank of the Del. r. In 1640, the English 
formed a settlement on the eastern bank of 
the same river, but they were soon driven 
out by the Swedes in concert with the Dutch. 
In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of the 
New Netherlands, conquered the country, 
and transported most of the Swedes to Eu- 
rope. In 1664, it was taken from the Dutch 
by King Charles II., and granted by charter 
to the duke of York. In 1676, after having 
been reconquered by the Dutch, and restored 
by treaty, it was divided into East and West 
Jersey, which were reunited by Queen Anne 
in 1702. In 1738, they were placed under a 
separate governor. In the controversies 
preceding the revolution. New Jersey was 
early and sincerely attached to the interests 
of the mother country ; but when compelled 
to seek a separation as the only refuge from 
arbitrary oppression, she was one of the first 
to resolve on independence, and the second 
colony which adopted a constitution for her 
own government. She was prompt in ac- 
cepting the present constitution of the U. S., 
and during the scenes of the revolution was 
distinguished for her patriotic exertions. The 
battles of Princeton, Trenton and Monmouth, 
were fought within her limits. The present 
constitution was adopted in 1776. The legis- 
lature is composed of a legislative council, a 
house of assembly ; the former containing 14 
members, one from each county, the latter 50. 
They arc annually chosen, and meet on the 
4th Tuesday of October. The governor is 
also elected annually, by a joint vote of both 
houses of the legislature. In case of vacan- 
cy, the vice president of the legislative council 
acts as governor. The judiciary consists of a 
court of chancery, of which the governor is 
chancellor, a supreme court of three judges, 
circuit courts, and courts of common pleas 
in the difi'erent ccunties, beside inferior tri- 
bunals. Residence for one year in the co. 
and payment of taxes, are the qualifications 
for an elector. 

The soil of New Jersey, and face of the 
country, present every variety. The n. w. 
and N. portions of the state arc hilly and 
mountainous, but interspersed with rich val- 



Tlie first cotton factory in N. H. was built leys, and extensive tracts, well adajited for 
here in 1803. It is fertile. Populatiou 1830, grazing, and the production of all kinds of 
1,673. grain and vegetables. The middle parts are 

New Jeksev, one of the United States, agreeably diversified, and generally of good 
bounded n. by New York, E. by the Atlantic quality. The more southern counties are of 
ocean and 'he Jlmlsun r., which .^cpiirate.S|alluvial formalion, gcacxally lovrl, wiih loam, 



NEW 



345 



NEW 



or sandy soil, in most parte well improved unil 
^ highly productive. The hinds in llio vicinity 
of Now York and Philadelphia produce ^rcat 
quantities of fruit and vef^etablcs for those 
markets. The apples and cider of N.Jersey 
are proverbially excellent. Wheat, maize, rye, 
barley, &-C. are staple i)roductions. The great 
quantities of lime in the northern, and marl 
in the middle parts of the state, of late years 
extensively used as manure, have greatly im- 
proved the quality and productions of the 
lands. A part of the southern portion of the 
stale aud the sea coast is sandy, and valuable 
only for fuel and timber ; but the quantity of 
land of this description has been greatly over- 
rated. The principal mineral productions arc, 
iron, copper, copperas, paints and various co- 
lors. Iron is abundant, and is extensively ma- 
nufactured. Ores of gold and silver have been 
discovered in Warren co. Copper mines 
were wrought before the revolution. Free 
stone, limestone, marl, and varieties of fine 
clay for potters use, largo quantities of which 
are exported, are also found. The state, ex- 
cepting the N. boundary, is almost surrounded 
by navigable water. It is intersected by 



states. In 1790 the population wna 184,139 ; 
in 1800, 211,14'.> ; in 1810, a45,5(;a ; m 1820, 
277,575 and in 1830, 320,823. The latter in 
detail, as follows : 



Cos. 


pop. 


Cog. 


pop. 


Bergen, 


32,412 


Middlesex, 


23,1.57 


Burlington, 


31,107 


Monmouth, 


29,233 


Capo May, 


4,936 


Morris, 


23,606 


Cumberland, 


14,(193 


Salem, 


14,155 


Eaox, 


41,911 


Somerset, 


17,689 


Gloucester, 


28,431 


Sussex, 


20,346 


Hunterdon, 


31,060 


Wurrcn, 


18,627 


Of which there were white persons 


, 




IllillcS. 


fernnlos. 


Under 6 years 


)fagc, ■25,071 


23,927 


Biitvvceii fi and Ifl 


4n,0'19 


3a, 746 


" 1 5 and 30 


41,124 


4i,t301 


" 30 and 50 


28,274 


27,030 


" eO iind 70 


11,511 


12,012 


" 70 antl 90 


2,655 


2,74G 


" 90 und over 


45 


05 



Total 



152,529 



147,737 



Of the above were deaf and dumb, 2C7 ; 
blind, 205 ; and alienP, 3,365. 

There were also in the state 18,303 free 
many navigable rivers, and has numerous 'persons of color, and 2,254 slaves. Of these 
streams for mills, iron works, and every spe- were deaf and dumb, 15 ; blind 22. 
cies of manufactures requiring .water power. Recapitulation. 

The principal ofthese streams are the Raritan, whites. free col'd. slaves. total. 

Hackensack, Passaic, Salem, Tom, Cohan-' 300,266 18,303 2,254 320,823 
zey and Maurice rs. Raritan bay is an ex- The manufactures of the state are exten- 
tensivc arm of the sea on the E. coast, afford- 1 sive and flourishing. They are chiefly of 
ing a ready communication at all times be- liron, cotton, woollen, paper, leather,carriages, 
tween the ocean and Perth Amboy, the prin-i shoes, &c., large quantities of which are 
cipal sea port in the state. The internal 1 sent abroad. There are 13 manufactories 
communications are generally good. The | where glass is made, of various kinds, chiefly 
great thoroughfare between the n. and s. from sand foxmd in the state. Iron is one of the 
states passes through N. J. ; and the advanta- most important articles of manufacture, and the 
ages which the state enjoys as it regards dis- 1 forges, furnaces and mills are very numerous 
tance and facilities in transporting goods to {in several of the counties. Chain cables are 
market, are not exceeded by those of any made at Dover, and cut nails in abundance at 
equally extended district of the country. In Patterson. In 1829 there were in Patterson 
addition to the natural advantages of water 487 looms, and 4 machine factories, in one of 
communication, the state enjoys the benefit | which, in the preceding year, were made 15,- 
of many internal improvements. The Morris ! 048 spindles. Connected with the last was a 
canal, uniting the Passaic and Del. rs. has foundry, producing annually 35,000 pounds 
been completed. The Delaware and Raritan i of brass, and 1,020,000 pounds of iron cast- 
cana!, a splendid work, is in active pro- lings. The cotton and flax annually used a- 
gress. It will connect those rivers by a j mount to 2,779,600 pounds, and the quantity 
channel of 70 feet wide, and 7 deep, adapted I of cloth manufactured is 2,604,450 yards, 
for sloop navigation, and completing an iiUer-'The foreign trade of New Jersey being carri- 
nal water eonmiunication between Albermarle | cd on through the ports of N. York and Phil- 
sound and N. Y. A rail road from Camden, jadcliihia, its amount cannot be accurately as- 
across the state to Amboy, is nearly com- : certairied. The amount of tonnage in 1829 
pleted, and others are in progress in several j was 32,465 tons, besides about 5,000 tons re- 
parts of the state. gistercd at New York. By the report of the 

New Jersey is divided into 14 counties, secretary of the treasury, Sept. 30, 1830, the 
Bergen, Morris, Sussex, Warren, Essex, amount of tonnage entered the previous year 
Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Burling-i was 586 ; departed 627. Value of imports. 



ton, Monmouth, Gloucester, Salem, Cumber- 
land and Capo May. These are sub-divided 
into t. ships. Trenton is the capital ; Newark 
is the largest town in the state. 

The population of New Jersey, though not 



$13,444 ; of exports, domestic $8,224 ; for- 
eign .$100. Total exports $8,324. 

The system of common school instruction 
in the state, has hitherto been very defective ; 
but in consequence of the recent efforts of the 



rapidly increasing, has been steadily progres-' friends of education, the attention of the pub. 
"sive; and its increase has been considerably lie has been called up to the subject, and meas- 
in advance of some others of the Atlantic iures have been commenced which promise 

44 



NEW 



346 



NEW 



important and cheering results. The state 
possesses a school fund which commenced in 
1816. The income from it, which is about 
^22,000, is annnally distributed in small sums 
to such towns as raise an equal amount for 
the support of schools. Academies and pri- 
vate schools are numerous and excellent. 
There are in the state two colleges — Nassau 
Hall at Princeton, founded in 1746, which en- 
oys a high reputation; and Rutger's college at 
New Brunswick, founded in 1770. There is 
a theological seminary at Princeton, under 
the superintendence of the general assembly 
of the Presbyterian church, and a similar in- 
stitution at New Brunswick under the care of 
the general synod of the Dutch Reformed 
church. Twenty-two newspapers are pub- 
lished in this state. 

The religious denominations of the state 
are, Presbyterians, who have 85 churches, 88 
ministers and 12,519 communicants ; the 
Methodists 10,730 members ; Dutch Reform- 
ed 28 ministers and 28 churches ; Baptists 
34 churches, 21 ministers and 2,324 commu- 
nicants ; Episcopalians 20 ministers, and 
some Friends and Congregationalists, and 
Catholics. 

New Jerusalem, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 11 ms. 
from Reading, and 65 e. Harrisburg. 

New Kent, co. Va. bounded by Chickaho- 
mina r. separating it from Charles City co. s. 
and Henrico s. w. ; by Hanover n. w.; Mat- 
apony r. separating it from King William n. ; 
and by James City co. s.e. Length diagonally 
from E. to w. 33 ms.; mean width 7, and area 
231 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 19' to 
37° 36', and in long, from 0° 11' e. to 0° 24' 
w. W. C. It is obvious from the position of 
New Kent, between two rivers, that it is com- 
posed of two narrow inclined plains. The 
surface hilly. Pop. in 1820, 6,630. 
New Kent, C.H. and p-v. near the centre of 
'New Kent co. Va. byp-r. 133 ms. a little w. 
of s. W. C, and 30 e. Richmond, lat. 37° 26', 
long. 0° 06' w. W. C. 

New Lebanon, p. t. Columbia CO. N. Y. 30 
ms. N. e. Hudson, is of irregular form, with 
32 sq. ms., has good land, with Williamstown 
mtn. on the e., arable hills on the s. and a 
large rich valley n. e. and n. where flows 
Lebanon cr. Limestone lies below the soil, 
with lead and other ores, marl, &c. Pop. in 
1830, 2,695. [See following article.) 

New Lebanon, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 
ms. s. E. Albany and 6 vv. Pittsfield, Mass. 
This is one of the principal watering places 
of the U.S. The water flows abundantly 
from the s. side of a fine bilinear the n.e. cor- 
ner of the t. and a hotel 150 feet long, and a 
small village have been erected near it. The 
water is always at 72° Fahrenheit, and es- 
teemed for bathing, for which there are ac- 
commodations. The water is but slightly 
impregnated, and very pure. The scenery is 
far more agreeable than that of Saraiogu or 



distant is a Shaker village, where agricaltM' 
al and mechanic arts in several branches are 
conducted with great neatness, economy and 
success. The property is all held in common 
by the members of the society. 

New Lebanon, p-v. and st. just. Camden 
CO. N. C, situated on one of the head branch- 
es of Pasquotank r. at the sthrn. extremity of 
the Dismal Swamp canal, about 30 ms. s. 
Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 201 ms. n. e. by e. 
Raleigh, lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 42' e. W C. 

New Lexington, p-v. Perry co. O. by p-r. 
54 ms. s. E. Columbus. 

New Liberty, p-v. Owen co. Ky. 26 miles 
northward Frankfort. 

New Lisbon, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. lO ms, 
s. w. Cooperstown, 76 w. Albany, has arable 
and grazing hills and rich valleys, crossed by 
Butternuts cr. and a branch of Otsego cr. 
which give mill seats. Pop. 1830, 2,5^32. 

New Lisbon, p-v. and st. jus. Columbiana 
CO. O. situated on Little Beaver, 33 ms. n. 
Steubenville, 54 ms. n. w. by w. Pittsburg, 
and by p-r. 152 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 
282 ms. nthwstrd. W. C. lat. 40° 47', long. W. 
C. 3° 43, w. According to Flint this place con- 
tained when he wrote (early in 1832,) the or- 
dinary CO. buildings, bank, two places of pub- 
lic worship, 6 taverns, 9 stores. In the tsp. 
of Centre, in which New Lisbon is situated, 
there were 4 merchant mills, 4 saw mills, a 
paper mill, 2 woollen factories, 1 fulling mill 
and 1 carding machine. Pop. 1830, 1,129. 

New London, co. Conn, bounded by Hart- 
ford, Tolland and Windham cos. n., by Wind- 
ham CO. and R. I. e., by L. I. sound s., by 
Middlesex co. w. Length 30 ms.; mean width 
20 ; area about 600 sq. ms. It abounds in 
harbors, crs. and bays, convenient both for 
fishing and navigation. The r. Thames for- 
med by the juncture of the Quinebaug and 
Shetucket, affords steam and sloop naviga- 
tion to Norwich. Just below Norwich, the 
Thames receives the waters of the Yantic, 
and thus furnishes an admirable entrance for 
vessels. The diff'erent branches of the 
Thames afibrd excellent water power ; and a 
canal is proposed along the Shetucket valley, 
into Mass. The Niantic, Pequonock, Mistic, 
Stonington, Wickatequack, and Pacatuck are 
among the important and beautiful bays 
which indent that portion of coast included 
within the territorial limits of this co. The 
N. w. part of the co. is mountainous, and 
much of the surface is hilly and rocky; but 
much arable and grazing land is found in the 
CO. The soil is generally productive. Fruits, 
grain, lumber, fish, are the staples. Consid- 
erable attention is paid to manufactures. By 
a return made to the secretary of state at 
Washington in June, 1832, it appears that 
there are in the co. 14 cotton mills, which 
employ 22,688 spindles and 580 looms. 
Amount of capital invested $746,000; quan- 
tity of wool consumed, 1,647,928 lbs. ; yarn 



Ballston, and the views from near the hotel sold the previous year 2,500 lbs.; yds. cloth 
are very fine and extensive over a variegated sold in same time, 5,048,780. Capital in- 
and Well cultivated country. About 2 ms. (vested in the manufacture of woollens |r206,- 



NEW 



347 



NEW 



000; quaiitity of wool consumed 271,600 
ll>s. ; annual value of woollen manufactures 
^187,784. Pop. in 1820, 35,943 ; in 1830, 
43,:iOI. 

New London, city, port of entry, p-t. and 
iialf-sliire, N. London co. Conn., on the w. 
hunk of the Thames, and 3 ms. from L. I. 
•sound. It is 42 ms. s. e. Hartford, 53 e. 
New Haven, and 14 a. Norwich. Lon. 4° 0' 
48*^ K. W. C, lat. 41° 0' 25" n. The town is | 
of a mile broad, by 4 ms. long, comprising an 
area of 2,400 acres. The surface is rather 
hilly, soil good, producing spontaneously the 
best of oak and walnut timber. Granite is 
found here in great abundance. The city is 
situated on the declivity of a hill, and at the 
head of a harbor bearing its own name. It 
contains 4 places of public worship; one for 
Presbyterians, another for Episcopalians, a 
third for Baptists, and a fourth for Methodists. 
IJesidc these and the ordinary co. buildings, 
there are in the city 2 banks, and an insur- 
ance office. The harbor is one of the best in 
the U, S., being 3 ms. long, and rarely ob- 
structed with ice, and having 5 fathoms wa- 
ter. It is environed by hills, and defended 
by 2 forts ; the one upon its west side is cal- 
led fort Trumbull, and is delightfully situa- 
ted about a mile below the city ; while the 
other, upon its cast side, is called fort Gris- 
wold, and rises from the top of a command- 
ing eminence opposite the city, and in the 
(own of Groton. These advantages, together 
with its light house, on a point of land project- 
ing from the w. shore, and forming the divi- 
ding point between the harbor and sound, ren- 
der this in every respect a safe and commo- 
dious harbor. It has served in a great de- 
gree as the port of Conn, r., the impediments 
in which frequently prevent its being naviga- 
ted by large vessels fully laden. The com- 
merce is quite considerable, both in the coast- 
ing and foreign trade. The whale fishery is 
also an important branch of commerce. 
About half a million of dollars is devoted to 
its prosecution, and not less than 25 ships, 
which give employment to about 700 sea- 
men, arc engaged in this adventurous busi- 
ness. Several vessels are also engaged in 
sealing. Fort Griswold, to which reference 
has been made, was, together with the cir- 
cumjacent country, the seat of a revolutiona- 
ry struggle, which is commemorated by a 
nol)le granite monument, 150 feet high, bear- 
ing an embedded marble slab, which contains 
the names of those who there fell in defending 
their country, together with the following ap- 
proi)riate and scriptural inscription, " ZcIhi- 
lon and Naplhali were a people that jeopard- 
ed their lives unto the death in the high pla- 
ces of the field." The jiop. of N. London in 
1820, was 3,.330 ; in 1830, 4,356. 
, Niiw London, p-v. near the wstrn. border 
of (■ampbell co. Va. 11 ms. s.w. Lynchburg, 
and 101 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Nkw London, cross roads, p-v. in the sthrn. 
part of Chester co. Pa., 40 ms. s. w. by. w. 
Phil., and by p-r. 93 ms. n. f. W. C. The 



tsp. of New London in 1820, contained 1,200 
inhabitants. 

Nkw London, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Jef- 
ferson CO. Ind., situated on Ohio r. 12 miles 
below Madison, the county seat, and by p-r. 97 
ms. s. s. K. Indianopolis. 

New London, p-v. and st. jus. Ralls co. 
Mo., by p-r. 167 ms. n. n. e. Jefferson city, 
and by the common road 105 n. n. w. St. Lou- 
is. It is situated on Salt r. of Mo. 39° 33', 
long. W. C. 14° 21' w. 

New Lyme, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by 
P-r. 183 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

New Madison, p-v. Dark co. Ohio, by p-r. 
110 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

New Madrid, a. e. co. Mo., bounded a. by 
Crittenden co. Ark., s. w. by St. Francis r. 
separating it from Lawrence co. Ark., n, w. 
Stoddard co. Mo., n. Scott co. Mo., n. e. 
Mississippi r. separating it from Hickman co. 
Ky., Mississippi r. e. separating it from Obi- 
on and Dyer counties. Ten. Length from s. 
to N. 65 ms., mean breadth 25, and area 1,625 
sq. ms. Lat. 36^° and long. W. C. 13° w. 
intersect near the centre of this co. Slope is 
almost directly s., as in that course flow the 
Miss, and St. Francis rs. The surface is 
with very partial exceptions an annually in- 
undated plain. In 1812, this part of the U. 
States was considerably disturbed and in 
some places disrupted by an earthquake. 
Where the soil is of sufficient elevation for 
cultivation, it is generally very productive, 
and the climate sufficiently warm in summer 
to admit the cultivation of cotton. Chief t. 
New Madrid. Pop. 1830, 2,350. 

New Madrid, p-v. and st. jus. New Mad. 
rid CO. Mo., by p-r. 278 ms. s. e. of Jefferson 
city, and by the most direct road 170 a little 
E. of s. St. Louis. It is situated on a rather 
more than usual high alluvial bank, upon the 
right shore of Miss. r. directly opposite to 
the extreme s. w. angle of Ky. By the bends 
of the r. it stands at about 50 miles below 
the mouth of Ohio. It is an unimportant vil- 
lage, though historically interesting. It was 
founded by a Mr. Morgan from Pa., with 
great expectations of future prosperity. But 
the bank, ajjparently more stable, because 
more elevated than the other alluvial Missis- 
sippi banks, was really more subject to dete- 
rioration by abrasion from superior weight, 
and most of the surface on which the original 
village stood has long since been swept away. 
To this steady cause of destruction. New 
Madrid seems to have been the centre of 
mighty convulsions in 1811, and 1812. To 
examine the place and adjacent country, all 
seems tranquil, and but little a|)prehcnsion of 
danger preceded a commotion which shook 
with more or less violence perhaps 200,000 
sq. ms. Near New Madrid the rivers, lakes, 
-and even the ground heaved like a boiling 
pot. Water burst iu immense jets into the 
air, lakes were dried in some places and for. 
med in others. Boats were sunk, or hurled 
with an inconceivable force amongst the 
foaming surges. The thiimcss of the popu- 



NEW 



348 



NEW 



lalion nnil the log or frame buildings protect- 
ed human lifo, though Borne ]iorsonH wore 
lost. Tho tronihling of the ground w;is foil 



Nkwman, p-v. and st. jus. Coweta co. Geo., 
by p-r. 12'.) ms. n. w. by w. Millodgcville, lat. 
Xi'^ aCi', lonir. W. C. 8° w. It is eituatod on 



in the city ofNow Orleans, nnd what is very the summit around, between the vallies of 
remarkable, continues to be occasionally lelt! Dint and Chattahooche rivers. 



in sthrn. Missouri to this time, after a purio( 
oi yO years. 



Nkw Oiii-KANS, parisli of Louisiana, boun- 
Idiid H. and r. by tiie parisli of Plaquemines, 



Nkwmarket, p-t. Rockingham CO. N. II., w. by Jelferson, N. by lake Ponchartrain, and 

■ N. K. by lake IJorgnc and the pass of Rigo- 
lote. Ijength 32 nis., moan breadth about 5 
nis., and area IGO sq. rns. Extending in lat. 
from 29° 4G' to 30° 12', and in long, from 12° 
:{0' to 13° vv. W. C. The surface in the great- 
er part a morass, but with highly fertile arn- 
iblc soil, though narrow borders of land rising 
two or three feet above the high tide level. 



12 1113. w. I'ortsmoutli, 38 s. e. Concord, and 
9 from IJover, w. from Great Ray ; 11,082 
acres ; is crossed by Piscasset r. and situa- 
ted on Lamprey r. about one mile from Pis- 
catnqua, and vessels of from 80 to 100 tons 
can come up to the factories. The town con- 
tains one place of ])ublic worship for Metho- 
dists, and one for ('ongregationalists. The 



Newmarket manufacturing comi)any have and stretching along the margins of tlic Miss. 



'.i large stone mills, 2 of which are l.'iO feet 
long each, and G stories high, including base- 
ment stories; the other is 100 feet long, and 
also G stories high ; and a machine shop ; 
14,000 spindles, 487 looms, and GGO hands, 
500 of whom are females. They consume 
2,500 bales of cotton, per annum, which yields 
three millions live hundred thousand yards. 
A Wesleyan academy was incorporated hero 
1818. Pop. 1H30, 2,008. 

New Markkt, p-v. southeastern part of 
Frederick co. Md., situated on the Raltirnore 
and Frederick turnpike, 36 ms. wstrd. from 
the latter place, and 11 esfrd. from the for- 
mer, and by p-r. 51 ms. a little w. of n. W. C, 
direct distance, however, only 35 ms. 

New Market, p-v. sthrn. part of Shenan- 
doah CO. Va. 20 ms. s. s. w. Woodstock, and 
by p-r. 120 ms. s. w. by w. W. C 



Rayou, Roouf, and other marsh bayous. In a 
state of nature it was only the comparatively 
elevated margins along the streams, which 
generally produced timber. The morass 
mostly covered with coarse grass, and flood- 
ed by every tide. The soil actually capable 
of cultivation, jiroduces sugar, cotton, rice, 
Indian corn, &c. The usually cultivated 
fruit trees arc orange, fig and peach. Of gar- 
den vegetables the number of species and 
abundant quantity may be seen at the vegeta- 
ble market of New Orleans city. Chief t. 
city of New Orleans. Population of the par- 
ish 1820, 41,351, 1830, 50,103. 

New Orleans, city and port of entry, La., 
situated on the left bank of the Miss, r., 105 
ms. by the channel above the mouth, and 322 
by the channel below Natchez. The city 
stands on lat. 30°, and very nearly 13° w. W. 



New Market, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Mad-jC;. Ry calculation the two cities bear from 
ison CO. Ala. 17 ms. n. w. Iluntsville, and by i each other by angle from the reflective meri- 



p-r. \1^Z ms. N.N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

New Maukut, p-v. nrthwslrn. part of Jef- 
(erson co. Ten. 30 ms. n. e. by k. Knoxvillc, 
and by p-r. 105 e. Nashville 



dians, 50° 15', di-stant OGG statute ms. within 
a small fraction, by the p-r. 1,18!) miles. 

Similar to other parts of the banks of the 
Miss, in its vicinity, the site of New Orleans 



New Market, p-v. Washington co. Ky.,lis on an inclined plain, the declivity falling 



situated in the sthrn. part of tho co., on the 
Rolling fork of Salt r., 13 ms. s. e. w. from 
the CO. seat, Springfield, and 02 ms. s. s. w. of 
Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 43 



very gently from the margin of the river. 
When the Miss, is in full Hood the surface of 
tho water is from 2 to 4 feel above the streets 
of the city, but at low water tli(! surface of the 



New Market, p-v. Abbeville district, S.C, river is rather below the front street, but still 



by p-r. 88 ms. w. Columbia. 



at any stage elevated above the swamps in the 



New Majiliiorough, p-t. Rerkshiro county, rear of tlie back streets. To prevent constant 
• Mass., 148 ms. s. w. Roston, lOs. e. Lenox, inundation, a ]cv(c or embankment fronts the 



and bordering on ('onn., is watered by branch- 
es of Conkejiot and llousatonic rs. It has a 
pond s. E. Incorporated 1750. Pop. 1830, 
1,6.56. 

■ New Mii.ronn, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 4fJ 
ms. s. w. Ilarlford, G4 ms. by 13; 84 sq. ms.; 
is one of the largest towns in ('onn., crossed 
by the llousatonic and other rivers, with good 
mill seats. Mica slate and marble are quar- 
ri(!d. Iron and some silver have been found. 
Tho land is generally good, and the village is 
on the llousatonic, in a valley. First settled 
1713. Pop. 1830, 3,97!). 

New Mii.FoRn, p. v. nrthwstrn. part ofSus- 



c\iy. This levf'e dillers only in breadth and 
solidity from the otherwise similar embank- 
ment, extended along the Miss, on both banks 
above & below N.Orleans. 'I'he city is built on 
the concave side of the river, and including tho 
suburbs extends about three miles along the 
stream, with a breadth backwards of not (piite 
one third of a mile, lying in form ol a cres- 
cent, with the city properly so called near the 
middle of the curve. New Orleans proper 
is a parallelogram of 4,000 by 2,000 English 
feet very nearly, streets extending at right 
angles, and the long side pnraOel as near as 
possible to that part of the river opposite. 



quehannali co. Pa., 1!) m^-. n. w. Montrose, The larger streets proceeding from the river 
and by p-r. 183 ms. a little e. of n. Harris- | are Levee, Chartres, Bourbon, Dauphin, Bur- 



burg. 



gundy, &,c. Above tho city are the suburbs 



(fauhourfrg) of St. Mary, Duplnnticr, and An- i XV. It remnincd as capital of La. under the 



nunciHtutn; bolow arc tho suburbs, Miirigny, 
and J)a (Jlouet. In the rear of the city iH iil- 
so another i)ut detached suburb on Hiiyou St. 
John. Tiic compactness of tlic buildinH:^, 
niul in a great degree their iii(Hviduiii mag- 
nitude, is inveree to distance from the harbor. 
Tiie hitter and tho bank of tlie river, particu- 
larly opposite tho city proper, are connnenyu- 
rate. Any vessels which can pass tho bars 
at the niouliis of the Miss., can be laid al<jug 
side the lc\6c, and at higli water are, when 
loading or unloading, gcneraily attaciied to 
the shore with cables and a platform. Tho 
materials of architecture in New Orleans are 
brick and wood generally. The pid)lic odili- 
ccs arc a custom house, town houwe, market 
liou.se, cathedral, Ursuline convent, a court 
house, two theatres, two or thre<! I'rotestant 
churches, &c. Besides a branch of ihe bank 
of the U. S., there arc in New Orleans, the 
bank of La., tho parent of tho planter's bank 
of La., the last with branches at IJaton Rouge, 
Donaldson, Opelousas, Alexandria, and >St. 
Francisville ; La. state bank, and bank of Or- 
leans. The aggregate bank cai)ital, exclu- 
sive of that of tho bauli of the U. S. branch, 
,^8,500,000. 

In 1829 thcro were imported into N.Orlcans 
from the wstrn. states of theU. States and from 
Texas, of bacon, assorted, '2,808 hogsheads ; 
bagging,] 3,472 pieces; butter 3,9i)5 kegs; beef 
5,40.'i brls. ; beeswax. 7'J5brls.; buli'alo robes, 
15,210 lbs. ; cotton, 269,571 bales ; corn meal, 
6,849 brls. ; corn in ear, 91,882 brls.; (lour, 
157,32:n)rls. ; lard, 110,200 kegs; pig lead, 
146,203 pigs ; linseed oil, 2,94G brls. ; deer 
skins, 0,215 jiacks ; bear skins, 159 packs ; 
tobacco, 29,432 hogsheads. Tlie foregoing 
can be only a part of the imports into New 
Orleans, as it does not include sugar, lum- 
ber, lime, and nunierous othcT articles of 
great amount aiul value. In 1830, the amoimt 
of cotton alone exported from New Orleans, 
was 302,852 bales. 

The government of the city is under n may- 
or and city council, elected by the freeholders. 

If we turn our attcntioti to the vast regions 
of the Miss, basin, to the accumulating pop- 
ulation, on its iiuunnerablc streams, and the 
navigable facilities afi'orded by so many chan- 
nels, we have the means to estimate the re- 
sources which must contribute to augment N. 
Orleans in extent, wealth, and population. 
Within this century the increase in every res- 
pect has been great indeed. In 1800, the in- 
habilanls amounted to between 5,000 and 
G,000. It contained in 





1810 


1H20. 


IH30. 


Free white males 


3,')H() 


8,'2f,8 


ll,'.u;2 


" " females 


2,745 


.'>,318 


8,08-2 


Free colored persons 


4,^50 


f>,-.'37 


I],5(V2 


Slaves 


5,% I 


7,35.-) 


ll,47() 



Total. 17,212 27,178 4C,0H2 

New Orleans was laid out in 1717, and na- 
med in honor of the then Duke of Orleans, 
regent of France during the minority of Louis 



French, until in 17G9 it was taken possession 
of by the Spanish general Orciily, under a 
treaty of cession made bclween Sjiain and 
France 1702. The Spanish government con- 
tinued New Orleans as the capital of the col- 
ony until receded to France in 1803. The 
French colonial prefect, Lausalt, by order of 
his government, gave it up to the U. Slates, 
20th i:>cc. 1803. Though the scat of legisla- 
tion has been removed tol^onaldsonville, near- 
ly bO ms. higher up the Miss., still New Or- 
leans renuiins not only the principal city of 
La., but also of the great physical section, at 
the base of which it rises above the great 
plain of the Delta. 

New Oxi'ord, p-v. Adams co. Pa«-by p-r. 
87 ms. northward W. C. 

Nkw I'altz, ji-t. Ulster co. N. Y. l5 ms. s. 
Kingston, 80 s. Albany, 85 n. N. Y., w. Hud- 
son r. Has good land. The pcof)le are of 
Dutch extraction ; first settled about 1072. 
The village is on Wallkill creek, and there 
are ueveral Huiallcr ones at the landings, &c. 
Pop. 1830, 4,973. 

New Paris, i).v. Preble co. O., by p-r. 104 
ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

Nisw Petersuuro, p-v. Highland co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

New Piiir,Ani;r,riiiA, p-v. and st. jus. Tus- 
carawas CO. Ohio, by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. Lat. 40° 30', long. VV. C. 4° 3 1' 
w. It is situated on Tuscarawas r., and on 
tho Ohio and Erie canal ; contains the ordi- 
nary county buildings. Pop. 1830,410. 

Newport, t. Penol)scot co. Mc, 25 ms. w. 
N. w. Bangor, with Somerset co. n. and w. ; 
contains a large pond, drained by Sebasto- 
cookr. Pop. 18.30, 897. 

NuwpoRT, p-t. Sullivan co. N. IT., 40 ms. 
N. w. Concord, 90 from Boston ; 25,207 acres. 
Three branches of Sugar r. unite near the 
village. There arc line nuiadows, but much 
dry gravel, and moist & cold land ; it is, how- 
ever,generally fertile.T wo i)onds furnish irouf, 
&'.c. There are also some high iiills. Bald, 
Coil,I';ast&:, Blueberry mins. Pop. 1830,1, 9]3. 

Newi'ort, CO. U. I., comjiriseH several isl- 
ands in Narragansct bay, ;is well as Ihe ad- 
joining land on the continent, in all 130 s(|. 
ms., with 7 towns. It has great advantages 
for navigation, and contains Ncwjiort, one ot 
the best seaports in the northern states, and 
now fortifying on a largo scale for a naval 
station. The waters are navigate d by all the 
vessels i)roc(M;ding to and from Providence, 
and there is daily steamboat coinnmnicalion 
with N.York. 

Rhode Island is the most important, and is 
a fine agricultural country. In its n. part is a 
mine of anihracite coal, which has been 
wrought, but not to good advantage. The 
rocks arc transition, as are those of J'rudencc, 
Canouicut and Block islands, whicii also be- 
long 10 the CO. |''ish are taken in great (pian- 
tities, and from Block i.«!l. arc sent to distant 
places. Pop. 1830, |0,.^)35. 

Newport, t. seaport and co. i. Newport co. 



NEW 



350 



NEW 



R. I., and one of the capitals of the state, 30 
ras. s. by e. Providence, 75 s. w. Boston, 
about 1 m. by 6, with 8 sq. ms., has an une- 
ven but rich soil, especially in tiie s. and much 
well cultivated land. The harbor is excel- 
lent, near the sea, and accessible in winds 
which will not permit a ship to enter any other 
port, in all this part of the coast. The prin- 
cipal population are collected on the west de- 
clivity, and at the foot of a hill. The place 
was formerly a very flourishing sea-port, and, 
before the revolution, was the fourth t. in size 
in the colonies. It has for some years resign- 
ed its enterprizc and prosperity to Provi- 
dence. Its fine situation, healthful air, ex- 
cellent fish, &c., render it a favorite resort of 
visitors from the southern states, in summer. 
Here is a large lace manufactory. The har- 
bor has Goat isl. in front, nearly closing the 
entrances, where are fort Wolcott and a mil- 
itary hospital. Forts Green and Adams also 
defend the harbor. The latter is a new and 
extensive work, on the s. point, with power- 
ful batteries, and includes 40 acres. The 
foundation for a monument to the memory of 
Com. Oliver H. Perry, has been laid. It is to 
be of grey granite, and 2d feet high. The 
foundation is to be surrounded by a mound of 
earth, IGO feet in circumference. Newport 
was occupied by the British for some time 
during the revolutionary war, who stripped 
the island of its fine forest trees and orchards. 
They were beseiged by the American troops. 
Pop. 1830, 8,010. 

Newport, Herkimer co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. 
Herkimer, 95 n. w. Albany, e. Oneida cr., 
has a deep valley in the middle, where is the 
v., at a good waterfall in W. Canada cr. 
Pop. 1830, 1,863. 

Newport, v. Orleans co. N. Y., on Erie 
canal, 2^ ms. s. s. e. Gaines. 

Newport, p-v. nthrn. part Perry co. Pa., 41 
ms. N. w. Ilarrisburg. 

Newport, p-v. on Christiana cr. New-Cas- 
tle CO. Del. 3 ms. wstrdly. Wilmington, and 
by p-r. 103 N. e. W.C. 

Newport, small r. or cr. of Geo., separa. 
ting Liberty from Mcintosh co., and falling 
into Sapelo sound. 

Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Cocke co. Ten., 
situated on French Broad r., 48 ms. a little s. 
of e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 210 ms. in a sim- 
ilar direction Nashville ; lat. 35° 56', long. 
(JO 4' w. W. C. 

Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. Ky., 
situated on O. r. on the point above the mouth 
of Licking r., and directly opposite the city of 
Cincinnati. This town contains an academy, 
a U. S. arsenal, and the ordinary co. build- 
ings. Pop. 1830, 717. 

Newpprt, p-v. estrn. part Washington co. O. 
It is situated on O. r. by p.r. 16 ms. above 
andestrd. Marietta. I'opulationof tsp. 1830, 
556. 

Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Vermillion co. 
Ind., situated on the point below the jiuiction 
of Wabash and Little Vermillion rs., liy p-r. 
f 6 ms. w. Indianopolis. 



Newport, Franklin co. Mo., p-v. on Mo. r., 
43 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

New Portage, p-v. Medina co. O., by p-r. 
110 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

New Portland, p-t. Somerset co. Me,, 
crossed by Seven-miles brook, a branch of 
Kennebec r. Pop. 1830, 1,214. 

New Provide.\ce, p-v. nthrn. part Lancas- 
ter CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. e. Lancaster city, and 
by p.r. 129 N.N. e.W. C. 

New Providence, p-v. Clarke co. Ind., by 
p-r. 104 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

New Richmond, p-v. Clermont co. O., by 
p-r. 132 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

New r., the local name of Great Kenhawa 
r., above the mouth of Gauley r. (Sec Cheat 
Kenhawa r.) 

New r., p-v. wstrn. part of Monroe co. Va., 
26 ms. wstrd. Union, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
296ms.s.w.by w. W.C. 

New r. inlet, Onslow co. N. C, about 50 
ms. a little s.'of w. cape Look-Out, is a strait 
between two sand islands, and the entrance to 
the mouth of a small r. called New r., which, 
rising in Lenoir, and thence traversing Ons- 
low CO., opens to the Atlantic ocean by this 
entrance. 

New r., small stream of Beaufort dist. S. 
C, draining the swamps between Savannah 
and CoosawHatchie rs., flows s. s. e., and near 
the Atlantic ocean breaks into several branch. 
es, one entering the estuary of Savannah r. , 
and another Calibogue sound. 

New r., of La., is the drain of the lowlands 
between the Miss, and Amite rs., and flowing 
N. E. by E., falls into the s. w. angle of lake 
Maurepas. 

New Rociielle, p-t. Westchester co. N. 
Y., 20 ms. N. N. Y. city, 5 s. White Plains, 
143 from Albany, w. side of East r. and Long 
Island sound, has level, stony, but pretty 
good soil, has an academy, and comprises 
several small islands. It was settled by IIu- 
geanot emigrants from France, whence its 
name. Pop. 1830, 1,274. 

New Rumbev, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 
134 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Newrv, t. Oxford co. Me., 24 ms. n. w. Pa- 
ris, N. Androscoggin r., is mountainous nnil 
Id. Population 1830, 345. 
Newrv, p-v. watrn. part of Huntingdon co. 
Pa., 32 ms. n. w. by w. the borough of Hun- 
tingdon, and by p-r. 122 ms. a little s. of w. 
Harrisburg. 

New Sale.m, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 
ms. w. Boston, incorporated 1753, is high in 
the centre, and has Monadnoc n. There is 
an academy, which was incorporated 1795. 
Pop. 1830, 1,889. 

New Salem, p-v. wstrn. part of Fayette co. 
Pa., 9 ms. N. w. Union, the st. jus. and by p-r. 
207 ms. N.w.by w. W. C. 

New Salem, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. - 
240 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

New Salem, p-v. Randolph co. N. C, by 
[i.r. 77 ms. w. Raleigh. 

New Salem, p.v. Sangamon co. II., 98 ms. 
N. N. w. Vaiidulia. 



NEW 



351 



NEW 



New Sharon, p-t. Kennebcck co. Mc, s. 
Somerset co., crossed by Sandy r. a brunch 
of the Kennebec. Pop., 1830, 1,599. 

New Shoreiiam, t. Newport co. R. I., on 
Block isl., all which it comprehends, has but 
little communication with other places, but 
possesses a valuable fishery. Pop. 1830, 
1,185. 

Newstead, t. Eric co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1,926 

New Stockdridge, N. Y., a tract of land 6 
ms. square, in Augusta, Oneida co., and 
Smithfield, Madison co. It was granted to 
the Indians of Stockbridge, Mass., by the 
Oneida Indians, who were bound to them by 
ancient treaties and friendship ; but a large 
portion ot the tribe have removed to iircen 
Bay within a few years. The Scotch society 
for promoting Christian knowledge, have for 
many years supported a missionary among 
them. 

New Store, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va., 
by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Newton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 9 ms. 
w. Boston, incorporated 1691, is large, and 
has Charles r. on 3 sides, along which are 
broad and rich tracts of meadow. The up- 



by Powtatuck r., and has a pond, with several 
manufactories. A toll bridge crosses to 
Southbury ; 15 school dists. ; the v. is near 
the centre. Pop. 1830, 3,100. 

Newtown, p-t. Queen'^ co. N. Y., on w. 
part Long Isl., 8 ms. e. N. York, s. East r., 
opposite Hurl Gate, n. King's co., s. w. Flush- 
ing bay ; extends near half across the isl., la 
well cultivated, yields grass, vegetables, &c. 
for tho city, and abounds in fine apides, par- 
ticularly n fine sort of yellow winter apples 
called Newtown pippins, which have been 
sent to various parts of the world. It has a 
V. near the centre, and some fine country 
scats. Peat, found near the v. is much used 
for fuel. It comprises the isls. Two Broth- 
ers, and two coves, Ilallet's and Kiker's. 
Pop. 1830, 2,610. 

Newtown, v. Elmira, Tioga co. N. Y. 
{See Elmira.) 

Newtown, p-t. Gloucester co. N. J., 25 ms. 
s. w. Trenton, s. w. Cooper's cr., s. e. Del. r., 
opposite Phil., from which it derives the ad- 
vantage of a market. Camden v. in this t., is 
on Del. r., and has a ferry to Phil. It is also 
at the end of the S. Amboy and Camden rail 
road, which, when completed, will form a 



lands are hilly and woody. There are 2 falls, I most important route across N. J., for travel, 
and at the lower are manufactories. Nonan- 1 lers and merchandize passing between New 
turn, a hill in this t., was the scene of thel York and Phil. Pop. 1830, 3,298. 



apostle Elliot's first exertions to teach the In 
dians Christianity, in 1746, and witnessed his 
success. He was ordained as pastor of the 
church here in 1664. A Baptist theological 
seminary was founded here a few years 
since. Pop. 1830, 2,376. 

Newton, p-t. and st. jus. Sussex co. N. J., 
50 ms. N, Trenton, 28 n. w. Morristown ; it 
is mountainous e., and gives some of the 
head streams to Pequest branch and Pawlin's 
kill. Much of the soil is excellent, and re- 
markably well cultivated. I'here is an acad- 
emy, and the v. is pleasant and flourishing. 
Pop. 1830,3,464. 

Newton, p-v. Newton, Sussex co. N. J., 
28 ms. N. w. Morris, is near the centre of the 
town, pleasant, with an academy, bank, C. 
H., a church for Presbyterians, and ono for 
Ejjiscopalians. 

Newton, p-v. and borough of Bucks co. 
Pa., 26 ms. n. n. e. Phil., and 11 w. Trenton, 
N. Jersey. 

Newton Mills, p-o. Licking co. O., by p-r. 
42 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

Newton's, p-o. Greene co. Ky., by p-r. 84 
ms. s. w. Frankfort. 



Newtown, p-v. Worcester co. Md. 8 ms. n. 
w. Snow Hill, and by p r. 159 ms. e. e. by e. 
W. C. 

Newtown, p-v. northern part King and 
Queen co. Va., by p-r. 99 ms. a little w. of s. 
W. C. and 38 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Newtown, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 25 ms. from 
P'rankfort. 

Newtown, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 120 
ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Newtown, Hamilton, p-v. Mifflin co. Pa. 

Newtown SauARE, p-v. northern part Del. 
CO. Pa. 15 ms. a little n. of w. Phil. 

Newtown STEpnENSBUR«, p-v. Frederic co. 
Va. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 10 
ms. N. w. Wincliestcr. 

Newtown Trat, p-v. in the s. western part 
Frederic co. Md. about 9 ms. s. w. tho city 
of Frederick, and by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. W. C. 

New Trenton, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by 
p-r. 81 ms. a little s. of e. Indianopolis. 

New TRiror.i, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 
187 ms. N. e. W. C. 

New Troy, p-v. near the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. Luzerne co. Pa. 5 ms. above 
and N. N. e. Wilkesbarre, and 120 ms. n. n. e. 



Newtown, t. Rockingham co. N. H., 40 ms. Harrisburg. 
s. E.Concord, 27 s. w. Portsmouth, n. Mass.,! New Utrecht, t. Kings co. N. Y. w. end 
5,250 acres, contains one third of Country 'of Long isl. opposite the narrows, the en- 
pond, and 2 small ones connected with it ; with trance into N. Y. harbor, 9 ms. s. city, e. and 
good grass land. First settled 1720. Thel n. Hudson r. It is hilly aTid stony w., level 
Baptist church is the oldest of that denomina-' interior, with sandy soil, and has suffered 
tion in N. H. Pop. 1830, 510. j from fever and ague, a few years. One of 

Newtown, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., s. w.- the best shad fisheries is in this t. Bath, on 



Housatonic r., 48 ms. s. w. Hartford, 26 n. w. 
N. Haven, is almost triangular, with 50 sq. 
ms., on high ground, hilly surface, gravelly 



the shore, is resorted to from N. Y. for ba- 
thing, fishing, and shooting. The v. about 
a mile from this spot, ki^ a plain, in a retir- 



soil, yields much rye and fruit. It is crossed ^ed situation. On the n. ie ilie w. end of a 



NEW 



352 



NEW 



long ridge, extending through the isl., n. of 
the great plains, e. to Southhold. They wore 
important in the revolution. The British ar- 
my landed at Bath, 1776. Fort Lafayette, 
triangular with 3 tiers of guns, on a small isl. 
w. of this 1., with the works on the shore, de- 
fends the entrance of N. Y. harbor on the e. 
Nyak point and fort Lewis are on the same 
shore. Pop. 1830, 1,217. 

New Vernon, v. Morris co. N. J. 3 ms. s. 
Morristown. 

Newville, p-v. western part ^Cumberland 
CO. Pa. and near the right bank of Conedog- 
winet, 16 ms. w. Carlisle. 

Newville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 
14 ms. from Barnwell C. H., and 76 s. s. w. 
Columbia. 



right to any portion of it, made a grant to hia 
brother, the duke of 'York and Albany, of the 
whole extent of country, from Nova Scotia to 
Del. bay ; and the same year took possession 
of it by conquest. In 1673, it was recaptured 
by the Dutch ; and the year following was re- 
stored by treaty to the English. Thus it re- 
mained one of the British colonies till the 
war of the revolution, and the adoption of a 
free constitution by the people. In 1790, Vt., 
previously a part of N. York, became a sep- 
arate state. In 1821, the amended constitu- 
tion, was adopted by the state of N. Y. under 
which it is at present governed. By this 
constitution the legislative power is vested in 
a senate and assembly, the former consisting 
of 32, and the latter of 128 members. The 



Newville, p-v. Richland co. O. by p-r. 76 'former chosen for- 4 years by districts, and 
ms. N. e. Cohmibus. jthe latter elected annually by counties. The 

New Vineyard, t. Somerset co. Me. n. executive power is vested in a governor, 
Tiennebec co., is rough, and crossed by a who holds his office for 2 years. A lieuten- 
branch of Seven-miles brook, branch of Ken- ant governor is chosen at the same time and 
nebec r. Pop. 1830, 869. for the same term, who is qualified to act as 

New Wasuington, p-v. Clarke co. Ind. by governor whenever that office becomes va- 
p-r. 94 ms. s. s. E. Indianopolis. cant; and is also president of the senate. 

New York, one of the most important of I The judiciary consists of a court of chancery, 
the U. S., bounded N. by Canada, Lake Onta- 1 a supreme court with 3 judges, 8 circuit 
rio, and the river St. Lawrence, which sepa-j courts in as many different circuits, which cor- 
rates it from Canada, e. by Vt., Mass. and I respond to the senatorial dists., &- the superior 
Conn., s. by the Atlantic, N. Jersey and Pa., ! court of the city of N. Y. consisting of 3 
and w. by Pa., lake Erie and Niagara river, ! judges. Beside these are the county and 



which separates it from Canada 

It is situated between 40° 30' and 45° n. 
lat. and between 3° 45' e. and 2° 50' w. W. 
C, (not including Long Isl., which extends e. 
to long. 5° 50',) and contains 46,085 sq. miles. 



justice courts, &,c. The senate, with the 
chancellor and justices of the supreme court, 
constitute a court of impeachment and for the 
correction of errors. "The right of suffrage 
is enjoyed by every male citizen of the age 



including lakes and islands. Its greatest] of 21 years, who has resided one year in the 



length from e. to w. (excepting Long Island) 
is 316 ms., and its greatest breadth from n. 
to s. 304 ms. The tract now composing N. 
Y. was originally included in the grant of 
Virginia, made by Queen Elizabeth ; and in 
the grants ofN. and s. Virginia, made in 1606 
by James I. This part of the continent, how- 



state, and six months in the town or county 
where he offers his vote ; having paid a tax 
within the year, or legally served as a militia 
man or fireman, or labored upon the public 
highways, &c. 

The surface of the state of N. Y. is greatly 
diversified, but in general maybe considered 



ever, was not known to the Europeans until; as an elevated tract, with numerous indenta- 
1609, when it was first discovered by Henry Itions and depressions, which form the basins 
Hudson, an enterprizing English navigator, j of lakes and the valleys of fertilizing streams, 
then in the employ of the Dutch East India I There are several ridges of mtns., which in 
company. After sailing 150 ms. up the river j general are considered as continuations of the 
that now bears his name, he returned to Eu-| Alleghany ridges. The Cattskill mtns., the 
rope and communicated to the Company, the j highest in the state, are about 3,800 ft. above 
result of his voyage. In 1013, a trade with' the level of the sea. The form of this state 
the natives was commenced by the Dutch, lis irregular, and it enjoys very great advanta- 
and trading establishments were formed at; ges for commerce, agriculture, and manufac- 
New Amsterdam and fort Orange, (jwu) the tures, which have been greatly improved. It 
cities of New York and Albany 



In 1621, 
the Dutch government, desirous of founding 
a colony in America, granted to the Dutch 
West India company, an extensive territory 
on both sides of the Hudson, called New Ne 
tlievlande. The boundaries were not accu- 
rately defined, but were considered by the 
company as extending to the Connecticut r 



has a large extent of sea coast, with all the 
southern shore of lake Ontario, most of the 
w. shore of lake Champlain and the e. end of 
lake Erie, with the whole course of the Hud- 
son, navigable in ships of the line to Hudson, 
and in sloops to the Mohawk r. The Mo- 
hawk, the branches of the Susquehannah, and 
other streams afford abundance of water pow- 



at the north, and the Delaware on the south, jer, and at the same time diversify and fertil. 
In 1623, they erected a fort on the Del., and I ize the state. In the valley of Genesee 
a few years after, anotjeron the Connecticut.] r. is some of the best wheat country in the 
This territory coutin'ied in their possession, world; and many other parts of the state are 
till 1664, whjc CS'Iiarles II. denying their I remarkable for their fertility. The principal 



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353 



productions are wheat and other grain, flour, 
provisions, salt, pot and pearl ashes, and lum- 
ber. Now York also abounds in various 
natural curiosities and mineral productions : 
among which, the most remarkable are the 
Trenton, Cohoes and Glenn's falls on the 
Mohawk and its branches, and the cataract of, 
Niagara, the largest in the world, by which 
the waters of lake Erie and the other great 
lakes, pass into lake Ontario, over a preci- 
pice of 160 ft. In the western parts of the 
state are found large quantities of gypsum, 
which are used very extensively for agricul- 
tural purposes. At Sing Sing, on the Hud- 
son, is an excellent quarry of marble, which 
is much used in architecture. In the cos. w. 
of lake Champlain, are vast beds of iron ore, 
and the iron mines of Columbia co. are also 
highly valuable and extensively wrought. 
Traces of other metals, as silver, lead, zinc, 
and titanium, have also been observed in va- 
rious parts of the state. And of minerals 
which may be deemed rather objects of curi- 
osity than of real value, this state affords 
abundant varieties. There are 56 counties 
in this state, which, under the apportionment 
of 1832, are divided into 32 congressional 
districts, and are entitled to 40 representa- 
tives in congress. The number of cities is 7, 
viz. : Albany (the capital), N. York, the lar- 
gest and most important city in the U. States, 
Troy, Hudson, Soheneciady, Utica and Buf- 
falo. The number of towns is 764, and of in- 
corporated villages, 102. 

The progressive population of the state of 
New York is almost without a parallel. In 
1700 it amounted to about 20,000 j and in 
17.30 to about 50,000; in 1749 there were 
100,000 inhabitants ; in 1770, 160,000 ; in 
1790,340,120; in 1800, 586,050 ; in 1810, 
959,049 ; and in 1820, 1,372,812. In 1830 
there were 1,918,608, as follows : 



Counties. 
Now York, 

Niagara, 

Ouiida, 

Oiiatidnga, 

Ontario, 

Orange, 

Orleans, 

Oswego, 

Otsego, 

Putnam, 

Q,u8ens, 

RmiSBellaer, 

Riclimond, 

Rockland, 

Saratoga, 

St. Lawrence, 

Schenectady, 

Scliohario, 

Seneca, 

Steuben, 

Suffolk, 

Sullivan, 

Tioga, 

Tompkins, 

Ulster, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

West Chester, 

Yates, 



NEW 

"Pop. 18207 
123,706 

7,322 
71,326 
41,461 
35,312 
41,213 

7,625 
12,374 
44,856 

1 1,268 
21,519 
40,153 

6,135 



Pop. 1830. 

203,007 
18,485 
71,326 
58,974 
40,167 
45,372 
18,873 
27,104 
51,372 
12,701 
22,278 
49,472 
7,084 
9,388 
38,616 
36,351 
12,334 
27,910 
21.031 



Counties. 

Albany, 

Alleghany, 

Broome, 

Cataraucfug, 

Cayuga, 

Ohatauque, 

Chenango, 

Clinton, 

Columbia, 
Cortland, 

Delaware, 
Dutchess, 

Krie, 

F.sscx, 

Franklin, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkinwr, 

Jofferson, 

Kings, 

Ijewis, 

Ijivingstnn, 

M.idison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery , 



Pop. 1800. 
3S,U6 
9,330 
11,100 
4,090 
38,897 
12,568 
31,215 
12,070 
38,330 
16, .507 
26,587 
46,615 
1.5,668 
12,811 
4,159 
39,835 
22,996 
1,251 
31,017 
32,9.52 
11,187 
9,227 
19,196 
32,208 
26,529 
27,569 



Pop. 1S30. 
53,500 
26,218 
17,582 
16,726 
47,947 
36,657 
37,401 
19,311 
30,9, 



8,837 
36,052 
10.037 
13,081 
23,154 
17,773 

21,989 33,975 

21,272 26,780 

8,900 12,372 

14,716 27,701 

26,178 36,545 

30,934 36,559 

9,453 11,795 

38,831 42,615 

20,319 33,515 

32,638 30,459 

11,025 19,019 

Of the above were white males, 951,516; 
females, 916,670 ; free colored males, 21,- 
465 ; females, 23,404 ; slaves, males 12 ; fe- 
males 64. To these is to be added, aliens 
in the city of New York, not originally re- 
turned, 5,477. Included in the foregoing 
population are deaf and dumb persons, whites 
842 ; colored, 41. Blind, whites 642 ; col- 
ored 82. Aliens 52,488. 

This state carries on an extensive foreign 
commerce with all parts of the world ; for 
the most part through the city and port of N. 
York. The number of vessels that arrived 
at New York from foreign ports, during the 
year ending Dec. 1831, was 1,634 ; of which 
1 ,264 were American. {See art. N. Y. city.) 
The inland trade is also very thriving, and 
has been greatly increased by canals, rail 
roads and other works of public enterprize 
and improvement. The Erie canal, the long- 
est in the world, being 360 miles in length, 
connects the navigation of Hudson river with 



23,69."} that of lake Erie, the western lakes and the 
32,933 Ohio canal. The Champlain canal connects 
50,9291 it with that of lake Champlain ; and the Del- 
aware and Hudson canal, with Delaware and 
Lackawana rs. The canal debt amounted on 
the first day of January, 1831, to 7,825,035 
dollars. 9,653 dollars of the stock has been 
cancelled, and 240,263 dollars has been bor- 
rowed during the past year, for continuing the 
works upon the Chemung and Crooked Lake 
canals, so that the debt on the first day of 
January amounted to 8,055,645 dollars. 

The receipts into the treasury of revenue 
on account of the canal fund during the year 
ending the 30th day of September,1831, are : 
On account of tolls, 722,896 dollars ; from 



35,710 
19,387 
ir,3l:^ 
51,992 
29,525 

1,325 
35,869 
48,515 
20,537 
14,9.58 
27,719 
39,037 
49,862 
43,593 

45 



NEW 



354 



NEW 



other BourccB, 307,019 dollars. These ro- 
ceipta, however, do not Include the ooUoctionB 
of tolls and salt duties for the month of Sep- 
tember. 

Canals are in progress or contemplation to 
open a communication with the navigable wa- 
ters of Pennsylvania, and between important 
streams in this state. A rail road has just 
been completed between Albany and Sche- 
nectady, called the Mohawk and Hudson rail 
road ; and many others are projected. The 
commerce of lake Erie has rapidly increased; 
and about 130 vessels of 70 tons each are 
now employed on the southern shore, besides 
]6 steamboats, of from 150 to 400 tons. 
Within the past year 75,000 tons wore enter- 
ed at the BufTalo custom house. 23,467 bar- 
rels of flour, 200,802 bushels of wlioat, 8,426 
bbls. of pork, 1,768 do. ashes, 1,044 do. whis- 
key, 11,040 barrels of salt, passed through 
the Welland canal previous to the 30th Sep- 
tember. At least 60,000 barrels of salt from 
the state of Now York must have have been 
transported on lake Erie to various markets, 
beside large quantities that were detained in 
different ports, by tho early closing of the nav- 
igation. Not less than 70,000 barrels of flour, 
500,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 barrels of 
pork, 3,000 barrels of ashes, 10,000 barrels of 
lake fish and an incalculable amount of other 
products of the country, have found their 
way to market by means of this lake during 
1831. 

The steamboats in this state in 1831, were 
estimated at 86 ; the principal part of which 
ran from the city of N. York. One of them 
measured 527 tons. Tho most rapid boats 



Madison co.; Hartwick, Otsego co.; — 2 med* 
ical colleges ; one at New York city and one 
at Fairfield, Herkimer co. — 57 academies ' 
and seminaries which derive part of their sup. 
port from the public fund. The regents of the 
university, 21 in number and appointed by 
the legislature, may grant degrees in med- 
icine and the arts, and control the income of 
the literature fund ; dividing it among the 
8 senate districts, among the incorporated 
seminaries of learning, except colleges, in 
proportion to their numbers of students. They 
are also authorized to report on the colleges 
and academies to the legislature. 9,333 
school districts, furnishing instruction to 
497,257 pupils. 

The productive capital of tho school fund 
amounts to ^1,704,159 40 cents. Tho rev- 
enue actually received on account of this fund, 
for tho 10 months ending September 30, 1831, 
has been 80,043 86. The receipts are estim- 
ated by the comptroller at $>96,350, for the 
coming year. 

The unproductive portion of tho school fund 
consists of about 850,000 acres of land, lying 
principally in the fourth senate district. The 
value of these lands has been estimated at 
.^400,000 ; which sum, if added to tho present 
productive capital, would make a total of more 
than 2,000,000 of dollars. 

During the last twelve years, and since the 
scliool system has been in fair operation un- 
der the act of 1819, tho average annual in- 
crease of children,between 5 and 16,hasbeen 
16,008 ; and the average increase of scholars 
instructed has been 16,860 each year. 

There are 2 institutions for'the instruction 



have run between tho 2 cities ofN. York and of the deaf and dumb ; one at the city of New 



Albany in less than 10 hours. The mail is 
carried from N. York to Quebec (almost the 
whole distance in steamboats) in 96 hours. 

In this stato there aro 200 woollen 
manufactories; 112 cotton mills, with a cap- 
ital of $4,485,500, manufacturing 21,010,920 
yds. valued at,f 3,530,250, and using 7,961,670 
lbs. of cotton annually, and employing 15,970 
persons : — above 200 iron works, making 
,^4,000,000 worth : — 50 paper mills, making 
$700,000 worth : — leather made to about the 
value of Jf 3,458,000 ; and hats to the value 
of $3,500,000, &c. <fec. per annum. By an 
act of the state of New York, passed in 1829, 
every bank thereafter to be chartered or re 



York, and one at Canajoharie. In addition 
to these institutions, may be mentioned the 
university of the city of New York ; an insti- 
tution recently chartered by tho state legisla- 
turo ; and established on the comprehensive 
system of the universities of Europe. 

This state has led the way in the late im- 
portant improvements of prison discipline, 
with such success as to obtain imitators in 
many other states and receive the approbation 
of some foreign countries. This system was 
introduced into the Auburn state prison about 
10 years since, and soon aftej was also adopted 
in the prison at Sing Sing. In 1 830, the num- 
ber of convicts was 600, the amount of whose 



newed was obliged to contribute one half per I labor was $40,341. The whole expenses of 
cent, per ann. of its capital, in order to estab- } tho establishment for the same time was ^36,. 
lish a safety fund, which should bo placed in j226. Tho state prison at Sing Sing as yet is 
the hands of commissioners, to provide for j less profitable. The expenses of this prison in 
the payment of the debts of any banks which 1 1831 were $77,600. The amount of the labor of 
should become insolvent. In 1830, there convicts, $48,000. Number of convicts 990. 
were 29 banks subject to this act, with a cap- The marble quarries at which the prisoners 
ital of $6,294,600. The cai)ital of banks not I are employed require much labor to remove 
subject to the safety fund was, $21,323,460. j the earth and inferior stone, before the good 
There arc 4 colleges in New York; Co-; marble can be obtained, and are therefore less 
lumbia, city of N. York ; Union, Si^lieui'cla-, profitable. In 183], the number of paupers 
dy; Hamilton, Clinton, Oneida CO.; and Ce-sujiportcd by the state was 15,564, — utanex. 
neva, Ontario co. — 5 theological seminarios ; pcnsc of $245,433. The portion of this sum 
Episcopal, N. Y. city; Presbyterian, Auburn; j saved by the labor of the paupers was $17,- 
Oneida Institute, White.ttown ; Hamilton, .')46. The constitution of this state secures to 



NEW 



355 



NEW 



all its citizonn, " the free exercise and enjoy- 
ment of religious profession and worship, 
without discrimination or preference" ; nnd 
uccor<lin;,rIy, some of almost every denomina- 
tion are found within its limits. Tho follow- 
ing estimate is for 1831. Tho Presbyterians 
have 687 churches, 486 ministers, .54,093 
communicants. The Dutch Reformed 148 
churches. 111 ministers, and 8,G72 commu- 
nicants. Associate Synod of N. Y. 15 con- 
gregations, 13 ministers, and 1,6G8 communi- 
cants, Methodists 73,174 members. Bap- 
tists 549 churches, 387 ministers, and 43,- 
565 communicants. Episcopalians 129 min- 
isters. Lutherans 27 ministers, and 2,973 
communicants. Thcro arc some lioman 
Catholics, Friends, Univcrsalists, Unitarians, 
Shakers and United Brethren. — {For further 
details in internal iinprovements, see article 
rail roads and canals.) 

New York City, in tho state and county of 



an extensive view of the bay, and the oppo- 

site shore of New Jersey. The City Ilall is 
a marble building, standing in the Park, 216 
feet by 105, and G5 high ; built at an expense 
of ,f .500,000. It contains the chambers of 
the two council-boards, court rooms, ofiiccs, 
&c. Tho new City Hall in its roar contains 
the alms-house, court of sessions, and police 
office. Tho Merchant's Exchange, in Wall 
street, contains the Post Office, us well as 
the E.xchango Hall, and various offices. The 
hospital is an old and very respectable insti- 
tution, with a library of 3,000 vols. At Bel- 
Icvue are the alms-house, a hospital, and a 
penitentiary. Tho first contained in January, 
18.32, 1,207 natives of tho United States, and 
1,049 foreigners. The second, 302 patients, 
and tho third 417 vagrants and other prison- 
ers, of whom 151 wero foreigners. Tho new 
penitentiary is on Blackwell's island, in East 
r., about 7 ms. fropi tho city. There are two 



the same name, is 225 ms.N. E. from Washing- large etono buildings, with cells for solitary 
ton City; 90 n. e. Philadelphia; 210 s. w. confinement by night. Tho prisoners are 



Boston; iGOs. Albany; and 390 s. Montreal. 
It is about 16 ms. from the .'^itlantic ocean, at 
lat. 40° 42', and long. 2° 54' e. W. C. This 
is the most populous, wealthy, commercial 
and important city in the United States. It 
stands at the junction of tho Hudson and East 
rivers, on the a. end of Manhattan is!., where 
the population is almost entirely concentra- 
ted. The ground is generally high near tho 
middle, from which it elopes eastward to East 
river, which is the channel of tho eastern 
coasting trade ; and westward to Hudson r., 
which affords tho grand routo of internal 
commerce through the Erie canal, nnd the 
great northern lakes. The bay of N. York, 
which is one of tho finest harbors in tho 
world, is about 4 ms. by 9 ; being almost en- 
tirely enclosed by land, and much protected 
by the heights of Staton and Long islands. 
I'ho shores on both rivers are lined with 
wharves and slips, whore ships of the largest 
size are laden and discharged. The outer 
bay affords a convenient retreat and safe an- 
chorage, during the prevalence of certain 
winds; and is well furnished with light-hous- 
es and forts. 

By a recent estimate the city contained 
30,000 dwelling houses, stores, manufacto- 
ries, and churches. Tho first houses were 
built in 1G21, in the southern part of the isl., 
where there are still some narrow and crook- 
ed streets ; but the other parts are laid out, 
with more regard to beauty and convenience. 
Broadway, the principal street of the city, is 
80 feet wide, and perfectly straight, and pas- 
ses from the s. extremity, through the centre 
of the city, about 2 ms., and there joins the 
Fifth avenue, which passes through the island 



employed in quarrying building stone in the 
vicinity. Tho police of the institution is 
strict. The children receive instruction, and 
the morals, habits, and minds are improved 
under the excellent system of the prison. The 
public school society, have 13 largo brick 
school houses in different parts of the city, 
each of which contains 2, and somo of thorn 
3 large apartments. The public schools re- 
ceived in 1831, from the state, .$20,549 38, 
and from a city tax, $15,661. The number 
of pupils instructed in 1830, was 24,952. 
Thcro are also tho Protest. Episcopal school, 
the mechanic's school, besides numerous 
private .schools for both sexes. Columbia 
college is a venerable institution, founded ia 
1754 ; and is now possessed of an estate val- 
ued at $400,000. Its officers are a president, 
28 professors, and the number of students 
about 100. This college and the grammar 
school connected with it enjo)' a fine situation, 
near tho centre of the city. The Now York 
university has been but recently chartered, 
and has not yet commenced its operations ; 
but is an institution founded on the liberal 
system of tho European universities, and is 
one which promises nmch benefit to the cause 
of science and literature in our country. Its 
funds have been raised by the voluntary sub. 
scriptions of individuals. It is governed by 
a council of 32 members, chosen by the sub- 
scribers, together with the mayor and4 mem- 
bers of the common council of the city. The 
number of literary, scientific, religious, be. 
novolent, and other societies in the city ofN, 
York, is almost innumerable. The American 
Bible society buildings are very large and ex- 
tensive. The receipts of the society, for the 



to Harlacm r. iJesides this, there arc many year ending May, 183-2, were $107,059, of 
other streets worthy of notice. Those in the which $40,193 were in payment for books, 
s. part and on the East r., arc remarkable as Number of Bibles and Testaments issued dui- 



places of business ; and those in the npjjcr 
part are chiefly occupied by jirivate residen- 
ces. The battery is a fine open public walk, 
on the s. extremity of the isl. ; commanding 



ing the year 115,802. The American tract 
society have also a large building, and pub- 
lished during the same year, 5,471,750 tracts, 
of 87,622,000 pages :— making the whole 



NEW 



356 



NEW 



number of pages printed since the formation 
of the society, 288,^81,000. Number of pa- 
ges distributed during the year, 4,927,009. 
Whole number of societies publications, 614, 
in 10 difl'erenl languages. The American 
home missionary society, received in 1831, 
$50,299 25 ; expended $52,808 39 ; suppor- 
ted 509 missionaries, and assisted 745 con- 
gregations. The American education socie- 
ty, ia the same year aided 673 young men, 
and received !^41,947. Whole number of 
young men assisted since its formation in 
1826, 1,426. The receipt of the American 
seaman's friend society, for the same year, 
amounted to i$5,679. Among other benevo- 
lent societies, are the New York Sunday 
school union ; general Protestant Episcopal 
Sunday school union ; colonization society ; 
manumission society ; numerous temperance 
societies ; institution for the instruction of 
deaf and dumb ; do. for the blind ; orphan as- 
ylum ; Roman Catholic benevolent society ; 
marine society ; St. George's society ; St. 
Andrew's society ; friendly sons of St. Pat- 
rick, society ; French benevolent society ; 
German society ; Humane society ; Educa- 
tion society of the Reformed Dutch church ; 
charity school of do.; Sunday school union of 
do. ; societies for the relief of poor widows, 
of orphan children, of aged indigent females ; 
asylum for the reformation of juvenile delin 



the treasury, during the year ending Sept, 
30, 1831, the amount of tonnage entered in 
the state was 333,778 ; amount departed, 
265,915 ; value of imports $35,624,070 ; 
exports, domestic, $13,618,278 ; foreign, 
$6,079,705 ; total exports, $19,097,983. The 
amount of duties on imported merchandise, 
discharged at this port, $20,096,136 60. But 
the internal commerce with the western 
states and the interior of the state of N. Y. is 
a still greater source of wealth and prosperi- 
ty to the city. The following estimate will 
show the relative values of real estate in the 
city of N. Y. during two commercial periods 
of seven years each ; and in some degree 
perhaps the comparative effects of external 
and internal commerce. In 1817, the real 
estate of the city was assessed at $57,799,- 
435. In 1824, it was assessed at $52,019,730 ; 
showing a decrease of €5,779,705 during a 
period of 7 years, in which foreign commerce 
was regulated by the tariff' of 1816. In 1825, 
the Erie canal was completed ; and the real 
estate of the city was estimated for this year 
at ^58,425,395 ; and in 1831, was assessed at 
^95,716,485; showing an increase of $43,706,- 
755, during another period of 7 years, after 
the internal commerce with the Western 
states had commenced. In 1831, the city in- 
spections of flour, grain and salt, were as 
follows. Wheat flour 928,281 bbls. ; rye 



quents, for the education of Jewish children, flour, 9,222, do. ; Indian meal, 31,950 do. ; 



for the encouragement of faithful domestics ; 
besides numerous branch societies, &c. &c. 
Among the literary, scientific, mercantile and 
other societies, may bo enumerated, the 
American academy of fine arts, (Barclay st.) 
the National Academy of Design (Clinton 
hall) ; Lyceum of Natural History ; New 
York Historical Society ; New York Society 
Library; N. Y. Atheneum ; N. Y. Literary 
and Philosohical Society; Mercantile Library 
Association-; Clinton Hall Association ; N. 
Y. Law Institute ; N.Y. Chamber of Com- 
merce ; American Institute, (for the encour- 
agement of domestic industry, with annual 
fairs and exhibitions) ; N. Y. Chamber of 
Trade ; N.Y. Horticultural Society ; N. Y 
State Society of Cincinnati : Merchants' Ex- 
change Co. ; N.Y. Society of Merchants and 
Tradesmen ; N. Y. University ; American 
Lyceum, &c. &c. 

There is no city in the United States, 
perhaps none in the world, which possesses 
greater advantages, both for internal and ex- 
ternal commerce. From the 1st January to 
the 31st December, 1831, inclusive, there ar- 
rived at New York I'rom foreign ports, 387 
ships, 42 barques, 757 brigs, 433 schooners, 
1 ketch, 1 galliot, 1 pollucca, 1 felucca, and 11 
sloops ; in all 1,634, of which 1,264 were 
American, 278 English, 8 Spanish, 14 Sweed- 
ish, 17 German, 25 French, 2 Ilaytien, 18 
Danish, 1 Mexican, 2 Brazillian, 1 Genoese, 
1 Russian, and 3 Dutch. 



buckwheat flour, 380 do. The amount of 
wheat inspected was, 466,559 bushels ; rye 
438,114 do. ; corn 1,028,674 ; oats, 1,067,- 
693 ; barley 129,297 ; malt, 37,018 ; and of 
salt, 74,008. The whole amount of grain in- 
spected was 3,267,231 bushels ; value $2-, 
305,687 81. From New York there are 
lines of regular packet ships to Liverpool, 
London and Havre ; and packet brigs to Hull, 
Greenock, Belfast, Carthagena and Vera 
Cruz; besides lines of packet vessels to al- 
most every large port of the United States. 
There are 19 banks in the city, whose capital 
amounts $11,311,200, and whicli in Jan. 
1832, had notes in circulation to the amount 
of .$4,396,387 13 ; with specie on hand to the 
amount $1,207,363 65. There are also a 
branch of the United States bank, a savings 
bank, a seaman's savings bank, and 9 marine 
and fire insurance companies. The munici- 
pal tax for the year 1832 is ^550, OOO ; avera- 
ing $2,20 cts. to every individual, old and 
young. The estimated revenue from other 
sources, is $159,(:0(r, and the estimated ex- 
penditure $600,475. In 1830, the number of 
votes for members of congress was 21,000; 
the proportion of freeholders not kno.wn, as 
property is no longer the basis of representa- 
tion. There were in July 1832, in the city, 
11 daily newspapers, 9 semi-weekly, 29 
weekly, of which several are religious ; 2 
Spanish and 1 French, 3 semi-monthly and 2 
monthly. The number of sheets issued annu- 



The total number of passengers by these ally, is about 10,028,600. The consmnption of 

arrivals was 31.739. fuel in 1831, was 297,606 loads of wood, at 

According to the report of the secretary of an aggregate cost of $493,085 86; 26,fi0.'). 



NIA 



357 



NIC 



tons of anthracite coal, 11,875 chaldrons Vir- 
ginia, 12,953 of charcoal, at a cost of $321,- 
642 34 ; total $814,728 20. A great amount 
of Liverpool coal consumed, is not included. 
The number of deaths in 180.'>, was 2,252 ; in 

1815, 2,507 ; in 1820, 3,520 ; in 1825, 5,018 ; 

and in 1830, 5,537. One sixth of these have 



commotion, and is covered with white foam, 
while the rocks overhang it from a great 
height on three sides, dripping with the 
moisture which rises in large clouds of mist. 
Niagara, co. N. Y. is bounded by lake On- 
tario or Upper Canada n., Orleans and 
Genesee co. e., Tonawanta creek or Erie co. 



been from consumption, and, e.xccpt to those s., Niagara river w. IG ms. by 28, 448 square 



inclined to consumptive disorders, the city 
generally i» very healthy. Tiie number of 
churches in the city is upwards of 100, cm- 
bracing some of almost eveiy denomination 
of christians. 

The population of the city of New York in- 
creased very moderately during the earlier 
periods of its history. Among the earlier 
dates, we find that in 1GU6 it amounted to 
4,302, and in 1780 it had only increased to 
23,614, a period of 80 years. Since that time 
its growth has been exceedingly rapid ; in 4 
years afterwards,, 1790, the population had 
increased to 33,131, and at subsequent peri- 
ods it was as follows ; in 1800. 60,489 ; in 
1810, 96,373 ; in 1820,123,706; in 1825, 166,- 
086, and in 1830, 202,589. 

New York, p-v. western part of Albe- 
marle co. Va. 18ms.w. Charlotteville, and by 
p-r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New York, p-v. Switzerland co. Indiana, 
byp-r. 114 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Niagara, r. on the n. w. boundary of New 
York, and a part of the boundary of the U. S. 
36 ms. long, from 1-2 m. to 6 or 7 ms. wide, 
empties the waters of lake Erie into lake 
Ontario, has several islands, great rapids, and 
the cataract of the same name, which is the 
most remarkable in the world. The shores 
are low and nearly level from lake Erie to 
the falls, and but little inhabited, and Grand 
isl. 12 miles in length, and 7 broad in the 1 
widest part, divides its channel a part of its 
course. Tonawanta and Chippewa creeks 
empty into the r., the latter from the Canada 
side ; the former supplies Erie canal to Roch- 
ester, and serves as the first part of the route. 
The surface of Niagara r. is smooth to the 
rapids, where it is broken by ledges of rocks, 
over a descending bed, for about 3-4 m. and 
then is precipitated from a perpendicular wall 
of rock, 160 feet high on the American side, 
and 174 feet on the Canadian side. The 
precipice near the middle of the cataract is 
much higher up the r. than near the shores, 
and forms an irregular arch, or horse shoe, 
towards the west side. Goat isl. also occu- 
pies a part of the channel and divides the 
cataract into two unequqj parts, but is con- 



ms. has 7 towns, is crossed by the mountain 
ridge, between 7 and 9 ms. from the lake and 
nearly parallel to the shore. In its highest 
part this ridge is 330 ft. above the lake. The 

part is agreeably varied. The soil is 
good. The alluvial way is an inferior eleva- 
tion, 3 or 4 ms. n. of the mountain ridge, 
partly in this co. remarkably uniform, and 
serving for the route of a good road, Tus- 
carora and Eighteen Miles creeks are the 
principal streams in the co. but small. The 
rapids in Niagara river, however, aflbrd good 
mill sites. Eric canal enters from Orleans co. 
runs at the foot of a mountain ridge to Lock- 
port, where it surmounts that obstacle by one 
of the most expensive and splendid works on 
its whole route. The excavations are great, 
for the deep cut and the basin ; and the vast 
water power is of great value. Since the 
formation of the canal, Lockport has been 
formed from a wilderness to a considerable 
village. From this place the canal passes ta 
Tonawanta creek, on the s. line of the county. 
The falls of Niagara are in this co. and the 
portage of 8 miles round them. Welland 
canal, (on the Canada side) has been con- 
structed to effect a navigation round the falls. 
In 1796, there was but one family in the limits 
of this CO. The settlers were from different 
parts of the country, some from Canada. Pop- 
1830, 14,482. 

Niagara, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 300 ma. 
w. Albany, 11 s. w. Lockport, 11 n. e. Lewis- 
ton, at the falls of Niagara, has a varied and 
agreeable surface, sloping towards the river, 
with a light soil, in some parts good. Man- 
chester village is at the rapids, near the 
falls, 7 ms. from Lewiston. It is small, but 
has a large hotel for visiters, who annually 
appear in great numbers, to see this noblest 
cataract in the world. Several mills arc 
moved by the water at the rapids. A bridge 
reaches to Goat island, a little above the 
precipice, and a covered spiral staircase 
conducts to the foot of the falls on the main 
land from both ; the views ofthe falls are va- 
rious and interesting. Gypsum is found in 
the rocks. Fort Schlosser, a stockade, built 
after the old French war, stood at the mouth 



nectcd with the American shore by a bridge, of Gill creek on Niagara river, 1 1-2 miles 
The Riddle sttair case conducts the visitor in above the falls. It was surrendered to the 
safely from Goat isl. to the rocks below ; and United States 1796. Pendleton village is in 
there are .''tair cases on the sides of the cata-lthe s. e. part of this town. Pop. 18.30, 1,401. 



ract, as well as spacious hotels. Several 
persons have at diflerent times been carried 
over the precipice, and none have ever sur- 
vived. Ducks have sometimes been picked 
up alive after the fall, with legs and wings 
broken. The waters arc precipitated into a 
gnlf, which is constantly kept in a state of 



Niagara, village, Porter, Niagara county, 
N. Y, 7 miles n. Lewiston, at the mouth of 
Niagara river, on the shore of lake Ontario. 
Fort Niagara is on this site. 

Nichols, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 miles w. 
Owego, s Susquehannah river. Population 
1830, 1,284.' 



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358 



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Nicholas, CO. of Va,, bounded by Pocahon- 
tas E., Green Brier s. e. and s., Now river, 
separating it from Logan, s. w., Kenhawa w., 
Lewis N., and Randolph n. e. Length 50 ms., 
mean width 28, and area, 1,400 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 38° 4' to 38° 43' and in 
long, from 3° 18' to 4° 12' w. W. C. The 
declivity is a little s. ofw., drained by Gauley 
r. on the sthrn., and Elk r. on the nrthrn side. 
Pop. 1820, 1,853 ; 1830, 3,349. 

Nicholas, C. H. and and p-v. Nicholas co. 
Va. 310 ms. wstrd. W. C, and 268 n. w. by 
w. Richmond, lat. 38° 18', long. 3° 48' w. W. 
C. 

Nicholas, co. of Ky., bounded s. w. by 
Bourbon, w. and n. w. by Harrison, n. by 
Bracken, n. e. by Mason, e. by Fleming, and 
s. E. by Bath. Length 30, mean width 12, 
and area, 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 12' to 38° 33', and in long, from 6° 
47' to 7° 10' w. W. C. The main volume of 
Licking r. crosses this co. in a nthwstly. di- 
rection, following the general d£clivity. 
Chief t. Carlisle. Pop. Ib20, 7,973; 1830, 
8,832. 

NicHOLASviLLE, p-v. and St. of jus. Jessa- 
mine CO. Ky. 30 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 14 
s. s. w. Lexington. Lat. 37° 52', long. 7° 33' 
w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 408. 

Nicholson, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Luzerne 
CO. Pa. 32 ms. above Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 
146 ms. above Harrisburg. 

Nicholson, p-o. Copiah co. Miss, about 60 
ms. a little n. of e. Natchez, and 70 ms. s. s. 
w. .Tackson. 

Nicksville, p-v. Lovely co. Ark. 

NiLEs, p-v. sthestrn.part Berrien co. Mich. 
by p-r. 179 ms. s. w. by w. i w. Detroit. Lat. 
41° 51', long. 9° 18' w. W. C. As laid down 
by Tanner on his improved U. S. map it is 
situated on St. Joseph's r. 5 ms. n. of the 
boundary between Ind. and Mich. 

NiMisiLA, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 117 ms. 
N. e. by E. Columbus. 

Nine mile creek, and p-o. Blount co. Ten. 
by p-r. 155 ms. a little s. of e, Nashville. 

Nine mile prairie, p-o. Perry co. III. by p-r. 
127 ms. sthrd. Vandalia. 

Nineveh, p-v. n. part Frederick co. Va.by 
p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Nippenose, p-o. sthrn. part Lycoming co. 
Pa. by p-r. 104 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

NisHNEBATONA, r. conflueut of Mo. r. ri- 
ses at about lat. 42°, flowing thence by a 
general course of a little w. of s., inclining 
upon that part of Mo. immediately above and 
below the mouth of Platte r., and inflecting 
with the former finally falls into it a short dis- 
tance below the influx of little Nemawhaw. 
The valley of Nishnebatona lies between 
those of Mo. and Naudoway. 

NisKAYUNA, t. Schenectady co. N. Y. 12 
ms. N. w. Albany, s. w. Mohawk r., n. Albany 
CO., E. Schenectady, is small, with much poor 
sandy land, but some good on the r. The , 
people are of Dutch origin. Alexander's 
bridge crosses Mohawk r. in the n. e. corner, I 
where are mill^, a dam, and the upper acque- ! 



duct, 748 feet long, and 25 high, on which 
passes the Erie canal ; near it are 3 locks of 
7 ft. lift. Pop. 1830, 452. 

NisKAYUNA, Shaker v. Schenectady co. N. 
Y. (-See Watervliet.) 

NiTTANY, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Centre co. 
Pa. 16 ms. N. w. Bellcfonto, and by p-r. 101 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Nixon's p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p-r, 94 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Noah's fork and p-o. nthwstrn. part Bed- 
ford CO. Ten. 60 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

NoBLEBORouGH, p-t. Liucolu CO. Me. 16 ms. 
E. N. E. Wiscasset, e. Damariscotta r. Car- 
ries on a considerable trade. Pop. 1830, 
1,876. 

NoBLESBORO' Or NoBLESTOWN, p-V. OU RobC- 

son's run, in the sthwstrn. part Alleghany co. 
Pa. 1 1 ms. s. w. by w. Pittsburg. 

NoBLESTOWN, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. by 
p-r. 212 ms. w. Harrisburg, and 12 ms. s. w. 
Pittsburg. 

NoBLESviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Hamilton co. 
Ind. by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 
40° 03', long. 9° w. W. C. 

NoLACHUCKY, r. of N. C. and Ten., has its 
remote sources in the western slope of the 
Blue ridge, and northern part of Buncombe co. 
opposite the sources of Catawba, and between 
those of French Broad and Watauga rs.; 
draining the nrthrn. part of Buncombe, and 
flowing by a general n. w. course, traverses 
the mtn. pass between the Bald and Iron 
mtns., enters Ten., where, passing over 
Washington and Greene cos. joins French 
Broad. (See Ten. r.) 

NoLACiiucKY, P-v. on Nolachucky r. sthrn. 
part Greene co. Ten. by p-r. 286 ms. e. Nash- 
ville. 

NoLAND's ferry and p-o., Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 43 ms. a little above and n. w. W. C. 
I'he p-o. is nearly opposite, though rather 
above the mouth of Monocacy r. 

NoLE.NsviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Williamson 
CO. Ten. 16 ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. 

No-man's-land, isl. Dukes co. Mass. s. or 
the s. w. end of Martha's Vineyard. It is 
small, and lies in long. 6° 15' e. W. C, lat. 
41° 1.5'. 

Norfolk, co. Mass. bounded n. by Middle- 
sex CO., n. e. and e. by Mass. bay and 
Plymouth co., s. E. and s. by Plymouth and 
Bristol COS., s. w. by Rhode Island, and w. by 
Worcester and Middlesex cos. It is princi- 
pally watered by Neponset and Charles rs., 
and their tributaries, and contains 22 towns, 
of which Dedham is the capital. The two 
streams mentioned are singularly connected 
by Mother brook, which thus renders a part 
of the CO. an island. The waters of Stony 
brook are almost on a level with it. Blue 
hills on the n. are of considerable elevation, 
but the surface is not very uneven. The n. 
part has many fine country seats, belonging 
chiefly to citizens of Boston ; and its vicinity to 
the city, afibrds a valuable market to the 
farmers of the co., in which some of the most 
beautiful farms and rural scenes in' the state 



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359 



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are found. That part contiguous to Boston 
was occupied in the rovolutionnry war, and 
during the siege of that place, by the Ameri- 
can troops ; and remains of military works 
are still to be found. It is crossed by the 
great route from Boston to Providence, and a 
rail road, which is projected between the two 
places, will, doubtless, greatly increase the 
already great amount of travel and transpor- 
tation through the co. The amount of man- 
ufactures in this CO. is considerable. Its sur- 
face is generally diluvial, with rocks of sien- 
itc granite, or graywacke. The uplands 
are rounded gravel from the interior, sand and 
clay mingled, and the valleys marshy with 
peat. Large masses of rock lie on the sur- 
face, for 10 ms. s. of Blue hills, s. e. of the 
ledges from which they have been torn ; but 
the sicnito and green stone ledges arc most 
remote. Diluvial gravel lies upon the slope 
from Blue hills to Neponest r. The Quincy 
rail road, the first constructed in the U. S. is 
in the e. part of this co. Pop. 1820, 36,471 ; 
1830, 41,972. 

Norfolk, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 35 ms. 
N. w. Hartford, s. Mass. ; 4i ms, by 9 ; 44 sq. 
ms. ; is on high ground, crossed by granite 
ridges from N. e. The soil is cold, but the 
grazing good ; and the trees chiefly oak and 
chestnut, with some maple. 20,000 lbs. of 
maple sugar were once made here annually. 
Blackberry, Mad, Sandy and other rs., sup- 
ply water and mill sites. Much iron is man- 
ufactured here. Pop. 1830, 1,485. 

Norfolk, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 32 
ms. N. E. Ogdensburgh, 224 from Albany. 
Watered by Racket r. at the falls of which is 
a v., at the head of boat navigation. Pop. 
1830, 1,039. 

Norfolk, co. Va. bounded by Nansemond 
w., Hampton Roads and Lynhaven bay n., 
Princess Anne co. e., and Currituck and Cam- 
den cos. N. C. s. Length from s. to n. 32, 
mean width 17 ms., and area 544 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36i° to 36° 59', and in 
long, from 0° .33' to 1° 2' e. W. C. This co. 
is composed of two inclined planes of very 
little declivity. The nrthrn. section is drain- 
ed by the confluents of Elizabeth river. (See 
Elizabeth r.) The southern part includes 
great part of the Dismal Swamp and lake 
Drummond, and drained sthwrdly. into Pas- 
quotank r. (See Dismal Swatnp canal.) Chief 
t. Norfolk. Pop. 1820, 15,465, including 
that of the borough of Norfolk, 6,987 exclu- 
sive of the borough. In 1830, 24,814, 

Norfolk, borough, p-t. and s-p. of Norfolk 
CO. Va. situated on the right bank of Eliza- 
beth r., 8 ms. above Hampton Roads. Lat. 
36° 52', long. 0° 44' e. W. C. By p-r. 217 
ms. s. s. E. W. C, and 114 s. e. by e. Rich- 
mond 



The Dismal Swamp opens to Norfolk, the 
commerce of the great basins of Roanoke and 
Chowan ; in consequence some of the finest 
sections of Va. and N. C, drained into Albe- 
marle sound. Norfolk contains a theatre, 
marine hospital, academy, orphan asylum, 
athcneum, a branch of the V. S. bank, and 2 
state banks. It contains also numerous private 
schools, and several places of public worship. 

The site of Norfolk, similar to the sur- 
face of the adjacent country, is low, level, and 
in part marshy : but the streets being well 
paved, obviates many natural disadvantages. 
The progressive pop. of this borough pre- 
sents some curiousfacts. It contained in 



1810. 
Whites, 4,776 
Free colored, 592 
Slaves, 3,825 


1820. 

4,618 

599 

3,261 


1830. 

5,131 

928 

3,757 



Total, 



8,478 9,816 



9,193 
showing an increase of 1,338, in the latter 
period. The relative increase of the whites 
and slaves being very nearly equal, at about 
11 per cent. 

NoRRisTOWN, p-v. borough and st. jus. 
Montgomery co. Pa. situated on the left bank 
of Schuylkill r., 1 6 ms. above and n. w. Phil. 
and by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 40° 08', 
long. 1° 42' e. W. C. The site of Norristown 
and the adjacent country are delightful. It 
contains an academy, some places of public 
worship, and the county edifices. Pop. 1820, 
827. 

Norman's kill, brook, Bethlehem Albany, 
CO. N. Y. enters Hudson r, 2i ms. s. Albany, 
28 ms. long, supplies large mills. 

Norridgewock, p-t. St. jus. Somerset co. 
Me, 35 ms. w, by n. Hallowel, 94 n. n. e. 
Portland, 28 Augusta, has a C. H., jail, &c. 
and has considerable trade. Pop. 1830, 1,710. 

Norrisville, p-o. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 
127 ms. s. Tuscaloosa, 

North Adams, v. Adams, Berkshire co. 
Mass, 15 ms. n. Pittsfield, 40 e. Albany, 5 e. 
from Williams college, is a flourishing manu- 
facturing place. There are, in and about the 
village, 12 cotton and woollen factories, 
(about 24 in the town,) 2 calico print works, 
3 furnaces, and several extensive establish- 
ments for making cotton and woollen ma- 
chinery, &c. 

Northampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 
7 ms. s. Portsmouth, 50 from Concord, w. 
Atlantic ocean, has 8,465 acres, 2 small 
streams, and Little Boar's Head point. Gar- 
rison houses were built early, to protect the 
people against the Indians. Pop. 1830, 766. 

Northampton, p-t. st. jus. Hampshire co. 
Mass. 95 ms. w. Boston, 42 n. Hartford, 18 



N. Springfield. It is one of the oldest and 
Norfolk harbor admits vessels of ISlpleasantest towns in that part of the state. It 



feet draught, and renders the borough the most, lies w. Conn. r. with a varied surface, good 
commercial depot of Va. It is defended by j soil, and between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of 
.1 fortress on Craney isl. and some other forts. c,\cellcnt meadows. The Hampshire and 
It appears, indeed, from examinations made Hampden canal, partly completed, and con- 
by the U. S. commissioners, that Hampton nected with the Farmington canal in Conn, is 
Roads.though so extensive, admit of complete I to join the Conn, river here. It contains 4 
defence against foreign attack. 



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churches, for Calvinists, Baptists, Episcopali- 
ans, and Unitarians. A court house, jail, town 
house, bank, a fine hotel, &c. in the village, 
which is large, and was in past days, the res- 
idence of president Edwards, David Brain- 
ard. Gov. Strong, and other disiini;uished 
men. First settled 1664, and for many years 
the village was surrounded with a palisade. 
It was attacked and threatened at different 
times by Indians. A great deal of manufac- 
turing is carried on here, 700 men being en- 
gaged in cotton and woollen factories ; a 
woollen factory, 4 1-2 ms. w. of the village, 
on a fall of 50 feet, works 1,384 spindles, 35 
broadcloth and 8 satinet looms, and employs 
110 persons, consuming 130,000 lbs. of wool, 
and making 42,000 yards of broadcloth, and 
36,000 of satinet. A button manufactory 
employs 30 persons. 

There are in the town, dwelling houses, 
417 ; stores and shops, 69 ; barns, 302 ; mills 
of various kinds, 26 ; of tillage, 2,635 ; bush- 
els of rye raised, 6,257; oats, 5,050; Indian 
corn, 31,000 ; acres of mowing, 2,148 ; tons 
-of hay, 2,394; acres of pasture, 4,060 ; bbls. 
of cider, 2,150 ; acres of woodland, 4,414 ; 
horses, -334 ; oxen, 174 ; steers and cows, 
866 ; sheep, 4,000 ; woollen factories, 3 ; 
spindles, 1,152; carriages and chaises, 3,525. 
Mount Holyoke, a fine eminence on the 
opposite bank of the river, is a favorite resort 
and commands one of the most beautiful 
views in this part of the U.S. The shad 
fishery is valuable, and steam navigation is 
to be extended hither by the boats from 
Hartford. In 1786, during Shay's rebellion, 
a body of insurgents were dispersed hereby 
the sheriff. Pop. 1830, 3,613. 

Northampton, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 
17 ms. N. E. Johnstown, 42 ms. n. n. w. Al- 
bany, 22 N. w. Ballstown Spa, w. Saratoga 
county, 4 ms. by 8, is crossed by Sacandaga 
river and has 3 small mill streams, and good 
level land, but 1,000 acres of the great vlie or 
swamp. At the fish house where Sir Wil- 
liam Johnson sometimes resided is a small 
village. Pop. 1830, 1,380. 

Northampton, t., Burlington co., N. J., 7 
ms. s. E. Burlington, s. North branch of Ran- 
kokus cr., W. Monmouth co. Pop. 1830, 
5,516 ; it includes the v. of Mnt. HoUey, the 
St. jus. of the CO. 

Northampton, co., Pa., bounded by Bucks 
CO. s., Lehigh s. w., Schuylkill w., Luzerne 
N. w., Pike N., and Del. separating it from 
Warren co. N. J., e. Length diagonally from 
the extreme sthrn. angle on Bucks, to the 
extreme nthn. on Luzerne, 46 ms. ; the grea- 



valley of this branch of Del. are in great part 
commensurate, and the general elope sth- 
wardly. The surface is, however, greatly 
diversified, both as to mtn., hill, and dale, and 
in relative level, independent of mtns. and 
hills. The Kittatinny mts. ranging something' 
E. of s. w., divide this co. into two unequal 
sections; about one third lying below, or s. 
of the Kittatinny, and the residue above, or 
nthrd. from that chain. The Lehigh r. de- 
riving its numerous sources from the very 
mountainous region above the Kittatinny, 
pierces that and numerous other chains at 
nearly right angles ; reaches the nthwstrn. 
foot of Blue Ridge at AUentown, and turning 
these to n. e., traverses the mtn. foot to its 
influx into Del. at Easton. 

The lower section of Northampton, though 
comprising only one third of the whole sur- 
face of the CO., contained in 1820, 22,030, out 
of 31,765 inhabitants. 

The valley between the Blue Ridge and 
Kittatinny chains, averages in Northampton a 
width of about 10 ms. ; the sthrn. part toward 
the Blue Ridge resting on limestone, and the 
opposite on clay slate. The two extreme 
southern tsps. below the Blue Ridge, lie also 
partially on limestone. The whole of this 
sthrn. and lower section has a mean elevation 
above tide water, of from 250 to 350 ft. The 
soil is excellent for grain, pasturage, meadow 
grasses, and orchard fruits. 

Without regard to the mtns., the vallies 
above Kittatinny rise like terraces, from 600 
to upwards of 1,200 ft. above tide level. It is 
observed that in the seasons of spring, har- 
vest, &c., there are two weeks or more be- 
tween the extremes of this co., and relative 
height at once explains the phenomenon. But 
the greatest diflerence and most important to 
the farmer in the respective sections of North- 
ampton, is in quality of soil, which deterio- 
rates gradually, receding to the nrthwstrd. 
from the Blue Ridge. [See articles, Lehigh, 
Mauch Chunk, «fcc.) 

The Lehigh navigation, and a canal from 
Easton along Del. r. to Bristol, with the enor- 
mous masses of anthracite coal near Mauch 
Chunk, have given great importance to the 
sthrn. part of Northampton. The produce of 
its fields and pastures are also abundant and 
valuable, and rapidly augmenting in annual 
amount. Chief ts. Easton, Bethlehem, Mauch 
Chunk, Hellerstown, and Stroudsburg. Pop. 
1820, 31,765; 1830, 39,267, an increase of24 
per ct. 

Northampton, or AUentown, p-v., borough 

and St. just., Lehigh co., Pa., situated on the 

test width wstrd. from Del. r. to the wstrn. point above the junction of the two main 



angle on Schuylkill and Luzerne, is very 
near equal to the length. The area being 
within a trifle of 1,100 sq. ms. The mean 
breadth is very nearly 24 ms., extending in 
lat. from 40° 33' to 41° 10', and in long, from 
0° 50'tol° 52'E.W.C. 

Though the Lehigh r. does not rise entire- 
ly in Northampton co., having its higher bran 



branches of Little Lehigh, and about a mile 
from the main Lehigh r., 6 ms. s. w. by w. 
Bethlehem, and 18 in nearly a similar direc- 
tion from Easton, 50 ms. a little w. of n. 
Phil., and by p-r. 178 ms. n. n. e. W. C, lat. 
40° 36', long. 1° 30' e. W. C. It is a very 
pleasant small town, standing on a swelling 
hill, surrounded by a fine well cultivated 



chcs in Pike and Luzerne, yet the co. andicountry, and contains a bank, printing office. 



NOR 



"SeT 



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numerous dry good stores, and in the vicinity 
several mcrclinnt mills. 

NoRTirAMPTo.v, CO., Va., and the sthrn. of 
the eastern shore, bounded n. by Accomac 
CO., Va., E. by tlic Atlantic ocean, ands. & w. 
by Chesapeake bay. Length from s. to x. .32, 
mean width, if the Atlantic islands are inclu- 
ded, 10 ms. ; area, 320 sq. ms., extending in 
lat. from 37° 05' to 37 33', long, from 1° to 1° 
28' E. W. C. The surface of this co. is but 
little broken by hill and dale, but the margin 
is excessively indented by small creeks, and 
covered on the Atlantic side by Paramores, 
Hog, Front's, Smith's, and Fisherman's isl- 
ands, proceeding sthM-rdly. to Cape Charles. 
Chief t., Eastville. Pop. 1820, 7,705; 1830, 
8,644. 

Northampton, co., N. C, bounded n. e. in 
part by Meherin r., separating it from Gates 
CO., by Hertford e., Bertie s. e., Roanoke r. 
separating it from Halifa.v s. w., Brunswick 
CO., Va., N. w., Gi-eenville co. Va., n., and 
Southampton co. Va., n. e. ; length from s. 
E. to N. w. 42 ms. ; mean width 13, and area 
546 sq. ms. ; extending in lat. from 36° 09' to 
36° 30', long, from 0° 08' to 0° 56' w. W. C. 
Tho' bounded on one of the longest sides by 
Roanoke r., the general declivity is estwrd. 
toward Meherin and Chowan rs. Much good 
soil ; pop. 1820, 13,242 ; 1830, 13,103. 

NoRTiiAMrToN, C. H. and p-o., Northampton 
CO., N. C, 70 ms. s. w. Norfolk, Va., and by 
p-r. 95 N. E. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', long. 0° 
27' w. W. C. 

Northampton, p.v., Portage co., O., by p-r. 
126 ms. N. E. Columbia. Pop. of the tsp. of 
Northampton, 1830, 293. 

North Bloomfusld, p.v., Trumbull co., O., 
by p-r. 173 ms, n. e. Columbus. 

NoRTHr.oRouGH, p-t., Worcester co., Mass., 

11 ms. E. Worcester, 36 w. Boston, in a val- 
ley ; has excellent land. Assabet r. has gopd 
meadows and mill seats ; cotton, shoes, 
scythes, leather, &c., are manufactured here. 
It formerly belonged to Marlboro' and suffer- 
ed from the Indians. A house in this t. was 
defended against 24 Indians bv a man and a 
woman in 1704. Pop. 1830, 992. 

NoRTHBRiDGE, p-t., Worccster CO., Mass., 

12 ms. s. E. Worcester, 45 s. w. Boston, is 
crossed by Blackstone r. and canal, and has 
large meadows, with uneven uplands, yield- 
ing good grass, &c. Here are granite quar- 
ries, and several cotton and woollen factories. 
Pop. 1830, 1,0.53. 

North Bridoewater, p-t., Plymouth co., 
Mass., s. Norfolk co., 20 ms. s. Boston. Pop. 
1830, 1,9.53. 

North Brookfield, t., Worcester co., 
Mass., G8 ms. w. Boston, has good soil, excel- 
lent farms, <fe some factories. Pop. 1839, 1,241 



Along estrn. border of Tonn., 185 

Along sthrn. boundary of Va., 330 

Along Atlantic ocean, . . , 320 

Having an entire outline of 1,193 

Greatest length from the wstrn. extreme to 
Cape Hateras, within a very trifling fraction 
of 500 ms. i area 51,000 sq. ms., as carefully 
measured by the rhombs, will give a mean 
breadth of 100. The greatest breadth is, 
however, 185 ms. from the extreme sthrn. 
angle at Little r. inlet, to the sthrn. border of 
Va. In lat. it extends from 33° 50' to 36° 
33', and in long, from 1° 36' e. to 7° 12' w. 
W. C. 

In diversity of surface, soil and climate, 
N. C. presents very wide extremes, falling in 
either respect, little if any thing below Geo. 
Though extending lengthwise from e. to w., 
the relative height decreases the elevation of 
temperature advancing from tlie ocean wstrd. 
The state similar to S. C. and Geo., is natu- 
rally divided into 3 zones ; the distinction be- 
tween the physical sections are far more 
strongly marked in the former, than in the 
two latter states. The sea sand alluvial tract 
of N. C, is from s. w. to n. e., '260 ms. in 
length, with a mean breadth inland of about 
90 ms., but varying in width from 80 to 100 
ms. The estrn. part is deeply indented by 
shallow, though wide sounds, of which the 
principal are Pamlico, and Albemarle. The 
sthwstrn. part presents a coast directly the re- 
verse ; it is a long inflected line, with a remar- 
kable deficiency of inlets. The entire coast 
of N. C, indeed, with a distance of 320 ms., 
is the most defective part of that of the Atlan- 
tic border of the U. S. in those valuable 
commercial entrances. The rivers Chowan 
and Roanoke rising in Va., and Tar, Neuse, 
and Cape Fear rivers rising in the state itself, 
issue from the interior section, and reach the 
sounds of the sea sand region in a s. e. di- 
rection, and their channels are the only fur- 
rows which materially break the monotony 
of the great plain of 23,000 sq. ms. There 
are slight exceptions, but dead uniformity of 
surface, is the general charrcter of the ocean 
section of N. C 

Without any very abrupt marks of distinc- 
tion between them, the sea sand is followed 
by the hilly or middle section. Much that 
might be said on this subject has been antici- 
pated under the art. Geo. ; we may here, how. 
ever, observe that the hilly tract of N. C. 
comprises 14,000 sq. ms., with a slope to the 
s. E., and traversed at the extremes by Roan- 
oke, Yadkin and Catawba rs., and in the cen- 
tre gives source to the numerous tributaries 
of Tar, Neuse and Cape Fear rivers. The 
Blue Ridge, on most maps very errouneously 



North ("arolina, state of the U. S., boun-'is made to represent the outer chain of the 



dcd by S. Carolina s., Georgia s. w., Tenn. 
w., Va. N., and by the Atlantic ocean e. and 
s. F.., having outlines on 
S. C, from the Atlantic ocean to Cha 

tuga r., . 
Along the nnhrn, boundary of Geo., 
46 



ms. 
300 



Appalachian system in N. C, as in the con- 
tiguous states ; but so far is this geography 
from being correct, there are two chains out- 
side or between the Bhie Ridge and the 
ocean, nor is in fact the Blue Ridge correctly 
58 'drawn over N. C. The counties of Person, 



NOR 



362 



NOR 



Orange, Chathnm, Moore and Richmond, are 
in general terms the wstrn. sections of the 
middle region ; whilst Caswell, Guilford, 
Randolph, Davidson, Montgomery and An- 
son, commence the mtn. tract. 

Some slight resemblance marks the two 
contiguous cstrn. sections of N. C, but no 
contrast can be much greater than exists be- 
tween the extreme regions of sea sand, and 
the bold, swelling, and delightful mtn. or 
wstrn. section. Towards the ocean the eye 
meets no relief, & fresh water is in many pla- 
ces rare ; the rivers and sounds are stagnant, 
or drag their sluggish streams along their 
oozy beds ; and the surface ^o large extents 
marshy and uncultivatable, lie unadorned 
and useless wastes ; but ascend the rivers, 
traverse the hills, and the outer humble but 
distinct Appalachian chain, and a country 
opens, to which the boasted peninsulas of 
Asia Minor, Gseece, Italy or Spain, can offer 
no spot superior in all that can render the 
face of the earth a happy residence to man. 
The streams are the pure productions of liv- 
ing fountains; the soil, if not exuberantly fer- 



the dwarf palms. From these vegetable crite- 
ria, we may decide that on the sea sand allu- 
vion of N. C, cotton may be cultivated with 
success, as in the valley of the Mississippi 
cotton flourishes 5 or 6 degrees of lat. above 
the live oak or the dwarf palm, and sugar 
ciine is cultivated nearly as far nrthwrd. aa 
these trees are found. Ascending to the in- 
terior and elevated table land, small grain, 
meadow grasses, and the apple, follow the 
cotton. Potatoes succeed well over the 
state, as do a vast abundance of esculent 
roots and fruits. Indian corn is the staple 
grain. The fig tree yields its abundant sac- 
charine fruit on the lower section, and the 
peach over the state gives its tribute to the 
hand of the cultivator. In fine, N. C. is not 
a state of more than medium general fertility, 
but it is a state of abundant product, where 
labor is properly applied. 

Minerals. — In mineral production, the met- 
als, except iron, are rare. Iron ore, however, 
abounds beyond any attempt yet made to re- 
duce it to the metallic state. Much of that 
metal is manufactured, it is true, but immense- 



tile, is sufficiently productive to reward, and My more might be produced. 



with the elastic air over its surface, richly 
reward human labor. 

If we reject the mtn. chains, there still re- 
mains a difference of level of at least 1,800 
feet between the counties along the ocean 
border, and that of Ashe, and Buncombe, on 
the wstrn. extreme between the Blue Ridge 
and Iron chains. The actual difference of 
lat. a little exceeds 2^ degrees, and the dif- 
ference of level is fully equal to 4 degrees, 
making an actual difference of 6J degrees of 
Fahrenheit's thermometer as the mean and 
extreme temperature. The winters of Upper 
N. C. are perhaps not as long, perhaps some- 
thing less severe, but on the mtn. sections of 
not only N. C, but of S. C. and Geo. also, the 
inhabitants have with the more nrthrn. states 
a share, and not a slight share of the rigors 
of frost, snow, and cold rainy weather in win- 
ter. 

Agriculture. — The natural vegetables af- 
ford often good guides to the estimate of cli- 
mate suitable to exotics. In the whole three 
sections of N. C. spread immense forests of 
terebinthine trees, and there may be said to 
commence, advancing from the north, those 
vast collections of pines, amongst^ which the 
traveller may pursue his way for days without 
meeting, except a few scattering stems, any 
other tree but pine. This forest tree evinces 
thinness, if not sterility of soil, but is gen- 
erally attended with good fountain water. 
Though, however, it is the most common, 
pine gives place, or is intermixed with nearly 
every forest tree known in the middle states 
of the U. S., and the live oak, quercus scmper- 
vivens, a tree ceasing in La. below n. lat. 30° 
30', is found on Cape Fear r., N. C, as 
high Rs 34° 20', showing a difference of tem. 
perature between the Atlantic coast and Mis- 
sissippi valley, of nearly 4 degrees. A sim- 
ilar relative location is found to diatmguish 



Commerce, rivers. — With a very unfavora- 
ble sea-coast, the connexion of N. C. with 
Europe, or the other states of the U. S. is 
much below the relative proportion of area 
or population ; but again, a considerable frac- 
tion of the commerce of Va. and of S. C, 
originates in the intermediate state. The 
whole wstrn. sections of the state discharge 
their rivers either sthwrd. into S. C, nthwrd. 
into Va., or wstrd. into Ten. One great 
branch of Roanoke, Dan r., flows from N. C. 
into Va., returning its waters, however, by 
the Roanoke. Catawba and Yadkin rs., rising 
in the fine vallies of wstrn. or rather central 
N. C, become navigable streams, and bend- 
ing their courses sthwrd. carry their volumes 
and their burthens into S. C. The whole 
margin of the state beyond Blue Ridge, 
is drained by the numerous confluents of 
Ten. r., and has a slope to the N. w. 

Many partial canals and side cuts, locks, 
and drains have been made to meliorate the 
water means of intercommunication, but as a 
system, roads and canals are in their incipi- 
ent condition in that state. 

Population. — The pop. of North Carolina 
at several periods follows, with that of the 
counties in 1830. In 1790, it contained 393,- 
950 inhabitants ; in 1800, 478,103 ; in 1810, 
555,500 ; in 1820, 638,829 ; and in 1830, 738, 
470, 



Counties. 


Pop. 1830. 


Counties. 


Pop. 1830. 


Ashe, 


6,98? 


Currituck, 


7,655 


Anson, 


14,005 


Caswell. 


l.'S,185 


Ciirke, 


17,888 


Cliowan, 


6,697 


Buncombe, 


16,281 


Camden, 


6,7o3 


Brunswick, 


6,516 


Chatham, 


15,40.1 


Berlie, 


12,202 


Columbus, 


4,141 


Be;;ufort, 


10,069 


Cumbtrland, 


14,834 


Bladen, 


7,811 


Csiten t, 


6,597 


Criiven, 


13,734 


r-nfliri, 


il.COl 


Cabanas. 


f.,810 


David6.or., 


13,3*9 



NOR 



363 



NOR 



Counties. 

Kllgl'CDlllllf, 

FrunUIiii, 

Giniivillf, 

Gat-s, 

Guilford, 

preeiie, 

Hyde, 

Halilax, 

Haywood, 

Hertlonl, 

Ired.'ll, 

Johnston, 

Jonf«, 

I/inivolii, 

Lenoir, 

Mwklp.nbarij, 

Martin, 

Mooro, 

Mai;on, 

MontgouifT)', 

Nortlianiptm, 

New Hanover, 



I'op. 1830. 

11,935 

10,665 

19,355 

7,806 

isjsr 

0,413 

0,181 

17,739 

4,578 

8,537 

11,9IS 

10,938 

5,608 

22,455 

7,7:23 

•20,073 

8,539 

7,745 

6,333 

10,919 

13,391 

10,959 



Counlieti. 

Nash, 

Onslow, 

Oranije, 

Person, 

PiU, 

Perquimons, 

Pasquotank, 

Kicliniotid, 

Robeson, 

Rochinghain, 

Rowan, 

Knthcr(i)rd, 

Randolph, 

Snrry, 

Sampson, 

Stokes, 

Tyrrell, 

Wilkes, 

Wake, 

Wayne, 

Washington, 

Warren, 



Of which were white persons. Males. 



Under 5 years of age, 
Prom 5 to 10, 

" 10 to 15 

" 15 10 i!0 

" 20 to 30 

" 30 to 40 

" 40 to 50 

" 50 to 60 - 

" CO to 70 

" 70 to 80 

" 80 to 90 

" !H) to 100 

" 100 and upwards, 



46,749 

35,959 

30,527 

25,452 

39,428 

23,042 

14,998 

10,536 

5,908 

2,489 

649 

138 

28 



12,U93 
7,419 
8,641 
9.39G 
9,433 
12,935 
20.786 
17,557 
12,406 
14,504 
11,634 
16,196 
4,732 



10,331 
4,552 
11,877 

Females. 
43,775 
34,264 



10,428 
]",C01 
5,980 
2,496 

747 
158 



Pop. 1830. 1 mington, Salisbury, Hillsborough and HalU 
8.490 fax. 

'>*^'^| Sec. 4. — That the senate and house of com- 
23,908 1 j^.,Qj^g^ assembled for the purpose of Icgisla- 
|J^'5^~^ tion, shall be denominated "The General 
j Assembly." 

Sec. 5, provides that the members of the 
senate must, to be eligible, possess in the co. 
I from which he is elected 300 acres of land in 
fee ; and sec. G, makes a similar provision in 
reuiard to members of the house of commons, 
except limiting the latter to a property quali- 
fication of at least 100 acres of land in fee. 

Sec. 7, makes it necessary to possess the 
right of suffrage, that the elector shall be 21 
years of age, have resided 1 year in the co. 
next preceding the election, and possess 
1 1,968 therein a freehold of 50 acres of land, to vote 
20,398 for a senator ; and by sec. 8, like age and res- 
idence, as necessary to vote for a senator, and 
having paid public taxes, qualities to vote for 
a member of the house of commons. 

Sec. 13. — That the general assembly shall, 

I by joint ballot of both houses, appoint judges 

28,8421 of the supreme courts of law and equity, judg- 

27,398 es of admiralty, and nttornies general, who 

^|'^:|^ I shall be commissioned by the governor, and 

'" ' hold their offices during good behavior. 

Sec. 15, provides for the election of a gov- 
ernor by joint ballot, for 1 year, and eligible 
only 3 years in 6 successive years, and must 
be 30 years of age, have resided in the state 
30 j 5 years, and have in the state a freehold in 
q,jjjj,l 235 954 236889 ' '^"^i^ ^"^^ tenements, above the value of 1,000 

'pounds. 

Sections 31, and 32, read with curious con- 
trast. The former renders ineligible to a 
seat in either house of the general assembly, 
or the council, all clergymen or preachers 
I'roe colored. Slaves. ! of the go.spel of any denomination ; whilst the 

j^g^-i32d section disqualifies from every office in 
.37!.'>H8; the state of profit or trust, all persons who de- 
20,095|ny the being of God, the truth of the Protes- 
^g'gojtant religion, or the divine authority of either 

'x"l4Jthe Old or New Testament, &.c. 
/Sec. 39, provides for the release of debt- 
Total, 9,561 9,982 124,313 121 ,288 L,r8 who give up their estates for the benefit 
Deaf and dumb colored persons, 93; blind, 101. r ,•. j i i 
Recapitulation. "' creditors, and against whom there is not 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total.! strong presumption of fr. iiid. 
472,843 19,543 245,601 737,987 j /y/.<,/or//.— The first, but abortive attempt to 
Constitution. — Jinliciary. Tlie constitu-^ colonize what is now the two Carolinas, was 
tion of N. C. was adopted in conveiuion atj made by the French in the reign of Charles 
Halifax, 18ih December, 1776. It commen-jthe IX., fioni whom the name Carolina was 
ces with a bill of rights containing 25 sections, I derived. The French colonization was op- 
the last of which relates to the boundaries of I posed and prevented by the Spaniards. A 
the state. The constitution is itself divided second, and again disastrous enterprrse to 
simply into sections, and provides as follows.! form a settlement on the Carolina coast, was 
Seel. — That the legislative authority shall! made in I58G, under a patent [!:raiited by 
be vested in tsvo distinct branches, both de-! Qiicon Elizabeth of England, to Sir Wither 
pendent on the people, to wit, a senate, and! Raleigh. Under this patent, a small number 
house of conunons. of adventurers were landed in 1586, who 
Sec. 2. — That the senate shall be compos- were probably murdered by the natives, as no 
ed of representatives, annually chosen by bal- trace of their existence or fate could ever be 
lot, one for each co. in the state. I procured. The coast, under the name of Car- 
Sec. 3. — That the house of commons shall i olina, remained again desolate 75 years, when 
be composed of representatives annually chos- in 1661, a small English colony from Mass. 
en by ballot, two for each co., and one for fixed themselves on the banks of Cape Fear r. 
each of the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wil.| Granted by the Enghsh monarchs to various 



Of the preceding were deaf and dumb, un- 
der 14 years of :ige, 70 ; from 14 to 25, 81 ; 
25 and over, 7'J. Blind 2-.>3. 

The colored population was as follows ; 



Mal.-s. 

llndei 10 years, 2,!38 

Fiom 10 to 24 2,955 

24 to 36 1,400 

36 to 55 1,002 

.55 10 ^'^n 1J85 

100 and upwards, 21 



Feinalijs. 
3,287 
3,118 
1,649 
1,179 
720 
29 



Slaves. 
Males. Females 
5,991 



NOR 



364 



NOR 



proprietors, and to their conflicting proceed- 
ings was added Locke's scheme of govern- 
ment. Under so many causes of embarrass- 
ment, the colony advanced slowly and pain- 
fully. In the abandonment of Locke's scheme 
one impediment was removed, but in 1712 a 
most sanguinary Indian v.'ar broke out, and 
ravaged the settlements. The proprietary 
government of Carolina produced so many 
and so just complaints, that in 1717 it was 
abolished and the colony became roy;d, and 
continued so to the revolution, which separa- 
ted the Carolinas, with other N. American 
colonies, from Great Britain. In 1720, the 
colony of Carolina was found too unwieldy 
for convenient government, and was separated 
into two, under the relative names of North 
Carolina, and South Carolina. 

The inaccessible coast of North Carolina, 
if disadvantageous commercially, has been a 
real and extended line of fortifications, to pro- 
tect the state from invasion on the side of the 
ocean, and consequently no other section ol 
the union has felt the evils of two wars with 
Great Britain, so little as has N. C. In the 
revolutionary war, some expeditions made 
from the side of S.C. reached the interior of 
N. C, but were of more ultimate injury to the 
enemy than to the invaded country. But 
though exposed to little of the danger within, 
the people of N. C. sought it without, and 
have borne their full share of the perils, and 
reaped an ample reward, in sharing with their 
fellow citizens the glory of independence. 
They were amongst the first who threw off 
the British yoke, as may be seen by the date 
of their constitution, 18th Dec. 1776, Fifty- 
six years of profound and unambitious tran- 
quillity, in regard to her domestic concerns, 
has been only broken at long intervals by for- 
eign war, which when ended, the ploughshare 
was formed from the falchion, and N. C. may 
be named amongst the most happy comnumi- 
ties of the earth. 

North Castle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
33 ms. N. N. York, 6 s. Bedford, n. w. Conn., 
is crossed by Byram r., and has Bronx cr. w. 
on which are mills. The surfiice is irregular, 
but cultivated, and the Heights noted in the 
history of the revolution. Pop. 1830, 1,6.53. 

North Cove, p-o. Burke co. N. C, by p-r. 
179 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

North Dover, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O., by 
p-r. 150 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

North East, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 25 
ms. N. E. Poughkeepsic, 95 s. Albany, s. of 
Columbia co. and Mass., w. of Conn. The 
town is shaped like a boot, is 10 ms. long, 
and from 3 to 5 wide, is uneven and stony, 
and has W. Town mtn. overgrown with trees, 
but contains much good land. Several brooks 
supply mills. Wappingcr's cr. rises in Hit- 
tin's pond. Pop. 1830,^1,689. 

North East, p-v. nthrn. part Eric co. Pa., 
by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. W. C. 

North East, p-v. on North East r., Cecil 
CO. Md. 6 ms. a little s, of w. Elkton, and by 
p-r. 82 ms, N. E, W. C. 



North End, p-v. wstrn. part Matthews co. 
Va., by p-r. 91 ms. E. RioJimond. 

NoRTHFiELD, p-t. Washington co. Vt., lO 
ms. s. w. Montpelier, 35 s. e. Burlington. It 
contains 18,515 acres, was first settled 1785, 
and is crossed by Dog r., which has good mill 
seats ; it bears hemlock, spruce, maple, beach, 
(fcc. and has generally a good soil. The sur- 
face is uneven, and crossed n. and s. by a 
range of slate. It contains 2 villages, sever- 
al manufactories, and 9 school dists. Pop. 
1830, 1,411. 

Northfield, p-t. Merrimack co. N. IL, 16 
nis. N. Concord, s. of Wiunipiseogee r., and e. 
of Merrimack r., has 20,000 acres, with some 
good soil. It contains Chestnut pond e., and 
Sondogardy s., and is crossed by two ridges 
of high land. The Winnipiseogee and Pem- 
igevvasset rs.join in the n. w., and form Mer- 
rimack r. There are several mills, &c. 
First settled 1760. Pop. 1830, 1,169. 

Northfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 94 
ms. N. w. Boston, s. of New Hampshire, has 
much excellent land, and extensive and fer- 
tile meadows. It was settled in 1687, 
was purchased from the Indians for 200 fath- 
oms of wampum, and .£57 in merchandize. 
The settlement was attacked by Indians in 
1678, and finally deserted and destroyed. It 
was resettled, and deserted again, and per- 
manently occupied at last in 1713, after 
which some of the inhabitants were killed. 
Fort Dummer was built in Vernon, Vt., just 
beyond this town, but was intended to be 
within its limits, and served to protect it in the 
French wars against the savases. Pop. 1830, 
1,757. 

Northfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 5 ms. 
N. Richmond. Pop. 1830, 1,262. 

Northfield, p-v. Vermillion co. II. , by p-r. 
162 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

Nortiiford, p-v. New Haven co. Conn., 10 
ms. N. E. New Haven, 26 s. Hartford. 

North Fork, p-o. on a branch so called of 
Licking r. Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 69 ms. n. e, 
by E. Frankfort. 

North Haven, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7 
ms. N. New Haven, contains about 17 sq. ms. 
and is nearly level, with hills e. and w. It is 
crossed by Quinepiack r., navigable 8 ms. 
Pop. 1830, 1,282. 

North Hampstead, p-t. and st.jus. Queens 
CO. N. Y., 20 ms. e. N. York, on Long Island 
sound. Pop. 1830,3,091. 

North Hero, p-t. isl. and st. jus. Grand 
Isle CO. Vt., in Lake Champlain, 26 ms, n. 
Burlington, 6 w. St. Alban's, contains 6,272 
acres. First settled 1783. In 1789 a block 
house was built here by the British, and given 
up in 1796. There are no important streams 
or mill sites, but the soil is very good. The 
V. is small, with a stone C. H. and jail, and 4 
school dists. 

Northington, p-v. Cumberland co. N, C, 
by p-r. 10 ms. nthrd. I'ayetteville, co. St., and 
51 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

North Kingston, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 
20 ms. s. w. Providence, w. Narragansctt 



NOR 



365 



NOR 



bay, about 7 ms. by S.SGsq. ms., is hilly, withl - Northumberland, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 130 
level land n., and yields irce stone. Several ms. n. Concord, e. Conn, r., opposite Maid- 
brooks supply mill sites, and aflbrd fish, stone, Vt. ; has very good soil near the river, 
There is a good harbor at Wickiurd, rarely without stone or gravel, forniorly covered 
shut by ice; and also two othcrfe, Cole's and with butternut, with some good upland s. 
Allen's. A few vessels are employed in fish- j Cape Horn mtn. 1,000 feet high, is near the 
ing on the banks, the shoals, and other parts jceHtre, with Conn. r. on one side, and Upper 
of the coast, and others arc employed in coast- jAmonoosuck r. on another. Below the mouth 
ing. There are several factories. Fop. 1830, of the latter is a fall in Conn. r. with a dam, 
3,037. niills, &c., above which the meadows are 

North MiDDLETON, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky., overflown, in tho spring, to a great extent. 



49 ms. E. Frankfort 

North Mokeland, p-v. of Luzerne co. Pa., 
20 ms. N. Wilkes Barre, and 134 ms. n. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

North Norwich, p-v. sthrn. part Huron co. 
O., by p-r. 95 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Northport, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 14 ms. n. 
w. Castinc, 40 e. Augusta, s. of Belfast, w. of 



There is a bridge over Conn. r. There is a 
small village at the falls. First settled, 1767. 
There was a fort in the town in the revolu- 
tion. Pop. 1830, 342. 

Northumberland, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 
11 ms. N. E. Ballston Spa, 36 n. of Albany, w. 
of Hudson r. and Wasliington co., 6 ms. sq., 
and has a variety of soils. There is a largf! 



Belfast Bay, and opposite Isle Borough. Pop. pine plain w. with much good sandy and ar- 



1830, 1,083. 

North Providence, p-t. Providence co. R. 
I., 4 ms. N. Providence, w. of Seekonk r., 
which divides it from Mass., has Wanagua- 
tucket r. w., about 2 ms. by 6, 16 sq. ms. ; is 
uneven, with primitive and transition rocks. 



gillaceous loam in other parts. Cold creek 
supplies a few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,006. 
Northumberland, co. of Pa. bounded by 
the Mahantango r. separating it from Dau- 
phin s., by the Susquehannah r. separating it 
trom Union w., and part of Lycoming n. w.. 



limestone, &.c., and a gravelly soil, bearing; by another part of Lycoming n., Columbia n. 
oak, walnut, &c., grass, hay, corn, andvege-|E. and e., and by Schuylkill s. e. Length 
tables, for Providence. There are many mill I from s. to n. 40 ms. ; and the area being about 
seats, and some good fisheries. The town is ,440 sq. ms., the mean breadth will be 11 ; but 
extensively engaged in manufacturing, espe-jthe width is very unequal. In one ])lace below 
cially cotton. Pawtucket v. is in the n. e., on | the E. branch it is 24 ms. wide, and at another 
the border of Mass., and is a large manufac- about 3 ms.; above the borough of North- 



turing v., with a considerable one on the op- 
posite side of the r. Pop. 1830, 3,503. 

North Riugeville, p-v. Lorain co. O. by 
p-r. 134 ms. ntlird. Columbus. 

North r. N. Y. (See Hudsun r.) 

North r. Plymouth co. Mass., is navigable 
18 ms. to Pembroke, in vessels of 300 tons, 
and in boats to the falls. 

North River Meeting House and p-o. 
Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 115 ms. N. w. by 
w. W. C. 



umberland, it is confined to a width of less 
than 4 ms., though at a distance of 16 ms. 
from the northern extremity. It extends from 
the meridian of W. C. to 0° 32' e. The de- 
clivity is wstrd. in the direction of the East 
branch of Susquehannah, where it unites with 
the western branch between Simbcrry and 
Northumberland, and very nearly at right an- 
gles to the course of the main volume along 
the western margin of the co. Contrary to 
their general range, the Apjialachian ridges 



North River Mills and p-o. 16 ms. s.e.| where they traverse Northumberland, extend 
Roinney, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. W. J with a very slight declination from e. to w. 
C. (Though mountainous and rocky in iimch of 

North Royalton, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. by; the surface, this co. comprises so much river 
p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. margin as to give it great comparative extent 

North Salem, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. of fertile arable land. Following the inflec- 
53 ms. N. N. Y., 8 n. Bedford, w. of Conn.! tions of the river, 40 ms. of the eastern 
line, about 4 ms. by 6, e. Croton r. It has i branch of the main river, and including both 
mill seats on a branch of it. There is an [sides, 20 ms. of the eastern branch of Sus- 
academy in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,276. qnehannah, arc included in Northumberland ; 

North Sewickly, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by | and beside the large rivers, fine vallies ex- 
p-r. 12 ms. s. e. borough of Beaver, and 2631 lend along Mahantango, Mahanoy and Sha- 
ms. N. w. W. C. jmokin creeks below, and Chillisquake, Lime- 

NoRTH Smithfield, p.v. Bradford co. Pa. stone and Warrior creeks above the mouth of 
by p-r. 142 ms. n. Harrisburg. jthe eastern branch. Chief ts. Sunbury, Nor- 

NoRTH Springfield, p-v. Portage co. O. byjthumberland, Milton and.Watsonburg. Pop. 
p-r. 120 ms. n. e. Columbus. 1 1820, 15,424, 1830, 18,170. 

North Stonlvotox, p-t. 'New London co. | Northumberland, p-v. and borough of 
Conn. 50 ms. s. e. Hartford, n. w. Pavvca- ; Northumberland co. Pa. situated on the point 
tuck r. which separates it from R. I., about labove the confiuence of the two principal 



6 ms. by 8 ; 44 sq. ms. ; is hilly with granite 
rocks, but good for grass ; and yielding oak, 
chestnut, <fcc. There arc manv mill sites. 
Pop. 1830, 2,840.. 



branches of Susquehannah r. 2 ms. above 
Sunbury, and 54 n. and above Harrisburg. 
Lat. 40° 55', long. 0° 8' e. W. C. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1820, 1,373. 



NOR 



366 



NOR 



Northumberland, co. of Va. bounded by 
Lancaster south and s. w., Richmond w., 
Westmoreland n. w., the mouth of Potomac 
r. N. E., and Chesapeake bay e. and s. e. 
Length 30 ms., mean width 8, and area 240 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 40' to 38° 
03', long, from 0° 2' to 0° 45' e. W. C. The 
declivity of this co. is, in the southern part, 
southestrd. towards the Chesapeake, and in 
the northern section northestrd. toward Poto- 
mac r. Fop. 1820, 8,016, 1830, 7,953. 

Northumberland, C. H. and p-o. Northum- 
berland CO. Va. by p-r. 151 ms. s. s. e. W. C, 
and 92 n. e. Richmond. 

North Union, p-v. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 
129 ms. a little N. of e. Columbus. 

NoRTHviLLE, p-v. northern part of Erie co. 
Pa. 19 ms. N. E. Erie, and by p-r. 352 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

North Washington, p-v. Westmoreland 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 215 ms. n. w. W. C. 

North West River Bridge, p-v. s. e. part 
of Norfolk CO. Va. on a small confluent of 
Currituck sound, 24 ms. a little e. of s. Nor- 
folk, and about an equal distance n. Elizabeth 
city in N. C. 

North Whitehall, p-o. southern part of 
Lehifch co. Pa. 18 ms. n. w. Allentown. 



North wood, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 
ms. N. E. Concord, 27 w. N. w. Portsmouth, 201 opposite Dartmouth college in N. H 
from Exeter; has 17,075 acres, 6 ponds, and tains about 25,000 acres. Settled, 



course by sloops, and a steamboat which 
plies daily. There are 2 good harbors, one 
at the mouth of Norwalk r., with water for 
vessels of 100 tons, and the other at Five 
Mile r. There are many islands and small 
streams near the coast. The fisheries of 
black fish, shell fish, &c. are valuable. The 
village is considerable, with a Congregational 
and an Episcopal church, and an academy 
Settled in 1651. Pop. 1830, 3,792. 

Norwalk, p-v. and st. jus. Huron co. O, 
situated on a branch of Huron r. 20ms. s. s. 
E. Sandusky, and by p-r. 113 ms. a little e. of 
N. Columbus. Lat. 41° 15', long. 5° 53' w. 
W. C. Pop. 1830, 310. 

Norway, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 47 ms. w. by 
s. Augusta, 8 s. w. Paris ; has a large pond 
which empties into Little Androscoggin r. 
It lies N. of Cumberland co. Pop. 1830, 
1,713. 

Norway, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 90 ms. n, 
w. Albany, 18 n. Herkimer, 6 ms.by 15 ; has 
a warm, rich, and dark soil, with a tract of 
light sand. It has moderate hills, and is ra- 
ther stony, bearing a variety of trees, and 
furnished wiih many mill seats on W.Canada 
creek. Pop. 1830, 1,152. 

Norwich, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. N. 
Windsor, 40 s. e. Montpelier, w. Conn. r. 

con- 
1762. 



parts of 2 more, some of which supply it with 
streams. Saddleback mtn. lies between this 
town and Deerfield, which aflords crystals, 
&-C., and give rise to the N. branch of Lam- 
prey r. It was formerly part of Nottingham, 
and first settled in 1763 from Northampton. 
Pop. 1830, 1,342. 

North Yarmouth, p-t. Cumberland co. 
Me. 42 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 42 n. n. e. Port- 
land, N. Casco bay. It has an academy, and 
is crossed by a considerable stream. Pop. 
1830, 2,666. 

Norton, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 32 ms. s. 
Boston, 8 N. w. Taunton. It was formerly 
part of Taunton, incorporated 1711; has not 
very good soil, much of which is rented. It 
is watered by several branches of Taunton r. 
which atford very good mill seats. Iron is 
mined here. Winnicunnit pond was much 
resorted to by Indians in past days, for fish 
and clams ; and they sometimes lived in 
caves. This town was first settled by a cabin 
boy, 1670. The Leonard iron works have 
been long established. Before 1828, 40 young 
men of this town had been educated at col- 
lege. Pop. 1830, 1,479. 

Norton, p-v. Del. co. O. by p-r. 36 ms. n. 
Columbus. 

Norwalk, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 66ms.s. 
w. Hartford, 32 w. New Haven, 48 n. e. N. 
Y., N. of Long Island sound, w. of Sauga- 
tuck r., about 5 ms. by 7, with 34 sq. ms. ; is 
uneven, high n. with much granite rock. The 
soil is good for grain, grass, and fruit, and 
bears walimt, chestnut, and other timber, 
much of which has been taken to the N. Y. 
market, with which there is constant inter- 



Conn, r. is here about 120 yards wide, and 
I'ordable at low water in 3 places. Ompom- 
panoosuc r.. Blood brook, Smalley's creek, 
&c. water the town, and furnish some mill 
seats. The surface is uneven, but is gene- 
rally good for grain and grass, and bears ex- 
cellent orchards. There are large beds of 
iron ore. Subterranean sounds were former- 
ly heard near Ompompanoosuc r. The v. 
is on a pleasant plain, and contains a literary 
and military academy of captain Partridge, 
a grammar school, &-c. Population 1830, 
1,392. 

Norwich, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 ms. 
w. Northampton, 105 w. Boston ; is crossed 
by a N. branch of Westtield r. n. and s., and 
has the main stream s. w. Incorporated, 1772, 
Fop. 1830, 795. 

Norwich, p-t., city, and half shire, N. lion- 
don CO. Conn, at the head of navigation on 
Thames r. (formerly called Fequod,; 13 ms. 
N. New London, 38 s. E. Hartford, 38 s. w. 
Providence, 50 n. e. New Haven. Lat. 41° 
34' N., long. 4° 55' e. W. C. The town has 
Shetucket and Thames rs. on the e. It con- 
tains 29 sq. ms., being 3 ms. by 7^ The 
boundary of the town encircles three distinct 
villages, viz. Norwich falls, Beanhill, and 
Yanticville. At the falls are 9 establishments 
for manufacturing purposes, atBean hill 2, and 
at Yanticville I. The aggregate of manufac- 
tured goods during the last year, was some- 
what over $600,L00. The town contains 8 
houses for public worship, viz. 3 for Congre- 
gationalists, 1 for Episcopalians, I for Bap- 
tists, 2 for Methodists, and 1 for Universal- 
ists. A high school for boys, and a female 



NOR 



367 



NOT 



academy, in which the higher branches of 
education are taught, have been in operation 
for a considerable time, and are in flourish- 
ing circumstances. A hotel sufficiently spa- 
cious to accommodate 200 boarders has been 
recently built near the court house on the 
green. A large public building has been 
erected, which was designed for the use of 
county and town. In the town are 2 banks, 
with a capital of $200,000 each ; a sa- 
vings bank, incorporated 1824, whose depo- 
sits already exceed $100,000 ; and two in- 
surance offices. The scenery of the town is 
in a high degree picturesque and delightful : 
and its beauty is greatly heightened by a 
rich and well cultivated soil. 

About a mile e. of the city a dam has been 
recently erected across the Shetucket river, 
which will, it is calculated, furnish sufficient 
water power to carry G0,000 spindles. Five 
large factories, besides 40 or 50 dwelling 
houses, are being built ; and there is little 
doubt that, in respect to the amount of its wa- 
ter privileges, Norwich is the second town 
in New England. A rail-road also is con- 
templated, through the valley of the Quine- 
baug, to intersect the Boston and Worcester 
rail-road at Worcester. A charter has been 
obtained for this object with a capital of one 
million dollars. A bank has been chartered, 
with a capital of $500,000, on condition that 
it shall subscribe for $100,000 of rail-road 
stock. 

That part of Norwich known by the name 
of The Town, or The Plain, was, in ancient 
times, the summer residence of the Mohegan 
.Indians, the remnants of whom now reside on 
the reservation in the adjoining town of Mont- 
ville. The burying ground of the Uncas fam- 
ily is near the mouth of the Yantic. The 
township was sold by Uncas in 1G59, for about 
$230. It is reported that Uncas did this out 
of gratitude to the Narragansett Indians, for 
provisions which they furnished him during a 
close seige. Sachem's Plain, near the She- 
tucket, was the scene of the battle between 
Uncas and Miantononioh, and the place of the 
latter's grave. The settlement of Norwich 
was begun in ICGO, by Rev. Mr. Fitch and a 
part of his church from Saybrook. Popula- 
tion of the t. in 1820, 3,624; in 1830, 5,161, 
of which 3,135 resided in the city. 

NoRwjcn, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 8 ms. 
N. E. Oxford, 100 w. Albany, 7 ms. by 12 ; is 
crossed by Chenango r., which, with several 
branches, affords mill scats. The soil is good. 
The post borough, the st. jus. of the co., is in 
a fine plain at the junction of Canjsawacta 
creek and Chenango river. It contains the 
CO. buildings, a female academy, <fcc. There 
is a mineral spring 2 ms. from the borough. 
Pop. 1830, 3,619. 

Norwich, p-v. McKean co. Pa., by p-r. 281 
ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Norwich, p-v. estrn. part of Muskingum 
CO. O., by p-r. 71 ms. E. Columbus. 

Norwood, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C, by 
p-r. 159 ms. sthw&trd. Rulejgh. 



Notch, in the White mountains, N. H. — 
(See White Mountains.) 

NoTTAWAV, river of Va. and N. C.'has its 
most remote source in Prince Edward co. 
Flowing thence s. s. e. between Nottaway 
an(i Lunenburg cos., between Dinwiddle and 
Brunswick, turns to eastward between Green- 
ville and the western part of Sussex. Enter- 
ing the latter, and first curving nrthrd. winds 
to s. E., and traversing Sussex and Southamp- 
ton COS., receives Blackwater r. from the n., 
and entering Gates co. N. C, bends to s. w. 
10 ins. to its junction with Meherrin, to form 
Chowan r. Tlie entire length of Nottaway 
by com[)arative courses is 110 ms. The Not- 
taway valley is about 100 ms., by 20 mean 
width, comprising great part of Nottaway, 
Dinwiddle, Sussex, Surry, and Southampton 
COS., and a smaller part of Lunenburg, Bruns- 
wick, Greenville, Prince George, Isle of 
Wight, and Nanseniond cos. Va., and a minor 
part of Gates co. N. C. 

Nottaway, co. of Va., bounded e. by Din- 
widdle, s. by Nottaway r. separating it from 
Lunenburg, w. by Prince Edward, and n. by 
Amelia. Length 22 ms., mean width 12, 
and area 264 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 54' to 37° 14', and in long, from 1° 3' to 
1° 26' w. W. C. This co. comprises two in- 
clined planes ; the nrthrn. falling nrtheastrd., 
and drained by creeks flowing over Amelia, 
into Appomatox r., and the sthm. declining- 
sthcastrd. toward Nottaway r. Chief t. Not- 
taway C. H. or Hendersonville. (See lien- 
dersovville, Nottaway co. Va.) Pop. 1820, 
9,6.58, 1830, 10,141. 

Nottaway, cr. and p-o., nrthestrn. part of 
St. Joseph's CO. Mich. The p-o. is by p-r. 130 
ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. The creek is a 
nrthrn. branch of St. Joseph of lake Mich. 

Nottaway, C. H. (See Hendersonville, 
same co. and .itute.) 

Nottingham, p-t, Rockingham co. N. H., 
25 ms. from Concord, 20 from Portsmouth, 
55 from Boston ; is crossed by North r. ; con- 
tains several ponds, and gives rise to some 
small streams. Some of the Blue hills are 
in the w. part ; the surface is generally rough, 
but the soil is often good. Bog and other iron 
ores are found. The village called Notting- 
ham square, is pleasant, and stands on a hill. 
Settled in 1727. Gen. Joseph Cilley was a 
native of this t. Pop. 1830, 1,1.57. 

Nottingham, West, p-t. Hillsborough co. 
'N. H., 17 ms. s. E. Amherst, 39 s. w. Ports- 
mouth, 55 N. w. Boston, e. Merrimack r. ; n. 
Mass., has good land, with rich meadows on 
the r., and a broken surface w. The timber is 
oak, pine, &-c. Little Massabesick pond con- 
tains 200 acres, and Otternick pond 80. Set- 
tled 1710. Pop. 1830, 1,263. 

Nottingham, t. Burlington co. N. J., Sms. 
s. Trenton, 9 s. s. w. Princeton ; has Del. r. 
w., Assanpink n., Crosswicks creek s. It is 
level, lies opposite Duck and Biles islands in 
the Del., and contains several villages ; Lam- 
berton. Sandhills, &-c. At Lamberton, Gen. 
Washington was encamped when ilireaieaed 



OAK 



368 



OCE 



by the British at Trenton, and here he com- 
menced the retreat which occasioned the bat- 
tle of Princeton. Pop. 1830, 3,900. 

Nottingham, p-v. Prince George's co. Va., 
b)' p-r. 32 ms. s. e. Riclnnond. 

NuLiiEGAN, r. Essex co. Vt., rises near Can- 
ada, and falls into Conn. r. at Brunswick. It 
is rapid, and was the channel of navigation 
for the Indians, between Conn. r. and Mcm- 
phremagog lake, there being a por.tage for 
canoes, of two miles. 



Ni'NDA, p-t. Allegany co. N. Y., 14 nis. n. 
Angelica, has good grass land, and large and 
fertile alluvial tracts. It is crossed by Gen- 
esee r. which has 2 falls of 50 and 90 feet, 
1 mile apart. Pop. 1830, 1,291. 

NuTTsviLE, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Lan- 
caster CO. Va., by p-r. 138 ms. s. s. e. W. C, 
and 76 n. e. by e. Richmond. 

Nyack, village, Rockland co. N. Y., w, 
Hudson r. 

NvEsviLLE, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 102 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 



Oakland, p-v. Oakland co. Mich, by p.r. 
40 ms. N. w. Detroit. 

Oakland Mills, and p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md. by p-r. 53 ms. nthrd. W. C. and 45 n. 
w. Annapolis. 

Oakland, Mills, and p-o. Juniata co. Pa. 
by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Oakley, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. by p-r. 4 ms. 



Oak Flat, p-o. wstrn. part Pendleton co. 
Virginia by jjost-road 186 miles s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 
88 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Edgecombe co. N. C. 
72 ms. E. Raleigh. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Union dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 91 ms. N.N. w. Columbia. {from Frankfort. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Jasper co. Geo. 7 miles, Oakjhjlgee, river. {See Ocmvlgce river.) 
nthrdi}'. Monticello, the co. st., and 42 n. w. I Oak Point, and p-o. Randolph co. Mo. by 
Milledgeville. I post-road about 100 miles n. _w. by w. St. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Jefferson co. Ten. by Louis. 
p-r. 236 ms. k. Nashville. | Oaktomie, p-v. Covington co. Miss, by p-r. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Christian co. Ky. 14 miles! 110 ms. e. Natchez, 
sthrd. Ilopkinsvillc, the co. seat, and by p-r.! Oak Ridge, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 
220 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. j about 100 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Oak Grove, furnace and p-o. Perry co. Pa. Oakvjli.e, p-v. southwestern part Bucking- 
by p-r. 28 ms. N. w. Harrisburg, I ham co. Va. 49 ms. s. w. by w. New Canton, 

Oakham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 9 ms. n,i and 103 wstrd. Richmond. 
w. Worcester, 55 miles s. w. Boston, hilly, I Oakville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by 
witli not very good soil, has small streams! p-r. 125 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Oakville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. 
Ill n)s. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Oakland Mills, and p-o. western part Lou- 
don CO. Va. 37 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Oat's Landing, and p-o. Marion co. Ten. 
121 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Obies, river of Ten. and Ky. but chiefly of 

the former, rises in Cumberland mtns. and in 

Oakingham, p-v. wstrn. part of Laurens j Morgan and Overton cos. Ten. deriving some 

district, S. C. by p.r. 74 ms. n. w. Columbia, inconsiderable tributaries from Cumberland 

Oakland, p-o. Morgan cq. Va. by p-r. 96j co. Ky. The course is a little >•. ofw. 70 

ms. N. w. by w. W. C. ms. to its influx into Cumberland river on the 

Oakland, p-v. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 49|borderbetwcen Overton and Jackson counties. 

ms. northwestward Raleigh. 'The valley of Obies r. is nearly commensu- 

Oakland, p-v. parish of St. Tammany I^a.lrate with Morgan and Overton cos. 

Oakland, p-o. Christian co. Ky. by p-r. 222, Occouuan, r. Va. rises in Loudon, Fairfax, 

ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. *| and Fauquier cos. traverses and drains the 

Oakland, co. Mich, bounded by Macomb 1 western part of Prince William co. and thence 

CO. E., Wayne s., Washtenaw s. w., Shiawas-i forming the boundary between Prince Wil- 

se w. and n. w., and Lapeer co. n. It is a liam and Fairfax cos. falls into the Potomac, 

square of 30 ms. each side, area 900 square about 25 ms. below W. C. and nearly opposite 

ms. ; lat.42° 35', long. W.C. 6° 18' w. Oak- [Indian Point. 

land is a true table land, in the centre flat and, Occoqian, p-v. n. e. part Prince William 
full of small lakes, from Mdiich issue and flow I co. Va. 23 ms. a little w. of s. W. C. 

wstrdly. the sources of Huron of Erie, n. w. Oceana, co. Mich, bounded by n., 

Flint river, branch of Saginaw, s. e. the Montcalm co. E., Kent s., Ottawa s. w., and 
sources of the river Rouge, and e. those of lake Michigan n. w., lat. 43° 20', long. 8° 40' 
Clinton river, or the sources of Huron of lake w. W. C. slope s. w. and drained in that di- 
St. Clair. Chief town Ponliac. Population rection by White r. and'Maskcgon r. flowing 
1830, 4,91 1. ' separate into lake Michigan, and by Roure r. 



falling intoChickapec r. Pop. 1830, 1,010 

Oak Hill, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 
59 ms. nthrd. Raleigh. 

Oak Hill, p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 
58 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Oak Hill, p-v. Newton co. Geo. 10 ms. n. 
w. (Covington, the co. st. and 70 ms. in a simi- 
lar direction from Milledeevillc. 



OGD 



369 



OHI 



a small northern branch of Grand r. This co. 
has been recently formed and is situated 
about 150 ms. n. \v. by w. Detroit. 

OcMULOEE, river, Geo. the wstrn. and main 
constituent branch of Alatamaha, vises in 
Gwinnett and De Kalb cos. and flowing thence 
s. s. E. between the Oconee and Flint rs. and 
nearly parallel to both, by comparative courses 
170 ms. curves to n. e. by e. 30 ms. to its 
junction with Oconee, as will be noticed un- 
der the head of the latter, having an entire 
comparative course of 200 ms. Though the 
actual length of the streams of the Ocmulgee 
exceeds that of the Oconee, the vallies of the 
two streams arc remarkably similar in length, 
width, and direction, and of course in area, 
eacii comprising about 4,900 square ms. Ta- 
keniogether, the Oconee and Ocmulgee drain 
the great central plain of Geo. and water one 
of the finest suctions of the state, and nearly 
one sixth of the entire surface. 

OcoH.v, Bridge, and p-o. Covington co. Miss, 
about 120 ms. e. Natchez. 

Oconee, river, Geo. the estrn. branch of the 
Alatamaha, having the most remote of its 
sources jn Hall co. within 5 ms. of the main 
volume of the Chattahoochee, and flowing 
thence by comparative courses, 175 ms. in a 
s. s. E. direction, joins the Ocmulgee to 
form the Alatamaha. The junction is made 
very nearly on lat. 32° and between Mont- 
gomery and Appling cos. The confluents of 
Oconee arc numerous, but relatively small, 
the valley where widest in Putnam, Jasper, 
and Greene cos. is only about 40 ms. and the 
mean width about 28, the area 4,900 square 
ms. The higher or northern part of Oconee 
valley, lies between those of Ocmulgee and 
Savannah, the middle part between those of 
Ocmulgee and Great Ogechee, and the south- 
ern between Ocmulgee and Great Ohoopec. 

OcRACoKE Inlet, is the pass from the Atlan- 
tic ocean into Pamlico sound, between Cove 
and llattcras islands. It admits vessels of 14 
feet draught. On Tanner's United States 
map, lat. 35° and long. 1° e. W. C. intersect 
about 2 nautical ms. s. w. from the entrance of 
this inlet. 

Odamsville, p-o. Northampton co. N. C 
by p-r. 106 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Office, Tavern, and p-o. wstrn. part of 
Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Ogden, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. 
Rochester, and containing 32 square ms., is 
crossed by the mountain ridge, and in the e. 
by Erie canal. Salmon, Rush, and Little 
Rush creek, water the town, flowing in sever- 
al directions. The land is pretty good and 
uneven. Pop. 1830, 2,401. 

Ogden, p-v. northwestern part of New 
Madrid co. Mo. by p-r. about 150 ms. s. St. 
Iiouis. 

OGnKNsiiuRGH, incorporated p-v. port of 
entry, and st. jus. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 116 
ms. N.Uiica, 120 w. Pittsburgh, 209 ms. n. 
w. Albany, on St. Lawrence r. at the mouth of 

■47 



the Oswegatchie. It is situated on a fine 
plain, with a good harbor, is regularly laid 
out. It lies opposite to Prescott, Upper 
Canada. 

Ooechee, or as commonly called. Great 
Ogechee, river of Geo. having the remote 
sources in Greene and Taliaferro cos. about 
40 miles n. n. e. Milledgeville ; flowing 
thence s. s. e. by comparative course 190 
ms. falls into Ossabow sound, 20 ms. due 
s. the city of Savannah. The valley of 
Great Ogechee lies between those of AU 
atamaha and Savannah rivers, (see Cannou- 
chee river.) The valley of Ogechee, inclu- 
ding that of Cannouchce, is about 160 ms. 
in length, with a mean breadth of 30 ms. 
and an area of 1,800 square ms. 

Ogee's Ferry, and p-o. Joe Daviess co. 
Illinois, about 320 miles a little west of north 
Vandalia. 

Oglethorpe, co. Goo. bounded bj' Talia- 
ferro CO. s. s. e.. Green s., Clarke w., Madi- 
son N., Broad r. separating it from Elbert, n. 
e., and Wilkes e. and s. e. licngth diagonal- 
ly from southwest to northeast 38 ms., mean 
width 13, and area four himdred ninety-four 
square ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 41' to 
34° 02', and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 23' vv. 
W. C. Though Oglethorpe co. reaches to the 
Oconee river on the western border, the far 
greater part of the surface is in the valley of 
Broad r. and declines estrd. toward the Sa- 
vannah r. Chief town, Lexington. Popula- 
tion 1820, 14,046, 1830, 13,558. 

O'IIarra, p-o. Randolph co. II. 101 ms. s. 
s. w. Vandalia. 

Ohio river, the great northeastern confluent 
of the Miss, and in proportion to the extent of 
land it drains, perhaps the most remarkable 
river of the earth. The physical section of' 
the earth drained by this fine river lies geo- 
graphically betwen lat. 34° 12' and 42° 27', 
and long. 1° and 12° w. W. C. The course of 
the Ohio proper, from the sources of Allegha- 
ny to its junction with Miss, is by calculation 
s. 59° 30', w. G80 statute ms. This is not, 
however, the longest, nor in regard to relative 
space drained, the most central line that can 
be drawn over the Ohio valley. Another line 
extended from the sources of Oleans creek, 
Cataraugus co. New York, to those of Bear 
Grass creek, Marion co. Al. that is, from the 
most northern to the most southern sources, 
amounts by calculation to 750 statute miles, 
deelinjng from ilie meridians 40° 37'. 

The form of the valley approaches in a very 
remarkable manner that of a regular ellipse, 
of which the latter calculated line would be 
tlie transverse diameter, and the conjugate 
diameter, another line extending from the Blue 
Ridge where the sources ofGreat Kenhawa 
and those of Watauga branch of Ten. rise, to 
Ihe northwestern sources of Wabash, 450 
statute ms. Measured by the rhombs follow- 
ing the elements in the following fable, the 
area comes out so very nearly 200,000 square 
ms. as to admit the adoption of that round 
number. 



OHI 



370 



OHI 



Table of the extent in square miles of the 
valley of Ohio river. 

s(|. ms. 
Between lat. 34° and 35° 2 1-4 Rhombs 8,98G 

35 36 6 1-2 do 25,655 

36 37 7 1-2 do 2<.1,205 

37 38 8 1-2 do 32,700 

38 39 8 1-2 do 32,250 

39 40 8 3-4 do 32,742 

40 41 8 do 29,488 

41 43 2 1-2 do 9,085 



Aggregate extent in square miles 200, 111 

Allowing the greatest length to be 750 ms. 
the mean width will be 267 very nearly, or 
the mean breadth amounts to within a trifling 
fraction of 1-3 of the greatest length, a com- 
pactness seldom equalled in rivers. 

If the Alleghany is regarded as the prima- 
ry and remote constituent of Ohio, this great 
stream rises by numerous creeks in McKean 
and Potter cos. Pa., and Alleghany and Cata- 
raugus cos. New York. Becoming navigable 
near the line of demarcation between the two 
states, the stream, with partial windings, pur- 
sues the general course already stated, to its 
junction with the Miss, aflbrding a natural 
navigable channel of between 1,200 and 1,300 
ms. The opposing inclined plains of Ohio 
valley are of unequal extent, nearly in the 
proportion of 2 to 3, the larger falling from 
the Appalachian system of mtns. and contain- 
ing 120,000 square ms. 

In their features also the two Ohio plains 
differ essentially. The southeastern, declin- 
ing from a mountainous outline, has a compar- 
atively rapid slope. The most elevated table 
land from which the eastern confluents flow, 
is that where rise the sources of Clinch, Hol- 
ston, and Great Kenhawa, about 2,500 feet. 
The Appalachian table land declines in rela- 
tive elevation both to n. and s. of this nucleus, 
but there is no ono part from the sources of 
Alleghany and Genesee to those of Ten. and 
Coosa through 7° of lat. but which exceeds 
1,000 feet. I 

The elevation of the Ohio at Pittsburg,! 
where the Alleghany and Monongahela unite, 
is 678 feet, and that of the low water at the 
confluents of Ohio and Miss. 283 ft. ; of course! 
the Ohio below Pittsburg, has a fall of 395 1 
feet in 948 ma., the length of the intermediate I 
channel. The left confluents must have] 
from the preceding data, a descent of from I 
1,000 to 2,200 feet. Down this rapid declivity,! 
advancing from n. tos. are found the streams 
of Clarion, Kiskiminitas, Monongahela, Great j 
Kenhawa, Sandy, Ky. Cumberland and Ten. j 
and several of lesser length of course, whose 
sources do not reach the Appalachian vallies.l 
It may well excite surprise, that along this 
Bteep plain, direct falls are not frequent, and 
where they do occur, of moderate direct 
pitch. 

The western, or more correctly northwest- 
ern plain is directly the reverse of its oppo- 
site in respect to apex ; the inflected line of 
river source which separates the valley of 
Ohio from that of the Great Canadian lakes, 



is in great part level and marshy. Proceed- 
ing from the southern extremity of lake Mich* 
igan, and tracing the line from which the 
Ohio water flows, the face of the country very 
slowly changes from level to hill and dale, 
and it is not until reaching the fountains of 
Alleghany that any protube'rance would ap- 
pear deserving the name of mtn. From this 
flat, and in winter partially inundated plain,the 
Big Beaver, Muskingum, Sciota, Miami, and 
Wabash first slowly descend, gaining more 
and more rapidity of declivity approaching 
their recipient, the Ohio. 

Ascending the southeastern confluents the 
scenery becomes rugged and diversified in 
character, in proportion to proximity to the 
Appalachian ridges ; on the contrary the 
northwstrn. streams afford the boldest scene- 
ry along the immediate margin of Ohio, and 
tho banks become more tame and monoto. 
nous until they end in unbroken plains. 

To an eye sufiTciently elevated, and powers 
ofvision sufliciently enlarged, the whole val- 
ley of Ohio would indeed appear one im- 
mense declivity, falling very nearly at right 
angles to the general range of the Appalachi- 
an system, and the rivers would appear to 
have cut deep channels seldom in a direction 
corresponding to the plain of general des- 
cent. 

Of these channels that of Ohio would ap- 
pear as the principal. The author of this ar- 
tide carefully measured the height of the 
hills, in the vicinity of Pittsburg, and found 
them about 460 feet above the low water level 
of the rivers, or 1,138 feet above the level of 
tho Atlantic tides. Above Pittsburg to the 
hills, which rise like mtns. from lake Erie, the 
ascent is at least 400 feet, and below Pitts- 
burg the fall to the Miss, has been shown to 
be 395 feet. Without therefore estimating 
mtn. ridges, the great inclined plain of Ohio 
has a descent of upwards of a foot to the 
statute m. but what is something remarkable, 
the rivers, and particularly the Ohio itself, 
do not fall gradually with the plains of their 
courses. The actu.il channel from Pittsburg 
to the. mouth is 948 statute miles, and the fall 
4,716 inches, or not quite 5 inches per mile. 

The waters in effect have abraded their 
channels, deeper toward their sources than in 
proportion to length of course. It is this cir- 
cumstance which has contributed to give to 
the Ohio proper, the appearance of ffowing in 
a deep and immense ravine. The difference 
of climate arising from difference of level, fre- 
quently exceeding a degree of lat. in less than 
a mile, and radiated heat, with an exuberant 
alluvial soil, giving in spring a precocious 
vegtation along the river bank, have superin- 
duced great misunderstanding respecting the 
temperature and seasons of this region. 

Descending the Ohio, say from Pittsburg, 
the scenery along the banks and hills, is in an 
eminent degree picturesque and varied, but 
these fine features imperceptibly fade away, 
and long before reaching the Miss, totally 
disappear, and leave a narrow horizontal ring 



OHI 



371 



OHI 



sweeping round tlic heavens, formed by the 
trees along the banks. 

As a navigablo chimnel few, if any other 
rivers of the globe, equal the Ohio. In the 
higher part of its course the navigation is an- 
nually more or less impeded in winter by ice, 
and in autumn by n want of water. Impedi- 
Micnt from ice prevails in all its course, but 
below the influx of Konhawa, drought is of 
less injury, and below the rapids at Louisville, 
very seldom impedes navigation. The only 
direct cataract in Oiiio was that at Louisville, 
now in a commercial point of view, removed 
by a navigable canal. (See Louisville and 
Portland canal, or the latter part of article 
Louisville, Ky.) 

The 4 most important of all mineral pro- 
ductions abound in the Ohio valley, limestone, 
mineral coal, salt, and iron ore. Of all con- 
tinuous bodies of productive soil on earth, if 
climate and fertility are combined, the valley 
of Ohio will, it is probable, sustain the most 
dense population. I was in it when there 
did aotexistupon its immense surface 20,000 
civilized human beings. It now, 1831, sus- 
tains about 3,000,000. Can the history of the 
world afford any parallel to such increase ? 



Erie plain, not above 25 ms. wide at its n. e 

extremity, widens to 80 ms. along the k. boun- 
dary of Irid. and contains about the 1-4 part 
of the state. 

The Ohio plain, much more extensive in 
breadth and of course in area, has a much 
more gentle declivity. By reference to the 
table below, we find tho slope of the nrthn. 
plain 31 ms. is 405 feet ; whilst down the 
Ohio plain, in a distance of 247 ms. the mean 
fall is 509 feet. The fall of the nrthn. plain 
exceeds 13 feet per mile ; that of tho sthrn. 
but a small fraction above 2 feet per mile. 

Tho mean elevation of .the common apex 
of those 2 opposing plains may be assumed at 
1,000 teet, the positive mean height is, how- 
ever, perhaps something more. Without a 
knowledge of tho real features of Ohio, it 
would be natural to place a range of hills 
along the sources of the stream which flow 
down the plains of Ohio ; but the very reverse 
is the fact. The central table land is compar- 
atively level, in part marshy, and what is pe- 
culiarly remarkable, the hill along tho Ohior. 
is very nearly of similar elevation with that 
of the central table land. It is almost demon- 
strable, that originally the whole sthrn. or 



{See the different confluents of Ohio under] Ohio inclined plain, was a vast level with a 



their respective heads.) 



very slight declination towards what is now 



Ohio, state of the United States, bounded the particular valley of Ohio r., and that what 
by Pa. N. E., E. and s. e. by Ohio r. separating appears hills along that great recipient, are 
it from Va., s. and s. w. by Ohio r. separating '^e remains of what earth and rock was left 
it from Ky., w. by Ind., n. w. by Mich., and as ^^^ rivers cut away their beds. A similar 



N. by lake Erie 

This state bounds on the Ohio r. from the 
mouth of Little Beaver to that of Great Mi- 
ami, 440 miles ; due n. in common with Ind 
170 ; due e. along Mich, to lake Erie, fiO ; 
thence along the sthrn. shore of Erie, 150; 
thence due s. in common with Pa. to place of 
beginning at the mouth of Little Beaver, 93 ; 
having an entire ijutlino of 933 miles. 
The superficial contents of O. have been gen- 
erally under-rated ; measured carefully by the 
rhombs on Tanner's and Mitchel's maps, the 
area comes out within a small fraction of44,- 
000 sq. ms. or28,lGu,000 statute acres. 

In lat. this state extends from 37° 25' at 
the mouth of Great Sandy r. to 41° 58', at its 
extreme north eastern angle, long W. C. 3° 
30' to 7° 48'. 

A general idea prevailsr, that the state of 
Ohio presents a great uniformity of surface 
and aerial temperature ; but neither its sur- 
face or meteorological phenomena sustains 
such an opinion. The subjoined table will 
serve to give the reader an idea of its relative 
and mean height. [Sec table, next column.) 

A not very inflected line extended over Oliio 
s. w. by w. from the w. boundary of Pa., be- 
tween the sources of Ashtabula r. and those 
of Shenango l)ranch of Big Beaver, and cross- 
ing the summit level of the canal between 
Massillon and Akron, and thence between 
the sources of the rivers flowing into Ohio r. 
and those flowing into lake Erie, would di- 
vide the state into two inclined plains of very 
unequal area, and relative rapidity of descent 
from their common npe.v. The northern or 



Ascents and descents from the Ohio r. at the 
mouth of the great Kenhawa ; thence 
down that stream to the mouth of Sciotar. 
and thence following the Ohio and Erie 
canal to the latter at Cleveland. 



Stations on the route. 



dist. in'ascent 



miles. 



or de- 
scent. 



Height of the water level 

at a mean in the Ohio 

r. at llio mouth of the 

Great Kenhawa, 
Mouth of Sciota r. 85 falls 

Thence leaving Ohio r. 

and up tho Sciota to 

Chillicothe, 52 137 rises 

Circleville, 20 157 do 

Hebron on Licking sum- | 

mit, 152 209 do 

Newark st. just. Licking 

county, 10,219 falls 

Muskingum valley on the 

border between Musk- 
ingum and Coshocton 

COS. I ! 

Conhocton village, 42 2C1( rises 

New Philadelphia, 43 304 do 

Massillon in Stark co .and 
commencement of Por- 
tage summit, 28 332 do 

Akron in Portage co. and 
nrthni. extremity ol 
Portage .summit, l28 360 do 

Cuyahoga aqueduct, j 13 373 falls 

Cloaveland and level o: 
lake Erie, Il8i391 do 



elevation 
in ft. abr. 
mn. tide. 



61: 



cs 



136 



535 
474 



614 
674 



893 
834 



744 

768 
874 



942 



973 

704 



568 



OHI 



372 



OHI 



remark is applicable to the lake Erie shore 
of Ohio. Protruding from the extreme wstrn. 
part of N. Y., the ridge dividing the sources 
of the confluents of the O. valley from those of 
lake Erie, rises sloping but abrupt i'rom the 



who understood the meteorology and winds of 
N. A. about as well, and no better than do 
European travellers in general, the moral and 
political character of the U. S., propagated 
the opinion that the central basin was warm- 



latter ; and so abrupt that some of the feeders 1 er on a given latitude than the Atlantic 
of Chataque lake have their fountains within coast. Consulting neither relative elevation 
5 ms. from the lake shore. Here, at an ele- or exposure to prevalent winds ; nor await- 
vation of l,300or 1,400 feet above the ocean ing recorded observations with the thermom- 
tides, flows water on one side which finds a re- eter, and the inflorescence, foliage, and de- 
cipientin the Gulf of Mexico; whilst on the op- .cay of vegetables, or the freezing of rs. andcrr. 
posite side the water in 5 ms. has a fall of near this foreigner, in a nine month's transit, most- 
800 ft., a fall which the O. waters have not'ly in summer, thought himself competent to 
reached at the mouth of Muskingum. Sail- j decide a problem which no human sagacity 
ing on lake Erie from Buffalo, the ridge we could determine, except by the aid of actual 
have been noticing is seen stretching over the experiment ; and experiment long continued 
north western angle of Pa. into the state of and carefully registered. 
Ohio, and slowly receding into the interior of| Due attention being given to the internal 
the latter state, until from Sandusky bay it! structure of the country, especially that of 
ceases to be visible from the lake. This re- 1 0., will enable the reader to detect the leading 
mark is founded on personal observation by cause of an error which sets at nought all 
the author of this article. The rs. which fall the induction drawn from the known laws of 
into lake Erie from O. arc from their pre- nature. The individual channel of Ohio r. 
cipitate descent difficult of navigation, and all! at Pittsburg is, by actual measurement, made 



roll over direct falls or cataracts. Falls 
cataracts are on the other side rare, though 
some of the latter do occur, one in the Mus- 
kingum at Zanesville, for instance. 

We at once see from the preceding data, 
that the state of Ohio occupies an immense. 



by myself, 460 feet below the apex of the ad- 
jacent hills. This relative height does not 
materially change on the right side, especial- 
ly until 50 or 60 miles below the mouth of 
Wabash. The hills, or more correctly the 
buttress of the interior table land, reaches the 



and not slightly elevated plateau or table land. \ bank, or recedes one or two miles with inter- 
Along the sources of its rivers much of the vening bottoms, through the entire valley of 
original plain remains unchannelled by riv- O. r. from hill to hill; and is above Louisville 



ers, presenting wide spread levels ; but re- 
ceding either to nrth. or sth. the river chan- 
nels become more and more deep ; hills seem 
to rise as the waters really fall. The dull mo- 
notony gradually ceases, and a country is pre- 
sented which abounds with rich and varied, 
and in some places even grand scenery. De- 
scending from the central table land, the 
courses of the rs.with partial inflections, are 
nrthrd. towards Erie, or sthrd. towards O. 
The course of that part of O. itself which sep- 
arates the state of O. from Va. is s. s. w,, 
whilst that part of the same stream separating 



in few places two ms. wide. Thus that stream 
flows in a deep chasm, which receives the 
sun's rays as in a focus, and has besides an 
actual depression equivalent to a degree of 
lat. below the surface, one or two miles from 
its banks. The rapid transition of tempera- 
ture is seen on vegetation, and is felt and 
seen in a very striking manner on health. 
Between the valley of O. r. at Wheeling, 
which is very nearly opposite the middle lat. 
of the state of Ohio, and the farms on the 
hills I) or 10 ms. distance e. or w. there is a 
difl'erence of at least 10 days in seed time. 



O. from Ky. is n. w. by w., abend not far harvest, or the inflorescence of fruit trees or 
from a right angle taking place at the mouth I ripening of their fruit. Here again I may be 
of Big Sandy r. The whole Ohio r. border permitted to state, that I was broil from a 
of the state of O. approaches astonishingly to! child to a man on the table land ofO. r. near 
a circular curve. Setting one leg of a pair of [Washington in Pa., and resided some years 
compasses in Worthington, 9 ms. N.Columbus, i at Wheeling, and give the data from actual 
and extending the other to the mouth of (Jreat'observation. But the accuracy of tlio opin- 



Sandy, 125 ms., the distance will reach tl 
mouth of Great Miami, approach very near 
the mouth of Little Beaver, and carried from 
extreme to extreme will sweep along or very 
near the O r. It is this salient curve of 
Ohio r. and the little diflercnce between its 
mean length and breadth, which render this 
state the most compact, not even excepting 



ion, that so far from being warmer, the valley 
of <). is in winter, greatly colcicr, does not ile- 
peiid alone on my observation or assertioii. 
The following is an extract from the National 
Intelligencer, Dec. 29th, 1831.—" Wheeling, 
Dec. 24lh, 1831. The mercury in the ther- 
mometer (Fah.) on Sunday morning last, 
(Dec. 18lh, ) stood at 1G° below zero, which 



Conn., of any slate of the U. S. in proportion was 10 degrees colder than the coldest day 
to outline. last winter." From this extract, the extreme 

Climatti and seasons. — On no other subject cold of the winter of 1830—31, was 6 minus 
connected with the geography of the U. S. has zero. In the art. U. S. the reader will find 
there been so much of palpable mistake as in this subject more ainply discussed, 
regard to the climate of, not only O., but of! - Soil and Agriculture. — As a general cliar- 
the entire central basin of N. A. Volney, jacter, the soil of Ohio is eminently product- 



OHI 



373 



OHI 



ive, and the productive part, perhaps 9-lOths 
of the whole, very eqitally distributed over 
the stiite. But with extremes of lat. 3i de- 
grees, and with relative height taken into the 
account of 5 degrees of Fahrenheit in mean 
temperature, the effects on vegetation are se- 
verely felt. Small grain, Indian corn, salted 
meat and live-stock, are the staples of the 
state. Of grains, Indian corn is cultivated in 
an abundance which might be styled excess- 
ive, and is the grain which is indeed most 
suitable to all parts of the state, as the sum- 
mers on the highest part of the table laud are 
sufficiently long for its ripening. An intelli- 
gent man who removed iiom the vicinity of 
Sandy Spring, and who settled in Portage co., 
informed the author of this article, that the 
climate was there too cold for the successful 
culture of winter grain. The apple succeeds 
well over Ohio, as does the peach in shelter- 
ed situations. Flint says, " Fruits oTall kinds 
are raised in the greatest profusion; and ap- 
ples are as plenty in the cultivated parts of 
the state, as in any part of the Atlantic coun- 
try. The markets are amply supplied with 
peaches, plums, cherries, gooseberries, straw- 
berries, and cultivated grapes. From the 
fulness and richness of the clusters of culti- 
vated grapes, it is clear, that this ought to be 
a country of vineyards. The Germans have 
already made a few establishments of the 
kind, with entire success. Apricots, necta- 
rines, and quinces, succeed ; and the state is 
the appropriate empire of pomona."* 

To the preceding we may add, tobacco, 
hemp & flax, as these vegetables are in u high 
degree suitable to the soil and climate of O. 
Hemp and llax must, from the very nature and 
analogy of things, become standing staples 
of Ohio. But we may extend the observa- 
tions on these two latter vegetables, to the 
contiguous political sections, Ky.,Ind., Mich., 
Pa. and wstrn. Va. ; and perhaps still more 
suitably lo II. and Mo. 

lihiers. Canals, Commerce, Penitent iary. — 
The principal river of Ohio, is that queen of 
rivers from which the state derives its name, 
and which senncircles the state with its chan- 
nel, unequalled for tranquillity of current, and 
soft splendid scenery along its banks. Flow- 
ing in fact along the base of the enormous 
platform of Ohio, the r. O. has a very moder- 
ate descent, falling only 204 feet from Pitts- 
burg to the mouth of Sciota. In proper sea- 
sons when amply supplied with water, the O. 
IS one of the most safely and easily navigated 
rs. of the earth ; but it is impeded in winter 
by ice, and in summer by drought, and is not, 
on an average of one year in ten, navigable 
above the mouth of great Kenhawa, more 
than half the year. Winter frost impedes the 
navigation m all its length to a longer or shor- 
er time, a great majority of seasons. It is also 
liable to excessive anddestructivefloods. (See 
art. Ohio r.) 

Of tlie rivers flowing from the state into 
(he Ohio, the principal are descending, Mus. 
kingum, Hockhocking, Sciota, and Great and 

♦Flint's Geog. Miss, valley, vol. J, p. 393-4. 



Little Miami. These, with numerous creeks, 
drain the great sthrn. plain of O., and have 
interlocking sources with the streams flowing 
in an opposite direction into lake Erie. Ad- 
vuncing from e. to w. the most important of 
the latter are, Ashtabula, Grand r., Cuyaho- 
ga, Huron, Sandusky, and Maumee, with in- 
numerable intermediate creeks. 

If the recent settlement (Marietta, the in- 
cipient step, was founded 1787,) and its popu- 
lation were to be compared in Europe, the fol- 
lowing statistics would demand no ordinary 
evidence to render them credible ; and yet 
they are true in principle and fact, and are an- 
nually fading from memory by other statistics 
of similar nature, but enlarged magnitude, 
both as to object and expenditure. 

The subjoined extracts are taken from «' the 
Civil Engineer," a weekly paper published at 
Columbus, O., and dedicated to canals, roads, 
«Slc. ; and from other authentic documents, 
and show the financial condition and internal 
improvements of Ohio, 1831. 

Ohio Canals. — " To people out of O., who 
are not conversant with the localities of this 
state, the following remarks will not, proba- 
bly, be unacceptable. The main Erie and 
Ohio canal, commences at Cleaveland, on the 
lake shore, follows up the valley of the Cuya- 
hoga r. sthwrdly. above 30 ms., then crosses 
the Portage Summit, to the Tuscarawas or 
Muskingum river, whose valley it follows to 
Dresden, about 14 ms. n. Zanesville ; from 
thence it takes a sthwstrn. direction across 
the height of land dividing the Muskingum 
from the Sciota r., into the valley of the lat- 
ter, about 12 ms. s. from Columbus ; thence 
a sthrn. direction along the valley of the Sci- 
ota r., passing Circleville, Chillicothe, and 
Piketon, to Portsmouth, on the n. bank of the 
O. r., at the mouth of the Sciota. Total length 
30G ms. Nearly two thirds of the whole is 
under contract ; and about 40 miles of the 
nrthrn. part, from Cleaveland to Akron, is 
completed and in successful operation. 

The Miami canal commences at Cincinna- 
ti, and extends nrthwrdly. along the valley of 
the Great Miami r. ; a total distance of 67 
ms. It passes the towns of Hamilton, Mid- 
dletown, Franklin and Miamiesburg to Day- 
ton. This canal is now tinished, and in con- 
stant use from Cincimiati to Middletown, 
about 43 ms. The remaining 24 ms. to Day. 
ton, are to be completed in about 3 months. 

A route was surveyed, some three years 
ago, for the future extension of this canal, 
nrthwrdly. from Dayton, to the Maumee river 
at fort Defiance ; thence nrthcstrdly. along 
the Maumee, to its mouth in the western ex- 
tremity of lake Erie. But this continuation 
of the canal from Dayton, (for a lunnber of 
years hence,) has not entered into the canal 
polity of the state. But the late grant by 
Congress, of some 300,000 acres of land, ad- 
jacent to this canal line, on condition of its 
being immediately constructed thro' the Con- 
gress Lands, will probably induce the state of 
Ohio to prosecute its continuance, the ensu- 
ing yeav." 



OHI 



374 



OHI 



The following extracts from a late message { Granville feeder of 6 miles, already in a very 



ofthc governor, which cannot well be abridg 
ed, exhibit the condition of the finances and 
public works of this prosperous member of 
the confederacy : 

The aggregate amount paid into the treas- 
ury, for state and canal purposes, for the year 
ending the 15th of November, 1831, is $235,- 
985 75, which, added to the balance remain- 
ing in the treasury on the l5thof Nov. 1830, 
viz, {$G,280 44, amounts to ^242,266 19. 

The aggregate amount disbursed at the 
treasury, for state and canal purposes, for 
the year ending 15th Nov. 1831, including in- 
terest on school funds, is $230,190 81 ; leav- 
ing a balance in the treasury at the last date, 
of »f 6,075 38 — to which may be added the 
<"|!2,000, drawn from the treasury, for the re- 
pairs of the United States' road 



advanced state, (but the operations upon which 
have been considerably retarded by the great- 
quantity of rain during the last summer) will 
be completed in July next ; when Ohio will 
have of navigable canals, 400 miles. 

The influence of these great works is al- 
ready visible in the increase of commerce and 
travel. Substantial improvements have been 
wrought in the country which they traverse, 
and there has been a regular arrival and de- 
parture of packet and freight boats at a season 
of the year when navigation has been hither- 
to unknown. Merchants of the South-west- 
ern and Western states have in many instan- 
ces had their merchandise transported by this 
channel. There is a visibly increased de- 
mand for the staples of the state itself. The 
governor expresses a reasonable hope that 



The tax levied for 1831, for state and canal such a work will tend somewhat to cement 
purposes, is the same as for 1830; and it is the union of the states. The tolls received 



estimated that there will be paid into the 
treasury, from the 15lh of Nov. last, to the 
1st of March, ensuing, the additional sum of 
about |I220,000, which will be amply suffi- 
cient to defray all the expenses of the gov- 
ernment for the ensuing year. 

The amount of the foreign debt contracted 
on account of the canals, is $4,400,000. The 
interest payable annually on that sum, to for- 
eign stockholders, is ^260,000. 

The amount borrowed from the diifcrent 
school funds, and transferred to the canal 
fund, up to the 15th Nov. 1831, is .$257,128,- 
08. The annual interest on the last named 
amount, is $15,427 C8, payable to our own 
citizens for the support of schools. Making 
the whole canal debt of the state, $4,657,- 
128 08 ; and the annual interest payable 
thereon, $275,427 68. 

The amount received into the treasury 
from the sale of lands granted by Congress to 
the state of Ohio, for canal purposes, during 



on the United States' road between Wheel- 
ing and Zanesville, (it having been transfer- 
red to the state of Ohio,) amount'to $2,777. 
The Ohio State Journal, in reply to queries 
addressed to it through the Circleville Her- 
ald, has published a long statement embra- 
cing various matters of general interest, from 
which we abstract the following. 
Canal Debt of Ohio. 
Amount borrowed. 



Loan of 1825 
1826 
1827 

1828 
1830 

Foreign debt 
School fund 

Total 



$,400,000 
1,000,000 
1,200,000 
1,200,000 
600,000 

$4,400,000 
169,460 



Interest. 

$20,000 
60,000 
72,000 
72,000 
36,000 

260,000 
10,167 

270,167 



$4,569,460 
The school funds borrowed for the use of 
the canals, amounted on the l5th Nov. last, 
tiie year ending the 15th Nov. last, was ^55,. j to $169,460 6;i, as follows : common school 
090 79. The amount of tolls collected upon fund, $82,626 31. Virginia military do., 
the Miami canal, from the first day of Nov. $47,014 32. U. S. military do., .J27,895 50. 
1630, to the first day of Nov. 1831, is $36,. (Sales of salt reserves, $11,004 20. Ohio uni- 
177 78. The amount of tolls collected uponjversity fund, .$920 35. 

the Ohio Canal, from the first day of Nov. To meet the interest due for 1831, on the 
1830, to the first day of Nov. 1831, is $63,. I canal loans, the following are the sources re- 
934 271; making together the sum of .$100,- j lied on. Direct fax of 2 mills on a dollar, 
112 05 1 ; which, after deducting the expense [$121,516. Canal tolls, |80,000. Sales of 
of collection, leaves $94,619 15 1. This net land granted by congress, $.50,000. Dona- 



amount of tolls, added to the proceeds of the 
sales of lands granted for canal purposes, as 
above stated, is applied towards the payment 
of the interest of the canal debt. 

The navigation of the Erie and Ohio canal 
has been opened during the past season as far 
south ar. Chillicothe, a distance of 259 ms. 



tions, interest on deposites, &-c., ,$20,000 ; 
amounting to $271,156. 

It is believed that the canals will be com- 
pleted without resort to further foreign loans. 

Taxes for 1830. — The gross amount of tax 
collected in Ohio during the last year is sta- 
ted as follows : For canal purposes, ,$129,- 



'I'his, with the Miami canal, and the number i 551 93. For state purposes, $97,163 95. 
of navigable feeders connected with the main For county school, and township and road 
line, make an amount of finished canal, now j purposes, $3SA,860 33. Sundry items, $7,- 
navigable, of about 344 miles. 500 00. Total $585,076 21. Averaging 

It is believed by the acting canal com. about 62 cents to every iniiabitant of the 
missioners, that that portion of the Ohio ca- [state. 

nal between Chillicothe and Portsmouth, a ' Expenses of Government. — The ordinary 
distance of about 50 miles, together with the | expenses of the state government are repor- 



OHI 



375 



OHI 



ted by tho auditor of tho state, to be about 
^90,000. Extra printing, &o. 1831, $7,500. 
Penitentiary, $3,000. Balance in tiio treas- 
ury, Nov. 1831, $7,062. Amount of revenue 
1831, $107,562. 

The message, leaving objects of more con- 
soling import, goes on to observe that, " The 
penitentiary is, in its present condition, ill 
calculated to promote its proper objects. It 
is on the contrary rather a school of crime. 
More rigid discipline is required, and corres- 
ponding alteration of tho buildings. In addi- 
tion to tho cost of erection, its average annu- 
al fcxpcno is $10,000, and this year it is 
$13,000." 

It would seem that the emigration of free 
colored persons to Ohio, had been found an 
evil demanding legislative interference. 

•' I think it my duty to make some sugges- 
tions to you, in relation to the colored popu- 
lation within our limits. Much evil has been 
experienced in various parts of the state from 
the great influx of this kind of population 
amongst ud^ Tho recent excitement in Va. 
and other slave holding states, will have a 
tendency to drive many free people of color 
from them, and they very naturally seek an 
asylum in the free states. The feeling of 
hostility towards them which has been mani- 
festing itself recently, will drive many of them 
from the slave holding states ; and we arc in 
danger, from our proximity to them, of being 
much annoyed by that kind of population. Our 
laws relative to these people have not been 
strictly enforced ; nnd I suggest the propriety 
of adopting such measures as may guard us 
against the evils which must inevitably result, 
unless something be done to secure us against 
imposition." 

Progressive pop. up to 1830 inclusive. — It 
has already been noticed that the settlement 
of Marietta, 1787, or 45 years ago, commen- 
ced Ohio, which had in 1800, 45,365 inhab- 
itants; in 1810, 230,760 ; and in 1820, 581,434. 
The subjoined table exhibits the aggregate 
by counties, 1830. 



Morgan, 1 1 ,800 Scioto, 

Muskingum, 29,331 Seneca, 

Perry, 13,970 Stark, 

Pickaway, 16,001 Tuscarawas, 
Pike, 6,024 Trumbull, 

Portage, 18,826 Union, 

Preble, 16,291 Van Wert, 
Putnam, ^30 Washington, 

Paulding, 161 Wayne, 

Richland, 24,006 William.«i, 

Ross, 21,068 Warren, 
Sandusky, 2,8r>l Wood, 

Shell)y, 3,671 

Of which were white persons : 

Under 5 years of ago. 

From 5 to 10 

10 to 15 

" 15 to 20 

" 20 to 30 

30 to 40 

" 40 to 50 

" 50 to GO 

" 60 to 70 

» 70 to 80 

" 80 to 90 

" 90 to 100 



8,740 

6,159 
26,588 
14,298 
26,153 

3,192 

49 

11,731 

23,333 

387 

21,468 

1,102 



100 and upwards 



Males. 


FemaloK. 


96,411 


89,873 


74,690 


71,851 


62,151 


59,300 


51,1.38 


52,635 


81,290 


75,574 


49,316 


43,894 


31,112 


27,546 


18,058 


15,898 


10,783 


8,293 


3,632 


2,915 


935 


736 


138 


89 


s 29 


6 



Total, 



447,631 



478,680 

Among the preceding who arc deaf and 
dumb, there arc tmdcr 14 years of age, 148 ; 
from 14 to 25, 100 ; 25 aiid upwards, 118 ; 
blind, 232. 

Of free colored ijcrsons, there were 



Counties. 

Adams, 

Ashtabula, 

Athens, 

Allen, 

Butler, 

Belrnopt, 

Brown, 

Champaign, 

Clarke, 

Clermont, 

Columbiuna, 

Coshocton, 

Cuyahoga, 

Crawford, 

Clinton, 

Dark, 

Delaware, 

Fairfield, 

Fayette, 

Franklin, 

Gallia, 

Geauga, 

Green, 

Guernsey, 



Counties. 
Hamilton, 
Hocking, 
Highland, 
Harrison, 
Hancock, 
Hardin, 
Henry, 
Uolm&s, 
Huron, 
•Jf^fferson, 
.lackson, 
Knox, 
Lawrence, 
Licking, 
Lorain, 
Logan, 
Madison, 
Marion, 
Medina, 
14,7411 Meigs, 
9,733llMercpr, 
15,813Miami, 
14,801 Monroe, 
18,036 1 Montgomery, 



Pop. 1830. 
12,281 
14,584 

9,787 
578 
27,142 
28,627 
17,867 
12,131 
l.%114 
20,166 
.35,592 
11,161 
10,373 

4,791 
11,436 

6,204 
11.504 
24,786 

8,182 



Pop. 1830. 

52,317 
4,008 

16,345 

20,916 

813 

210 

262 

9,135 

13,341 

22,489 
5,941 

17,085 
5,307 

20,809 
5,696 
6,440 
6,190 
6,551 
7,560 
6,158 
1,110 

12,807 
8,768 

24,362 



Under 10 years 

10 to 24 

24 to 36 

36 to 55 

55 to 100 

100 and upwards 



Males. 

1,562 

1,440 

808 

646 

325 



Females. 
1,573 
1,551 
799 
611 
241 
4 



Total, 4,788 4,779 

Slaves. — Males 1, females 5. Deaf and 
dumb colored, 9. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 
926,311 9,567 6 935,884 

Constitution, Government, Judiciary.— The 
constitution of [Ohio was adopted in conven- 
tion at Chillicothe, 29th Nov. 1802 ; the most 
important provisions of which are : 

Art. l.-Sec. 1. — The legislative authority 
of this state .shall bo vested in a general as- 
sembly, which shall consist of a senate and 
house of representatives, both to be elected 
by the people. 

Sec. 3. — Representatives to be chosen an- 
nually. 

Sec. 4. — No person shall be a representa- 
tive, who shall not have attained the age of 
25 years, and be a citizen of the U. S., and 
an inhabitant of this state ; shall also have 
resided within the limits of the co. in which 
he shall be chosen, one year next preceding 
his election, unless absent on public business. 

Sec. 5. — The senators shall be chosen bi- 
ennially, &,c. 

Sec. 7. — No person shall be a senator who 
has not arrived at the age of 30 years, and 



OHI 



376 



OHI 



who is not a citizen of the U. S.; shall have 
resided 2 years in the co. or district, immedi- 
ately preceding his election, unless absent on 
public business, &c. 

Sec. 20. — No senator or representative 
shall, during the time for which he shall have 
been elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under this state, which shall have been crea- 
ted, or the emoluments of which shall have 
been increased, during such time. 

Sec. 21. — No money shall be drawn from 
the treasury, but in consequence of appropri- 
ations made by law. 

Art. 2d, Sec. 1. — The supreme executive 
power of this state shall be vested in a gov- 
ernor. 

Sec. 9. — The governor elected by the qual- 
ified electors for the members of the general 
assembly, and at the same time and place. 
Holds his office for two years, or until ano- 
ther governor shall be elected and qualified. 
Eligible only 6 years, in any term of 8 years. 
He shall be at least 3i) years of age, and have 
been a citizen of the U. S, 12 years, and an 
inhabitant of this state 4 years next preced. 
ing his election. 

Sec. 13. — No member of congress, or per 
son holding any office under the U. S. or this 
state, shall execute the office of governor. 
The powers of the governor of Ohio are near- 



district in which he shall actually reside, at 
the time of the election. 

Art. 8, contains 28 sections of general 
principles ; amongst which we may notice 
the following : 

Sec. 2. — There shall be neither slavery or 
involuntary servitude in this state, otherwise 
than for the punishment of crimes, &c. 

Sec. 3. — No preference shall ever be given 
by law to any religious society, or mode of 
worship ; and no religious test shall be re- 
quired, as a qualification to any office of trust 
or profit. 

Sec. 6, secures the freedom of the press, 
and concludes thus : " In prosecutions for 
any publication respecting the official con- 
duct of men in a public capacity, or where 
the matter published is proper for public in- 
formation, the truth thereof may always be 
given in evidence ; and in all indictments for 
libels, the jury shall have a right to deter- 
mine the law and the facts, under tlie direc- 
tion of the courts, as in other ca^." 

Sec. 15. — The person of a dwtor, where 
there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall 
not be continued in prison after delivering up 
his estate for the benefit of his creditor, or 
creditors, in such manner as is prescribed by 
law. 

Sec. 17. — That no person shall be liable to 



ly the same as generally vested in governors be transported out of this state, for any of- 



■of states. He can grant pardons and re 
prieves after conviction, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

Art. 3, Sec. 1. — The judicial power of this 
state, both as to matters of law and equity, 
shall be vested in a supreme court; in courts 
of common pleas for each co. ; in justices of 
the peace, and in such other courts as the le- 
gislature may, from time to time establish. 

Sec. 7. — The judges of the supreme court 
shall, by virtue of their offices, be conserva- 
tors of the peace throughout the state. The 
presidents of the court of common pleas, 
shall, by virtue of their offices, be conserva- 
tors of the peace within their respective cir- 
cuits, and the judges of the court of common 
pleas shall, by virtue of their offices, be con- 
servators of the peace in their respective cos. 

-Sec. n. — The judges of the supreme court, 
the presidents, and the associate judges of 
the courts of common pleas, shall be appoint- 
ed by a joint ballot of both houses of the gen- 
eral assembly, and shall hold their offices for 
the term of 7 years, if so long they behave 
well. 

This mode of choosing judges of law and 



fence committed within the state. 

History. — In 1787, what is now the state 
of Ohio, was included in a territory then cre- 
ated by act of congress, called " The Tcrri. 
tory northwest of the r. Ohio." and in the 
same year preparations were made for the 
first civilized settlement made within its lim- 
its. G'^n. Rufus Putnam and tiic Rev. Me- 
nasseh Cutler, led a small colony from Mid- 
dlesex and Essex counties, Mass., who fixed 
themselves at Marietta, at the mouth of 
Muskingum r. Similar to every settlement 
made on a frontier, exposed to savage war, 
the first years of Ohio were spent in blood 
and tears. The treaty of Grenville, in 1795, 
and the surrender of Mich, in 1796, gave 
peace to the Avest, and emigration poured 
over the mountains, into the Oliio valley. In 
1800, O. and Mich, were formed into a sepa- 
rate territory, but having acquired sufficient 
numbers in O., Mich, was detached April, 
1802, and the former authorised to frame a 
constitution. .January, 1802, after every ne- 
cessary formality was complied with, Ohio 
was admitted into the Union as a state. 
Though as a member of the confederacy her 



equity septennially, is a rather novel, or at i history is blended with that of the nation, we 
least wide deviation from the usual manner! cannot omit an expression of admiration at a 
of election or term of sen-ice. { progress in power, resource and energy that 

Art. 4, Sec. 1. — In all elections, all white has no parallel in all human history. Forty- 
male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, 'six years past all was a wild; now, 1832, 
having resided in the state one year next pre- with at least a million of inhabitants, her 
ceding the election, and who have paid, or towns, cities, canals, roads, schools, colleges 
are charged with, a state or co. tax, shall en- and other improvements mock the pen of the 
joy the right of an elector ; but no person shall | geographer, 
be entitled to vote, except in the county or j Ojiio, co. Va. bounded by Washington co. 



OLD 



377 



ONE 



Pa. N. E., Greene CO. Pa. S.E., Tyler co. Va.json, and w. by Ohio r. separating it from 
s., Ohio r. separating it from Monroe co. Clark co. Ind. Length 28 ms., moan width 
state of Ohio, s. w., and Bolmont co. Ohio, 15, and area 420 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
N. w., and by Brooke co. of Va. n. Length! from 38" 15' to 38° 40', and in long, from 8° 
from s. to N. 36 ms., mean width 12, and j 12' to 8° 37' w. W. C. The surface hilly 
area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° and rocky. Chief t. Westport. Pop. 1830, 



42' to 40° 14', and in long, from 3° 3G' to 3° 
55' w. W. C. The declivity is a little n. of 
w., down which flow into O. r. advancing 
from N. to s.. Short, Wheeling, Grave, Fish, 
and Fishing creeks, having their sources in 
Pa. The surface is excessively broken by 
hills, but with alluvial bottoms of first rate 
soil. In fact the soil of the highest hills is 
fertile, and the whole co. a body of excellent 
land. Chief t. Wheeling. Pop. 1820, 9,182, 
iy.3(), 15,590. 

Ohio, co. Ivy. bounded N. w. by Daviess, 
N. E. by Hancock, e. by Grayson, s. e. by a 
part of Butler co., and by Green r. which 
separates it from a part of Butler s., and from 
Muhlonburg s. w. This co. lies nearly in 
form of a square, 24 ms. each side ; area 
57fi sq- majN Extending in Int. from 37° 12' 
to 37° 34', and in long, from 9° 37' to 10° 14' 
w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is wstrd. 
in the direction of the two main branches of 
Green r. between which are comprised full | 
of nil the area. Chief t. Hartford. Pop. 
1820, 3,879, 1830, 4,913. 

Outorvr.E Falls, in Youghiogany r. is a de- 
scent of 7 or 8 feet direct iiitch in that stream, 
where it passes Laurel Hill, 11 or 12 ms. n. 
e. Uniontown, Fayette co. P.i. 

OiiioviLLE, p-v. western part of Beaver co. 
Pa. by p-r. 11 ms. below, and wstrd. of the 
borough of Beaver, and 262 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Oil Creek, small, but remarkable stream 
of Pa. rising in the southern part of Craw- 
ford, and western part of Warren cos., flows 
southwardly, enters Venango co. and falls 
info Alleghany r. about 8 ms. estrd. Franklin. 
On this creek, and near the border between 
Venango and Crawford cos. arises a spring 
of water, on which floats a mineral oil, from 
which the name of the creek is derived. 
The oil spring, as laid down on Tanner's 
Pennsylvania, is 25 ms. a little s. of E.Mead- 
villc. 

OilCueek, p-o. and fsp. southeastern angle 
of Crawford co. Pa. 25 ms. e. Meadvillo, and 
80 a little e. of n. Pittsburg. 

Olamon Plantation, Hancock co. Mo. 
Pop. 1830, 222. 

Or.DBRiDGK, v. Middlesex co. N. J. at the 
head of navigation on Smith r. 7 ms. s. E. 
New Drunswick, 2 n. e. Spotswood. 



9,563. 

Old Mines and p-o. Washington co. Mo. 
by p-r. GO ms. s. s. w. St. Louis. 

Old Point Comfort, cape and p-o. Eliza- 
beth City CO. Va. 12 ms. in a direct line a 
little w. of N. Norfolk, 3 ma. s. e. Hampton, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 202 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 
The promontory, particularly called Old 
Point Comfort, is almost exactly on lat. 37°, 
according to Tanner's U. S., and with the op- 
posing point, Willoughby, on the right shore, 
forms the real mouth of James r., the inter- 
vening strait separating Lynhaven bay from 
Hampton Roads. 

Old Town, p-v. on Potomac r. Alleghany 
CO. Md. 14 ms. below and s. e. Cumberland, 
and by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Old "Town, p-v. nthwstrn. part of Ross co. 
O. 12 ms.N. w. Chillicothe. 

Old Town, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala. by p-r. 
131 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Olean, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
s. E. Ellicottvilie, 33 s. w. Angelica, 115 s. w. 
Geneva, n. of Pa., 8 ms. by 9 ; is crossed by 
Olean creek, which runs into Alleghany r., 
and supplies several mill seats. The timber 
is chiefly valuable pine, which has occui)ied 
the inhabitants in the preparation and trans- 
portation of lumber. Olean Point, oriramil- 
ton village, stands just below the confluence 
of oil creek and Alleghany r., and at the 
head of navigation. Several ancient mounds 
were found near this place. Population 1830, 
561. 

Olean, cr. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 25 ms. in 
length. 

Oley, tsp. Berks co. Pa. 10 ms. estrd. 
Reading. Pop. 1820, 1,400, 1830, 1,469. 

Oley Furnace and p-o. in Oley tsp. Berks 
CO. Pa. 10 ms. estrd. Reading. 

Olive, t. Ulster co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. King, 
ston, about 10 ms. long, has a rough surface. 
Pop. 1830, 1,636. 

OLrv'E, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 100 ms. 
a little s. of E. Columbus. 

Olive Green. [See Ludlow, Morgan co. 
Ohio.) 

Oliver's p-o. Anderson co. Ten. by p-r. 
188 ms. E. Nashville. 

Olympian Springs and p-o. Bath co. Ky. 11 
ms. s. E. Ovvingsville, and 49 e. Lexington. 
Ompomponoosuc, r. Orange co. Vt., joins 



Old CnuRcii and p-o. Hanover co. Va. by 1 Conn. r. at Norwich. It is a good mill stream, 
p-r. 15 ms. N. Richmond. 1 about 20 ms. long. 

Oldfikld, p-o. Ashe co. N. C. by p-r. 218 1 Onancock, creek and p-o. on the Chesa- 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. ipeake shore of Accomac co. Va. 8 ms. a. w. 

Old Fort, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 75 by w. Drummondstown, and by p-r. 310 nis. 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. !s. e. W. C. 

Old Fort and p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r.! Oneida Lake, N. Y. in several cos. about 
2.^5 ms. w. Raleigh. ' the middle of the state, near the shore of lak? 

Oldham, co. Ky., bounded n. by Gallatin,! Ontario, into which it flows. It is about 20 
E. by Henry, s. e. by Shelby, s. w. by JefTer- ms. long e. and w., and 4 broad, and receives 

48 



ONI 



378 



ONO 



Ghitteningo creek, «&c. w., Fieh and Wood 1 are Dog r. and Steven's branch, w. branch at 



creeks f., and Oneida creek b. This lake, 
being the important channel of intercourse 
between the Canadians and the five nations 
of Indians, up to the time of the French wars, 
was fortified by two block houses, fort Brew- 
erton w., and fort Royal at the month of Wood 
creek. The banks are low, with good soil. 

Oneida, co. N. Y. bounded by Lewis co. 
and a part of Oswego co. n., Herkimer co. 
E., Herkimer and Madison cos. s., Madison 
and Oswego cos. w. ; contains 1,136 sq. ms. 
The head of navigation of Mohawk r. is in 
this CO., a part of Oneida lake. It is 110 
w. of Albany, and contains 32 ts. ; Sadaguada, 
Oriskany, and other crs. or streams, tributary 
to Mohawk r. lie in the middle of this co. 
Fish and Wood creeks n.. Black r. and its 
branches n. k., W. Canada creek e., with its 
branches, Steuben and Cincinnati creeks, 
Oneida creek s. w., and streams of Susque- 
hannah r. s. Mill seats are abundant, and 
equal to those of any co. in the state. The 
surface is uneven, and abounds in fine springs. 
In the N. E. the country is more hilly. Iron 
ore is found in the s. and n. e., and iron 
works exist in several places. The Erie ca- 
nal lies along the s. bank of Mohawk r. to 
Rome, on the Long Level, which reaches ()94 
ms. The old canal from Wood creek to the 
Mohawk, which connected the navigation of 
lake Ontario and the Hudson, is in this co. 
Pop. 1820, 50,997, 1830, 71,326. 

Oneida, creek, Madison co. N. Y. divides 
this CO. from Oneida co. for 17 ms. and runs 
N. into the s. e. end of Oneida lake. It for- 
merly supplied the Indians with fine fish, but 
is now a valuable mill stream, and is crossed 
by the Erie canal 3i ms. from its mouth. Its 
principal tributary, Stanando creek, is also a 
good mill stream. 

Oneida, p-v. Vernon, Oneida co. N. Y. 22 
ms. w. Utica, 9 s. Oneida lake, is on the bor- 
ders of the Oneida reservation. 

Oneida Castle, Oneida co. N. Y. was the 
chief residence of the Oneida Indians, one 
of the five native nations of the state of N. 
Y., who have a reservation of about 20,000 
acres of valuable land, on which were sup- 
ported christian missionaries for many years, 
with some success. The nation gave a por- 
tion of their land to the Stockbridge Indians, 
and another to such of other tribes as chose 
to settle upon them ; and they also enjoyed 
the benefits of instruction. Within a few 
years many of these different tribes have emi- 
grated to Green Bay, where they received 
lands from the Menominee or Kice Indians. 

One Leg, p-v. Tuscarawas co. O. by p-r. 
127 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 
Oneonta, t. Oswego CO. N.*Y. Pop. J830, 



Montpelier, Mad, Waterbury and Hunting- 
top rs., and Muddy brook. It passes through 
a "wild and romantic country a considerable 
part of its course, and has a great descent. 
On its highest branch is a fall of 500 feet 
within a distance of 30 feet. In Bolton, 
Chittenden co., where it crosses the ridge of 
the Green mtns. the current in the course of 
ages has worn away the rocks in a remarka- 
ble manner. In one place it has cut to a 
depth of 30 feet, a channel 60 feet wide, and 
about 270 yards long, through a solid rock. 
At another, 4 ms. below Waterbury v. it 
has cut 100 feet down, having one side a per- 
pendicular wall ; and there rocks have fallen 
down so as to form a natural bridge. An ar- 
tificial bridge has been built over a third 
place of the kind, three quarters of a mile 
above the falls, where the channel is 65 feet 
deep and 70 wide. The water power af- 
forded by this stream is very great. The 
turnpike road from Royalton to Burlington lies 
along the course of Onion r., and is one of 
the best, as well as one of the most romantic 
roads in this part of the U. S. The great 
route by which the Indians formerly travelled 
between Conn. r. and lake Champlain, lay 
along the courses of White and Onion rs. 
When the English first settled at Plymouth, 
an extensive war was carried on in boats of 
skins by this route ; and during the subse- 
quent wars with the French in Canada, many 
incursions upon the frontiers were made in 
this way. There is much excellent alluvial 
land along the banks, especially after its pas- 
sage of the mountains. Boatg go up to the 
falls about 40 ms., but lake vessels can go 
only 5 ms. 

Ono, p-v. Edgar co. II. 6 ms. nrthrd. Paris, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. by e. Van- 
dalia. 

Onondaga, lake, Salina, Onondaga co. N. 
Y. 7 ms. from Onondaga, drained by Seneca 
r. It is about 14 ms. by 6, with turbid water, 
and receives many springs of salt water from 
its banks, besides several streams ; Otisco, 
Onandaga creeks, &c. Its banks have been 
peculiarly subject to the fever and ague. The 
surrounding land is low, and often marshy. 
The great salt manufactories of N. Y. arc 
supplied with water from the shores. It ia 
raised by machinery to an elevation sufTiciont 
to convey it in pipes to Syracuse and other 
places where the manufactories are situated. 
The branch canal or side cut from the Erie 
canal, communicates with the lake by locks 
at Salina, the descent being 38 ft. 

Onondaga, co. N. Y. 130 ms. w. n. w. Al- 
bany, 40 e. s. E. Oswego, 50 w. Utica ; bound- 
ed by Oswego co. k., Madison and Cortlandt 
s., Cayugia co. w., Oswego r. on the n. 



1,759. 

Onion, r. Vt. rises in Cabot, Caledonia co. boiuid., Oneida lake and river e., and Skeno- 
first runs s. and s. w., then turns n. w. and latclcs lake s. w. Greatest length .32 m.^!. 
flows through Washington and Chittenden 'greatest breadth 28, area, about 3.34,000 
cos. into lake Chnmplain 5 ms. below Bur-'acrcs. It contains ihc salt springs of the 
lington. It is about 70 ms. long, and one of | state, which are of immense value, and quan- 
the largest rivers i^j Vt. Its principal branches jiities of gypsum, limestone and water cement. 



ONS 



379 



ONT 



with a good eoil, and strcame highly useful 
for manufactures and navigation. Besides 
the waters above mentioned, there are Oswe- 
go and Seneca re., Cross, Onondaga and 
Oiisco lakes, &,c. In the s. are several 
brooks, tributary to Susquehannah r. The 
manufacture of salt ia very extensive and 
valuable. The Onondaga Indians, though 
much reduced in numbers, occufjy their reser- 
vation in this CO. The salt springs are own- 
ed by the state, and are in the town of Salina. 
The water is raised by water and steam, con- 
ducted into Syracuse, Geddes and Liverpool, 
and there the salt is made from it, as well as 
in Salina. It is obtained by solar evaporation, 
and by artificial heat, in different ways. A 
branch of the Erie canal extending to Salina, 
supplies water power. A bushel of salt is 
obtained from 45 gallons. A tax of 12 i cents 
a bushel is paid by the manufacturers to the 
state, for the canal fiind. Between 1817 and 
1831, including those 2 years, about $1,400, 
000 was paid to the treasury from this 
source. Quantities inspected in different 
years: 1826, 827,508 bushels ; 1827, 983,410; 
1828, 1,160,H80 ; 1829,1,291,280; 1830,1,- 
435,41G; 1831, 1,514,037 bushels. Of the 
last, 163,000 bushels were made by solar 
evaporation, and the residue by solar and ar- 
tificial heat combined. 189,000 bushels were 
coarse. Pop. 1820, 41,467 ; 1830, 58,984. 

Onondaga, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga co. 
N. Y. 134 ms. w. Albany, 41 s. Oswego, 9 
ms. by 10 ; has an agreeable surface, with ve- 
ry good soil. In the e. is a fine valley, be- 
tween high liills, through which lies the 
course of Onondaga creek towards Ononda- 
ga lake, and here are many mill seats. Wa- 
ter cement, 'limestone, marie and gypsum 
here abound. Onondaga Castle is in this t. 
3 ms. 3. of the Hollow. Pop. 1830, 5,668. 

Onondaga.'*, Indians, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
These are the remains of the first of the Five 
Nations of Indians, formerly powerful, but 
now reduced to a small number. They have 
a reservation in Onondaga t., 2J ms. by 5 ; 
3 ma. 8. of the Hollow, on which a portion of 
them reside. They receive an annual pay- 
ment from the state in money — the interest 
of the money for which they formerly sold 
their lands in this and several adjacent cos. 

Onslow, an extensive bay of the IJ. S. on 
the Atlantic coast, sweeping in a great ellip- 
tic curve from cape Fear to cape Look Out. 
The chord line from cape to cape is, by cal- 
culation, 111 statute ms., and deflects from 
the meridian by an angle of 65° 50' very 
nearly. A chain of long, narrow and low 
sand isls., inflecting, and within from 1 to 2 
ms. from the coast, stretch along the curve of 
Onslow bay. The main shore is also low, 
and but little broken by either bays or water 
courses. The inlets between the isls. are nu- 
merous, but none admit large vessels. In 
hit. tliis bay extends from 33° 54' to 34° 34', 
and in long, from 1° w. to 0° 25' r.. W. C. 

Onslow, co. N.C. bounded by New Hano- 
ver «. w., Duplin n. w., Jonci n. and n. k., 



Cartaret e., and Onslow bay s. E. and a. 
Length 40 ms., mean width 18, and area 720 
3(1. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 30' to 
35°, long, from 0° 13' to 0° 40' w. W. C. The 
very slight declivity of Onslow is a little e. of 
s. and drained by New river and Whittock r. 
Pop. 1820,7,018; 1830,7,814. 

Ontario, lake, one of the groat chain of N. 
American lakes, lying between N. Y. and 
Upper Canada. Extends from lat. 43° to 44° 
and from 0° 40' e. to 2° 50' w. long, from W. 
C. U has the general form of a flat ellipse, 
with its ends e. and w., and is about 190 ma. 
long, with an average breadth of 40 ms. 
The chief supply of its waters is received by 
Niagara r. which forms part of the w. boun- 
dary of N. Y., and after having brought all 
surplus of the lakes above, down the greatest 
cataract in the world, poura it into lake Onta- 
rio on its s. shore, a little e. of its w. extremi- 
ty. Its other principal tributaries are the 
Genesee, Oswego, and Clack rs. which flow 
from N. Y., and there are numerous small 
streams from both sides. The principal bays 
on the N. Y. shore are Chaumont e., and Ge- 
rondiquot and liraddock's ; and the isls.. Sto- 
ny and Grenadier's isls., with Wolfe or Grand 
i.sl. atthe mouth of the St. Lawrence. This 
lake is very deep, by some supposed to be 
500 ft. It is never closed over with ice. It 
yields excellent fish. The shores are gene- 
rally rather low, and in some places marshy, 
though in others quite elevated, and the land 
is commonly good. Tho surface is 334 ft. 
lower than that of lake Erie. There is a 
remarkable ridge of land, called the alluvial 
way, extending in a course generally paral- 
lel with the 8. shore, from 7 to 10 ms. distant 
from it in the state of N. Y., which has the 
appearance of having been thrown up in some 
manner by the waves, or some current of 
the lake, when it may have overspread a 
much greater surface of country. An excel- 
lent road is laid out upon the summit of this 
narrow ridge. The surface of the lake ia 
231 ft. higher than the tide level of the Hud- 
son at Albany. All this body of water dis- 
charges its surplus at its E. extremity into the 
St. Lawrence r. which is broad and rendered 
tmnavigable, except in boats, by isls. and rap- 
ids, for some distance. It ia owing to this 
that most of the commerce of the lake finds 
ita way to N. York. Canals, large enough 
for Bchooners of the largest size used on the 
lakes, have just been completed by the British 
government, round the falls of Niagara, and 
those of the St. Lawrence below lake Ontario. 
The Oswego canal has also been recently 
constructed in the state of N. Y . from the 
Erie canal to the mouth of Oswego r. 

Ontario, co. N. Y., bounded by Wayne co. 
N., Seneca co. e., Yates and Steuben cos. s., 
Livingston co. w., and Monroe co. n. w. The 
s. part is hilly, and the other parts generally 
agreeably varied, with a variety of soil, and 
much good, rich argillaceous loam. Canan- 
daigua lake lies near the middle, and partly 
on the s. e. boundary ; Honeoye and Skenea- 



OPE 



380 



OPE 



teles lakes are w. of it, and Hemlock 1. is on 
the w. boundary. The principal streams are 
Honeoye, Mud, and Flint crs., and Canandai- 
gua outlet, besides West r., flowing into tlic 
head of Canandaigua lake, and several other 
streams — all flowing nrthrdly. There arc 13 
towns, and manufactories of iron, cotton, 
woollen, glass, »fec. in this co. Fop. 18:20, 
35,312; 1830,40,167. 

Ontario, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 208 ms. n. 
N. w. Albany, 17 n. w. Lyons, s. lake Onta- 
rio, is crossed by several small streams run- 
ning N., and contains a bed of iron ore, and 
several forges. Pop. 1830, 1,585. 

OosTENALAu r.. Ten. and Geo., rises in the 
■former at lat. 35° 05', and is the most nrthrn. 
fountain, the water of which is conveyed into 
the gulf of Mexico e. from the Miss. Yet a 
creek under the name of Connesauga, this 
stream enters the Cherokee country of Geo., 
and flowing s. s. w. by comparative courses 
60 ms. to New Echota, where it unites with a 
large confluent, the Rocking Stone or Sale 
quohe, from the nrthestrd. Below New Echo 
ta, the Oostenalah continues s. s. w. 25 ms., 
to its union with the Etowah, to form the Coo- 
sa. This stream has interlocking sources 
with those of Ten., Hiwassee, and Etowah. 

Opelousas, parish of La., and the most 
sthwstrn. section of the U. S., bounded .^.'. w. 
by the parish of Natchitoches, n. by Rapides, 
N. E. by Avoyelles, e. by Atchafalaya, a river 
separating it from point Coupee and West Ba- 
ton Rouge, s. E. by St. Martin's, the upper 
parish of Attakapas, e. w. by the gulf of Mex- 
ico, and w. by Sabine lake and r., separating 
it from Texas. The longest line that can be 
drawn in Opelousas, is a diagonal from the 
mouth of Sabine, to the nrthestrn. angle of 
the parish on Atchafalaya r. 16 ms., and meas- 
ured in that manor, the mean width would be 
about 50 ms. area 8,000 square ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 29° 26' to 30° 55'. The Ope- 
lousas is a part of the great northern plain of 
the Gulf of Mexico, and the central and 
western part declines s. s. w. It is drained, 
advancing from e. to w. in succession by the 
numerous branches of Mermentou, Calcasin, 
and Sabine rs. The eastern but much less 
extensive section has a southeaste/n declivi- 
ty, and is drained by the confluents of Atcha- 
falaya, Teche, and Vermillion rs. Though 
the northern part rises into comparative hills, 
the whole surface so nearly approaches a 
level as to admit being designated literally 
an inclined plain. The declivity is, however, 
so very slight, as to admit the moderate tides 
of the Gulf of Mexico above the lakes of Sa- 
bine, Calcasin, and Mermentou, and when the 
Miss, afld Atchafalaya are in full flood, the 
water of Courtableau is rendered stagnant to 
its head, at the junction of Boouf and Croco- 
dile creeks. 

But though so nearly a curve section of the 
sphere, Opelousas is far from being uniform 
in its features. It is divisible into three very 
distinct physical regions. The sea marsh of 
the south, the immense prairies or natural 



meadows in the middle, and the dense forests 
on the N. and n. e. 

. The marshy gulf border riises but very 
little above the ocean level, is clothed with 
rank and coarse grass with a few ckimps of 
trees, and extends inland from 30 to 40 miles. 
It is a trembling bog, and irreclaimable for 
any agricultural purpose, and except along 
the water channels impassable, perhaps by 
any human effort. 

The prairie and marsh sections along their 
hne of connection blend, the former imper- 
ceptibly rising above inundation. Except 
their monotonous surface, the prairies of Ope- 
lousas are seductive to the eye and fancy. 
There is an oceanic softness impressed on the 
mind while the vision is swept over those im- 
mense plains. The dull uniformity is broken 
by the lines of woods stretching along the 
Plaquemines, Brule, Teche, Queue Fortue, 
Cane, Nezpique, Calcasin and Sabine. The 
innumerable herds of cattle and droves of 
horses ; the farm houses scattered upon the 
forest borders, and the bounding horseman 
give life to this extensive picture. It is here 
that ideas of relative space are lost in the im- 
mensity. From a slight eminence or from the 
roof of a high house, the surface of many 
counties of the eastern border of the United 
States comes on the foreground of the land- 
scape. 

Passing the prairies either to the nthrd. or 
eastward the traveller is plunged into a dense 
forest ; but the northern and eastern forests 
difler greatly in their features and specific 
component timber. Towards Rapides and 
Natchitoches, pine trees so greatly prevail, 
and grow with so little underwood as truly to 
deserve their common name " Pine Woods." 
This vast pine forest, interrupted only by Red 
r. spreads beyond the bounds of La. 

On the eastern border of Opelousas, to- 
wards the inundated lands of Courtableau and 
Atchafalaya pine entirely ceases, but the forest 
is in an especial manner dense, with an under- 
wood of cane, numerous species of bushes 
and vines. The prevailing timber, oaks of 
different species, liickory, dilTerent species, 
linden, and sassafras, sweet gum, and many 
others. Where actual marsh occurs, cypress 
and tupeloo prevail. 

On the woods along the water courses 
which traverse the prairies, black oak, white 
oak, sweet gum and hickory, with an under- 
wood of dogwood and whortleberry prevail. 

The arable soil of Opelousas varies in 
quality to great extremes. In the eastern 
part of the parish on the waters of Vermillion, 
Teche, and Courtableau, the land is highly 
productive, but receding in any direction from 
this region the soil deteriorates. Eastward 
the fine arable tract is succeeded by the armu- 
ally inundated soil in the waters of Mermen- 
tou and Calcasin, is thin and followed by sea 
marsh. To the northwestward the pine for- 
est land is also unproductive when farming 
is attempted. 

Cotton is greatly the prevailing staple of 



ORA 



381 



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Opelousas, and is followed in value aggregate- 
ly by live stock. Peaches, figs, and apples, 
are the common orchard fruits ; the latter do 
not, however, thrive to much advantage. In- 
dian corn, rice, indigo, tobacco, and many 
other vegetables are cultivated successfully. 
Chief town, Opelousas or Saint Landrc. Pop- 
ulation 18:20, 10,085, 1830,12,591. 

Opelousas, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Ojjc- 
lousas. La. {See Saint Landrc.) 

Oi-PENHEiM, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y.5G 
ms. w. Albany, 15 w. Johnstown, n. Mohawk 
r., E. of E. Canada creek, is crossed by Ziin- 
mermans, Cruin and Little Crum creeks, and 
other small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,GG0. 

OauAGo village, Windsor, Uroonie co. N. 
Y. 16 miles e. Binghampton, on Delaware 
river. 

Orange, town, Grafton co. N. H. 16 ms. e. 
Dartmouth college, 40 ms. n. n. w. Concord, 
with 22,000 acres, contains lead and iron 
mines, with a pond in the s. e. on the banks of 
which are found a kind of yellow paint. Val- 
uable clay is also found, and groat quantities 
of ochre are prepared and sold annually. The 
surface is uneven, with Cardigan mtn. e. and 
the soil good. First settled 1773. Pop. 
1830, 410. 

OuANGE CO. Vt. boimded by Caledonia co. 
N., Conn, river separating it from N. H. e., 
Windsor county s., Washington and Addison 
cos. w., is about half way between the s. and 
s. lines ot the state, and contains G50 square 
ms. Incorporated 1781, and contains 17 
towns. It has Wells r. i\. e. Ompompaiioosuc 
and Wait's rs. and streams of White and 
Onion rs. In the n. w. is part of the E. range 
of the Green mountains. _ Granite rocks 
abound in the m. and middle parts, which are 
valuable for building and mill stones ; slate is 
found west, and in the co. are great quantities 
of iron and load ores. Pop. 1820, 24,169, 
1830, 27,285. 

Orange, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 13 ms. e. 
Montpelier, 50 n. Windsor, with 23,040 acres. 
P'irst settled 1793 ■; has an uneven surface, 
sometimes rocky, with Knox's mtn. 
which yields abundance of excellent granite 
for building. The soil is better for grain 
than grass. Sail branch is the principal stream, 
and there are several smaller. Pop. lo3j, 
1,01G. 

Orange, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 75 ms. w. 
Boston,N. Miller's r. which furnishes good mill 
seats. The surface is rough, and lias some 
manufactories. Pop. 1830, 880. 

Orange, town. New Haven co. Conn. 5 ms. 
s. w. New Haven, with Housatonic r. n. w. 
and Long Island sound s. e. It is crossed by 
Wopowaiig r. and is rough and rocky, with 
some good land. Pop. 1830, 1,341. 

Orange co. N. Y. bounded by Sullivan and 
Ulster counties north, Hudson river east, 
which separates it from Putnam aiKl Duchess 
counties, Rockingham southeast. New Jer- 
sey s. w., Delaware r. w., which separates 
it from Pa. It contains G09 square ms. and 
14 lownslrips. The cast part is very moun- 
tainous, embracing the principal part of the 



w. highlands of the Hudson, called the Mat- 
tcawan nitns. There is also much drowned 
land, which has a good soil for hemp, &c. 
vyhen drained. Iron ore, and timber are ob- 
tained from the mtns. There is also some 
marble. WaalkiU r. runs n. w. thro' the 
middle; Shawangunlc r. one of its branches, 
bounds it on the n. w. The Delaware and 
Navisink, its tributaries, are w. and Murder- 
er's creek flows e. to the Hudson. Ramapo 
and Sterling rs. flow into the Passaic in N. 
J. The Shawangunk range of mtns. crosses 
the N. w. corner. The mtns. in the e. part of 
this CO. were a most important bulwark of the 
country in the revolutionary war. There were 
the forts Clinton, Montgomery, and Putnam, 
(the latter at W. Pointj guarding the passage 
of the river. They were taken by the Brit- 
ish, in 1777, who hoped to open a commimi- 
cation with Gen. Burgoyne, but were disap- 
pointed. These forts Gen. Arnold covenanted 
to betray to the enemy. The military acade- 
my of the United States, is at West Point, 
(which see.) The Delaware and Hudson 
canal enters this co. along the valley of Na- 
visink r. and up the bank of the Del. In the 
village of Waldcn are manufactories of cot- 
ton, flour, flamiel, and broadcloth. Pop. 1820, 
41,213, 1830, 45,33G. 

Or.u\ge, p-t. Essex co. N. J. n. w. New- 
ark, s. w. Bloomfield, has an academy and a 
mineral spring. The west part lies on the oast 
acclivity ol the Short hills. It is crossed by 
one or two small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,887. 
Ora.nge village. Orange, Essex co. N. J. is 
a flourishing manufacturing and populous 
village 4 ms. n. w. Newark, and has a bank. 
The inhabitants manufacture a large amount 
of hats, shoes, &-c. 

Orange, co. Va. bounded by Spottsylvania,- 
and s. E., Louisa s., Albemarle s. w,. Blue 
Ridge separating it from Rockingham n. w., 
by Conway r. separating it from Madison n., 
and by Rapidan r. separating it from Culpep- 
per N. Length diagonally from e. to w. 50 
ms. metm width 10, and area 560 square ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 07' to 38° 25', and 
in long, from 0° 42' to 1° 45' w. W. C. 'I'he 
northern part in its entire length is bounded 
by and drained into Rapidan, on the south- 
western branch of Rappahannoc ; declivity 
eastward. The southeastern angle gives 
source to N. Anne, and the southwestern to 
the extreme northern sources of Rivanna r. 
The surface is hilly and the co. is nearly 
equally divided by the southwest mtn. Much 
of the soil is good. Qiief towns, Orange 
court house, Barboursville, and Stamiardsvilie. 
Pop. 1820, 12,913, 1030, 14,G37. 

Orange, co. N. C. bounded s. e. by Wake, 
s. by Chatham, w. by Guilford, n. by Caswell 
and Person, and n. e. by Granville. Length 
40 ms. mean width 25, and area 1,000 s(juarc 
ms. Extending in lat. from 3.')0 53' to 36° 
14', and in long, from 1° 48, to 2° 34'. Some 
ot the higher sources of Neuse r. rise in the 
northeastern part of Orange, but the central 
sthrn. and western sections are drained by 
IluNV r. and its confluents. The general de 



ORE 



382 



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clivity southeastward. Chief town, Hillsboro'. 
Pop. 1820, 23,492, 1830, 23,908. 

Orange, co. Indiana, bounded s. by Craw- 
ford, s. w. by Dubois, n. w. by Martin, n. by 
Lawrence, and e. by Washington. It is a 
square of 21 ms. each way, area 440 square 
ms. lat. 38° 35', long. W. C. 9° 30' w., slope 
w. giving source to Patoka r. and to Salt or. 
a branch of White river. Chief town, Paoli. 
Pop. 1830, 7,901. 

Orange, p-o., Trumbulf co., O., by p-r. 165 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Orangeuurgh, dist. of S. C, bounded s. e. 
by Charleston and Colleton districts, s. w. by 
South Edisio r., separating it from Barnwell, 
w. by Edgefield, n. w. by Lexington, n. by 
Congaree r., separating it from Richland, and 
N. E. by Santee r., separating it from Sumpter. 
Length 76 ms., mean width 24, and area 
1824 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 10' 
to 30° 53', and in long, from 3° 23' to 4° 41' 
w. W. C. Declivity to the s. s. k. by e., and 
mostly drained by the two Edistos ; chief t., 
Orangeburg. Pop. 1820, 15,653; 1830, 18, 
453. 

Oranoeburgu, p-v. and st. jus., Orange- 
burgh dist., S. C, by p-r. 43 ms. a little e. of 
s. Columbia. Lat. 33° 28', long. 3° 51' w. 
W.C. 

Orange, C. H. and p. o.. Orange co., Va., at 
the foot of the S. W. mtn., 92 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. ' 

Orange Springs and p-o., s. e. part Orange 
CO., Va., by p-r. 94 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Orangetown, t., Rockland co., N. Y., the 
3. e. corner of the co., 28 ms. n. N. Y., 142 



was not derived from any connexion with the 
great discoverer of America ; but from the 
Columbia Redivina, an American vessel from 
Boston in Mass., commanded by Capt. Rob- 
ert Gray, who entered the Columbia r. on 
the 11th of May, 1792, and was the real re- 
discoverer of that important stream. 

The Oregon is composed of two great con- 
stituent branches, the Clark to the n. and 
Lewis s. The real remote source of the 
nrthrn. branch of Clarks r. has not been ac- 
curately determined, but it is supposed to riso 
about lat. 53°, opposite to the sources of SaF- 
katchev/aine and Unjiga. Flowing sthrd. 
300 ms., it joins a much superior stream from 
the estrd., Clarks r. proper. The latter 
heads in the Chippewayan range or system, 
interlocking sources with the various branch- 
es of Mo. lat. 45°. Flowing thence by a gen- 
eral N. w. by w. course, but with a very ex- 
tended nrthrn. curve, joins the N. Branch as 
already noticed. Below the junction, the 
united stream assumes a s. s. w. course 120 
ms., to its union with Lewis r., after an en- 
tire comparative length of 800 ms. The en- 
tire valley of Clark's r., as laid down on Tan- 
ner's N. A., embraces an area of 75,000 sq. 
ms. 

If Lewis r. is correctly delineated on either 
Tanner's N. A., or on the upper margin of 
his U. S., it is a still superior stream to that 
of Clarks r. ; the former rising amongst the 
chains of the Chippewayan system at lat. 40°, 
long. 30 w. W. C. Interlocking sources with 
those of Rio Grande del Norte of the Gulf 
of Mexico ; the Colorado of the Gulf of Cale- 



s. Albany ; has Tappan bay of Hudson r. e., fornia, Rio Buenaventura of the Pacific, and 



and N. Jersey s. and w. It contains an acad 
emy. Hackensack r. flows s. into N. J., sup- 
plying useful water power. It contams the 
vs. of Tappan, Nyack and Middletown. 
Dobb's Ferry and Slotc Landing are on Hud- 
son r. Pop. 1830, 1,947. 

Orangeville, p-t., Genesee co., N. Y., 22 
ms. s. Batavia, gives rise to one of the head 
streams of Tonewanta cr., and is nearly level, 
with light loam, bearing beech, maple, hnden, 
&,c. Pop. 1830, 1,525. 

Orangeville, p-v., estrn. part of Columbia 
CO., Pa., 16 ms. nrthestrd. Danville the co., t., 
and by p-r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 
Oregon, p-v., Franklin co., O. 
Oregon, or Columbia, large r. of North 
America, included in the discoveries of Lewis 
and Clarke, and usually regarded as part of 
the domain of the U. S. We introduce the 
article here in order to give a general view 
of the country between the Chippewayan or 
Rocky mtns. and the Pacific ocean, and first 
notice the great r. from which the name has 
been derived, and which is slowly but proba- 
bly securely regaining the Spanish name of 
Oregon 

Orcgano, in Spanish, is the name of wild 
marjoram, and from that herb, or some other 
bearing to it a strong rcsembhinrc, it is sup- 
posed the name arose. The origin of the 
name Columbia is generally mistaken, as it 



with those of Arkansas, Platte, and Missouri 
rivers ; Lewis r., tlae main constituent of Or- 
egon, assumes a n. w. by w. course, receiving 
large tributary branches from both sides, but 
particularly from the right. This larg*. stream, 
after a comparative course of 800 ms., joins 
the N. branch or Clarks r. Tlio valley of 
Lewis r. exceeds an area of 100,000 sq. ms. 
It is a remarkable circumstance Uiat the ele- 
vated vallies from which the upper sources of 
Lewis r. are derived, is, following the gene- 
ral courses of the Rio del Norte and Colum- 
bia, almost exactly equidistant from the Gulf 
of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean ; exceeding 
1,000 ms. distance in either direction. 

Combining the two vallies of Lewis r. and 
Clark's r., and measuring from the most 
nrthn. source of the latter to the extreme 
srthn. source of the former, the breadth of 
their sources is about 1,000 ms. Below their 
union the vast volume pursues a general 
wstrn. course, but with a considerable sthrn. 
curve 300 ms. to its final efflux into the Pa- 
cific ocean, having received the Multnomah 
below the last chain of mtns. which it traver- 
ses, and near the head of tide water. 

In a pamphlet published in Boston in 1830, 
written by Hall J. Kelley, A. M., and entitled 
a geographical sketch of Oregon Territory, 
the following notices are given of the main 
r. : " It is six miles wide at its mouth ; at the 



ORE 



383 



ORE 



distance of 175 ms. from the eea, and near 
the foot of tho grand rapids, it meets the tide 
water, and assumes a new character. The 
mouth of the r. is spacious and easy of in- 
gress, affording good anchorage, and a num- 
ber of safe and commodious harbors. There 
are flats and bars, which extend from Point 
Adams on the s., nearly across the entrance ; 
but over these flats, there are no less than 
20 ft. of water at low tide. Tho ship chan- 
nel which lies snug to Cape Disappointment 
on the N., gives no less than 24 ft. at low wa- 
ter. It has been observed that the tide sets 
up 175 ms. It rises at Cape Disappointment, 
about 9 ft., and its reflux at this place, is gen- 
erally in the spring 5 or 6 knots per hour. 
The mouth of the river has been particularly 
surveyed, by Capt. Nash, from whom the fol- 
lowing directions were obtained for enter- 
ing its mouth. 

" Bring Chenoke point to bear N. e. by e., 
at any distance not less than 4 leagues, and 
steer for it, until Cape Disappointment bears 
N., then run for the estn. part of Cape D. and 
pass it at a quarter of a mile distance, and 
when the sthn. part of it bears w. half s. you 
may steer nearly e., keeping Chenoke Point 
a little open on the larboard bow ; this will 
clear the Spit banli, and bring the ship into 
« fine channel of 6, 9, 12 and 13 fiUhoms, 
(should the wind be ahead, you may work up 
for Cape Disappointment, standing to the 
wstrd. until the cape bears n. n. e. half e. and 
to the estrd., until it bears n. half w. in a 
good channel,) when abreast of Chenoke 
Point, haul in for Point Ellice, and pass it at 
half cable's length, when you may bring it to 
bear s. half s., and steer e. by n. half n., until 
the Red Cliff" bears n. w. half w. ; then steer 
for the low land to the sthwrd. of Tongue 
Point, until two trees, which stand above the 
rest of the high woods to the s., are directly 
over the middle of three trees, that stand 
near the water, between two red patches ; 
then run for them until you shut a bluff 
point of sand upon the river, into Tongue 
Point ; then steer for port George, till an old 
white stump, or withered tree, bears s. e. by 
s. half s. ; then haul in shore, till two trees on 
the high land, to the n. e. shut just on to 
Tongue Point, and keep them so, and you 
may anchor at Fort George, in 7 fathoms 
mud." 

In the Boston pamphlet quoted above, the 
Multnomah is derived from lake Timpanogos, 
and from the Rocky mts. ; but from maps 
drawn from actual observation, and commu- 
nicated by Gen. Ashley to Mr. H. S. Tanner, 
that r. has a far more brief origin. It appears 
that sthrd. of the Columbia, extensive open 
I)!ainR spread to a great extent, and in which 
the Multnomah rises at least 300 ms. wstrd. 
of the Rocky mts., and pursuing a course of 
N. N. w. about 350 ms., falls into Columbia or 
Oregon, near the head of tide water 



attempt at specific information would be pre- 
mature. Under the art. U. S., it will be 
shown that the climate of that part of N. A. 
w. of the Chippewayan system, is much mil- 
der on a given lat., than on or near the At- 
lantic coast ; and the true cause of the diftcr. 
ence will be also shown. The soil of Ore- 
gon has been boasted of as in a high degree 
fertile, which, if assumed as a general char- 
acter, is not supported by the facts developed 
by actual discovery. 

Oregon. This territory, taken as a physi- 
cal section, is in great part confined to the 
basin of Columbia or Oregon r., and is boun- 
ded s. by the lat. 42°, or the nrthrn. boundary 
of Hispano, N. A. ; n. it has the Russian ter- 
ritories, e. it is limited by the Chippewayan 
mtns., and on the w. by the Pacific ocean. 
Before proceeding to describe the country 
geographically, it may be well to glance on 
the international stipulations which have fix- 
ed, as far as they are fixed, the n. and a. 
boundaries. By the treaty of Washington, 
ratified by the king of Spain, on the 24th 
Oct., 1820, and the ratifications exchanged 
at Washington, the 22nd Feb., 1821, the 
42°nd of lat. is made tho limit between the 
Mexican provinces and the Oregon territory 
of the U. S. This closed a tedious and vex- 
atious controversy with Spain, but two far 
more powerful competitors presented them- 
selves. Great Britain and Russia severally 
urged their claims. 

It was certainly stretching a right too far 
to claim Oregon as a part of La., nor was 
such plea at all requisite. The people of the 
U. S. were the original discoverers after 
Spain, of the Columbia or Oregon, in both 
directions, from the sources to the mouth. As 
early as 1788, some merchants of "Boston fit- 
ted out two vessels, for the avowed purpose 
of trading along the N. W. coast of N. A. 
One of these, the Columbia Redivina, com- 
manded by Capt. Robert Gray, discovered, 
entered, and gave the prenomen of his ship 
to the r. Capt. Vancouver was then at Noot. 
ka, and the discovery very frankly and fortu- 
nately communicated to that great navigator, 
who sent one of his principal officers to exa- 
mine the channel, and in his narrative ac- 
knowledges the facts ; thus placing the right 
of prior discovery in the U. S. beyond dispute, 
on British evidence. In addition to the dis- 
covery by sea, the expedition of Lewis and 
Clark from the Mo. was one of those trans- 
actions too notorious to admit additional evi- 
dence, and tho result was a discovery and 
partial survey of the Oregon regions. 

Some attempts have been made by individ- 
uals to induce the U. S. government to for- 
mally take possession of the Oregon, and in 
1810 a private expedition, at the expense and 
under the direction of .lohn .Facob Astor of 
N. Y., actually formed an estahlishment, and 
named the principal depot Astoria. This col- 



So little more than the rough general out-iony of 120 men, went out well provided for 
lines, are known of these immense regions, trade and agriculture. Two years after the 
whicli arc merely merging into view, that an (first founding of Astoria, they had established 



ORE 



384 



ORE 



themselves at 5 other places bceide Astoria, (mean breadth perhaps under 50 ms. The 
One settlement was on the Multnomah, one ocean side is represented as abounding in 
at the mouth of Lewis r., and the 3 others i bays. 



in the interior of the country. Had the U. 
S. government sustained the colony sent out 
in 1810, it is probable all conflicting claims 
would long eince have been quieted, or per- 
haps never urged. 

In the convention of 1818, between the U. 
S. and Great Britain, the right of both parties 
to the country of Oregon, eeems to be mutual- 
ly conceded, and to embarrass the conflicting 
claims still more, those of Russia were 
brought forward, though not strenuously as- 
serted, and were, as far as that power and the 
U. S. were concerned, fixed by the convention 
of the 5th of April, 1824. By the third article 
of the above noticed convention, we may con- 
sider lat. 54^ 40' as the provisional boundary 
of the U. S. and Russia on the Pacific ocean ; 
and to the south, since the definitive ratifica- 
tion of the treaty of Washington, lat. 42° has 
become the determined limit. If we consider 
the title of the U. S. paramount, then this 
nation will possess on the Pacific coast 12 
degrees and 40 minutes of lat., or 880 statute 
ms., with a mean breadth inland of 460 ms. ; 
area exceeding 400,000 sq. ms. 

The surface of this immense country as far 
as known, appears to be broken and moun. 
tain,ous. It is bounded on the k. l)y the vast 
system of the Chippewayan, and traversed in 



From lat. 42° to the straits of St. Juan de 
Fuca, the coast deviates only by a small an- 
gle from due n. and s. ; but the isl. of Quadra 
and Van Couver, and the opposing coast, bears 
nearly N. w. With tho nrthm. termination of 
the isl. & entrance of Queen Charlotte's sound, 
the coast again bends to n. n. w., and pre- 
serves that direction to lat. 54° 40', exces- 
sively broken by bays and isls. ; the latter 
not very distinctly grouped, but called gene- 
rically. Princess Royal, and Pitt's isls. Out- 
side of these groups, with an intervening 
strait from 20 to 100 ms. wide, extends Queen 
Charlotte's isl., a body of land 180 ms. in 
length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 90 
ms., and extending nearly n. and s. With the 
N. cape of Queen Charlotte's isl., opens Dix- 
on's entrance or Vancouver's sound, and also 
terminates the U. S. territory, as fixed by 
treaty with Russia, 1824, as already noticed. 
Imperfect as is our knowledge of this coast, 
what we possess of the interior country, par- 
ticularly N. of the Oregon r., is still greatly 
more defective. On Tanner's and other maps 
two large rs. are represented as discharging 
into the gulf of Georgia ; the sthrn. called 
tho Caledonia, and the nrthm. the Tacoutche 
Tesse. The latter name is undoubtedly mis- 
applied. It is derived from the narrative of 



a similar direction from s. to n., at no great I an Indian to Du Pradt, who, about 1735, pub. 
distance from the Pacific ocean by another! lished an account of La. The Indian related 
system, which has hitherto remained without to the author, that he made the traverse of 
generic name. The great body of the the continent of N. A. to the great water to- 



country spreads between those two systems. 
As laid down on Tanner's N. A. and U. S., 
the coast between lat. 42 and the Columbia r. 
seems rook bound, and very devoid of open- 
ings, bays or harbors. On the map of N. A. 
between lat. 42° nnd 43°, is placed the mouth 
of the r. Los Mongos, the outlet of lake 
Timpenogos, nnd to the n. of its efflux is 
placed cape Dilligencias of Spanish, the Ox- 
ford of English geography. The wide and 
open bay of Cannaveral lies between lat 44° 
and 45°, and is terminated at lat 44° 55' by 
Cape Fairwcather ; and that again at 45° 30' 
by Cape Xelimak, and r. of the same name. 
The mouth of Oregon follows at lat 4G° 12'. 
Beyond this important opening the coast is 
again in groat part rock bound to cape Flat- 
tery, lat. 48° .30', or to tho mouth of (he strait 
St. Juan de Fuca. 

The character of the coast now entirely 
changes ; a deep entrance of near 100 ms. 
separates the sthrn. extreme of the isl. of 
Quadra and Van Couver, from the continent. 
The straits of Fuca extend, a long irregular 
bay of 80 ms., to the sthrd., reaching to 
within 50 ms. of the Oregon. On the nrthrn. 



wards the setting sun. He describes a river 
down which ho accompanied other Indians 
to the ocean, and named it Tacoutche Tesse. 
From what we know of the rs. and mtns. be- 
tween the Miss, and Pacific, two things must 
be evident to whoever reads Du Pradt; one, 
that the Indian did really make the journey 
he related ; second, that tho r. called Oregon, 
or Columbia, was his Tacoutche Tesse. The 
stream now so called, answers in neither 
course or discharge to the account given by 
the Indian ; whilst on the contrary, in hoth. 
respects, the Oregon corresponds with his 
description to convincing exactness. 

To name the minor capes and isls. along 
the Oregon coast, would be to give a confu- 
sed list, which the several navigators have 
made utterly unintelligible by imposing dif- 
ferent names to the same place, and at the 
same time leaving the position uncertain. 

General remtirks on Oregon. — It cannot be 
deemed presumption to assert that the gov- 
ernment of tho U. S. has shown a danger- 
ous neglect of this extensive couiUry against 
European claims, and which of right belongs 
to her, upon every principle which has guid- 



side the strait again under, first, the name of'ed European nations in regard to discovery, 
the Gulf of Georgia, and thence by that olj preoccupancy, and of course prior right of 
Queen C'harlotte's sound, merges into the'soil. The fertility of the land has no doubt 
Pacific ocean at lat. 51°. The isl. of Quadra, been overrated, but the undeniable mildness 
and Van Couver is near 300 ms. long, in form! of the climate perhaps fully compensates for 
of un ellipte, broadest part about 80 ; but | the sterility of soil. In a country comprising 



ORL 



385 



ORR 



a surface more than double that of the whole 
Atlantic slope of the U. S. ; and also more 
than double that of the valley of Ohio; and a 
country aboiuiding in rivers, fin immense 
population may be certainly supported, and if 
estimated at 20 to the sq. m., would amount to 
8,000,000. It is probable, however, that 20,- 
000,000 would fall far short of the capabili- 
ties of the country. The commercial advan- 
tages of its position give again incalculable 
Interest lo Oregon ; and we may without 
danger of successful contradiction, say that, 
taken in every respect, it is the most impor- 
tant section of the earth on which no civilized 
settlements have been permanently establish- 
ed. If we turn our eye to that human tide 
which is flowing wstrd., and augmenting in 
volume as it flows, M'here are we to fix its 
bounds ? On the Pacific, will every well in- 
formed man answer. 

Oriskanv, cr. N. Y. a branch of Mohawk 
r., 23 ms. long, empties between Utiea and 
Rome. Its principal branch is Deane's cr. 

Oriskany, p-v. Whitestown, Oneida co. N. 
Y. 7 ms N. Utica, 3 from Whitesboro', on 
Oriskany cr. and the Erie canal, has a large 
woollen factory. 

Orland, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 64 ms. e. by 
N. Augusta, E. Penobscot r. opposite Orphan 
isl., has a large pond. Pop. 1830, 975. 

Orlean, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. 

Orleans, co. Vt. bounded by Canada n., 
Essex CO. E., Caledonia and Washington cos. 
s., Franklin co. w. ; lies about half way be- 
tween the E. and w. bounds of the state. In- 
corporated 1792. Irasburgh is the st. jus. 
First settled 1787. The soil is good for grain 
and grass. It contains much marshy ground, 
and more ponds than any other co. in Vt. 
Memphremagog lake lies partly within it. 
Lamoille r. is in the s., Black, Barton and 
Clyde rs. in the n. and middle. It is enclos- 
ed between the two ranges of the Green 
mtns. The rocks in the central part are ar- 
gillite ; in the w. mica and chlorite ; slate and 
serpentine are found on Misisque r., with as- 
bestos, magnetic iron, &.c. Pop. 1820, 6,976, 
1830, 13,980. 

Orleans, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 85 ms. 
s. E. Boston, 20 e. Barnstable ; is very irreg- 
ular in form, lying on the ocean, which bounds 
it on the e. It forms the elbow of the long 
and crooked point called Cape Cod ; and like 
it is low and sandy with a miserable soil, ex- 
cept on some parts of the neck and isl. There 
arc many creeks and coves along the shore, 
and Chatham beach shuts in an extent of salt 
marsh, e. from Chatham harbor, which is 
large, and lies between this t. and Chatham. 
The inhabitants are scattered. The fuel, 
which is partly peat, is bro't from elsewhere. 
Pleasant Bay, contains several isls.,and Stage 
Harbor is an opening in Chatham beach. 
The people arc almost exclusively devoted' 
lo catching fish and clams. Pop. 1830, 1,789. 

Orleans, co. N. Y. bounded by lake Onta- 
rio n. ,23ms. from Monroe CO. e., Genesee 
CO. s., Niagara CO. w., is crossed by Oak Or- 

49 



chard cr. which flows through the w. and it. 
w. part, and enters the lake. Johnson's cr. 
and several smaller streams flow in the same 
'direction w. of it ; and Sandy cr. runs e. into 
Monroe co. The Ridge road on the alluvia! 
way passes through the middle of the co. 
from E. to w. nearly parallel to which, at a 
short distance s., are the Erie canal, and the 
Mountain Ridge, which is near the s. bounda- 
ry. The surface of the country is gently un- 
dulated, and the variations are remarkably 
regular, owing to the two singular ridges above 
mentioned. It is supposed that all the n. part 
was at some long past age overflown by lake 
Ontario ; and that the alluvial way waa 
formed by a current. The soil is various, 
generally favorable to grass. It contains 8 
towns. Pop. 1820, 7,625 ; 1830, 17,732. 

Orleans, t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. 
Watertown, s. St. Lawrence r. opposite Grind. 
stone isl., is crossed s. w. by Chaumont r. 
which rises near its centre, and runs 12 or 14 
ms. into Chaumont bay ; with good mill sites. 
Perch cr. s. runs 13 ms. into Black River bay. 
The shore of the St Lawrence is indented 
with many coves. The surface is varied, 
and the soil is clay and sand. White pine, 
white oak, beach, hard maple, &-c. are abun- 
dant. The form is square, with a triangular 
tract N. on the shore. Pop. 1830, 3,001. 

Orleans, parish. La. (See New Orleans.) 

Orleans, island of. I have introduced 
this article in order to explain away a miscon- 
ception. The name of Island of Orleans 
was given to that part of La. on which the 
city of New Orleans is situated. It is that 
part of the state, bounded by the Miss, r., Iber- 
ville and Amite rs., lakes Maurepas, and Pont- 
chartrain, the Pass of the Rigolets, lakes 
Borgne, Chandeleur, and Bayard, and Gulf of 
Mexico, and stretches from the efflux of Iber- 
ville to the mouth of the Miss. 180 ms., differ- 
ing in width from 3 to 25 ms. Except the 
narrow arable border along the Miss, and a 
few other places, the surface is level with the 
surface of high tide. 

Though called an island, this part of the 
Delta no more deserves the term than do the 
spaces in other parts, which are enclosed by 
the numerous bayous, lakes and lagoons, 
which chequer the whole surface from the 
mouth of the Pearl to that of Sabine r. 

Orleans, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Orange co. 
Ind. by p-r. 8 ms. n. Paoli, the co. St., and 86 
ms. a little w. of s. Vandalia. 

Orono, or Indian Old Town, p-f. and isl. 
Penobscot co. Me. 73 ms. n. e. Augusta, is 
an isl. in Penobscot r. 12 ms. n. n. e. Bangor, 
above the Great Falls. It is inhabited by the 
remains of the Penobscot Indians, who have 
a Catholic church. Pop. 1830, 1,472. 

Orrington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 74 ms, 
N. N.E. Augusta, 5 s. Bangor, 32 n. Castine, e. 
Penobscot r., indents the n. line of Hancock 
CO. and is separated from the N. E. corner of 
Waldo CO. by Penobscot r. It is crossed by 
a pond and stream flowing n.w. into that 
stream. Pop. 1830, 1,234. 



OSA 



386 



osw 



Oeton, tnille and p-o. Brunswick co. N. C. 
byp-r. 167 ma. s. Raleigh. 

Orvillk, p-v. Manlius, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
5 ras. N. w. Manlius, is on a branch of the 
Erie canal and on Butternut cr. 

Orwell, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 20 ms. n. w. 
Rutland, 47 s. w. Montpelier, 47 s. Burlington 
and opposite Ticonderoga, N. Y. It contains 
42 sq. ms. including Mt. Independence, where 
was a picket fort, a battery, &c. in tho revo- 
lutionary war, as one of the outworks of fort 
Ticonderoga. The first permanent settlement 
was made in 1783. There are hills s., but 
the land is generally almost level. It is fertile 
and watered by East cr., and Lemonfair r. 
which afford mill seats. Epsom salts have 
been made from a spring on the lake shore n. 
w.,and other springs are impregnated with 
them. Compact lime rocks contain impres- 
sions of shells, fish, «fec. Zinc has also been 
found. The lake is here from 1 to 2 ms. 
wide. Pop. 1830, 1,598. 

Orwell, t. Oswego co. N. Y. 139 ms. from 
Albany, and 12 e. Pulasky, is crossed by 
Salmon r. in the e., and many branches in all 
parts, and has pretty good land, with an irreg- 
ular surface, bearing beach, maple, hemlock, 
&c. The rocks, which are limestone and 
slate, abound in petrifactions on hills and in 
valleys. In Richland there is a fall in Salmon 
r. 2C ms. from its mouth. The current is first 
smooth, then it runs over rapids 2 ms., and 
then falls almost perpendicularly 107 ft. At 
high water the fall is about 250 feet wide. 
Pop. 1830, 501. 

Orwell, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 1 6 
ms. N. of Towanda, and 141 n. Harrisburg. 

Orwell, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p-r. 179 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

OawiGSBURQ, p-v. boro' and st. jus. Schuyl- 
kill CO. Pa. situated on a small branch of 
Schuylkill r. 7 ms. s. e. Pottsville, 29 ms. n. 
w. Reading and by p-r. 59 n. e. Harrisburg, 
lat. 40° 41', long. 0° 48' e. W. C. The site 
of Orwigsburg is broken, but very pleasant, 
and though even mountainous in appearance, 



very nearly from e. to w. In its broadest part 
it is 130 ms., but the mean width not above 
60 ms., area 15,000 sq. ms. Tlie lower part 
of the channel below the junction of the two 
main branches is excessively crooked, a 
feature which has contributed to magnify the 
real size of the stream. Lat. 38 divides this 
r. valley into two not very unequal sections. 
The valley lies between Lower Kansas and 
Mo. r. N., Gasconade s.e., the nrthn. sources of 
White r. s., and those of Grand r. of Arkansas 
s. w. It is a fine navigable stream as high 
as the main fork, and along its shores, and 
on many of its tributaries spread some of the 
finest lands of Mo. 

Osage, ferry and p-o. nrthwstrn. part of 
Gasconade co. Mo. The ferry is over Os- 
age r. at its mouth, 12 ms. below Jefferson, 
and the post office is at the ferry. 

OsxABURGH, P-v. Stark co. O. 4 ms. e. Can- 
ton, the CO. St. and 107 N.E.Columbus. 

OssABAu, sound and isl. Bryan co. Geo. 
Tho sound is in fact the mouth or estuary of 
Great Ogeechee r.,and opens into the Atlan- 
tic ocean 18 ms. s. w. the mouth of Savannah 
r., lat. 31° 50'. long. W. C. 40° 8' w. Ossa- 
bau isl. is one of those level small isls. which 
extend in a chain along the Atlantic coast of 
Florida, Geo. and S. C. The Ossabau fills 
the space between Ossabau and St. Catha- 
rine's sounds, and is about 10 ms. in length. 

OssiAN, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. 
E. Angelica, is crossed by Canaseraga cr. 
which affords mill sites. It is in the n. e. cor- 
ner of the co. Pop. 1830, 812. 

OssiPEE Lake, Strafford co. N. H., is near- 
ly of an oval form, and covers about 7,000 
acres. The water is clear, and it contains 
no islands. It discharges its surplus water 
by Ossipee r. through several ponds into Saco 
r. in Me. 

OssipEE MTNs., Strafford co. N.H. lie along 
the E. side of Winnipiseogee lake about 8 
ms. The ridge is broken in some parts, but 
nearly uniform in height, and of considerable 
elevation. The slope towards the lake is 



the adjacent country is well cultivated. The gradual near it, where the land is pretty well 
village contains the ordinary co,buildings,with j cultivated. These mtns. form one of the most 
about 120 dwelling houses. It stands on tho conspicuous features in the fine scenery of that 
main road through Reading from Phil, to region. In easterly storms the wind some- 
Sunbury and Northumberland. Pop. about times comes over the mtns. with destructive 
600. violence. 

Osage, r. of the U. S. in the great western Ossipee, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 60 ms. n. 
territory of Mo., and in the state of Mo. This e. Concord, has part of the range of Ossipee 
stream has its remote sources on the great mtns. n. w. and part of Ossipee lake and r. 
plains between those of Grand r. of Arkan- Its form is irregular, and the e. angle almost 
sas, and the main channel of Kansas r. com- touches the boundary of Me. Pine r. cross- 
posed of two branches. Grand r. on the nrthn. es the e. part, and Bearcamp r. is in the n. w. 
and Osage proper on the sthrn. Both j a tributary of the lake. There are several 
branches assume an estrn. course, and enter- ponds. A mound of earth 10 feet high, w. of 
ingthe wstrn. side of the state of Mo. unite the lake, was found to contain skeletons, torn- 
after a respective comparative course of 150 ahawks, &c. Incorporated 1785. 
ms. Below the junction, the united waters Oswegatchie r. N. Y., lies chiefly in St. 
continue estrd. about 50 ms., first s.e. thence Lawrence co. and has 2 branches which, after 
N. e., fall into Mo. r. 12 ms. below the city of rising near the s. boundary of the co. and'flow- 
Jefferson and 108 ms. w. by the land road ing n. unite about 4 ms. from their mouth in St. 
from St. Louis. The entire valley of the Os- Lawrence r. The E.branch pursues a remarka- 
age, is about 250 ms. in length, extending ^bly crooked course; running w. over the line of 



osw 



387 



OSW 



Jefferson co., then turning back almost into the ithc s. It containa 900 sq. ms. and 18 towns* 



same channel,flows n. e., and then more n. till 
it meets the w. branch or Indian r. It has many 
falls and rapids favorable to manufacturing, and 
passes through a fertile country. It is about 
120 ms. long. At one of its angles is a natur- 
al canal communicating with Grassy r. The 
w. branch flows from Jefferson co. into Black 
lake, or Oswegatchie lake, on leaving which 
it joins the k. branch. 

Oswegatchie lake, St. Lawrence co. N.Y. 
receives Indian r. or the w. branch of Oswe- 
gatchie r., and a great part of the course 
of that stream lies through it. It contains sev- 
eral isls., and is chiefly in Morristown. It 
lies N. E. and s. w., and parallel with St. Law- 
rence r. 

OswEOATCniE, p-t. and st. jus. St. Law- 
rence CO. N. Y. 204 ms. n. n. w. Albany, 476 
from Washington, lies on the St. Lawrence r. 
is crossed by Oswegatchie r., and watered by 
its two branches for a few ms. before their 
junction. It is opposite Prescott, Upper Can- 
ada, and at the end of sloop and steamboat 
navigation; being a little above the rapids. 
It is 10 ms. sq. with a varied surface and pret- 
ty good soil. Oswegatchie r. is navigable and 
supplies many valuable factories. An old fort 
stood at its mouth, built by the French. Og- 
densburg, a port of entry, and a large and 
flourishing village, the St. jus. of the CO. is in 
this t. Port Van Rensselaer was built here in 
the last war. Pop. 1830, 3,993. 

Oswego, r. N. Y., the outlet of the lakes 
in the middle of the state, flows into lake On- 
tario near the middle of the s. shore, at Os- 
wego village. The lakes with which it is 
connected are Fish, Cross, Otisco, Onondaga, 
Owasco, Skcncnieles, Canandaigua, Crook- 
ed, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. The com- 
munication is by outlets, which unite and 
form Seneca r., and this coon falls into Os- 
wego r., as do many other small streams. 
These waters abound in mill sites. It is 24 
ms. long, runs n., and serves a very impor- 
tant purpose for the greater part of its coursr, 
as the Oswego canal, which connects Erie 
canal at Syracuse with lake Ontario. 12 ms 



It is watered by numerous streams, flowing 
in all directions, the principal of which, after 
that mentioned, is Oswego r. Salmon r. cross- 
es from the e. line to lake Ontario. Scribaa 
and Bay creeks run 8. into Oneida lake, 
Scott's cr. into Oneida r., Black cr. w. into 
Oswego r. and Catfish, Little Salmon, Grind- 
stone and Deer crs. n. and w. into lake Onta- 
rio. N. E. are some hills, but the co. is nearly 
level, with good grazing land, some soils 
favorable to grain, and remarkably, adapted 
to fruit trees. Oswego and Pulaski are the 
CO. towns. The CO. contains salt springs and 
freestone quarries. There are old forts at the 
mouth of Oswego r. by which was the commu- 
nication between the Canadians and the Five 
Nations of Indians before the French wars. 
Fort Oswego is in this co. as is part of the 
village of Oswego, the et. of jus. of the co. 
and a port of entry. The canal from the falls 
lies along the e. shore, and many manufacto- 
ries have been erected there. The construc- 
tion of the Oswego canal affords a navigable 
connection between lake Ontario and the Erie 
canal. Population in 1820, 12,374 ; 1830, 
27,119, 

OswEGO, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 168 ms. n. 
w. Albany, 72 N. n. w. Utica, s. lake Ontario, 
w. Oswego r., is level in some parts, gently 
varied in others, with soil favorable for grain, 
grass and fruit, and contains part of the v. of 
Oswego, the other part being inScriba. It is 
at the mouth of Oswego r. and enjoys great 
advantages as a manufacturing place, from an 
excellent lake harbor, (being defended from 
the waves by two long piers built by the gov- 
ernment of* the U. S.) and from the Oswego 
canal, which connects the navigation of lake 
Ontario and the Erie canal. A trading house 
was built here, 1772, at the mouth of Oswego 
r., and fort Oswego in 1727, 50 ft. above the 
level of the water. In 1755 it was enlarged, 
and fort Oswego was built on the opposite 
side, in Scriba, on much higher ground. 
They were captured by Gen. Montcalm, from 
the English, in 1756, with stores, arms, boats, 
and ammunition, butabandoned. In 1814, fort 



from the mouth of the r. is a fall of about 100 Ontario was taken by the British, but evacu- 
feet, round which was formerly a portage of 1 , ated the next day. Pop. 1830,2,703. 
m. for boats.The canal is conducted along the i OswEGO,incorporated v. and port, in the tsps. 
E. bank below the falls, to the village near the ! of Oswego and Scriba, st. jus. Oswego co. N.Y. 
mouth of the r. where it descends to the lev- {167 ms. n. w. by w. Albany, is a flourishing 
el of the harbor by locks, and affords abun- 1 place at the mouth of Oswego r.on high ground 
dance of water power to many factories. It! near the sites of the old forts Oswego and On- 
is crossed by a bridge 700 feet long. It serv-' tario. It has a good harbor, with 10 feet water 
ed in early times as the great channel of in- on the bar, and is protected from the waves of 
tercourse between the English and French in i lake Ontario by two long piers, built by the U. 
Canada, and the Six Nations of Indians, and S. A bridge 700 ft. long connects the two 
was a route of invasion in the revolutionary banks of the r. Oswego canal here termin- 
war. The harbor at the river's mouth, has; ates, and communicates with the river, on a 
been greatly improved by the government of, level with the lake, by locks on the e. side, 
the U. S., and has much njivigalion. It is ! affording water for many manufactories. It 
one of the places regularly visited by the is carried along the e. bank to the falls, 12 
lake steamboats. I ms. above which it enters the r. Boats pass by 

OswEGo, CO. N.Y. bounded by lake Ontario j this channel to Syracuse, on the Erie canal ; 
and Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida cos. e., Mad- j and it is the only navigable communication be- 
ison,Onondaga and Cayuga cos. s. and Cayuga tween that canal and the lake. This work 
CO. w., Oneida lake and r. forming the line on has given great importance to the v., which 



OTS 



388 



OTT 



has increased very rapidly within three or four 
years. 

Oteoo, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 86 ms. \v. by 
s. Albany, '20 s. \v. Cooperstown, and n. \v. 
Susquehannah r. or Delaware co. ; has large 
and rich meadows on that r., with hills else- 
where, and pretty good soil. It is crossed 
by Otego creek, which aflbrds fine mill seats, 
Otsaawa creek and other streams. The 
timber is valuable, and rafts are sent down 
the Susquehannah r. Pop. 1830, 1,148. 

Otego, r. Otsego co. N. Y., rises near the 
centre of the co. in 2 branches, near Oak cr., 
runs s. parallel to it about 28 ms., supplies 
good mill sites, and falls into Susquehannah 
r. a little above Huntaville. 

Otis, p-t, Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. w. 
Boston, 20 s. e. Lenox ; is on high ground, be- 
tween Farmington and Westfield rs., and has 
several streams and ponds flowing into them. 
The surface is uneven. Pop. 1830, 1,012. 

Otisco, lake, or pond, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
near the s. w. corner of the co., 1 mile by 4, 
and parallel to Skeneateles lake ; receives 
several brooks, and discharges through Otis- 
co creek into Onondaga lake. Its Indian 
name means " waters much dried away." 

Otisco, creek, or Nine-Mile creek, Onon- 
daga CO. N. Y., flows from OtisOo lake north- 
eastrdly. in a curving course, into the middle 
of Onondaga lake. It is 15 ms. long, and 
supplies mill seats. 

Otisco, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 134 ms. 
w. Albany, 8 s. s. w. Onondaga, and 50 from 
Utica. It is 5^ ms. long n. and s., contains 
30 sq. ms. ; has high land, sloping w. to Otis- 
co lake, and its inlet and outlet, which bound 
it s. w. and e., towards Onondaga creek, to 
which it sends a tributary. The soil is moist 
and warm, the mill sites are good, and there 
is some limestone in the n. e. The timber 
is oak, nutwood, tulip, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
938. 

Otisfield, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 82 
ms. 8. w. Augusta, 40 n. Portland, s. w. of 
Oxford CO. ; has crooked r. e., and part of a 
large ponds. Pop. 1830, 1,274. 

Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N. Y., is a small 
but pure and picturesque sheet of water, 66 
ms. w. Albany, lying n. and s. near the n. line 
of the CO., abounding in salmon trout at all 
seasons, and giving rise to one of the north 
streams of Susquehannah r. It is from 7 
m. to 3 ms. by 9 ; and its outlet, on which 
stands the pleasant village of Cooperstown, 
affords water power to several large manu- 
factories. 

Otsego, co. N. Y., is bounded by Herki- 
mer, Oneida, and Montgomery cos. n., Scho- 
harie CO. E., Delaware co. s., Unadilla river, 
dividing it from Chenango and Madison cos. 
w. It is of irregular form, with 935 sq. ms. 
It is 66 ms. w. Albany, with 22 towns, and 
supplies the principal sources of the n. branch 
of Susquehannah r. Otsego and Schuyler's 
Jakes, near theN. line, flow sthwstly., as does 
Charlotte r. in the s. e., and Scheneoas, Cher- 
ry Valley, Otego, Otsaawa, Butternut, and 



Wharton creeks. Branches of Unadilla cr. 
are on the w. line, which is a large tributary 
of the Susquehannah. A few brooks in the 
N. flow into Mohawk r. The co. is elevated 
and hilly, being crossed by the Susquehannah 
hills and Kaatsberg range, which passes to 
the Hudson at Little Falls. The soil is vari- 
ous, and most favorable for grass. Coopers- 
town, a pleasant village, and the st. jus. of 
the CO., is at the outlet of Otsego lake. Iron 
ore is found in some places, limestone near 
Schuyler's lake, marble in Cherry Valley, 
and sand stone n. There are many cotton 
factories on the outlet of Otsego lake and 
Oak cr., the outlet of Schuyler's cr., altogether 
containing about 8,000 spindles. On Butter- 
nut creek are 2 cotton factories with 5,200 
spindles, and a woollen factory, besides oth- 
ers of difl^erent kinds at Hartwick, &c. &g. 
Pop. 1820, 44,856, 1830, 51,372. 

Otsego, t. Otsego co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 4,- 
363. 

Otselic, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 106 ms. 
w. Albany, 17 n. w. Norwich, and s. of Mad- 
ison CO. It is square, has good soil, pleasant- 
ly varied, and is crossed from n. e. to s. w. by 
Otselic creek. Pop. 1830, 1,236. 

Otselic, creek, N. Y., rises in the s. w. part 
of Madison co., crosses part of Chenango, 
and enters Tioughnioga creek in Broome co., 
after a course of 43 ms. 

OTsauAQO, creek, (Osquaga or Olnquaga,) 
rises in Hamilton co., flows e. into Montgome- 
ry CO., and enters Mohawk r. at Fort Plain. 
It has a course of about 23 ms. and affords 
good mill sites. 

Ottawa, co. Michigan, bounded by Alle- 
gan CO. s., Kent s. e. and e., Oceana n. e. and 
N., and lake Michigan w. Length from s. to 
N. 38 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 6'l!4 sq. 
ms. Lat. 43° and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect 
in this CO., about 170 ms. n. w. by w. Detroit. 

Otter Bridge, and p-o. Bedford co. Va., 
17 ms. 8. w. by w. Lynchburg, and 215 ms. s. 
w. W. C. 

Otter Creek, Vt., the largest stream in 
the state, whose entire course is within its 
bounds, rises near Bennington co. and flows 
s. into it, then n. through Rutland co. and 
empties into lake Champlain near the line of 
Chittenden CO., just above Vergennes. It is 
about 90 ms. long, and, with its branches, wa 
ters 900 sq. ms. The first part of its course, 
to Middlebury, is smooth ; thence to Pitts- 
ford 25 ms., it is navigable in boats ; and has 
valuable falls at Middlebury, Weybridge, and 
Vergennes, where are manufactories. It i.<4 
navigable for the largest lake vessels for 8 
ms. from Vergennes to the lake. In some 
parts this r. flows thro' fine meadows of great 
fertility. Its tributaries are numerous ; prin- 
cipally Lemonfair, Little West, Mill, New 
Haven, Leicester, Furnace, Cold rs. &c. 

Otter Peaks, the highest part of the 
Appalachian system, sthwst. of the Delaware. 
The Peaks of Otter are parts of the Blue 
Ridge, rising to a height above the Atlantic 
ocean of 4,260 feet. They are situated .'JO 



OWE 



389 



OXF 



rns. by the road from Lynchburg, and be- 
tween Bedford and Botetourt cos. Va. l)i- 
reetiou I'ronj l>yncliburg a very lilllc n. of due 
west. 

Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. 
w. Ellicottville, and s. of Cattaraugus creek. 
Pop. 1830, 1,224. 

Ottsville, p-v. northern part of Bucks co. 
Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. n. Phil., and 14 in a similar 
direction from Doylestown. 

Ouachita. (See Waskitaw.) 

Oi/hy's p-o. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 127 ms. 
s. w. Columbus. 

Overall's p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 
91 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Overslaugh, a shoi.1 and crooked channel 
in Hudson r. in Bethlehem, 3 ms. s. Albany ; 
has caused much difficulty to the navigation 
in sloops and steamboats in times past. 

Overton, co. of Ten. bounded by Morgan 
E., Cumberland mtn. which separates it from 
Fentress s., Jackson w. azid Cumberland co. 
Ky. N. Length 32, mean width 28, rmd area 
896 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 10' to 
36° 36'. Cumberland r. in a southwestern 
direction traverses the northwestern .ingle of 
Overton, receiving in that part of its course 
Obies r., the different branches of which lat- 
ter stream drain the far greater part of the 
CO. ; declivity a little n. of w. Chief town, 
Monroe. Pop. 1820, 7,128, 1830, 8,242. 

Ovid, p-t. and one of the sts. juS. Seneca 
CO. N. Y. 205 ms. w. Albany, 18 s. Water- 
loo, between Cayuga and Seneca lakes, about 
9 ms. E. and w., and nearly 5 n. and s. ; has 
a varied surface, well cultivated, with good 
soil,jnd many small mill streams. Ovid v. 
near the middle of the n. line, is on an emi- 
nence descending e. and w. and overlooking 
both lakes. There is much good wheat land 
on the shores. Pop. 1830, 2^756. 

OwAsco lake, Cayuga co. N. Y., near the 
middle of the co., from 1 to 2 ms. wide, by 
11 long, receives Owasco inlet from the s., 
and discharges Owasco outlet s. It lies 
nearly equidistant between Cayuga and Ske- 
neateles lakes, and lies nearly n. and s. like 
almost all the interior lakes of N. Y. It is 
said to owe its name (which in the native lan- 
guage signifies a bridge,) from a raft formed 
of timber near the outlet. 

Owasco Inlet, N. Y., enters Owasco lake, 
Cayuga co. in Semproniiis. 

Owasco Outlet, Cayuga co. N. Y., flows n. 
from the n. &nd of Owasco lake, 15 ms. to 
Seneca r. 

Owasco, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 164 ms. w. 
Albany, 5 s. e. Auburn v., and w. Onondaga 
CO. ; lies s. w. on the e. side of Owasco lake, 
and a short distance on the outlet, has very 
rich land, and a few mill sites on a small 
stream. Pop. 1830, 1,350. 

OwEGO, p-t. and half shire, Tioga co. N. 
Y. 170 ms. w. s. w. Albany, n. Pa. line, e. 
Owego creek and Susquehannah r., and w. 
Broome co. ; is crossed by Susquehaimnh r.. 
7 ms. by 15, has a varied surface and soil. 



beech, &.c. on the hills. It is favorable to 
fruit. First settled about 1G90. Owego v. 
is on Susquehannah r. 1^ mst. from Owego 
creek, 29 s. s.^. Ithaca. Lumber, salt and 
gypsum are sent to Baltimore by the Susque- 
hannah. Pop. 1830, 3,026. 

Owen, co. Ky. bounded by Gallatin n., 
Grant n. e., Harrison e., Scott s. e., Franklin 
s., and Ky. r. separating it from Henry w. 
Length 20 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 
320 sq. rns. Extending in lat. from 38° 22' 
to 38° 42', and in long, from 7° 33' to 8° w. 
W. C. Though bounding on Ky. r. the body 
of the CO. is drained by Eagle creek, which, 
rising into Scott and Harrison, Hows n. n. w. 
between Grant and Owen, and thence bend- 
ing abruptly to wstrd. forms the boundary be- 
tween Gallatin and Owen, finally falls into 
Ky. r. Chief t. Owenton. Pop. 1820, 2,031, 
1830, 5,786, 

Owenboro, p-o., t. and st, jus. Daviess co. 
Ky. on the left bank of Ohio r., 76 ms. w. 
Elizabethtown in Hardin co., and 151 ms. a 
little s. of w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 48', long. 
10° 09' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 229. 

Owensville, p-v. Gibson co. Ind. by p-r. 
151 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Owenton, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Ky. 
about 25 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 30', 
long. 7° 42' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 143. 

Owingsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bath co. Ky. 
by p-r. 70 ms. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 10', 
long. 6" 44' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 241. 

Owl's Head, Thomaston, Lincoln co. Me. 
the W. cape of the inner part of Penobscot 
bay, rims s. e. and forms Clam cove. Op- 
posite are Fox isls., and outside of it several 
others. 

Oxbow, a bend in Conn. r. at Newbury, 
Vt. enclosing 450 acres of fine meadow. 

Oxford, co. Me. bounded by the dist. of 
Three Rivers in Lower Canada n. e., Somer- 
set and Kennebec cos. e., Cumberland and 
York COS. s., New Hampshire w. It is of an 
irregular form, elonged n. and s. The sur- 
face is rough, and in many places mountai- 
nous. Moose and Dead rs. rise here, and 
flow E. into the Kennebec. Androscoggin 
and Magolloway, a branch, rise in the k. part. 
The main stream flows through a chain of 
large lakes, the last of which is Umbagog, 
on the line of New Hampshire. The river 
returns into the co. in the s. part, crosses it, 
and enters KcnnebeC'co. The small streams 
are numerous. Saco r. crosses the s. w. cor- 
ner. The St. jus. is Paris. Pop. 1820, 17,630, 
1830, 35,211. 

Oxford, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1830, 
1,116. 

Oxford, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 17 ms. n. 
Hanover, 10 s. Haverhill, GO from Concord, 
120 from Boston, with 27,000 acre.", e. Conn, 
r., over which is a bridge. The soil is gene- 
rally fertile, especially the meadows on Conn, 
r. Mounts Cuba and Sunday are near the 
centre. There are 4 or 5 ponds, some of 
which flow into Conn, r., and others into the 



with white pine timber near the river, maple, Merrimack. C'oarse primitive limestone 



PAC 



390 



PAC 



abounds at the foot of a mountain. Building- 
granite, soap stone, and lead ore are also 
found. The village is on a street, in a beau- 
tiful valley 1 m.by 5or 6 ms. long, enclosed by 
hills, which approach each other very nearly 
in the middle. A social library was incorpo- 
rated 1797. First settled 1765. Pop. 1830, 
1,829. 

Oxford, p-t., Worcester co., Mass., 55 ms. 
8. w. Boston, 12 E. Worcester ; is divided by 
Stony or French r.the upper part of Quinebaug 
r. which flows s. into Connecticut. It affords 
good mill sites, which are occupied by 7 fac- 
tories. Here is a large thread factory, and 
several mills are soon to be erected. In 1686, 
a French colony settled this t. It consisted 
of Protestants, who left France on the repeal 
of the edict of Nantes. Gov. Dudley obtain- 
ed a grant of land here 8 ms. sq., for this 
purpose. In the e. part of the t. on a hill, 
are the remains of their principal fort, which 
had bastions and a well ; and their grapes, 
currants and asparagus, still grow there. In 
1696 an Indian incursion broke up the settle- 
ment, and the colonists retired to Boston, 
where they had a church for some years. A 
few of them afterwards returned, the place 
being reoccupied in 1713. Pop. 1830, 2,034. 
Oxford, p-t.. New Haven co.. Conn., 40 
ms. s. w. Hartford, 14 n. w. New Haven, e 
Housatonic r., 5 ms. by 8, with 38 sq. ms. ; h 
uneven, with gravelly loam, calcareous w., 
and generally productive. The trees are 
chiefly nut. Naugatuck r. and other streams 
water the tsp., and there are several mills and 
factories. Pop. 1830, 1,763. 

Oxford, p-t., Chenango co., N. Y., 10 ms. 
s. w. Norwich, 108 from Albany, 56 from 
Utica, has good land, crossed by Chenango r., 
(200 feet wide,) and other streams, which 
supply mill seats. The soil is good. The 
remains of an old fort are seen on a high 
bank of Chenango r., with a ditch 3 feet deep, 
enclosing about an acre. In 1788 large trees 
stood on the ground. Pop. 18.30. 2,943. 

Oxford, an incorporated v., Oxford, Che- 
nango CO., N. Y., 108 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 
236 N. w. N. Y., 110 w. Catskill, 56 s. by w. 



handsome swells at a little distance. There 
is an academy, &c. 

Oxford, p-v.. Blooming Grove, Orange co., 
N. Y., 12 ms. s. w. Hudson, w. West Point, 
has an academy. 

Oxford, t., Warren co., N. J., e. Delaware 
r., opposite Northampton co.. Pa., is crossed 
by Pequest cr., and Beaver or. its branch. 
It contains Belvidere v., the st. jus. of the co. 
Pop. 1830, 3,665. 

Oxford Furnace, v. Warren co., N. J., 5 
ms. E. Belvidere. 

Oxford, p-v., sthwstrn. part of Chester co., 
Pa., 50 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 92 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Oxford, v. Talbot co., Md., on the estrn. 
or left side of Tread Haven bay. It ,is a 
port of entry and one of the most trading pla- 
ces on the eastern shore of Maryland. 

Oxford, p-v. and st. jus., Granville co., N. 
C, by p-r. 47 ms. n. Raleigh, lat 36° 20', 
long. 1° 40' w. W. C. 

Oxford, p-v., n. w. part Butler co., O., by 
p-r. 110 ms s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 
737. 

OysTER, r., N. H., flows into Great Bay, 
through Durham, 

Oyster Bay, p-t., Queen's co., N. Y., Long 
Isl., 28 ms. E. N. Y., 172 s. Albany, s. Long 
Isl. sound, N. Atlantic O., has a variety of 
soil, pretty level surface, and West, Fort & 
Unkway necks on its s. coast, which extends 
only 3 ms., and has Jones's inlet opposite, 
which is a channel through the beaches which 
here line the coast. At the n. w. corner 
of the t. is Hempstead harbor, and n. Oys- 
ter Bay harbor, a large square sheet of water 
communicating e. with Cold Spring harbor, 
which extends along the n. e. boundary. 
There are several vs. in different parts of this 
extensive t. ; Musqueto, Oyster Bay, Nor- 
wich and Wolver Hollow n., Wheatly, and 
Jerico, and Cold Spring in the middle. Oak 
and Cove necks extend along Oyster Bay 
harbor. On Fort Neck were 2, Indian forts 
at the 1st settlement of the t. The remains 
of 1 are 30 yards square. Pop. 1830, 5,ri48. 
Oyster Bay, p-v., Oyster Bay, Suffolk co.. 



Utica; is pleasantly situated on the meadows N. Y., on the s. w. corner of Oyster Bay, 
of Chenango r., (about 1,200 yds. wide,) with lis resorted to in summer for fish, &-c. 



P. 



Pacific Ocean. If wc regard the Oregon 
Territory as appertaining to the U. S., the Pa- 
cific ocean ought to be named as one of the 
great boundaries, and demands a notice with 
the same propriety as does the Atlantic. Un- 
der the art. Oregon, we have already stated 
that the respective treaties with Spain and 
Russia, give the U. S. the sovereignty along 
the Pacific ocean from lat. 42° to 54° 40', 
or equal to 880 statute ms. in round numbers. 
A general view of this coast has already been 
given under the head of Oregon, and under 
that of the U. S. The phenomena of the pre- 



vailing winds as far as known, will be discus, 
sed. We may in this place observe, that in 
regard to prevailing winds, those of the two 
bounding oceans of the U. S. present a di- 
rectly contrary excess. Along the Atlantic 
from 6 to 7 in 10 of the winds are from the 
wstrd., of course towards the ocean ; on the 
Pacific coast the prevailing winds are also 
from tlie wstrd. ; therefore, from the ocean 
towards the land. This wstrn. current of the 
winds, which, as will be shown, is an estab- 
lished efiect of the laws of nature, must have 
u most powerful cfl^ect on the navigation of 



PAD 



391 



PAL 



the two coasts. The average time of voya- 
ges from the U. S. to and from Europe, is 
about as 21 is to 40, and vice versa. In a 
numerous series of voyages from the U. S. 
to Europe, if it demands 21 days, it will de- 
mand 40 days to return. From these ascer- 
tained comparative elements, it must be evi- 
dent, that the departure of vessels from the 
Atlantic coast of the U. S. is as 40 to 21, to 
the facility of approach ; and it must be equal- 
ly evident, that the very reverse will be the 
case on the Pacific coast. If indeed we 
compare the relative width of the two oceans, 
in the direction of the winds, wo might risk 
the theory, that the proportions will be great- 
er on the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast. 

The breadth of the Atlantic ocean along 
N. lat. 40° between the wstrn. coast of Spain 
and the estrn. of the U. S., is about equal to 
60 degrees of long., whilst the Pacific ocean 
along the same line of lat. from the wstrn. 
coast of N. A. to the estrn. coast of Asia, 
is equal to 105 degrees ; or tho breadth of 
the two oceans are, along the line assumed, 
as 3 to 5 very nearly. In bearing, however, 
the two oceanic coasts of N. A. are almost at 
right angles to each other ; the Atlantic coast 
bearing n. e. and s. w., whilst the Pacific 
coast bears s. e. and n. w. From this struc- 
ture of the respective coasts, it is clear, that 
the prevailing winds must leave the estrn. at 
a very different angle to their impulse on the 
opposite side of the continent. In art. U. S. 
it will be seen, that tho prevailing winds, 
being from the land in N. A. and from the 
ocean on Europe, is the true cause of the 
diflerence of climate between the opposing 
sides of the Atlantic, and that cause once 
discovered and acknowledged, its application 
demonstrates also the cause why Oregon, be- 
tween lat 42° and 54° 40', has a climate ap- 
proaching in temperature to that along the 
Atlantic coast, lat. 35° and 45°. It is remar- 
ked in the narative of the passage of Lewis 
and Clark over the continent of N. A. to the 
Pacific, that the name was far from appropri- 
ate at the mouth of Columbia, and we may at 
once perceive that from the prevailing wstrn. 
winds, and the immense body of ocean water, 
that the wstrn. coast of N. A. between n. lat. 
42° and 55°, must be a truly sea-beat shore. 
iSee Art. U. S.) 

Pacolet, r., N. and S. C, rises from the 
spurs of Blue ridge and in the sth wstrn. part 
of Rutherford co., of the former state. Flow- 
ing thence estrd. 15 ms., the stream bends to 
s. E. by E. over Spartanburg and Union dists., 
falls into Broad r. nearly opposite the s. w. 
angle of York dist., after a comparative 
course of 60 ms. This stream heads opposite 
the sources of French Broad cr., and its val- 
ley lies between those of Ennoree and Broad 
rivers. 

Pactolus, p-v. on tlie South Fork of Hols- 
ton r., and in the wstrn. part of Sullivan co., 
Tenn., about 80 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxvillc, and 
by p-r. 268 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Paddytown, p-v., Hampshire cp., Va., on 



Potomac r., 20 ms. by land road above Cum- 
berland in Md., and by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Paducak, p-v., estrn. part of McCracken, 
Ky-i by p-r. 19 ms. estrd. Wilmington, the co. > 
St., and 245 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Page, co., Va., bounded s. by Rockingham, 
w. Shenandoah, and n. Frederick ; Blue 
Ridge separating it from Culpepper e., and 
Madison s. e. ; length 34 ms., breadth 11 ms., 
and area 374 ; lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 1° 
25' w. The main and estrn. branch of She- 
nandoah r. winds to the s. e., traversing this 
CO. in its greatest length ; slope of course in 
the direction of its principal r. The surface 
is generally hilly, and the co. being bounded 
on two sides by mtns. gives it the appearance 
and reality of a rugged valley, though much 
of the r. soil is fertile and well adapted to 
farming. The co. of Page corresponds nearly 
to what is called E. Shenandoah in the cen- 
sus returns, and contained in 1830, a pop. 
of 8,327; chief t. Luray. 

Page's Mill and p-o., Gibson co., Tenn., by 
p-r. 150 ms. w. Nashville. 

Pagesville, p-v., wstrn. part Newberry 
dist., S. C, by p-r. 75 ms. n. w, by w. Colum- 
bia, and 30 ms. sthwstrd. Newberry, the st. 
just, for the dist. 

Painsville. p-v., wstrn. part Amelia co., 
Va., 46 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and about 
a similar distance a little n. of w. Petersburg. 

Painesville, p-v., Rockingham co., N. C, 
by p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Painesville, p-v. on Grand r., nrthestrn. 
part Geauga co., O., 4 ms. s. Fairport on 
Lake Erie, and by p-r. 161 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus. Pop. of the tsp., 1830, 1,499. 

Paint cr., p-o., Floyd co., Ky., 10 ms. n. 
Petersburg, the co. st., and by p-r. 161 ms. 
s. e. by E. Frankfort. 

Painted Post, p-t., Steuben co., N. Y., 27 
ms. s. E. Bath, 234 w. by s. Albany, w. Tioga 
CO., is crossed by Tioga r. from n. w. to s. e., 
just below the mouth of Conhocton r. and 
the canal. It is 12 ms. by 20, and had its 
name from an oaken post, erected, and occa- 
sionally painted red by the Indians, in memo. 
ry, it is believed, of a great warrior. The 
land good, and there is much rich alluvian. 
Locust timber is sent to market. Pop. 1830, 
974. 

Painter's Cross Roads, and p-o., Del. co.. 
Pa., by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Painted Rock, p-v., Jackson co., Ala., by 
p-r. 152 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Palatine, p-t., Montgomery co., N. Y., 10 
ms. w. Johnstown, 51 n. n. w. Albany, and n. 
Mohawk r., is well watered and supplied with 
mill sites by Garoga cr., &.C., and has excel- 
lent land. It was settled by Germans, 1724. 
Stone Arabia is a part 4 ms. from the r., de- 
clining s., and remarkably fertile. There was 
a small palisaded fort here in the revolution. 
In 1780 it was garrisoned with 200 men, and 
here Col. Brown fell. The Indians used to 
grind their corn in a hole in a rock in the s. e. 
corner of the t., with a large stone. Hence 



PAL 



392 



PAM 



Bread cr. derived ita name. "Palatine bridge 
is a V. in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,742. 

Palatine Hill and p-o., Monongalia co., 
Va., 4 ms. sthcstrd. Morgantown, and by 
p-r. 211 ms. N, w. by w. W. C. 

Palatka, v., John's co., Flor., on the lelt 
bank of St. John's r., about 85 ma. a. w. St. 
Augustine. 

Palermo, p-t., Waldo co.. Me., 16 ms. e. 
Augusta, 30 N. E. Wiscasset ; has Kennebec 
CO. w. and n. w., and Lincoln co. s., and con- 
tains several large ponds, which flow s. w. 
into Sheepscut r. Pop. 1830, 1,257. 

Palestine, p-v., Picken's co., Ala., by p-r., 
C2 ms. wstrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Palestine, p-v., and st. jus. Crawford co., 
I!., situated near the right bank of Wabash 
r., by p-r. e. Vandalia, lat. 39° 02', long. W. C. 
10° 40' w. 

Pamsado Rocks, the precipitous w. bank 
of Hudson r., beginning in Bergen, N. J., and 
extending into Rockland co., N. Y. The rock 
is of the trap formation, in some places lying 
upon red sand stone, which shows itself 
in horizontal layers at the water level. The 
height varies, but in some parts is very regu- 
lar, high and smooth like a wall. The frost 
gradually splits oil' fragments, which have 
accumulated below, and offer an extensive 
quarry for an inferior kind of stone. As the 
shore forms many projections, the peculiar 
form of those precipices gives a very pictur- 
esque aspect to this part of the shore of the 
Hudson, and the steamboats generally pass 
near the base. Small streams of water some- 
times pour down from the neighboring fields, 
and timber is sometimes slid down to the wa- 
ter, where are numerous little landing places. 
A few patches of sloping soil, and level arable 
land, are cultivated and inhabited. 

Palmer, p-t., Hampden co., Mass., 14 ms. 
E. Springfield, 82 s. w. Boston, incorporated 
1752, N. and w. Chickapee r., e. Swift r., 
crossed by Ware r. These 3 streams unite 
on the w. line of the t., and afford many fa- 
cilities for manufacturing. The surface is 
irregular, and the soil good for farms. This 
t. was first settled from the North of Ireland 
The Three Rivers cotton & woolen manufac- 
turing company was incorporated 1826, with 
a capital of a million. Population 1830, 
1,237. 

Palmer's Springs and p-o., wstrn. part 
Mecklenburg co., Va., 103 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Palmer's Tavern, and p-o.. Prince George's 
CO., Md., 30 ms. from W. C. 

Palmerstown, mtn., N. Y., rises between 
lakes Champlain and George, in Washington 
CO., bounds lake George for some distance 
on the E., crosses Warren co. in the s. e., and 
enters Saratoga co. It consists of granite and 
gneiss, is steep, and from 200 to about 1,000 
ft. high. 

Palmyra, p-t., Somerset co.. Me., 51 ms. 
^". E Augusta, 28 e. by n. Norridgcwock,215 
N. E. Boston, w. Penobscot co., and adjoining 
Newport, is crossed n. and s. by Sebaaticook 



r., and several of its small streams. Pop. 
1830, 902. 

Palmyra, p-v., wstrn. part Lebanon co., 
Pa., 14 ms. N. E. by e. Harrisburg, and 10 a 
little a. of w. from the borough of Lebanon. 

Palmyra, p-t.. Wayne co., N-. Y., 1 5 ms. 
N. Canandaigua, 220 n. n. w. Albany, is 
crossed by Mud cr. which runs e., and fur- 
nishes some mill sites, and admits of a little 
boat navigation. It is 6 ms. by 12, with a 
good soil, and has also Red cr. Erie canal 
passes through the tsp., and the v. or borough 
of Palmyra is on Mud cr., and the canal. 
Pop. 1830, 3,427. 

Palmyra, incorporated v. Palmyra, Wayne 
CO., N. Y. On Mud cr. and Eric canal, 196 
ms. N. N. w. Albany, 13 n. Canandaigua, 15 
w. Lyons, and 16 s. Pultneyville, has an acad- 
emy, several churches, factories, &c., and 
has considerable trade. 

Palmyra, p-v. and st. just., Fluvanna co., 
Va., by p-r. 45 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond, 
and 136 a. w. W. C. ; lat. 37° 47', long. 1° 
29' w. W. C. 

Palmyra, p-v., sthrn. part Halifax co., N. 
C, by p-r. 101 ms. n. E.by e. Raleigh. 

Palmyra, p.v., on the left bank of Cumber- 
land r., Montgomery co.. Ten., 4 or 5 ms. 
bulow, but on the opposite side from Clarks- 
ville, and by p-r. 48 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Palmyra, p-v., Portage co., O., by p-r. 139 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1830, 839. 

Palmyra, p-v., and st. jus., Marion co.. Mo., 
125 ms. N. N. w. St. Louis. ; lat. 39° 46', long. 
W. C. 14° 30' w. 

Pamela, p-t., Jefferson CO., N. Y., 166 ms. 
N. w. Albany, n. Black r., and opposite Wa- 
tertown, 4 ms. by 8., has an uneven surface, 
light loamy soil, yielding wheat, corn, &c., re- 
markably well. It has few springs or brooks. 
Williamsville, or Williamstown is on Black 
r. Limestone, which abounds, contains ve- 
getable impressions. Kanady's Grotto is a 
remarkable cavern, in a rock near the shore 
of Black r. Pop. 1830, 2,273. 

Pamlico, river, N. C. This name is appli- 
ed only to the bay of Tar r. below Washing- 
ton, Beaufort county. It is a sheet of water 
varying in width from 1 to 8 ms., and about 
40 ms. in length, with depth of water admit- 
ting any vessel which can be navigated over 
Pamlico sound. [Sec Tar river.) 

Pamlico Point, and p-o. Beaufort co. N. C 
by p-r. 29 ma. s. e. by e. Washington, and 
151 in a similar direction from Raleigh. The 
point is the cape on the s. side at the entrance 
of Pamlico r. The name is spelled Pantego 
in the P. O. list. 

Pamlico Sound, is an extensive shallow 
gulf, or more correctly, cape of N. C, the 
recipient from the w. of Tar, or Pamlico r., 
and on the s. w. of Ncuse r. It is in form of 
a half moon, stretching 70 ms. from the mouth 
of Neiise in a n. e. direction, to the strait 
which unites it with Albemarle sound. The 
breadth varies from 8 at the northeastern ex- 
tremity to 30 towards Core sound, and the 



PAR 



393 



PAR 



tnoulhs of Neuso and Pamlico rs. This sound 
is flcparatod from tho Atlantic ocoan by Coro 
and Hattoraa islands. These islands are, 
however, mere narrow, low, but very danger- 
ous reefs. Core isl. from Cedar to Occacoke 
inlet is 22 ms. long. Hatteras isl. is about 
60 ms. in length from Occacoke to New Inlet. 
The land around Pamlico sound is every 
where low, and in many places marshy. 

Pamunkey, r. Va., and tho principal con- 
stituent of York r., is formed by Pamunkey 
proper and North Anna. The latter rises in 
Orange, the nrthrn. part of Louisa, and in 
Spottsylvania cos., and flowing thence south- 
eastward unites with the Pamunkey between 
Caroline and Hanover cos. 

The Pamunkey rises in the south west mtn., 
on the border between Albemarle and Loui- 
sa ; drains the sthrn. and central part of Lou- 
isa, and traversing Hanover joins the North 
Anna. Below their junction tho united wa- 
ters, known by the name of Pamunkey, pre- 
serves the original course sthestrd. about 45 
ms. comparative course, (but perhaps double 
that distance by the bends,) to its junction 
with Mattapony to form York r. The entire 
comparative length of Pamunkey, by either 
branch, is about 90 ms. The broadest part 
of tho valley but little exceeds 30, and is on 
]y about 15 ms. mean width, area 1,300 sq. 
ms., lying between those of Jas. and Chicka- 
hominy on the right,and Mattapony on the left. 
Panther, cr. and p-o. ethestrn. part of Sur- 
ry CO. N. C, by p-r. 130 ms. e. w. by w. Ra 
leigh. 

Panther, cr. and p-o. Daviess co. Ky., 10 
ms. sthrd. Owensborough, and by p-r. 1G9 
ms. w. of s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Panther's Gap, and p-o. Rockbridge co. 
Va., by p-r. 195 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Panton, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 13 ms. n. w 
Middlobury, 25 s. Burlington, w. Otter cr., e. 
lake Champlain, opposite Elizabethtown, N. 
Y. ; chartered 17G4 ; with 10,530 acres ; is 
very level, and crossed by a sluggish stream 
of Otter creek running through it n. Pop. 
1830, 907. 

Paoli, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 25 ms. wstrd. 
Philadelphia. 

Paoli, p-v. and st. jus. Orange co. Ind., sit- 
uated near the centre of the co., by p-r. 94 
ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis ; lat. 38° .34'. 
Papachton, r. Delaware co. N. Y. The e. 
branch of the Delaware, rises in many small 
streams in Stamford and Roxbury, the east 
towns of the co., flows 3. w. through its south 
tqwns 48 ms. to the Del. in Hancock co., and 
receives many tributaries, of which Beaver- 
kill, from N. Jersey, is the principal. It af- 
fords mill sites. 

Papertown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 
Paterville, p-v. in the northeastern angle 
of Sullivan co. Ten., situated on Holstein r. 
by the road 118 ms. above, and n. e. by e. 
Knoxville, and by p-r. 274 ms. a little n. of e. 
Nashville. 

Pabaclifta, p-v. Sevier co. II., by p-r. 1G8 
ms. a. w. by w. Little Rock. 
50 



Pahadisb, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 44 

me. estrd. Ilarrisburg. 

Paradise, p-v. Cole co. II., by p-r. 70 ms. 
N. E. Vandulia. 

Paradox, lake, Scaroon, Essex co. N. Y., 
5 ms. long, and empties into Scaroon r. It is 
surrounded by high hills, in a wild region, 
from which the water frequently descends in 
great quantities. Sometimes tho outlet is 
raised by a shower above the level of the 
lake, and flows back into it, from which re- 
markable peculiarity the lake is said to have 
derived its name. 

Parciphanv, p-v. Morris co. N. J., 21 ms. 
N. w. Newark, and G3 from Trenton, on a 
small branch of Passaic r. A school for the 
instruction of Africans, was formed here in 
181G, under tho Presbyterian synods of this 
state and N. Y., to supply the colony at Libe- 
ria and in Hayti, with school teachers and 
clergymen, but it is not continued. 

Parham's Store, and p-o. Sussex co. Va., 
by p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

Paris, p-t. st. jus. Oxford co. Mo., 42 ma. 
w. Augusta, 46 n. w. Portland, and 160 n. n. 
E. Boston, is nearly of an oblong form, lying 
N. w. and s. e. and crossed by Little Andros- 
coggin r., in the upper part of its course, 
which rises in the adjoining counties. It has 
a high mtn. s. Pop. 1830, 2,306. 

Paris, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ms. w. Uti- 
ca, 106 ms. n. n. w. Albany, is of regular 
form, and contains about 100 sq. ms. with a 
varied surface, and good soil, especially in 
the vallies, favorable to grain, grass, &c., 
and bearing maple, beech, birch, elm, &c,, 
with some hemlock and cedar. It is well 
watered and supplied with mill sites and 
trout by Oriskany and Sadaguada crs. There 
is a mill seat on the latter stream, to every 
22 yards of its course. Hamilton college is 
in this t., in the village of Clinton, where is 
also a seminary, several boarding schools &-c . 
There are 37 school districts in the t. Iron 
is obtained from ore furnished by the t., and 
silicious and lime stones are quarried. The 
Brothertown Indians settled in this t. some 
years ago, on land given them by the Onei- 
das. They were from the remnants of the 
New England tribes, and some from the Del- 
awares. The town is 8 ms. s. of Erie canal, 
but is crossed by the route of a new canal to 
be constructed. There are several villages ; 
Clinton, Paris Hill, Paris Furnace, Manches- 
ter village, Sanquait village, and Hanover. 
Moses Foote commenced the settlement, 
with 10 families, in 1787. Pop. 1830, 1,477. 
Paris, p-v. nrthrn. part Fauquier co. Va., 
.58 ms. w. W. C. 

Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ten., 
situated on a small branch of Sandy creek, 
by p-r. 118 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville, lat. 
36° 19', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. 

Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Bourbon co. Ky., sit- 
uated on the s. fork of Licking r., 40 ms. e. 
Frankfort, and "20 ms. n. v.-. Lexington. Lat. 
38° 12', long. 7° 13' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 
1,219. 



PAS 



394 



PAS 



Paris, p-v. Stark co. O., by p-r. 127 me. n. 
E. b7 s. Columbus. 

Paris, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by p-r. 76 me. 
s. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Edgar co. II., by p-r. 
106 ms. N. E. by e. Vaadalia. n. lat. 39° 36', 
long. W. C. 10°44' w. 

Parisburg, p-0. and st. jus. Giles co. Va., 
situated on the left bank of New r., where 
that stream passes through Peter's mtn., and 
immediately above the gap, by p-r. 298 ms. 
8. w. by w. W. C, and 240 ms. a little s. of w. 
Richmond. Lat. 37° 21', long. 3° 43' w. W. 
C. 

Parisville, p-v. nrthrn. part Baltimore co. 
Md., by p-r. 26 ms. from Baltimore. 

Parisville, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 144 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Parkersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Wood co. 
Va., situated on the point above the conflu- 
ence of Ohio and Little Kenhawa rs., 12 ms. 
below Marietta, Ohio, and by p-r. 299 ms. a 
little N. of w, W. C. Lat. 39° 15', long. 4° 
34' w. W. C. 

Parkersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 

Parkhead, p-v. Washington co. Md., by 
p-r. 87 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Parkinson's Ferrt, and p-v. on the left 
bank of Monongahela, directly below the 
mouth of Pigeon creek, Washington co. Pa., 
20 ms. E. from the borough of Washington, 
and very nearly a similar distance s. Pitts, 
burg. 

Parkman, p-v. sthestrn. part of Geauga co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 159 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
tsp. 1830, 732. 

Parks, p-o. Edgefield district, S. C. by p-r. 
Ill ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

Parma, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 230 ms. n. 
by w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,G39. 

Parma, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O., by p-r. 131 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Parsonsfield, p-t. York co. Me. 93 ms. s. 
w. Augusta, 38 n. w. Portland, and 118 n. n. 
E. Boston ; borders w. on Effingham, Straf- 
ford CO. N. H., and n. on Oxford co. Me., 
Ossipee r. forming the line. Two ponds cmp. 
ty s. e. into little Ossipee r. Pop. 1830, 2,492. 

Partlow's, p-o. Spottsylvania co. Va., by 
p-r. 79 nis. s. s. w. W. C., and 59 n. Rich- 
mond. 

Pascagoula, river of Miss, and Ala., the 
much greater share of its valley being in 
Miss., is formed by 2 branches of the Chick- 
asawhay and Leaf rivers. The Chickasaw. 
hay rises in the Choctaw country, lat. 32° 
50', and flowing thence by a course of very 
near s., receives the Leaf r. about 2 ms. be- 
low lat. 31°. The valley of Chickasawhay 
lies between those of Leaf and Ala. 

Leaf r. rises about n. lat. 32° 20', and pur- 
suing a southeastern course unites with the 
Chickasawhay as already noticed. The uni- 
ted water, thence known as the Pascagoula, 
continues the course of the latter, to the Pas- 
cagoula sound, N. hit. 30° 20'. The entire 
comparative length of the Pascagoula by the 
main branch, Chickasawhay, is 170 ms. ; the 



mean breadth of the valley ie at least 50 ms. 
and area 8,500 sq. ms. The Pascagoula val- 
ley lies between those of Pearl and Ala. and 
comprises the western part of Mobile and 
Washington counties, Ala., and all of Jack- 
son, Perry, Greene, Wayne, Jones and Cov- 
ington, and part of Lawrence, Sampson and 
Rankin cos. in the state of Miss., with a con- 
siderable space in the Choctaw country. 

Pascagoula Soi'nd, is a sheet of water 
spreading along the southwestern border of 
Alabama, -and the southeastern of Mississip- 
pi, extending in length 55 ms. from the Pass 
of Heron w. to the Pass of Christian, with a 
mean width of about 8 ms. It is separated 
from the gulf of Mexico, by a chain of low, 
narrow sand islands, named, advancing from 
E. to w., Dauphin's, Massacre, Petite Bois, 
Horn, Dog, Ship and Cat island. The depth 
of water in the sound is generally about from 
10 to 18 feet, but no vessels drawing more 
than 6 feet can be navigated through the Pas- 
ses. The depth increases rapidly on the Gulf 
side of the islands. When the British fleet 
came on the coast of La., iheir heaviest ships 
of the line were anchored close on Catisl., 
outside of the Pass of Mariam. This an- 
chorage is in fact the most sheltered on the 
U. S. coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, where 
ships of war of the largest class can be safe- 
ly moored. 

Pascagoula, p-o. southern part of Jackson 
CO. Miss., about 200 ms. a little e. of s. e. 
Natchez. 

Pascataqua, river N. H., empties into the 
ocean at Portsmouth, on the boundary be- 
tween that state and Me., and is formed by 
several small streams, which rise in Rock- 
ingham and Strafford cos., and meet a few 
ms. from the coast. Of these Salmon Fall 
r., the principal, runs on the boundary of Me. 
The others are Cocheco, Bellamybank, Oys- 
ter, Lamprey, Squamscot and Winnicut rs. 
The five last fall into a kind of lake, which 
takes the name of Pascataqua river, and con- 
tracting in size below, at the distance of 3 
ms. joins the ocean, forming Portsmouth har- 
bor, which is a very good and safe one, and 
has a navy yard of the U. S. with several isl- 
ands. 

Pasquotank, r. N. C. is the drain of the 
sthrn. part of Dismal Swamp, and after flow- 
ing s. s. e. between Camden and Pasquotank 
cos. opens by a comparative wide bay into Al- 
bemarle sound, after a course of 40 ms. inclu. 
ding bay and river. The Pasquotank bay ad. 
mils ordinary coasting vessels to its head at 
Elizabeth City. 

Pasquotank, co. N. C. bounded by Pasquo- 
tank r. separating it from Camden co. n. e. 
and E., Albemarle sound s. e., Perquimans 
CO. s. vv., Gates n. w., and Nansemond, and 
Norfolk cos. Va. n. Length from Albemarle 
sound to the Va. line 40 ms., mean width 
about 8, and area 320 square ms. Extending 
in lat. from 36° 03' to 36° 30', and in long, 
from 0° 23' to 1° e. W. C. The surface is 
a plain, partly marshy, but with considerable 



PAT 



395 



PAT 



tracts of good soil. The Blight declivity is 
8. s. E. Chief town, Elizabetli City. Pop. 
IB^'O, 8,008, 1830, 8,C41. 

Pasmadi'nkeag, town, Penobscot co. Mc. 
Pop. 1830, 2G9. 

Passaic river, N. J. a valuable stream, nav- 
igable 10 nis. for sloops, rises in Morris and 
Somerset cos. and forms the boundary of Essex 
CO. almost on three entire sides, w., n. and e. 
It receives Pompton r. n. which is formed of 
Pequannoc and Ramapo rs. which last rises 
in Rockland co. N. Y. Rockaway r. falls 
into it on the w. and there are several small- 
er branches. The Passaic supplies water to 
the most important manufacturing village in 
(he state, Patterson. It there makes a fall of 
72 feet from a precipice, into a deep pool be- 
tween two rocks, but the current has now 
been diverted into numerous channels for the 
supply of (he various manufactories, so that 
the cascade, which was formerly celebrated 
by its picturesque beauty, is now to be seen 
only during the wet season. The Passaic is 
cros.sed by an aqueduct of Morris canal, 3 
nis. above Patterson. 

Passamaquoddy bay, partly in Penobscot co. 
Me. lies principally in New Brunswick. It 
receives St. Croix r. which forms the e. boun- 
dary of the United States for some miles, and 
the communication with the Atlantic is nearly 
closed by Campbello island. It is formed by 
Quoddy Head, inLubec, Me. and the s. w. 
corner of New Brunswick, being about 6 ms. 
by 12, and containing Deer isl. The tide 
rises from 25 to 33 feet. Tlie water is deep, 
well stocked with fme fish, and never frozen 
over. The fish arc cod, herring, mackerel, &c. 

PAssAMAauoDDY Indians, Me. of whom only 
a small tribe remain, reside in Perry, on a 
rcsorvntion of 27,000 acres, and have a Ro- 
man Catholic church. 

Passumpsic river, Vt. rises in a pond in Es- 
sex CO. and flows s. through a part oTCaledo- 
nia CO. into Connecticut river, at the bend in 
Barnet. It is rapid till it reaches Lyndon, 
and then winds slowly through several rich 
tracts of meadow, with a few falls. It is deep, 
and has several branches, running a course of 
34 ms. 

Passvunk, tsp. Phil. co. Pa. adjoining the 
sthrn. side of cho city of Phila. and extend- 
ing from the Del. to the Schuylkill r. 

Patapsco, r. Md. This comparatively small 
stream has gained great importance from hav- 
ing had the eastern part of Baltimore and 
Ohio rail road, formed along its valley. The 
Patapsco rises by numerous creeks from the 
southeastern foot of the Parr spring or Sugar 
Loaf ridge of mtns. between Frederick and 
Baltimore cos. and opposite to Little Pike 
creek, Linganore, and Bush creek, branches 
of Monocacy. The main or northern branch 
rises near Westminster in Baltimore co. and 
flowing first s. e. about 8 ms. turns to the 
southward 15 ms. to the forks of Patapsco, 
where it receives the western branch or Parr's 
Spring branch. The latter rises ncarRidge- 
ville and almost on the Baltimore and Freder- 
ick road, and near where that road is crossed 



l)y the Baltimore and Ohio rail road. From 
tlioncc pursuing an eastern course between 
Baltimore and Ann Arundel cos. 15 ms. to 
its junction with the northern branch. 

The forks of Patapsco on the junction of the 
two main constituents of that r. is IG ms. air 
measure n. w. by w. city of Baltimore. From 
the forks, with many partial bends and a gen. 
eral southern curve, and a comparative dis- 
tance of20 ms. the Patapsco opens to a bay, 
receiving Gwyns Falls creek on the southwest- 
ern side and Jones' Falls creek in the city of 
Baltimore. Jones' Falls creek bay is in fact 
the harbor of Baltimore, and the compactly 
built part of the city does not yet reach the 
Patapsco bay. The junction of the two latter 
is made below fort McHenry ; from the 
basin of Baltimore the Patapsco bay stretch- 
es fourteen miles southeast, with a width 
from one to three miles to the Chesa- 
peake between Bodkin and North Points. 
The basin of Patapsco is in length 40 ms. 
and mean width 15, area GOO square ma. be- 
tween lat. 39° 08' and 39° 38'. 

Measuring the plains of descent from Parr's 
Spring ridge to tide water in Patapsco, we 
find it within an inconsiderable fraction of 27 
ms. The ridge near Westminster is G75, and 
near Parr's Spring 850 feet elevated above tide 
water. The water level at the forks is 385 
feet, of similar comparative height. The 
mean height of the ridge 780 feet nearly, 
consequently the mean fall from the summit 
to tide water is 28 7-8 feet per mile, or yields 
a plain of descent or ascent of 3° and 8 
minutes. This great and rapid fall renders 
the Patapsco and its branches highly valuable 
as mill streams. (See Daltinwie and Ohio 
railroad.) 

Patoka river, Indiana, rises in Orange and 
Crawford cos. and entering Dubois, approach- 
es to within 3 ms. of the E. fork of White r. 
at Portersville, but inflecting thence first e. 
E. and thence west, crosses Pike, and enter- 
ing Gibson, falls into Wabash, one or two 
ms. below the mouth of White r. after an 
entire comparative course ofSOms. in a di- 
rection from E. to w. It may be remarked, 
that the corresponding courses of Ohio, Pa- 
toka, and White rs. being all I'rom east to 
west, demonstrate a corresponding uniformi- 
ty of structure in the country where r. chan- 
nels have such striking resemblance in their 
direction. The Patoka valley lies between 
that of Ohio and White rivers. 

Patrick, co. Va. bounded by the Blue Ridge 
which separates it from Grayson w., and 
Montgomery n. w., by Franklin x. e., Henry 
E., Rockingham co. N. C. s. e., Stokes co. 
North Carolina south, and Surry county, N. 
C. s. w. Length diagonally from s. w. to 
N. E. 42, mean width 12, and area 504 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 3G° 30' to 30° 47', 
and in long, from 2° 5G' to 33° 40' w. W. C. 

The northern part of Patric. declines north, 
eastward, and is druinedby Irvine or Smith's 
r. The sthe.'strn. angle gives sonrce to Maj'O 
river, the central part gives source to the ex- 
treme fountains of Dan r. whilst the wstrn. 



PAT 



396 



PAT 



angle, towards Grayson, is drained by the 
extreme northern Bources of the Yadkin. 
The whole county has a general declivity to 
the southeastward. Chief town, Taylors- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 5,089, 1830, 7,395. 

Patrick, C. H. [See Taylorsville, Patrick 
CO- Va.) 
Patrick's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. 
Patrick's Salt works and p-o. Perry county 
Ky. byp-r. 125 ins. s. e. Frankfort. 

Patriot, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. by p.r. 
121 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Patterson, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. 
E. Carmel, 22 s. e. Poughkeepsie, 93 e. Alba- 
ny, 8. Duchess CO., w. Connecticut, is hilly e. 
and w. with a broad and fertile valley be- 
tween, in which is a large swamp, contain, 
ing an isl. of 12 acres, and extending into 
Pawlings. This is the source of Croton r. 
The village is n. 

Patterson, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 61 ms. n. 
w. by N. Trenton, 18 n. n. w. New York, 
at the great falls of Passaic r. is one of the 
principal manufacturing villages in the U. S. 
In 1791 the society for establishing useful 
manufacturers was incorporated, with a capi- 
tal of $1,000,000, and the right to dig canals, 
clear rivers, &c. within 6 ms. and authority 
to form a city and co. with the consent of the 
inhabitants ; the last has never been done. 
The population 30 years since was only about 
300. At this time (1832,) there are about 
8,000 inhabitants. There are about 800 dwel- 
lings in the place, including 57 stores ; nine 
churches, viz : — Presbyterian, one ; Ro- 
man Catholic one ; Reformed Dutch, three ; 
Episcopal, one ; Baptist, one ; Reformed 
Presbyterian, 1 ; Methodist, 1. A large 
new Catholic church, of stone, is also build- 
ing. There is also a bank, with a capital of 
^125,000 paid in. There are about 20 day 
schools, 8 for females, instructing together 
more than 700 children ; a free school, sup- 
ported by the town, in which about 80 poor 
children are instructed, and an infant school 
where 150 poor children are gratuitously in- 
structed. 

The literary societies are, the mechanics 
institute, and a philosophical society, which 
has a respectable library. There are fifteen 
blacksmiths' shops, besides those immediately 
connected with the machine shops, twenty. 
five shoe shops, employing fifty seven hands, 
ten taverns, two millwright and machine 
shops, including a blacksmith shop, which 
employ twenty hands, and four other machine 
factories, employing two hundred and eighty 
hands. In one of these, were manufactured 
last year 15,048 spindles, together with all 
the necessary frames and fixtures, which, at 
$12 the spindle, amount to $180,576. Con. 
nected with this is an iron and brass foundry, 
producing annually 1,020,000 pounds of iron 
and brass castings. Another manufactory 
for machinery is also erecting. 

There is one rolling and slitting mill, and 
nail factorj', employing 23 hands, and produ- 
cing annually 672,000 poimds of nails, a wool- 
len or satinet factory, 17 cotton factories, witii 



22,029 spindles. The raw cotton consumed 
in these factories in 1829, was 2,179,600^, pro- 
ducing 1,914,450 pounds of yarn ; the raw 
cotton costing ^223,501. There is now man- 
ufactured annually in Patterson, upwards of 
400,000 yards of cotton duck, and about 
200,000 yards of other description of cotton 
cloth. In 1829 the cotton duck made amount- 
ed to 150,000 yards, and of other cotton cloths 
1,861,450 yards. The cotton yarn not made 
into cloth, amounting in eighteen hundred 
tweny nine to 1,192,400, now to 1,500,000, 
is sent from Patterson, principally to New 
York and Philadelphia. There are in ope- 
ration in the factories 266 power looms, and 
26 hand looms. In the town there are em- 
ployed upwards of 500 hand looms, making at 
least 800 power and hand looms in operation 
in the place. 

The Phenix duck manufacturing co. em- 
ploy 1,616 spindles, consume annually 600,000 
lbs. of flax, manufacture 450,000 yards of 
duck & 143,000 yds. of bagging, and employ 
395 hands. The total of cotton and flax spin- 
dles employed in Patterson are now rising of 
40,000 ; the amount of cotton and flax con- 
sumed annually is estimated at 3,200,000; 
the total of cloth and duck of all kind made 
annually, in 1829 was 2,604,450 yards, now 
nearly 3,000,000. The annual amount of 
manufactured goods in Patterson is about 
2,590,000 dollars. The Morris canal passes 
within sight of the town, and a rail road t© 
Hoboken is in a course of completion. 

The beautiful falls of the Passaic r. at this 
place, attract many visiters. The water pow- 
er which operates all the machinery we have 
noticed, is procured from above the falls, by a 
sluice way cut through the precipice, and is 
conducted by canal to the several manufacto- 
ries. The supply is yet more than abundant 
for the purposes to which it is applied. 

Patterson's Mills, and p-o. Washington 
CO. Pa. 249 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Pattonsburg, P-v. on James r. Botetourt 
CO. Va. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Fincastle, the co. 
seat, and40 ms. N. w. by w. Lynchburg, by 
p-r. 223 ms. n. w. W. C. The water level 
in James r. at low flood, is 806 feet above tide 
water at Rokett's, below Richmond. 

Pattonsville, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by 
p-r. 38 ms. n. Raleigh. 

Patoxent Forge and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. 25 ms. n. e. VV. C. and nearly a similar 
distance a little w. of s. Baltimore. 

Patuxent, r. Md. having its remote source 
on the southern side of the Sugar Loaf ridge, 
between Montgomery and Ann Arundel 
COS. The main stream from its source pur- 
sues a s. E. course 40 ms. separating first 
Montgomery from Ann Arundel, and thence 
Ann Arundel from Prince George's. Having 
reached within 6 ms. of Chesapeake bay, the 
Patuxent inflects to a southern course 30 ms. 
with Prince George's and Charles' cos. on the 
right, and Ann Arundel and Cafvert on the 
left, it gradually expands to a wide estuary, 
and bending again to the s. e. 20 ms. between 
Calvert and St. Mary's it terminates in Ches- 



PAW 



397 



PEA 



apeake bay, after an entire comparative 
course of 90 ms. It may be noticed as a cu- 
rious lact, tiiat the Patuxent in the 50 lower 
miles of its course is in no one place 12 nis. 
from Chesapeake bay, the mean width of ihe 
intervening country being about 8 ms. 

The entire valley of the Patuxent is remark- 
ably narrow. Tlio direct distance between 
the opposing sources is in no part fifteen ms. 
asunder, and the mean width of the valley is 
perhaps overrated at 10 ms., area about i)00 
square ms. The higher pnrt of this conllned 
basin lies between those of Potomac and Pa- 
tapsco, the lower between Potomac and 
Chesapeake bay. 

Paulinskill, r. N. J. rises in Sussex and 
flows through Warren co. into Delaware r. 
at Columbiaville, in Knowlton. It has its 
its principal source in Long pond, in Frank- 
ford. Its course is about 25 ms. 

Paulus Hook, a small peninsula, Bergen, 
Bergen co. N. J. opposite the city of New 
York, containing the village of Jersey city. 
Towards the main land it has a low neck, 
over which the road is carried on a cause- 
way, being in danger from high tides. There 
is a steamboat ferry to the city, and several 
lines of stage coaches proceed hence to Phila. 
Easton, »fcc. 

Pawcatuck river, R. I. rises in Washington 
CO. with one of its branches heading just over 
the boundary of Conn. Its streams are prin- 
cipally supplied from ponds, which still bear 
the Indian names. The latter part of its 
course marks the boundary between the two 
states, near the sea. 

Pawlet, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. 
Rutland, 33 n. Bennington, 23,040 acres, 
chartered 1761, first settled 1762, is crossed 
by Pawlet r. southwesterly, and has Indian r. 
in the s. w, which has its source in an abun- 
dant spring, and abounds in trout ; a moun- 
tainous range divides it n. and s., in the mid- 
dle of which is Haystack mtn. The soil is 
warm, dry, bearing grain and grass, maple, 
beech, birch, elm, &c. Indian river was 
once a favorite fishing place of the Indians. 
There is an academy in the town. Pop. 1830, 
1,965. 

Pawi.et river, rises in Vt. near the line of 
Bennington and Rutland cos., flows \. w. in 
Washington co. N. Y. passes through Gran- 
ville, and falls into Wood creek in Whitehall. 
It is a valuable mill stream, well supplied 
with water, and stocked with trout, and above 
20 ms. in length. 

Pawling, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. s. 
E. Poughkecpsic, 105 ms. s. Albany, w. Con- 
necticut, N. Putnam co. 8 ms. by about 9. The 
hills of Dover and Patterson extend thiough 
its E. and w. parts, and between them lies a 
continuation of the same valley, with apart of 
the large swamp which was mentioned in Pat. 
tcrson. The waters flow partly s. forming the 
sourc? of Croton r. and partly n. into Ten 
Mile r. in Dover, a branch of Ilousatonic river 
of Conn.; Quaker hill, and West mountain, arc 
considerable eminences. Iron ore is found 
here, mien, &c. Population, lc<30. 1,705. 



Pawtucket, r. R. I. the principal branch of 
Seaconk r., rises in Worcester co. Mass. and 
bears the name of BlatMistone r. in that state. 
It enters R. I. near the n. e. corner, divides 
Cumberland and Sniithfield in Providence co., 
and supplies water power to many of the prin- 
cipal manufactories in the state, particularly 
in the village of Pawtucket. The Blackstone 
canal extends up its valley for most of ita 
length, to Worcester, Mass. and aUbrds great 
advantages to numerous manufactories in that 
state as well as in R. I. 

Pawtucket, p-v. 4 ms. n. Providence, at the 
falls of Pawtucket r., partly in Providence R. 
I. and partly in Seekonk, Mass. 4 ms. n. e. 
Providence, is a large manufacturing village. 
There are three falls. At the central falls are 
3 large cotton factories, with 6,600 spindles, 
162 looms, and using 900 bales of cotton annu- 
ally; there is also a thread factory. At theUpper 
or Valley falls 4 factories, with about 17,500 
spindles, and 140 looms ; and at the Lower 
falls where the greater part of the inhabitants 
live, are 11 factories, with 18,687 spindles and 
430 looms. The population in 1831 was suppos- 
to be about 4,000. The Blackstone canal 
passes near the village. 

Pawtucket falls, in Merrimack r. Mass., 
between Lowell and Dracut. Within the dis- 
tance of about 300 yards the descent is 30 ft. 
The water first falls perpendicularly over a 
ledge of rocks, and then pours foaming down 
a rough channel. A bridge crosses just at the 
fall. A canal, 90 ft. broad, is dug on the s. 
side, and drawsofl'a large volume of water to 
the great manufactories of Lowell, which is 
situated at the confluence of Concord and 
Merrimack rs., about 1 mile below. The 
country in this vicinity was the seat of the 
Pawtuckets, in the early history of New Eng- 
land a powerful tribe of Indians, who were 
governed by Wonnalonset, an old and friendly 
sachem. After residing here till 1686, they 
sold their remaining land and retired into the 
interior. 

Paxton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 ms. 
w. Boston, 9 N. w. Worcester ; is watered by 
Nashua r. flowing into the Merrimack, and 
Chickapee r. flowing into the Comiecticut, 
has good land, with a varied surface, also sev- 
eral fish ponds. Pop. 1830, 597. 

Peacham, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, 18 n. w. Newbury ; was charter- 
ed 1763, but was nmch impeded in its growth 
by the revolutionary war. A grammar-school 
was established in 1795. Pop. 1830, 1,.351. 

Peach Bottom, p-v. lower part of the south- 
eastern angle of York co. Pa. by p-r. 36 ms. e. 
e. by E. from the borough of York, and 80 n. 

N. E. W. C. 

Peaks of Otter. {See Otter, Peaks of.) 
Pearl, r. Miss, and La. having its remote 
sources in the Choctaw country and in the 
former state, about lat. J3° interlocking sour- 
ces with those of Big Black, Pearl and those 
of Oaknoxabee branch ofTombigbee. Flowing 
thence by comparative courses 80 ms., curves 
gradually to s. s. e. 160 ms. to its mouth into 
ihe Rigolets, after an entire compariive course 



PED 



398 



PEL 



of 24 miles. The valley of the Pearl is nar- 
row, and in all its length the only coHflucnt 
above the length and volume of an ordinary 
creek, is the Bouge Chitto.(«See Bougc Chitlo.) 
The basin of the Pearl on the strict principles 
of geographical classification contains the val- 
leys of the Tchefoute, Tanchepaha, Tickfah 
and Amite, as the Rigolets are the common 
estuary of all those streams, and the Pearl, be- 
ing lowest in order of discharge and in length 
of course very greatly the superior volume, is 
entitled to give name to the basin. 

The actual valley of the Pearl, including on- 
ly with the main stream that of Bogue Chitto, 
is about 240 miles in length, with a mean 
width of 30 ms. or 7,200 sq. ms. The 
Pearl drains a small section in the Choctaw 
territory, and part of the counties of Madison, 
Hinds, Rankin, Copiah, Simpson, Lawrence, 
Pike, Marion and Hancock in the state of 
Miss., and in La. part of the parishes of Wash- 
ington and St. Tammany. 

As a navigable stream the facilities afford- 
ed by the Pearl, bear a very small proportion 
to the comparative length of its course. The 
estuary is also impeded by rafts of timber, 
shallows, and sand bars. 

Pearlington, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. 
Miss. situated on the left or estrn. bank of Pearl 
r. about 150 ms. s. e. Natchez, and 50 ms. n. 
E. New Orleans, lat. 30° 30', long. W. C. 12° 
38' w. 

Pearman's, ferry and p-o. Dale co., Ala. by 
p-r. 220 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Pecan, grove and p-o. Washitau parish. La. 
by p-r. 346 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Peconhrv, p-o. Conway co. Ark. 33 ms. 
nthwstd. Little Rock. 

Pedee, r. N. and S. C, having its extreme 
nrthrn. source, however, in the wstrn. part of 
Patrick co. Va. This river has received the 
name of Yadkin in N. C. and it is only after 
entering S. C. that it is known as Pedee. 

The Yadkin rises from the sthestrn. valleys 
of the Blue Ridge, opposite the sources of 
French Broad, Nolachucky and Great Ken- 
hawa, and on the Atlantic slope, having inter, 
locking Rourc(^s with those of Uan r. n., and 
Great Catawba s. Flowing thence nrthestrd. 
over Wilkes and Surry cos. N.C. and receiving 
its extreme nrthrn. water from Va., it bends 
to a course a little e. of s., after having flown 
about 80 ms. nearly parallel to the Blue Ridge. 
The last noteil inflection is made on the bor- 
der between Surry and Stokes cos., at lat. 
3f)° 17', long 3° 30 w. W. C. From this point 
the Yadkin gains only 30' of long, in the res- 
idue of its course to lat. 34° 48', whore it en- 
ters S. C. and looses its name in that of Pe- 
dee. In the latter comparative course of 
about llO ms. no tributary above the size of a 
large creek enters from the left ; but from 
the right, Little Yadkin from Iredell and 
Rowan COS., and Rocky r. from Cabarras, 
Mecklenburg, Anson and the western part 
of Montgomery, are considerable streams, 
which will be described under their proper 
heads. The valley of the Yadkin is about 



135 ms. in length, with a mean width of 55 or 
a small fraction above 7,400 sq.ms., draining 
in Va. a small part of Patrick co., and in N.C. 
all Wilkes, Surry, Rowan, Davidson, Mont 
gomery and Cabarras ; with great part of 
Stokes, Iredell, Randolph, Richmond and 
Anson cos. 

If we regard the Yadkin as one of tho con. 
stitucnt streams of the Great Pedee, the lat- 
ter is formed by the Yadkin, Lynches, Wac 
camaw, and Little Pedee rs. See the secon- 
dary streams under their respective heads. 

The main stream enters S. C, between 
Marlborough and Chesterfield dists., and con- 
tinuing tho general course of Yadkin, over 
Marion, and thence between Horry and 
Georgetown dists. opens into Winyaw bay 
after a comparative s. s. e. course in S. C. of 
110 ms. This lower part of the basin is very 
nearly a square of 100 ms. each side, equal to 
10,000 sq. ms., making the whole basin, in. 
eluding the Yadkin valley, equ:d to 17,4(J0 sq. 
ms. If the basin is extended from Winyaw 
Point at Georgetown entrance to the source 
of Toms cr. in Patrick co. it stretches from 
lat. 33° 11', to 36° 35', and from tho estrn. 
bend of Waccamaw to tho extreme wstrn. 
fountains of Yadkin, from 1° 40' to 4° 30' of 
long. w. W. C. 

Without estimating the mtn. ridges, the rcl 
ative oceanic level of the arable soil along 
the sthestrn. slope of Blue Ridge in Wilkes, 
Surry,and Patrick cos. is at least 1,500 feet or 
an equivalent to 3^° of Fahrenheit, which add- 
ed to 3° 24', the difference of lat. yields al- 
most 7° difference in temperature between the 
higher and lower part of the Pttdee basin. 
Thisbasin lies between ihosc of Santeo and 
Cape Fear rs., and if duly improved would be 
of immense importance as a navigable and 
commercial channel. 

Pedlar's iiili-, and p-o. wstrn. part of 
Chatham co. N. C. 10 ms. wstrd. I'itlsboro', 
and 43 ms. in a similar direction from Raleigh. 

Pedlar's mills, and p-o. sthwstrn. part of 
Amherst co. Va. by p-r. 198 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 135 wstrd. Richmond. 

Pkebles, tavern and p-o. Northampton co. 
N. C. by p-r. 208 ms. a vei7 little w. of s. W. 
C, and 94 ms. n. e. by v.. Raleigh. 

Peekskii.i., incori>orated v. Cortlandl, West 
Chester CO. N. Y. on the east side oCIIudson 
river, near the mouth of Peekskill cr. at the a. 
entrance of the Highlands, 40 ms. n. New 
York ; has considerable trade, and daily com- 
munication with that city, in tho warm sea- 
son, by a steamboat. 

Peeling, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n. 
Plymouth, 60 N. by w. Concord, with 33,359 
acres, is crossed by Pemigewasset r., its three 
branches uniting here, and has mill seals on 
several other streams, particularly the sources 
of Wild Amonoosuc, Baker's rs. &.O. It has 
two ponds and several mtns. of which ('ush- 
man's and Blue mtns. are the chief. Settled 
1773. Pop. 1830, 292. 

Pn.iTAM, p-t. Hillsborongh co. N. 11. 37 me. 
s. by e. Concord, 45 s. w. Portsmouth, 32 n.w. 



PEN 



399 



PEN 



Tioaton, with 16,338 acres, contains Gumpas & 
lel. ponds, andpart of North pond.anJ is cross- 
ed by Beaver r. on which and its branches 
fire fine meadows, bordered by pine lands, good 
for grain. There is good grazing, orchard 
and wood land e. and w. Wood, chiefly oak, 
has been taken down the r. There aro sev- 
eral factories, &c. First settled 1772. Pop. 
1830, 1,070. 

Peliiam, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 85 ms. 
w. Boston, 10 N. E. Northampton, and 5 ms. 
E. Amherst; is elevated and has a hilly sur- 
face, with good grnzing land, and is watered 
in the e. by Swift r. and w. by Fort r. 
Pop. 1830,904. 

Pei.ham, t. Westchester co. N.Y. 18 ms. n.e. 
N. Y., 9 s. White Plains, n. Long Isl. sound, 
N. of East r. and e. of Chester cr., is small 
and terminates in an angle n. The surface 
is nearly level, with a stony but good soil. 
Pell's or Rodman's Point is s. It compre- 
hends City, Hart's and High isl. in the sound. 
Pop. 1830, 334 

Pembroke, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 60 
ms. N. w. Boston, 6 e. Concord ; e. Merri- 
mack r., s. E. Soucook r., n. w. Suncook r., 
with 10,240 acres, has several factories and 
mills, and a considerable village, with a fine 
street of 3 ms. parallel to Merrimack r. The 
roads generally run at right angles. The land 
near the v. slopes pleasantly to the narrow 
meadows on the rs. and it contains a town 
house, and an academy founded by Mr. Blan- 
chard. The Indian name was Suncook, and 
it was granted, 1727, to Capt. Lovewell and 
60 associates, for services against the savages. 
It was first settled 1728, and much interrupt- 
ed by their attack. The settlers were of 
English and Scotch descent. Pop. 1830, 
1,312. 

Pemdroke, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 23 ms. 
s. E. Boston. It originally belonged to Dux- 
bury, and had the only saw mill in the Old 
colony for 40 years. North r. runs between 
thist. and Hanover, and 2 branches flow from 
ponds. Tiiere are some manufactories. Pop. 
1830, 1,325. 

Pembroke, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
w. Batavia, 257 w. Albany, e. Erie co. ; 8 
miles by 14i ; is watered by Murder and 
Tonawanta creeks, with streams of Oak Or- 
chard creek. It contains the Tonawanta In- 
dian village on Tonawanta creek. The land 
bears maple, elm, beech, hemlock, &c., and 
is pretty good. Pop. 1830, 3,828. 

Pembrokf,, p-v. sthrn. part Todd co. Ky., 
by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Pembroke Springs, and p-o. Frederick co. 
Va. 18 ms. wstrd. Winchester, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 89 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

PEMtGEWAssET, r. N. H., chicfly in Grafton 
CO., is the w. branch of the Merrimac. Its 
N. branch rises in Franconia, a few ms. s. w. 
of the white mtns., and meets two others in 
Peeling. 

Pkndleton, CO. Va., bounded by a ridge 
called there locally " The Great North Moun- 
tain," separating it from Rockingham e., Au- 



gusta s. E., and Bath s. w., by the main spine 
of the Alleghany separating it from Randolph 
w., and by Hardy n. e. Length 40 ms., mean 
width 25, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 15' to 38° 53', and in long, 
from 2° to 2° 42' w. W. C. Pendleton occu- 
pies the most elevated part of the table land 
between its two bounding ridges of moun- 
tains, discharging to the e. w. the extreme 
sources of James r., and in an opposite direc- 
tion the higher sources of South Branch of 
Potomac. More than four-fifths of the surface 
is, however, in the valley of the latter. Com- 
paring the general elevation of Pendleton, 
with determined height in James r. in Alio- 
ghany co., with the whole slope of Bath co. 
intervening, the level of the aralde land from 
whence flow the sources of .Tames and Poto- 
mac rs., must exceed 2,000 feet. Covington 
in Alleghany, at the junction of Pott's creek 
with Jackson's river, is 1,222 feet above the 
mean tide in Chesapeake bay, and at this 
point the water of Jackson's r. has fallen 
down a plain of upwards of 50 ms. descent. 
The surface is generally mountainous, rocky 
and sterile. Chief t. Franklin. Pop. 1820, 
4,83G, 1830, 6,271. 

Pendleton, formerly the northwestern dis- 
trict of S. C, has been sub-divided and the 
name discontinued. The territory formerly 
comprised in Pendleton, contains the present 
existing districts of Anderson and Pickens. 
( Which see.) 

Pendleton, p-v. northwestern part of An. 
derson district, S. C, situated on a branch of 
Savannah r., by p-r, 143 ms. northwestward 
Columbia. Lat. 34° 38', long. 5° 42' w. W. C. 

Pendleton, co. Ky., bounded by Bracken 
e., Harrison s. e. and s.. Grant w., Campbell 
N., and Ohio river separating it from Cler- 
mont CO. in the state of O. n. e. Length 32 
ms. by a diagonal from s. w. to n. e., mean 
width 14, and area 448 sq. ms. Extending 
in la(. from 38° 30' to 38° 52', and in long, 
from 7° 10' to 7° 35' w. W. C. Licking river 
traverses this co. in a northwestern direction, 
and very nearly parallel to that of the O. r., 
where it joins the boundary between this and 
Clr'mont co. The declivity is of course in 
the same direction with the rivers. Chief t. 
Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 3,086, 18.30, 3,863. 

Pendleton, p-v. wstrn. part Madison co. 
Ind., by p-r. 40 ma. n. e. Indianopolis. 

Penfield, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 10 ms. e. 
Rochester, 211 w. by n. Albany, s. lake On- 
tario, w. Ontario in Ontario co. ; 67 sq. ms. 
It has Teoronto bay n. w., into which flows a 
mill stream, and several other streams run n. 
into the lake. The surface has an inclination 
nrthrd., and the soil is poor. The village is 
s. w. The bay, which is often written Ge- 
rundegut, and Irondequot, is 1 mile by 5, and 
opens by a narrow strait into lake Ontario. 
Pop. 1830, 4,474. 

Penfield, p-o. Lorain co. O., by p-r. 116 
ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Penn Branch, p-o. Orangeburg district, S. 
C, by p-r. 65 ma. sthwrd. Columbia. 



PEN 



400 



PEN 



Penn Line, p-v. wstm. part of Crawford co. ' 
Pa., 21 ma. northweatward Meadville, and 
about 100 ma.N. n. w. Pittsburg. 

Pennsboro', p-v. Wood co. Va., by p-r. 2G8 
ms. w. W. C. 

Penn's Neck, Upper, t. Salem co. N. J., 50 
ms. s. w. Trenton, and 25 s. w. Philadelphia. 
It has Old Man's creek n. which separates it 
from Gloucester co., and Delaware r. w., op- 
posite the mouth of the Brandy wine, and Wil- 
mington, Del. It has settlements at Pedricks- 
town and Sculltown, and the Cove. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,G38. 

Penn's Neck, Lower, t. Salem co. N. J., 
58 ms. s. w. Trenton, 30 s. w, Philadelphia, 
Del. river w., and Salem r. e., which flows 
into it on the s. line, where there are tracts of 
marshy land. It lies opposite New Castle 
and Delaware city, Del., and near the middle 
of the river is the small island on which was 
fort Delaware, belonging to the D. S., which 
was accidentally burnt in the winter of 1831 
and 1832. Pop. 1830, 994. 

Penn's Store, and p-o. estrn. part Patrick 
CO. Va.,17 ms. nrtheatrd. Taylorsville, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Pennsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 18 ms. n. 
w. Trenton, N. J., and 26 a little e- of n. Phil- 
adelphia. 

Pennsville, p-v. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 76 
ms. s. E.by e. Columbus. 

Pennsylvania, state of the U. S., bounded 
by N. Y. N. and n. e., N. J. e., Del. s. e., Md. 
s., Va. s. w., and the state of Ohio n. w. 

The name of this state is derived from the 
surname of William Pcnn, and sylva, woods ; 
and means, literally, Penn's woods. Though 
at the epoch when the name was imposed, 
the real features of the country it was in fu- 
ture to designate, were in great part unknown ; 
to those who were its authors, no term could 
be more appropriate. Few, if any, regions 
of equal extent, and in one continuous body, 
ever bore, in a state of nature, a more dense 
forest. Pennsylvania was an expanse of 
woods, in the strictest acceptation of the 
word. 

As now limited, Pennsylvania extends from 
lat. 39° 43' to 42° 16', and from 2° 20' e. to 
3° 36' w. W. C. It is bounded in common 
with Delaware, from the Del. r. by a circular 
line, around New Castle co., tothe n. e. lim 
its of Cecil co. Md., 24 ms. ; due north to 
the N. E. angle of Md., 2 ms.; along the nor- 
thern limit of Md., 203 ms. ; in common with 
Va., from the n. w. angle of Md. to the s. w. 
angle of Greene co., 59 ms. ; due north, in 



Its greatest length is due w. from Bristol 
on Del. r., to the eastern border of Ohio co. 
Va., through 356 minutes of longitude, along 
lat. 40° 09'. This distance, on that line of 
latitude, is equal to 315 American statute ms. 
The greatest breadth, 176 ms., from the Vir- 
ginia line to the extreme northern angle on 
lake Erie ; and general breadth, 188 ms. 

The area of the state has been variously 
stated, but propably never very accurately 
determined. In both Morse's and Worcester's 
Gazetteers, the superficies is given at 46,000 
square miles. Other authorities vary, but 
comparing the best maps, and from calcula- 
ting the rhombs, and parts occupied by the 
state, Pennsylvania includes above 47,000 sq. 
ms. Rejecting the fractional excess, and us- 
ing that curve superficies, the state will con- 
tain thirty million and eighty thousand statute 
acres. 

Its mountains obtrude themselves at the 
first glance on a map, as the most prominent 
of its natural features. No even tolerably 
good survey having ever been made of the 
mountains of this region, and many important 
chains having been entirely omitted, a lucid 
classification is attended with great difficulty. 
Some of the collateral chains hitherto over- 
looked, have been supplied from personal ob- 
servation ; but no doubt much remains to be 
added or rectified, by future research. The 
structure and position of its mountains, haa 
given to Pennsylvania an aspect peculiar to 
itself. The Appalachian system in the Uni- 
ted States, generally extends in a direction, 
deviating not very essentially from s. w. to n. 
E. ; but in Pennsylvania, the whole system is 
inflected from that course, and passes the 
state in a serpentine direction. Towards the 
s. boundary, the mountains lie about N. N. E., 
gradually inclining more eastwardly as they 
penetrate northwards ; and in the central cos. 
many of the chains lie nearly east and west ; 
but as they extend towards the northern bor- 
der of the state, they again imperceptibly in- 
cline to the north cast, and enter New York 
and New Jersey, innearly that direction. 

The influence of the mountains in modify- 
ing the general features, is very obvious, far 
beyond where any chains or ridges are sufli. 
cicntly elevated to be classed as parts of the 
Appalachian system. It will be, however, 
shown in the progress of this review, that the 
mountain system is very much too greatly 
restricted, not alone in Pennsylvania, but also 
in Md., Va., N. Y. and N. J. Without attend. 
to minor claims, the mountains of Pa. ad- 



common with Ohio and Brooke cos. of Va.rvancing from the southeast to n. w. are as fol- 
to the Ohio river, 64 ms.; continuing the last lows : — thougli omitted in most maps, a chain 
noted limit, in common with O. to lake Erie, enters the south boundary of York co. and cut 
91 ms. ; along the s. e. shore of lake Erie to by the Susquehannah river, rises in and trav. 
the western limit of New York, 39 ms. ; due ersc:? Lancaster county between Pequea and 
south along Chatauque co. of New York to Octorara creeks ; and between the sources of 
lat. 42°, 19 ms. ; thence duo east in common I the Conestoga and Brandy wine, separates for 
with New York, to the right bank of Del. r., !a short distance, Lancaster and Chester cos. 
230 ms. ; down the Del. to the n. e. angle of jContinui»g between Berks and Chester, it is 
the state of Delaware, 230 ms. ; having an i interrupted by the Schuylkill above Pottstown 
entire outline of 961 miles. | Rising again, and stretching N. E. forms, first, 



PEN 



401 



PEN 



the bonndary botwoon Montgomery and 
Berks ; thenco botwoon Jjohigh and Bucks, 
and separating Northampton from Bucks, 
reaches the Del. Pursuing a north east course 
through N. J. separating Sussex from Hun- 
tingdon, Morris, and Bergen cos. enters N. 
Y. between tho sources of the Walkill and 
Passaic rs., and extending in broken ridges, 
through the s. e. part of Orange co. forms the 
Highlands near West Point. 

The almost uniform neglect of professed 
geographers respecting this strongly marked 
feature, attests tho infancy of tho science in 
the United States. After having formed the 
celebrated masses on both sides of the F^ud- 
son between Newburg and West Point, the 
ridgo continues n. e. separating Putnam 
from Duchess co. Inflecting to tho n. and 
forming tho separating ridgo between the 
waters of the Hudson and Housatonic rivers, 
stretches through the eastern part of Dutch- 
ess, Columbia, and Rensselaer cos. Along 
the two latter, however, tho ridge forms, in 
reality, the separaling boundary between N. 
Y. and Mass. and entering the s. w. angle of 
Vt. continues through that state, by tho name 
of Green mountains, into Lower Canada. 
Thus prominent and continuous, from the 
Susquehannah to tho n. e., this part of the Ap- 
palachian system is equally so through Md., 
Va. and N. C. Passing over Harford, Balti- 
more, Ann Arundel, and Montgomery cos. in 
Md. it forms falls in tho Potomac, twelve 
ms. above Georgetown, and extends into Va. 
in Fairfax co. Varying in distance from 20 
to 30 ms. the Groat Kittatinny or Blue Ridge, 
and the ridge we have been tracing, traverses 
Va. into N. C. Leaving Va. in Henry, and 
entering N. C. in Stokes co., there is no 
doubt but that it is distinctly continued over 
the Carolinas and Goo. into Ala. Though the 
structure of the Atlantic slope, decidedly evin- 
ces a conformity to the Appalachian system, 
far below the S. E. mountain, it is the termi- 
nating continuous ridge towards the Atlantic. 
N. vv. from, and nearly parallel to, tho South 
mountain, another very remarkable ridge 
traverses N. J. and Pa. and similar to the for- 
mer, the latter is unknown in either of these 
states, by any general name. Its continua- 
tion in New York is designated by the Sha- 
wangunk. Between tho Susquehannah and 
Potomac, it is termed relatively, the South 
moimtain, and in Virginia and the Carolinas, 
it forms the Blue ridge, and entering the n. 
w. part of Geo. is gradually lost amongst the 
sources of Chattaliooche river. 

To preserve perspicuity, we have adopted, 
or rather extended the name. Blue Ridge into 
Pa. and N. J. This very remarkable chain 
of the Appalachian system enters Pa. on its 
southern line, and stretching n. between 
Adams and Franklin cos. reaches the sthrn. 
angle of C'umberland, where it turns to north- 
east, and extending towards the Susquehan- 
nah, separates Cumberland from Adams and 
York cos. About six miles below Hnrria- 
burg, the Blue Ridge is pierced or broken by 



the Susquehannah, and again rising below 
tho mouth of Swatara, crosses tho southern 
angle of Dauphin; thonoo known as the Conc- 
wago hills, it separates Lebanon from 
liancaster co. enters Berks, and reaches the 
Schuylkill at Reading. Continuing through 
Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton cos., the 
Blue Ridge passes Allentown, Bethlehem', 
and Easton, is again interrupted by the Del. 
below tho latter town. Extending through 
Sussex CO. the Blue Ridge enters N. Y. and 
and is ftnally terminated in the Shawangunk, 
on tho west side of Hudson r. and amongst 
the branches of tho Walkill. In one respect, 
the Southeast mtn. and Blue Ridge, in Pa. 
and N.J. differ from other sections of the 
Appalachian system. The two chains we 
have noticed, are formed of links more de- 
tached, than are those more remote from the 
Atlantic; but, otherwise, in respect to compo- 
nent matter, range, and vegetation, are in 
every place well marked sections of the gen- 
eral system. The very unequal elevation of 
their various parts, may, perhaps, be also ad- 
duced, as a characteristic of the Southeast 
mountain and Blue Ridge. The former does 
not, it is probable, in any part of Pa. or N. J. 
rise to 1,000 feet above the level of the At- 
hmtic, whilst in N. Y. at tho Highlands, 
some of the peaks, particularly Butterhill, 
exceed 1,500 feet elevation above tide 
water ; and in Mass. and Vermont tower to 
near 3,000 feet. If taken generally, the 
Blue Ridgo in Pa. and N. .1. is more elevated 
than the Southeast moimtain, yet no particu- 
lar part of the former rises to an equal eleva- 
tion with the Highlands, on either bank 
of the Hudson. In Md. the Blue Ridge as- 
sumes a very distinctive aspect, and separa- 
ting Frederick and Washington cos. is brc 
ken by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, below 
the mouth of Shenandoah. This fine chain 
crosses, and adorns Va. and N. and S. Caroli- 
na. In one remarkable circumstance, the Blue 
Ridge stands alone amongst the mountain 
chains of the United States. From the Sus- 
quehannah to N. w. angle of S. C, in a dis- 
tance of upwards of .'jOO miles, it every 
where forms a county demarcation. 

The third, and in some respects the most 
remarkable chain of Pa. is the Kittatinny. 
Known by divers local names, the Kittatinny, 
in a survey advancing from s. w. to n. e. first 
rises distinctively in Franklin co., and like 
other chains in the sthrn. margin of Pa. ranges 
a little cast of north ; but inflecting more to 
the northeast, extends to the Susquehannah, 
separating Cumberland and Perry cos. Five 
miles above Hrirrisl)urg, the Kittatinny is 
interrupted by the Susquehannah. Broken 
also by the Swatara, the Schuylkill, the 
Tichigh, and Delaware, the Kittatinny enters 
N. J. through which it passes into N. Y. and 
forms, by its continuation, thr Catsbcrgs. 
The general aspect of the Kittaninny is 
much more continuous than any other moun. 
tain chain of Pa. It is, however, very far 
from being uniform in elevation, varying from 



PEN 



409 



PEN 



800, to perhaps 1,500 feet nbovo tido water. 
Northwest from the Kittatinny, though moro 
elevated, the chains are much less distinctly 
defined. Between the Kittatinisy mountain, 
and the north branch of Susquehannah r. the 
intermediate country is in a great part com- 
posed of high rugged mountains, and narrow, 
deep, and precipitous valleys. This is the 
most sterile and least improvable part of Pa. 
but it is the region producing the most ex- 
tensive masses of anthracite coal, known on 
the globe. The confusion in the natural ar- 
rangement of the anthracite section of Pa. is 
more apparent than real. The Kittatinny 
mountain and Susquehannah r. lie nearly par- 
allel upwards of seventy ms. ; distance from 
each other about 35 ms. The intervening 
space is filled by lateral chains, rising in 
many places, far above any part of the Kitta- 
tinny. Amongst these chains, two are wor- 
thy of particular notice, and serve, preemi- 
nently, to elucidate the very peculiar topo- 
graphy of interior Pa. 

Bedford and Franklin cos. are separated 
by a chain, there known as Cove mountain. 
With a change of name, toTuscarora moun- 
tain, the latter chain separates Franklin from 
Huntingdon, and Perry from Mifflin, and 
reaches the Susquehannah nearly opposite 
the southern extremity of Northumberland 
CO. Rising again below the Mahantango r. 
and broken into vast links, the chain divides 
into nearly equal parts, the space between the 
Kitttatinny mountains and the main branch of 
Susquehannah r. Broad mountain, passed 
on the road from Easton and Bethlehem to 
Berwick, is one of the great links of this cen- 
tral chain. 

More accurate surveys would, it is more 
than probable, identify Sideling hill, of Bed- 
ford CO., Jack's mountain, of Huntingdon and 
Mifflin, and the central chains of Union, Co- 
lumbia, and Luzerne cos. The chain which 
rises on both banks of the Susquehannah, in 
Luzerne, is amongst the most interesting fea- 
tures, not only in the U. S. but the world. 
The very peculiar structure of this valley will 
be noticed more appropriately, when treating 
of the rivers of that part of Pa. In the pres- 
ent instance, it is the mountains we have be- 
fore us, and to which our attention is directed. 
Below Sunbury, a chain commences, or if my 
supposition is correct, is continued up the 
Susquehannah, along its left shore ; this 
chain is crossed by the river above Danville, 
and again above Catawissa. From the latter 
place, the chain stretches to the northeast, 
through Columbia, enters Luzerne by the 
name of Nescopeck, and mingles ultimately 
with other chains, and is terminated towards 
the southern angle of Wayne co. Nearly 
parallel to the Nescopeck, and with a com- 
paratively narrow intervening valley, another 
chain leaves the Susquehannah, above the 
borough of Northumberland, and traversing 
Northumberland and Columbia cos. enters 
Luzerne, and is broken by the Susquehanah 
.sixteen ms. below Wilkes-Barre. Skirting the 



loft bank about eight ms. it ie again crossed 
by the r. and continuing its course n. e. pas- 
ses about two and a half miles from and op- 
posite Wilkes-Barre. Preserving its course 
N. E. it is for the third and last time, crossed 
by the Susquehannah, above the mouth of 
Lackawannock creek ten miles above Wilkes- 
Barre, and stretching towards the Del. is lost 
in Wayne co. Beyond the main branch of 
Susquehannah, to the northwest, the chains 
lie nearly parallel to those s. e. from that r. 
The structure of the country on both sides of 
the Susqueharmah nearly the same. The 
yet discovered mines of anthracite coal, ad- 
vancing from southeast to northwest, cease, 
in the chain immediately opposite Wikes- 
Barre. 

To the eye, the region included between 
the west branch of Susquehannah and the 
Potomac, bears a strong analogy to that be- 
tween the west and north branches of Sus- 
quehannah, but a minute scrutiny exposes a 
great change advancing southwest towards 
the borders of Maryland. Soil and vegeta- 
tion both ditler materially. The beech, hem- 
lock, and sugar-maple forests, are succeeded 
in the valleys, by oak, hickory, and elm. 
Thus far the entire drain of Pa. is into the At, 
lantic ocean. The chain called the Allegha- 
ny forms in the southern parts of Pa. the di- 
viding ridge between the Atlantic slope and 
the valley of Ohio. 

Alleghany mountain has, no doubt, from 
this circumstance, received its preeminence 
amongst the mountain chains of Pa., Md. 
and Va. Only about sixty miles of its range 
in the former state, however, does separate 
the sources of the streams of the two great 
natural sections, the Atlantic slope and Ohio 
valley. The Alleghany chain leaving Alle- 
ghany CO. inMd., separates Bedford and Som- 
erset COS. and extending in a northerly direc- 
tion, also separates the n. w. part of Bedford 
from the s. e. part of Cambria co. At the 
extreme northern angle of Bedford, the Al- 
leghany turns to northeast, and is thence 
drained on both sides by the tributary streams 
of the Susquehannah. Discharging the wa- 
ters of the west branch to the n. w. and those 
of the Juniata and Bald Eagle rivers to the 
s. E., the Alleghany reaches the west 
branch of Susquehamiah at the mouth of Bald 
Eagle river. 

Here, once more, the defect of our maps 
is strikingly apparent. Lycoming co. is de- 
lineated as if no mountain chains traversed' 
its surface. This is not the fact, though too 
little is known of that part of Pa. to admit a 
classification of its mountains. If I was to 
hazard a conjecture, I should make the chain 
v/hich crosses the Susquehannah in Bradford 
CO. near to, and below Towanda, the contin- 
uation of the- Alleghany. It may be re- 
marked, that it is only in a few places e. of 
and those immediately in its spurs, that bi- 
tuminous coal has been hitherto discovered 
in Pa. on the Atlantic slope, whilst this min- 
eral abounds .v. w. from the Alleghany chain. 



PEN 



4i)3 



PEN 



This locality of biluininous coal prevails jKisIciminitas, though in reality extend. 

iiiij to near the south boundary of New 
York. 

In addition to the ^rcat chains we have 
been surveying, many of minor importance 
might be noted ; but v/e have deemed a view 
of the most striking parts sufficient. 

If engrouped into one view, tJic mountains 
of Pa. exhibit many very interesting points of 
observation. The Appalachian system is 
here upwards of one hundred and fifiy miles 
wide. The particular chains do not average 
more than three miles, if so much, in breadth. 
Before proceeding farther in our review, I 
may be permitted to observe, that mountains 
are considered as the superlative of hills. In 
not only Pa. but in the Appalachian system 
generally, hills and mountains arc not only 
specifically, but gcnerically, distinct features 
of nature. If this was not the case, the slope 
would, in most cases, gradually rise from 
the mouths to the sources of rivers, and no 
regular ranges of elevated ground could be 
found crossing the streams obliquely. Ac. 
cording to common opinion, the mountains of 
the U. S. form the dividing ridge between 
the waters of the Atlantic slope, and those of 
the Miss, and St. Lawrence basins. So far, 
however, are the mountains from constituting 
the separating line of the waters, that the 
real dividing ridgo, if it can be so called, 
crosses the mountains diagonally. 

The Appalachian system is formed, as we 
have seen, by a number of collateral chains, 
lying nearly parallel ; each chain is again 
formed by ridges, which interlocking, or in- 
tcrrupted by rivers, extend generally in a 
similar direction with the chain to which they 
particularly appertain. The chains differ 
materially from each other in elevation and 
in continuity. In some of the chains, at each 
side of the system, the parts are of very un- 
equal height above their bases, and of tide 
water. The Southeast mountain and Blue 
Ridge are proniinent examples. 

In the correct solution of any question 
arising out of the advance or distribution of 
population, the determination of the real sur. 
face covered with mountains, would afford 
extremely satisfactory element. As far as 
my own personal observation, and the present 
state of our geographical knowledge afford 
data, I have estimated tiie extent of mountain 
i)ase in Pa. ; and on the best maps, carefully 
measuring every chain, the entire length pro- 
duced, amounts to a small excess above 
2,250 miles. If the latter sum is, however, 
taken, and three miles allowed lor the mean 
breadth of the chains, tlie mountain area will 
be 6,750 square miles, or very nearly one 
seventh part oftlie superficies of the state. 

The respective r. basins, or rather the pec 
tions included in Pa., are of very unequal 
extent. Delaware, Susquchannah, and Ohio, 



across llu; whole state, and is found from 
near Towanda, in Pennsylvania, into Mary- 
land. 

Mow far, and to what extent, the iiitumi. 
nous coal formation spreads into Virginia, we 
are unable to determine. The Alleghany 
chain may, in the existing state of our miner- 
alogical knowledge, be viewed as the limit 
between the two species of coal in Pa. 

Whatever may be the elevation of its sum- 
mit, the base of the Alleghany chain, between 
Bedford and Somerset, and Cambria cos. 
constitutes the height of land between the 
Ohio r. and Atlantic tides, and forms also a 
similar demarcation in Md. This circum- 
stance is entitled to our serious notice, from 
this region being the intended route of 
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. The sum- 
mit level, or Cumberland road, as given by 
Mr. Schriver, is 2,825 feet. 

Asa mountain chain, the Alleghany yields 
in grandeur of scenery, and in elevation 
above its base, to not only the Broad mountain, 
but to many other chains of the Appalachian 
system. 

Chesnnt ridge is the next chain west of 
the Alleghany, the two chains extending near- 
ly parallel, and about twenty miles asunder. 
Though comparatively humble in respect to 
elevation, Chesnut ridge is one of the most 
extended chains of the system to which it 
appertains, reaching by various local names 
over Va., into Ten., and most probably into 
Ala. As placed on our maps, Chesnut 
ridge enters Pa. at the n. w. angle of Md., 
and ranging a little east of north, forms 
the boundary between Union and Somerset, 
thence between Westmoreland and Somerset, 
and finally between the n, e. angle of West- 
moreland and the s. w. of Camliria co. At 
the extreme n. e. angle of Westmoreland, 
the Chesnut ridge reaches tjie Kiskiminitas 
r,, and as delineated, its termination. So fir 
from being so in nature, this chain preserves 
its identity through the state farther n. than 
any other chain of the Appalachian sys- 
tem. 

Laurel hill is the last chain of the system 
in Pennsylvania. What has been already 
observed respecting the comparatively de- 
pressed chains nearest the Atlantic, may be 
repeated respecting the Chesnut ridge, and 
the Laurel hill : that, though not very eleva- 
ted, they nevertheless exist as well defined 
mountain chains. The latter is a very ex- 
tended branch of the system, reaching from 
the northern part of Pa. into Ala. This chain 
traverses Va. by various names ; separtUcs 
Va. from Ivy. as Cumberland mountain ; tra- 
versed Ten., and penetrates Ala. under the 
latter term, and interrupted by Ten. r. it forms 
the Muscle Shoals, ' and is imperceptibly 
merged into the central hills of Ala. Like 



many others, this very lengthened chain is 1 include an immense proportion of the whole 
delineated defectively in every map of Pa. I| state, and subdivide it naturally into the 
have seen. Similar to Chesnut ridge, Lau-j eastern, middle, and western river sec. 
rcl hill is terminated on our maps, near the) tions. , 



PEN . 4 

The following tables give the respective 
area of each, and also the smaller sections of 
Potomac, Genesee, and Erie. 

Delaware river drains the counties of 

S(juare Miles. Acres 
Berks, 
Bucks, 
Chester 3-4, 
Delaware, 
Lebanon IB, 
Leliigh, 
Luzerue, 
Montgomery, 
Nortliaunpton, 
Philadelpliia, 
Pike, 

Schuylkill 5-8, 
Wayne, 



950 


608,000 


640 


409,600 


550 


352,000 


180 


115,200 


40 


25,600 


360 


230,400 


180 


115,200 


450 


288,000 


1,100 


704,000 


120 


76,800 


850 


544,000 


500 


320,000 


790 


505,600 



6,7J0 



4^^294,400 



Susquehanuah drains the counties of 



Adams 3-5, 

Bedford 3-5, 

Bradford, 

Cambria 2-5, 

Centre, 

Chester 1-4, 

Clearfield 9-10, 

Columbia, 

Cumberland, 

Dauphin, 

Franklin 1-3, 

Huntingdon, 

Indiana 1-10, 

Lebanon 7-8, 

Luzerne 9-10, 

Lycoming, 

M'Kean 1-4, 

Mifflin, 

Northumberland, 

Perry, 

Potter 5-8, 

Schuylkill 3-8, 

Susquehannah, 

Tioga, 

Union, 

York, 



350 

1,000 

1,260 

330 

1,460 

180 

1,450 

630 

630 

550 

280 

1,28a 

80 

280 

1,920 

2510 

380 

910 

500 

550 

750 

300 

910 

1,180 

600 

1,120 



221,000 
640,000 
806,100, 
211,200; 
934,400 
111,200 
928,000 
403,200 
403,200 
352,000 
179,200 
819,200 
51,200 
179,200 
1,228,800 
1,606,100 
243,200 
582,400 
320,000 
352,000 
480,000 
192,000 
582,400 
755,200 
384,000 
716,800 



4 


PEN 






Square Miles. 


Acres. 


Erie 1-3, 


380 


243,200 


Payette, 


900 


676,000 


Greene, 


640 


409,600 


Indiana 9-10, 


680 


435,200 


JefTerson, 


1,280 


819,200 


M'Kcan 3-4, 


l,l40 


729,600 


Mercer, 


880 


563,200 


Potter 1-4, 


520 


204,800 


Somerset 5-6, 


800 


512,000 


Venango, 


1,200 


768,000 


Warren, 


900 


576,000 


Washington, 


900 


576,000 


Westmoreland, 


1,180 
16,760 


755,200 


10,598,400 




SUMMARY. 




Delaware drains, 


6,710 


4,294,400 


Susquehoniiah, 


21,390 


13,685,600 


Genesee, 


150 


96,000 


Potomac, 


1,590 


1,017,600 


Ohio, 


16,760 


10,598,400 


Lake Erie, 


380 
46,930 


243,200 


29,935,200 





21,390 


13,665,000 


Genesee drains 1-8 of Potter 

Potomac drains 
Adams 2-5, 
Bedford 2 5, 
Franklin 2-3, 
SomersPt 1-6, 


150 

220 
630 
560 
180 

1,590 

county, 
380 


96,000 

140,800 

403,200 

, 3.58,400 

11.5,200 


Lake Erie drains 1-2 of Erie 


1,017,600 
243,200 



Ohio river drains the counties of 

Alleghany, 810 518,400 

Armstrong, 1,010 646,400 

Beaver, 690 441,600 

Butler, 850 544,000 

Cambria 3-5, 800 512,000 

Clearfield 1-10, 160 102,400 

Crawford, 1,0-10 665,600 



(See articles Delaware, Susquehannah, Po- 
tomac, Genesee, Alleghany, Monongahela, 
Ohio, ^c.) 

Over a surface of 47,000 sq. ms. traversed by 
a wide nitn. system, and on which relative 
level of arable land differs from a surface, 
barely above tide water, to upwards of 2,000 
feet, the varieties of soil must necessarily be 
very great, and such is the fact. Though as 
a state. Pa. may be designated fertile, yet, 
between the river alluvion, on both sides of 
the system and in the Appalachian vaUies, 
and the rocky slopes of the mountains, the 
respective quality of soil embraces nearly 
the extremes of sterility and productiveness. 
The whole state where at all arable is favora- 
ble to grasses, including bread grain. Of 
fruits, the apple seems best adapted to the 
climate and soil, though similar to the stone 
fruits, liable to destruction from untimely 
frosts. 

Climate and seasons. As an element in the 
philosophy of climate, it is only recently that 
relative height has been duly introduced, and 
yet without regard to difierence of level, no 
rational deduction respecting climate can be 
formed on any part of the earth. Under the 
head of Maryland, to which article the read- 
er is referred, are introduced general tables 
of mean and extreme temperature, and of 
prevalent winds. The tables were placed in 
that article from the central position of Md., 
amongst the Atlantic states of the U. S. 

The following tables, founded on observa- 
tions made in the city of Phila., and at Ger- 
mantown in the vicinity of that city, may be 
prefaced by the remark that large cities have 
a local atmospheric temperature, higher than 
that of the surroimding country, and that the 
subjoined tables exhibit the difference in two 
contiguous places. 

1. The monthly mean temperature at 
Phila. is from a series of 20 years observa- 
tions, made by James Young, from 1807 in- 



PEN 



405 



PEN 



elusive: that of Gormantown is from a eorics drained by the Del. and Susquohnnnah, and 
of 10 years observations, by llciibcn Haines, I their confluents, falls from an elevation of 



from 1819 to 1828 inclusive, Fahrenheit. 

Philaduliiliiu. Gcfiri-uitinvn. Excess in Pliil. 



Jan. 


32° 7 


30° 





2° 7 


Fob. 


U6 32 


33 


10 


8 22 


March 


45 64 


41 


22 


4 42 


April 


57 18 


49 


40 


7 78 


May 


C8 01 


61 


80 


6 80 


Juno 


78 27 


71 


20 


7 7 


July 


82 25 


75 





7 28 


Aug. 


80 06 


73 





7 6 


Sep. 


7a 39 


65 





8 39 


Oct. 


60 81 


53 


40 


7 41 


Nov. 


47 34 


42 


CO 


. 4 74 


Doo. 


37 01 


32 


GO 


4 41 


moan ann . 








temp 


58 41 


52 


37 





2. Table of moan monthly temp, at Phil, 
and Gcrmantown, for 7 consecutive years, 
from 1820, 1826 inclusive, being years com- 
mon to both observers : 





Philadelphia. 


Germantown. 


Differ 


Januarv, 


32.95<5 


29.660 


3.27= 


February, 


39.93 


31.72 


8.21 


Murcli, 


47.03 


40 61 


6.42 


April, 


55.53 


50-32 


5.21 


May, 


70.44 


61.76 


8.08 


June, 


60.05 


70.03 


10.02 


July, 


84.07 


75.04 


9.03 


August, 


80.46 


72.92 


7.51 


Septeuiber, 


76.68 


64.83 


11.85 


October, 


61.89 


53.33 


8.51 


November, 


47.23 


41.75 


5.48 


Deceiubor, 


36.93 


31.75 


5.18 



Mean Annual, 



57.08 



From the above elements we involuntarily 
deduce- the important fact, that the summer 
climate of Phil, is from 6° to 10°, and iu some 
instances still higher, above that of the adja- 1 
cent country ; and that in winter the city at- 
mosphere is warmest by fromSJ to 5 degrees.! 
For the prevailing winds of Pa., we mayl 
again refer to the article Md., with at the same 
time observing, that from Mr. Young's obser- 
vations in Phil., the winds from the true ' 
wstrn. points n. w., w. and s. w., amount to 1 
603 thousandths of the whole winds of the | 
year ; and in Germantown observations of | 
Mr. Haine's, a similar proportion gives 663 ! 
thousandths. Combining therefore, the vari-1 
ous observations quoted in this treatise, we I 
are shown that the greatly prevailing winds ; 
of the middle states of the U. S., are from the ! 
wstrn. sides of the meridians. Again, if we 1 
add the intensity of the atrial currents to I 



about 2,000 ft. to the level of tide water ; but 
the wstrn. declivity also to the wstrd., and 
drained by the numerous eonllucnls of Ohio, 
is upwards of 600 ft. elevated above the 
oeean tides at the very lowest part. This 
greater height is one of the most influential 
causes of the comparative low temperature 
w. of the mtns., particularly in winter. 

Observations made at U. S. military posts 
and by several othoL observers, have dissipa- 
ted the long cherished vulgar error of a su- 
perior warmth on like latitudes w. of the 
mtns., and have established directly the re- 
verse, giving rationality to the theory of our 
climate, and distributing comparative temper- 
ature according to the relative latitude and 
height. 

On both plains of Pa. it is a rare occur- 
rence when the rivers are not frozen and ren- 
dered unnavigable in winter, for a longer or 
shorter period ; 40 days would probably ap- 
proach near a mean of this winter period. 

The actual summer or period between 
frosts, does not exceed, if it amounts to, a 
mean of 120 days, except in the sthestrn. and 
lowest part. Receding wstrd., occasional 
frosts entrench on summer, and on the high 
mountain vallies, even where farming is con- 
ducted to considerable advantage, untimely 
frosts happen occasionally in every month of 
the year. 

I The quantity of rain, or rather more expli- 
[citly expressed, of water in rain, hail, snow, 
j &c., which falls at any given place, aflbrds 
very requisite elements in a theory of the cli- 
mate. The following table was extracted 
literally from the Philadelphia Gazette, Jan. 
5th, 1831. No. 494. 

Statement of the rain fallen from 1810 to 
1830, inclusive, the first 14 years by the guage 
of P. Lcgarux, of Spring Mill, the following 
7 years by that kept at the Pa. hospital. 





Inches. 




Indies. 


1810, 


32.656 


ir,2i. 


32.182 


1811, 


34.968 


1823, 


29.864 


1812, 


39. 3 


1823, 


41.815 


1813, 


35.625 


1824, 


38.74 


1814, 


43.135 


1825, 


29.57 


1815, 


34.666 


1826, 


35.14 


1816, 


27.947 


1827, 


38.50 


1817, 


36.005 


1828, 


37.97 


1818, 


30. n7 


1829, 


41.85 


1819, 


■ 23.354 


1830, 


45.07 


1820, 


39.609 







" The whole quantity fallen for 21 years is 



their respective courses, it would be safe to ^748.143 inches, which, divided by 21 years, 
say, that four fifths of all the atmospheric i gives 35.626 inches as the annual average for 
pressure is estwrd., and in Penn. the almost^ that time." — 1' a. Hospital, Ist mo., \st, 1831. 



uniform leaning of forest, and more of orch- 
ard trees, demonstrates this physical fact. 



From the whole of these tables we find 
the discrepancy between the mean and cx- 



The climate of Pa. is relatively influenced, iremc temperature ol difterent years at the 
by change of level. The surface of the state, same place, to be great, but we also find that 
with two partial exceptions, is composed of rnoisture falls as unequally. Comparing the 
two great plains, declining from the dividing j tables in my possession, I cannot trace any 
ridge of its waters. The estrn. declivity strong obvious connexion between the pre va- 



PEN 



406 



PEN 



lence or scarcity of rain and mean tempera- 
ture. In 181G, a year of unusual low mean 
temperature, it appears that the quantity of 
rain fell short of 28 inches ; but in 1819, a 
warm year, the rain amounted only to 23.354 
inches ; and in 1814, when the rain fallen was 
so high as 43.135 inches, the mean tempera- 
ture was high. 

Natural productions. Under this head a 
volume might be written, but a few brief noti- 
ces can only be admitted into an article ne- 
cessarily brief. The two great mineral pro- 
ductions of Pa., are iron and fossil coal. 

Iron ore is very extensively disseminated, 
and as greatly diversified in quality and rich- 
ness. The iron mines in the estrn. part of 
the state were explored and worked at an 
early period of colonial settlement in Pa., 
and had become an interest of great value 
before the revolution. Since the peace of 
1783, with much fluctuation iron has at all 
times employed much capital and labor. 

Next to iron ore, mineral coal is most wide- 
ly disseminated and is also next in importance. 
The fossil coal of Pa. is of 2 species : anthra- 
cite in the valleys e. of the main spine of the 
Appalachian system, and bituminous w. of that 
ridge. This distribution may admit of some 
exceptions, but if taken generally it is cor- 
rect. Independent of specific distinction the 
coal of Pa. has very deeply influenced the 
improvement of the state at both extremes. 
The immense canals and locks which have 
been created on the Lackawannock, Lehigh, 
Delaware and the Schuylkill, and others in 
progress or designed in every part of the state, 
have been more or less the effect ofadesii'e 
to render accessible these vast mineral de- 
posits. The author of this article has visited 
the coal regions of Pa. both E. and w. The 
eastern anthracite is mostly found imbedded 
in inclining strata ; the coal beds themselves 
of every variety of thickness from less than 
6 inches to immmense mountain masses of 
unknown extent. The largest body yet laid 
open is that explored and worked on Mauch 
Chunk mtn. by the Lehigh coal and naviga- 
tion company. It is probable, however, from 
numerous indications, that the most extensive 
deposits of coal E. of the mtns. remain unex- 
plored, perhaps undiscovered. 

The strata actually known are vast, and be- 
yond the power of man to e.xhaust in many 
succeeding ages. The position of the bitu- 
minous coal of the western part of Pa. is level 
or very nearly so. It is imbedded in horizon- 
tal strata, and unlike the anthracite is often 
so very near a dead level as to admit drainage 
with difficulty. In using the relative terms 
east and lerst in stating the great deposits of 
Pa. coal, some modification is necessary. 
I have myself found bituminous coal on Tow- 
anda cr. Bradford co. Pa., and in Alleghany 
CO. Md. near Cumberland. Aline from one 
of these points to the other, runs nearly with 
the great spine of Alleghany, and divides Pa. 
into two not very unequal sections. The bi- 
tuminous deposits prevail from the Alleghany 



and increase in extent falling down the r. to 
Pittsburg. In the vicinity of this city the 
the coal strata are in extent immense ; from 
3 to G feet in thickness, and often from 250 to 
350 feet above the high water level oftheTS. 
The number of mines already open, and the 
ease of reaching the coal from the deep river 
valleys has contributed to fasten the opinion 
that coal is in unusual abundance near Pitts- 
burg. That opinion is rendered doubtful by 
the fact, that in every part of the adjacent 
country where sufficient pains have been tak- 
en, coal has been found, and from analogy we 
may suspect its existence as underlaying stra- 
ta far into the state of Ohio. It abounds along 
the Ohio r. as low down as Cincinnati. Tho' 
an indefinite number of other minerals have 
been named as having been discovered in Pa. 
except iron and coal, limestone is the only one 
of extensive use and value. Limestone is the 
prevailing rock in a band spreading n. w. from 
Blue Ridge, and crossing the whole of Pa. from 
the Del. into Md. It exists in detached de- 
posits e. of Blue Ridge, and in western Pa. 
is found in interminable beds, alternating 
with other rocks. Water impregnated with 
7HMria<e o/sof^a, or common salt, is found on 
the waters of Conemaugh, and might be, it is 
probable, discovered in other places in the 
Ohio valley, by digging to sufficient depth. On 
the Conemaugh salt works have been many 
years in operation. Marble, of great varie- 
ty of shade and tint, and that receives a beau- 
tiful polish, is found in the lower cos. of Phil- 
adelphia, 'Chester, Montgomery, &c. These 
elegant marbles have greatly added to the 
convenience, cheapness andbeauty of domes- 
tic architecture. 

Internal Improvements. — The foundation 
of the wealth and improvement of this pros- 
perous state is deeply laid, in her fertility of 
soil, her iron mines, her coal stratas, and the 
industry of her population. Under tliis head 
we can only give the names of the works, and 
refer to the respective heads. Belonging to the 
state is the magnificent line of canals and rail 
road, entitled the Pa. canal and Columbia 
rail road. Belonging to joint stock compa- 
nies, are the Schuylkill navigation ; Union 
canal; Lehigh navigation ; consisting of ar- 
tificial navigation along the Lehigh and the 
Mauch Chunk rail road ; Lackawaxen canal 
and rail road; Conestoga canal; and the 
Chesapeake and Del. canal. We include the 
latter in the works of Pa. from the circum- 
stanceof the work having been in great part 
designed and executed by citizens of that 
state. Beside numerous others, there is a 
line of turnpike road extending from the city 
of Philadelphia through Lancaster, York, 
Gettysburg, Chambersburg, Bedford, Greens- 
burg and Pittsburg to Washington, where 
it meets the U. S. road. T'ae latter enters Pa. 
in the southwestern angle of Somerset, and^ 
traversing Fayette and Washington cos. by 
Union, Brownsville and Washington, passes 
on to Wheeling in Va. 

Without entering into xin enumeration of 



PEN 



407 



separate works, the subjoined extract will 
give some idea of the magnitude of the im- 
provement interest of Pa. at this time, 1831. 

The bill making additional appropriations 
for internal improvements, passed the house 
of representatives of Pa. on Friday, (Feb. 4, 
1831.)— Yeas 5G.— Nays 38. The following 
are tlic appropriations made by this bill as it 
finally passed the house. The amount added 
to previous expenditure, will make an aggre- 
gate of about fifteen millions of dollars, which 
that state has applied to the purpose of im- 
provement by canals and rail roads within the 
last six years. The present bill appropri- 
ates to : — 

Phil, and Columbia rail road, $600,000 

Canal from Middletownto Columbia, 11G,170 
North Branch canal, 100,000 

West Branch cnnal, 200,000 

Lewisburg inlet, 25,000 

Canal from Huntingdon West, and 

rail road over the Alleghany, 700,000 

French Creek feeder, 60,000 

Beaver and Chenango route, 100,000 

Southwestern .turnpike, 125,000 



Amount, $2,026,170 

Vide National Intelligencer, Feb. 8th, 1831, 
No. 4,582. 

According to the report of the auditor 
general of the treasury, at the begin- 
ning of the year 1831, the capital stock 
paid in of 32 banks, was $12,815,581 83 ; 
notes in circulation $7,870,613 90 ; contin- 
gent funds $1,170,068 02; bills discounted 
$18,454,213 50; specie $3,013,383 84; a- 
mount of deposits $7,2^14,752 95. 

By the same report, the commonwealth 
owns. 

In bank stock, $2,108,700 00 

Turnpike stock, 1,911,243 39 

Bridge stock, 410,000 00 

Canal stock, 200,000 00 



Counties. 

Adams, 

Alleghany, 

Armstrong, 

Ueaver, 

Bedford, 

Berks, 

Bradford, 

Bucks, 

Butler, 

Cambria, 

Centre, 

Chester, 

Clearfield, 

Coluu]l)ia, 

Crawford, 

Cumberland, 

Dauphin, 

Delaware, 

Eric, 

Fayette, 

Franklin, 

Greene, 

Huntingdon, 

Indiana, 

Jell'erson, 



PEN 

Pop. 1820. 
19,370 
34,921 
10,324 
15,340 
20,218 
46,275 
11, .554 
37,842 
10,193 

2,287 
13,796 
44,451 

2,342 
17,621 

9,397 
23,606 
21,653 
14,810 

8,553 
27,2li5 
31,892 
15,554 
20,144 

8,882 
561 



Pop. 1830. 
21,379 

50,553 
17,701 
24,183 
24,502 
53,152 
19,746 
45,745 
14,581 

7,076 
18,879 
50,910 

4,803 
20,059 
16,030 
29,226 
25,243 
17,323 
17,041 
29,172 
35,037 
18,028 
27,145 
14,252 

2,025 



$4,629,943 39 
The dividends received by the state on the 
bank stock, amounted during the last year 
to $121, 716, and on the bridge, canal and turn- 
pike stocks to $29,715, amounting aggregate- 
ly to $151,431. 

Political divisions and population. — Penn- 
sylvania, as lias been observed, is naturally 
divided into three physical sections : first, 
southeastern section from the Kittatinny ; sec- 
ond the central mtns. ; and third, the western 
or that part drained by the constituents of O. 
r. Along their lines of separation these nat- 
ural sections blend, but in their physiognomy 
rcspectively,they are strongly contrasted. Of 
these divisions, the first or southeastern con- 
tains about 8,028 sq. ms., and a population of 
603,864 ; the 2d mountainous or middle sec- 
tion, 20,850 sq. ms. and pop. 306,214 ; and 
the 3d or Ohio section 16,332 sq. ms., and 
pop. 342,922. The population of the stale 
in 1800 was 602,545 ; 1810, 810,091 ; 1820, 
1,049,313, and in 1830, 1,348,233. In 1820 
and 1830 us follows : 



Juniata, included in Mifllin by census 1830 

Lancaster, 68,336 76,631 

Lebanon, 16,988 20,557 

Lehigh, 18,895 22,256 

Luzerne, 20,027 27,379 

Lycoming, 13,517 17,636 

MacKcan, 728 1,439 

Mercer, 11,681 19,729 

MifHin, J6,618 21,(190 

Montgomery, 35,793 39,406 

Northampton, 31,765 39,482 

Northumberland, 15,424 18,133 

Perry, 11,.312 14,261 

Phil, city and co. 137,097 188,797 

Pike, 2,894 4,843 

Potter, 186 1,265 

Schuylkill, 11,339 20,744 

Somerset, 13,974 17,762 

Susquehannah, 9,660 16,787 

Tioga, 4,021 ' 8,978 

Union, 18,619 20,795 

Venango, 4,915 9,170 

Warren, 1,976 4,697 

Washington, 40,038 42,784 

Wayne, 4,127 7,663 

Westmoreland, 30,540 38,400 

York, .38,759 42,859 
Total pop. 1820, 1,049,313, I(]30, 1,348,233. 

Of the foregoing were white persons, 

IVlalos. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 117,853 111,947 

From 5 to 10 %,199 92,719 

10 to 15 82,375 80,087 

" 15 to 20 73,113 75,976 

" 20 to 30 121,359 115,898 

" 30 to 40 7.-,,172 09,604 

" 40 to 50 46,600 44,485 

" 50 to 60 28,032 27,882 

•' 60 to 70 16,085 16,221 

« 70 to 80 6,979 7,0ai 

" 80 to 90 1,775 1,929 

90 to 100 228 235 

" 100 and upwards 42 21 



Total, 



ri65,815> 



614,08i 



PEN 



408 



PEN 



Persons in the foregoing who arc deaf and 
dumb, under 14 years of ago, 224 ; of 14 to 
25, 279, and of 25 and upwards 255. Blind, 
475. 
Colored population as follows : — 

Free. Slaves. 

Male. Female. Male. Female. 

Under 10 yrs. 5,095 5,054 23 32 

From 10 to 24 6,250 6,142 102 106 

" 24 to 36 4,069 4,476 25 22 

" 36to.55 2,796 2,742 11 25 

" 55 to 100 1,132 1,105 10 42 

" 100 and over 35 34 1 4 



Total, 18,377 19,553 172 231 

Colored deaf and dumb, vmder 14 years of 
age, 12 ; from 14 to 26, 12 ; 26 and over, 15. 
Blind, 28. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 
1,309,900 .37,930 403 1,348,233 

Education. — Literary Institutions. — Penn- 
sylvania has two universities, one in Phila- 
delphia, and another, " the Western universi- 
ty," in Pittsburg ; Mount Airy college, Ger- 
mantown; Dicldnson college, Carlisle ; Wash- 
ton, in Washington ; Jefferson, in Cannons 
burg ; Alleghany, in Meadville ; Madison, in 
Union ; and numerous academies in the dif- 
ferent boroughs. The Phrl. library may be, 
with great propriety, ranked amongst the first 
literary institutions of the state. The inter- 
ests of education have received so much le- 
gislative attention, as to induce a false opin 
ion of the distributive benefits derived from 
these enactments. Elementary instruction is 
in many largo sections lamentably neglected. 
One cause of this evil, may be found, by ex- 
amining the tables of pop., where the very 
unequal density of the objects of education is 
most strikingly apparent. But the inequality 
of inhabitants on a given space is, however, 
only one cause why mental culture is neglect- 
ed. 

The Moravian, or United Brethren, have 
schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, Litiz, &c. 
There are theological seminaries at York, 
at Gettysburg, and in Alleghany town, oppo- 
site the city of Pittsburg. 

Under a constitutional injunction, legislative 
provision has been made for gratuitous in- 
struction to the children of indigent parents. 
The first school dist. of the state, comprising 
the city and co. of Phil, has received an or- 
ganization, which, according to the I2th an- 
nual report of the comptrollers of public 
schools in this dist. dated 5th Feb. 18.30, has 
extended instruction to 34,703 children with- 
in the 12 preceding years. 

Constitution. — Judiciary. The existing 

constitution of Pa. was adopted the 23d Sept. 
1790. The legislative power is vested in a 
general assembly, which shall consist of a 
senate and house of representatives. No 
person shall be a representative, who shall 
not have attained the age of 21 years, and 
have been a citizen and inhabitant of the statu 
three years next preceding his election, and 
the last year thereof an inhabitant of the city 



or CO. in which he shall be chosen ; unless he 
shall have been absent on the public business 
oftho U. S. or of this state. Representatives 
are chosen annually. 

The senators shall be chosen for four years 
by the citizens of Philadelphia, and of the 
several cos., at the same time, in the same 
manner, and at the same place where they 
shall vote for representatives. No person 
shall be a senator who shall not have attained 
the age of 25 years, and have been a citizen 
and inhabitant of the state four years next be- 
fore his election, and the last year thereof an 
inhabitant of the district for which he shall 
have been chosen; unless he shall have been 
absent on the public business of the U. S. or 
of this state. 

Tlie senators shall be chosen in dists. to be 
formed by the legislature ; each dist. contain, 
ing such a number of taxable inhabitants as 
shall be entitled to elect not more than 4 sen- 
ators. When a dist. is composed of 2 or more 
COS., they shall bo adjoining. Neither the 
city of Phil, nor any CO. shall be divided, in 
forming a dist. 

In elections by the citizens, every free man 
of the age of 21 years, having resided in the 
state two years next before the election, and 
within that time paid a state or co. tax, which 
shall have been assessed at least 6 months 
before the election, shall enjoy the right of an 
elector. 

An enumeration of the taxable inhabitants 
shall be made separately, in such manner as 
shall be directed by law. Such enumerations 
have been made in 1793, 1800, 1807, &c. up 
to 1828. 

The supreme executive power shall be vest- 
ed in a ETovernor, who shall be chosen on the 
second Tuesday of October, by the citizens 
of the commonwealth, at the place where they 
shall respectively vote for representatives. 
The person having the highest number of 
votes shall be governor. But, if two or more 
shall be equal and highest in votes, one of 
tliem shall be chosen governor by the joint 
vote of the members of both houses. The 
governor shall hold his office during three 
years from the third Tuesday of December, 
next ensuing his election ; and shall not be 
capable of holding it longer than 9 years in 
any term of twelve years. He shall be at least 
30 years of age, and have been a citizen and 
ii:habitant of this state 7 years next before his 
election ; unless he shall have been absent on 
the public businessof the U. S.,or of this state. 
No member of congress, or person holding 
any office under the U. S. or this state, shall 
exercise the office of governor. 

The governor shall be commander in chief 
of the army and navy of the commonwealth, 
and the militia ; except when they shall be 
called into the actual service of the U. S. He 
shall appoint all officers whoso offices are es- 
tablishcd by this constitution, or shall be es- 
tablished by law, and whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for. He 
shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures 



PEN 



409 



PEN 



and grant reprieves and pardons, except in 
eases of impeachment. 

Every bill, which shall have passed both 
houses of the general assembly, shall be pre- 
sented to the governor. If he approve, he 
shall sign it; but if he shall not approve, he shall 
return it, with his exceptions, to the house in 
which it shall have originated, and must be first 
e.-tamined in that house, and sent to the other, 
with the governor's objections, and if approv- 
ed by two thirds of each house it becomes a 
law. Any bill sent to the governor and not 
returned in ten days, Sundays excepted, •be- 
comes also a law. 

The judicial power is vested in a supreme 
court ; in courts ot oyer and terminer and gen- 
eral jail delivery ; in a court of common pleas, 
orphans court, registers court, and a court of 
quarter sessions of the peace, for each co., in 
justices of the peace, &c. 

The state is divided into sixteen judicial 
circuits, over which is appointed a president 
judge. For the supreme court five dists. have 
been formed. The jurisdiction of the supreme 
court shall extend over the state, and the 
judges thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, 
be justices of oyer and terminer and general 
jail delivery,inthe several cos. 



Ponn by a grant from the Duke of York, Aug 
1682, and on the 24th of Oct. of that year he 
landed in person at New Castle, and found on 
his arrival, in both his colonies, about 3,000 
people, Swedes, English, Dutch and Finns. 
The first deliberative assembly was convened 
at New Castle, Dec. 4th, and commenced a 
regular government. 

Coaquanock, now Philadelphia, was chos- 
en as the capital and laid out in 1682. Tho* 
involved in a controversy respecting their 
common boundaries, Md. and Pa. slowly but 
solidly advanced. The line between ^he two 
colonies was finally fixed in 1762 by actual 
survey, executed by two eminent English 
mathematicians. Mason and Dixon. 

The second assembly of Pa. was held at 
Phil. 1683. In 1718 the founder died, and 
from that period to the revolution in 1775, ex- 
cept fixing the boundary as already noticed, 
and treaties with the Indians, Pa., happily for 
its inhabitants, afforded few events for history. 

In the events of the revolution and in the 
subsequent history of the U.S., this great col- 
ony has acted a conspicuous part and risen to 
be, in wealth, pop. and improvement, the sec- 
•ond state in the confederacy. 

Penn TowNsiiir, p-o. Pa., township adjoin. 



The trial by jury in issues of fact to remain ing Phil, to the northward, Phil. co. Pa 



inviolate. 

No person who acknowledges the being of 
a God and a future state of rewards and pun- 
ishments, shall on account of his religious 
sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office 
or place of trust or profit under this common- 
wealth. 

History. — The first settlement made in Pa. 
by a civilized people, was formed in 1627 or 
1628, by a Swedish colony ; but remote from a 
nation, and not qualified by population or 
wealth to sustain distant settlements, the Swe- 
dish colony remained weak, and in 1655, was 
conquered by the Dutch from N. Y. What is 
now Del., Pa., and N. J., shared the fate of 
all New Netherlands, or the Dutch settle- 
ments on the Del. and Hudson rs. In Aug. 
1764, the whole country was seized by the 
English in virtue of a previous cession made 
by the States General. March, 1664, Charles 
II. granted the New Netherlands, by the 
name of N. Y. to his brother James, Duke of 
York. The latter on the 24th June, 1664, 
granted N.J. to Lord Berkeley, and Sir Geo. 
Carteret. 

In June, 1680, Wm. Penn, son and heir of ad- 
miral Sir Wm. Penn, presented a petition to 
Charles II., stating not only his relationship to 
the late admiral, but that he was deprived of a 
debt due from the crown, and praying for a 
grant of lands lying northward of Md. and 
wstrd. of Del. His petition was recommended 
by the Duke of York, and acceded to by Lord 
Baltimore's agents. It was confirmed Jan. 
1681, and in the ensuing May, Markham, an 
agent and relation of William Penn, was sent 



Penn Yan, p-v. Milo, st. jus. Yates co. N. 
Y., 185 ms. w. Albany, 30 n. Bath, 16 s. Ge- 
neva ; is in the n. w. corner of the town, on 
the outlet, J mile from Crooked lake, and 
partly in Benton. The stream affords good 
mill sites, which are used. The village con- 
tains the CO. buildings. It derives its name 
from a combination of parts of the words 
Pennsylvanians and Yankees, having been 
settled by New Englanders and Pennsylvani- 
ans. 

Penobscot, river, Me., the largest which is 
M'holly in that state, rises in the w. part of 
Somerset co., in numerous small branches, 
which flow from springs in the height of land 
on the frontier of the district of Quebec, L. 
Canada, very near the head waters of Chau- 
diere river. Some of the streams flow from 
Bald mountain ridge, which gives rise to some 
of the head waters of Kennebec r. Others 
interlock with head streams of St. John's r., 
so that a portage of 2 miles connects their 
boat navigation. All the waters of the Pe- 
nobscot in Somerset co. unite in Chesum- 
scook lake, and leave its s. end on the boun- 
dary of Penobscot co. The stream then flows 
s. E. near the foot of Katahdin mountain, thro* 
the crooked and irregular lake of Bamedump. 
kok, and receives the waters of several oth- 
er lakes and ponds, the principal of which is 
Millinoket, and afterwards the east branch, 
which affords a boat navigation to Aroostook 
river, with only a short portage from the head 
of the Seboois lakes. Beyond this it bends 
s. w. receiving several tributaries, the princi- 
pal of which is the Mattawamkeag, and on 
crossing the s. line of the co., flows between 



over to take possession. 

What is now Del. or then called the three jLincoln and Waldo cos., forming, with Pe 
lower €0untie.s, was conveyed to William nobscot bay, their boundary to the ocean. Be. 

52 ' 



PEN 



410 



PEP 



■ides tho above mentioned branches it re- 
ceives in Penobscot co., there are many oth- 
ers, the chief of which is Piscataquis river, 
on the w. It contains many islands, most of 
which are small, except Old Town in Penob- 
scot CO., and Orphan isl. in Hancock co., and 
Isleborough in Waldo co. Tho Fox islands 
and Little Deer isls. in Hancock co. are in 
Penobscot bay ; and off its mouth are sever- 
al more. Isle au Haut, Manticus, &c. There 
are several very good harbors in the bay ; 
and Belfast, nearly at its head, in Lincoln co. 
is a flourishing place. Vessels of some size 
go up to Bangor, in Penobscot co., 50 miles 
from the mouth of the bay. This great stream, 
with such a multitude of branches spread 
over a great extent of country, is capable of 
becoming a most important channel of trade ; 
and, although the districts it waters, are still 
to a great degree wild and uninhabited, Ban- 
gor and Belfast have already become impor- 
tant places. A large part of the business 
continues to be the timber trade ; but the for- 
ests annually recede before the axe, and give 
place to the plough. 

Penobscot, co. Maine, bounded by Lower 
Canada n., Washington co. e., Hancock and 
Waldo cos. R., and Somerset co. w. ; is the 
largest co. in the state, and contains a large 
part of the uninhabited land within its boun 
daries. It was incorporated in 181 C, The 
territory which it •mbraces, contained, in 
1790, only 1,154 inhabitants. In 1820 only 
1,143 acres, were improved in the towns, and 
the inhabitants were 13,870. In 1830 there 
were 3,582 acres of tillage, 9,476 pasturage, 
11,000 mowing, &c. 23,940 acres cultivated, 
in all ; and there were raised 12,957 bushels 
corn, 25,591 wheat, 1,333 rye,& 2,719 of oats. 
The streams, lakes, & ponds are too numerous 
to be all mentioned. St. John's r. crosses the 
CO. K. and w. in the n. part, while its 3 n. 
branches rise and join it in the co. viz : St 
Francis, Madawaska &- Green rs. The Alia- 
gash is partly in this co., as are the sources 
of the Aroostic, and most of its course. Tc- 
miscouata. Long and Eagle lakes are the lar- 
gest which are tributary to St. John's r. The 
s. part of the co. presents a labyrinth of lakes 
and streams, the sources and principal tribu- 
taries of Penobscot r. which, crossing the s. 
line, divides the cos. of Waldo and Hancock 
on its way to Penobscot bay and the sea. 
The largest of these lakes are Millinoket, 
Banedumpkok, &c. There are numerous 
mountains in different parts of the county, 
the principal of which is Katahdin, the high- 
est eminence in the state. The e. and w. 
lines of the co, run n. and s. about 63 miles 
apart for nearly 200 ms. The n. and s. boun- 
daries are irregular. The s. part of the co. 
contains nearly its entire population, and Ban- 
gor, which is a large and flourishing village, 
is on the Penobscot near the s. line. In 1830 
there were only 46 towns with names, but 
many more laid out in ranges, besides planta- 
tions. Pop. 1820, 13,870, 1830, 31,530. | 



Me., 75 ms. e. Augusta, h. Penobscot bay, 
and opposite Belfast ; is penetrated by an arm 
of the bay in the s. part, and possesses a con- 
siderable number of coasting vessels. Pop. 
1830, 1,271. 

Penobscot, Indians. The remains of this 
tribe reside at Oldtown, or Orono, Penobscot 
CO. Me., where, though reduced in numbers, 
they have a Catholic church, having been 
formerly collected under French missionaries 
from Canada. 

Pensacola, fine bay of the U. S. on tho 
nrthrn. shore of the Gulf of Mexico, Escambia 
CO. Florida. The Pensacola bay is united to 
the Gulf by a narrow entrance, between Ba- 
rancas Point and the wstrn. end of St. Rose'a 
island. Stretching from the bar n. e. by e. 
28 ms., with a mean width of about 3 ms., it 
receives into the northern part Escambia r. 
and Yellow Water r. from n. e. The entrance 
admitting vessels of 21 feet draught, is about 
8 ms. s. s. w. from the city of Pensacola. 
Tho bar is on lat. 30° 19', long. 10° 24' w. 
W. C. The country around Pensacola bay is 
in general low, sandy, and barren. 

Pensacola, city, port of entry, naval eta- 
tion of the U. S., p-o., t. and st. jus. Escam- 
bia CO. Florida, is situated on the n. w. shore 
of the bay of the same name, by p-r. 242 ms. 
a little s. of w. Tuscaloosa ; as laid down on 
Tanner's IJ. States, at lat. 30° 23', long. 10° 
19' w. W. C. This city was founded 1699, by 
Don Andre de la Riola, a Spanish officer. 
Pop. 1830, about 2,000. 

The harbor is safe and commodious, being 
the deepest haven belonging to the U. S. on 
the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, 
admitting vessels of 21 feet draught. The 
anchorage is good, on mud and sand, but to- 
wards the shores the water is generally shal- 
low. 

Peoria, lake, between Tazewell and Peo- 
ria counties, II., is an elliptical expansion, of 
the usual breadth of Illinois r. of about 20 
ms. ill length, and from half a mile to a mile 
wide. The lower part of this sheet of water 
is about 130 ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia. 

Peoria, co. Illinois, bounded by Fulton s. 
w., Knox N. w., Putnam n., and Illinois river 
separating it from Tazewell e. and s. e. It 
is in form of a triangle base, along the west- 
ern border 40 ms., and perpendicular along 
the northern border 30 ms. ; mean breadth 15 
ms., and area 600 sq. ms. The northwestern 
angle is traversed in a southwestern direction 
by Spoon r., but the body of the co. slopes s. 
E. towards Illinois r. This co. was connect- 
ed with Putnam in taking the census of 1830, 
and contained an aggregate population of 1,- 
310. For lat. and long, see next art. 

Peoria, p-v. and st. jus. Peoria co. II., situ- 
ated on Illinois river, at the lower extremity 
of Peoria lake, bv p-r. 143 ms. a little w. 
of N. Vandalia, lat. 40° 40', long. W. C. 12° 
35' w. 

Pepperell, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 40 
ms. s. w. Boston, w. Nasliua r. ; has a soil fa- 



Penobscot, p-t. and sea port, Ilangdck co.( vuurable to grain, grass and fruit. The Nash- 



PER 411 

ua anarone of its branches offer abundant wa-I 
ter power. Maj. Gen. Prcscott, who com- 
tiianded the American troops at Bunker's 
Hill, was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,440 



PER 



Pequannock, t. Morris co. N. J. 18 ms. n. 
N. w. Newark, has Pcquannock r. n., Rocka- 
way r. s., and Pompton r. E. The Morris ca- 
nal lies along its a. border, and Copperas 
brook, and Green meadow mountain, near its 
w line. Pequannock r. separates it from 13er- 
genco. Pop. 1830, 4,4.51. 
- Pequawkett, r. Strafford co. N.H., a small 
stream flowing n. into Saco r. 

Pequawkett, N. H., the Indian name for 
the proper residence of the Pequawkett In- 
dians, a tract on Saco r. partly in Me. Co- 
noray, N. H., and Fryeburgh, Me., with sev- 
eral other towns, are within its limits. The 
region is romantic, and was peculiarly adapt, 
ed to the habits of Indians. Their principal 
residence was at Fryeburgh, where the Saco 
pursues a most serpentine course, flowing 36 
ms. through rich meadows, in a township six 
ms. square, and affording a circuitous line of 
boat navigation of about 100 ms. in connection 
with the ponda emptying into it. Fish and 
fowl abounded here, and near where the vil- 
lage now is, was an Indian fort, which over- 
looked the extensive and fertile plain. This 
tribe was troublesome to the settlers in Mass. 
in the early part of the 18th century, and the 
general court having offered a reward for In- 
dian scalps, a party proceeded through the 
wilderness, by Winnipiseogee and Ossipee 
lakes, against the Pequawketts, under the 
command of capt. Lovell, with Mr. Frye for 
their chaplain, from uhom Fryeburgh had its 
name. After a desperate fight this party was 
defeated, and only a [ew of them found their 
way back. 
Pequawkett, mtn. N. H., a prominent em- 



[ Pkrrin's mills and p-o., Clermont co. O., 
about 90 ms. s. w. Columbus. 
I PiiRRJNGTON, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 12 ma. 
s. E. Rochester, has a good soil, and several 
streams, the chief of which is Irondequot, or 
Teorondo cr. Th6 Erie canal crosses it near 
the middle, and is carried over Irondequot cr. 
with an embankment, at which is Hartwell'a 
basin. Thomas' creek is a small mill stream. 
Pop. 1830,2,183. 

Perry, p-t. Washington co. Me., 184 ma. 
E. Augusta, 5 N. w. Eastport, opposite Passa- 
maquoddy bayand Deer island, in N. Bruns- 
wick, has Cobscook bay s., and is crossed 
from N. w. to 8. E. by the outlet of a pond 
which empties into the bay. It enjoys facili- 
ties for fishing. Pop. 1830, 735. 

Perry, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 22 ms. s. b. 
Batavia, 2.39 w. Albany, w. Livingston co., 
about 6 ms. square, has a soil of ordinary qual. 
ity, and several small streams flowing in dif- 
ferent directions, with a part of the outlet of 
Silver lake in the s. e. Bog iron ore has 
been found here. Pop. 1830, 2,792. 

Perry, co. Pa., bounded by the Kittatinny 
mtns., separating it from Cumberland s., by 
Franklin s. w., Tuscarora mtn. separating it 
from Mifilin n. w. and n., and by the Susque- 
hannnh, separating it from Dauphin e. Length 
36 ms., mean width 15, and area 540 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 40', and 
in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 42' 
w. This CO. ])artly is composed of what was 
formerly called Sherman's valley, and the 
sthrn. part is chiefly drained by Sherman's 
creek. The nrthcstrn. section is traversed 
by Juniata r. The declivity of the whole is 
estrd. towards the Susquehannah. Though ' 
the surface is rocky, and much of it moun- 
tainous, the arable soil is excellent for grain, 
Vuit, and pasturage. Chief towns, New 



inence of the second peaks of theWliite mtns., Bloomficid, Landisburg, and iMillerstown. 



between Bartlett, Coos co., and Chatham, 
Straflbrd co. It was formerly called Kear- 
searge mtn. 

Pequest cr., N. J., a good mill stream, ris- 
es in Newton, Sussex co., crosses Warren 
CO., and enters Del. r. at Belvidere v., Oxford 
t., after a course of about 35 ms., watering a 
narrow valley. 

PEftcrvAL'fl, p-o. nthrn. part Brunswick co. 
Va., 67 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Perdido, r. and bay, forming the boundary 
between Baldwin co. of Ala., arid Esfjambia of 
Flor. It rises in Baldwin co., flows sthrdly. 
about 40 ms., and expands into a narrow and 
shallow bay. Perdido bay is crooked, and 
from the intricacy of its entrance, derives its 
name " Perdido" or Lost Buy. The coun- 
try adjacent to the bay, and drained by the 
Perdido, is mostly barren, and timbered with 
[fine. 

Perkiomev, r. of Pa., rises in Berks, Le- 
high, and Bucks cos., and the constituent 
crs., uniting in the nrthwstrn. angle of Mont- 
gomery, assumes a sthrn. course into the 
Schuylkill 6 ms. above Norristowu. 

Perkiomen, p-o. on Perkiomen r., Mont.| 
gomery co. Pa., 25 ms. n. w. Phil. 



Pop. 1820, 11,342; 1830, 14,361. 

Perry, p-v. n. w. part Venango co. Pa., 22 
ms. from Franklin, the co. St., and about 75 
ms. N. Pittsburg. 

Perry, p-v. and st. jus., Houston co. Geo., 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. Millcdgeville, lat. 32" 
25', long. W. C. 6° 54' w. 

Perry, co. Ala., bounded by Dallas s. b. 
and s., Mareniro s. w., Greene n. w., Tusca- 
loosa and Bibb .n., and Autauga e. Length 
42 ms., mean width 23, and area 966 sq. ma. 
Extending in lat. from 32° 17' to 32° 54', and 
in long, from 10° 02' to 10° 38' w. W. C. The 
wstrn. side falls towards the wstrd., and is 
drained by creeks flowing into Tombigbee 
and lilack Warrior rs., but the central, cstrn., 
and much larger sections of the co., arc trav- 
ersed and drained by ihe Catawba and its 
branches. General declivity stlird. Chief t. 
Marion, or Perry C. H. Pop. 1830, 11,490. 

Perry, C. H. and p-v., Perry co. Ala., by 
p-r. 61 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 37', 
long. 10°27'w. W. C. 

Perry, CO. Miss, bounded by Jackson s., 
Hancock s. w., Marion w., Jones n., Wayne 
N. e,, and Greene k. Length 36, width 30, 



PER 



412 



PER 



and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extending in lat.land drained in that direction by different 
from 30° 55' to 31° 33', and in long, from 11° 
58' to 12° 30' w. W. C. Declivity sthestrd., 
and drained by Leaf r. and Black or., branch- 
es of Pascagoula r. It is moderately bro- 
ken, with a soil generally thin, and covered 
with pine timber. Chief t. Augusta. Pop. 
1820, 2,037 ; 1830, 2,300, 

Perry, co. Ten., bounded by Wayne s. e., 
Hardin a. w., Henderson w., Carroll n. w., 
Humphreys n., and Hickman e. Length 36 
ms., width 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. E.\- 
tending in lat. from 35° 27' to .35° 55', and 
the 11th degree w. W. C. passes very nearly 
over the middle of the co. The main volume 
of Ten. r. traverses it also in a nthrn. di- 
rection, as does the Buffalo branch of Duck r. 
Ten. flows over the wstrn. and Buffalo over 
the estrn. side, the latter entering, its recipi- 
ent, Duck r., in the nrthestm. angle. Gener- 
al declivity nrthrd. Chief t. Barrysville. 
Pop. 1820, 2,384 ; 1830, 7,094. 

Perry, co. Ky., bounded by Laurel mtn., 
separating it from Harlan s. e. and s., by 
Clay w., Estill n. w., Morgan n., Floyd n. e., 
and Pike e. Length 53 ms., mean width 20, 
and area 1,060 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 55' to 37° 36', and in long, from 5° 
51' to 6° 30' w. W. C. Except a few creeks 
from Pike co., Perry gives source to the high- 
er branches of Ky. These branches leave 
their mountain vallies in a n. n. w. direction, 
ovet Perry, uniting and turning wstrd. in Es- 
till. Chief t. Perry C.H. Population 1830, 
3,330. 

Perry, C. H. and p-v.. Perry co. Ky., by 
p-r. 114 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Perry, co. O., bounded by Athens 

Hocking s. w., P'airfield w., Licking n., Mus- 

kingum n. E.,and Morgan e. and s. e. Lengtl 

N. to s. 28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 

500 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 45', long. W. C. 5° 15' 

w. It is a table land, between the vallies of 

Hockhocking and Muskingum rs., and from 

which creeks of the former flow w. and s. w., 

and of the latter n. and n. e. The surface is 

in most parts hilly, and in several places min- 
eral coal has been found. Chief t. Somerset. 

Pop. 1820, 8,429 ; 1830, 13,970. 

Perry, p-v. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 165 ms. 

N. E. Columbus. 

Perry, co. of Ind., bounded w. by Spencer, 

N. w. Dubois, N. Crawford, and by the O. r., 

separating it from Meade co. Ky. e., Breck- 

enridge co. Ky. s., and Hancock co. Ky. s. 

w. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 

15, and area450 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 08', long. 

W. C. 9° 40' w. Slope sthrd. towards O. r. 

The surface is very broken, as it comprises a 

part of the great buttress of O. r., and reach- 
es w. to the dividing ridge between that 

stream and White r. Chief t. Rome. Pop. 

1830, 3,369. 

Perry, co. II., bounded by Jackson s.. Ran- 

dolph w., Washington n., Jefferson n. e., and 

Franklin s. e. Length from e. to w. 24 ms., 

mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 

38° 05', long. 12° 24' w. W. C, Slope sthrd.. 



branches of Muddy creek. Chief t. Pinck. 
neyviUe. Pop. 1830, 1,215. 

Perry, co. Mo., bounded s. by Cape Gi- 
roudcau co., s. w. Madison, n. w. St. Gene- 
vieve, and by the Miss, r., separating it from 
Randolph co. II. Lat. 37° 44', long. W. C. 
13° 00' w. Slope nrthestrd. towards the 
Miss. r. Chief town, Perryville. Pop. 1830, 
3,349. 

Perryopolis, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Fayette 
CO. Pa. 16 ms. a little w. of n. Uniontown, 8 
N. E. Brownsville, and by p-r. 209 n. w. W. C. 
Perry's, Bridge and p-o. on Vermillion r., 
Lafayette parish, La., by p-r. 217 ms. w.New 
Orleans. 

Perrysburgh, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 
12ms. N.w. Ellicottsville, 306 w. Albany; 
is nearly in the form of a triangle, with its 
long and irregular side n. e. boinuled by Cat- 
taraugus creek and Erie co., and partly by 
the south and its western branch, on the line 
of Chatauque co. It has several brooks 
flowing N. into Cattaraugus creek, and others 
s., the head streams of Conewango cr. The 
.V. w. corner lies only 5 or 6 ms. Irom the e. 
corner of lake Erie, at the mouth of Cattarau- 
gus creek, and is about 500 feet above its lev- 
el. The soil bears maple, beech, elm, &lc., 
with some evergreens, and is most favora- 
ble to grass, though some of it produces 
grain well. Pop. 1830, 2,440. 

Perrysburg, p-v. and st. jus,. Wood co. O., 
situated on the right bank of Maumee r., 15 
or 16 ms. above its mouth, and by p-r. 135 ms. 
a little w. of n. Columbus. Lat. 41° 35', 
long. 6° 36'w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 182. 

Perry's Mills, p-o. and st. jus., Tatnall co, 
Geo., by p-r. 115 ms. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Perrysville, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 7 ma, 
a little w. of n. Pittsburg. 

Perrysville, p-v. Perry co. Ten. 
Perrysville, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p-r. 
40 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 283. 

Perry's, store and p-o. Giles co. Ten., by 
p-r. 67 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Perryville. p-v. Sullivan, Madison co. N. 
Perryville, p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r, 
72 ms. nrthestrd. Columbus. 

Perryville, p-v. Vermillion co, Ind., by 
P-r. 88 ms. n. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

Perryville, p-v. and st. jus.. Perry co. 
Mo., by p-r. about 88 ms. s. s. e. St. Louis, 
and 20 ms. s. s. e. St. Genevieve. Lat. 37° 
33'. 

Perth Amboy, Middlesex co. N. J. (See 
Ainhoy.) 

Peru, t. Oxford co. Me., s. Androscoggin 
r., with several small streams. Pop. 1830, 
666. 

Peru, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 30 ms. n. e, 
Bennington, 30 s. w. Windsor, with 23,040 
acres ; first settled 1773 ; lies on the range of 
the Green mtns., in the n. e. corner of the 
CO., and is high, with much broken land. 
There are 2 ponds of 60 and 40 acres, and 
some of the streams of W. r. water the e. 
part ; 3 school dists. Pop, 1830, 445. 



PET 



413 



PET 



Peru, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 118 nis. w. 
Boston ; is on elevated ground, giving rise 
to the principal and middle hranches of West- 
field r. The surface is hilly, being on the 
declivity of the range of the Green mis. The 
climate is as cold as that of any part of the 
state ; the soil is hard, but yields grass well. 
The inhabitants arc scattered. Pop. 1830, 
7^9. 

Perit, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y. 9 me. s. vv. 
Plattsburgh, 153 n. Albany, w. lake Cham- 
plain, n. Essex CO., E. Franklin co. Great 
Sable r. forms the boundary s. e., and partly s. 
Little Sable r., whose whole course is in this 
t. is a good mill stream. From the lake, 10 
ms.w., the land is nearly level, and good ; the 
remainder is hilly, woody, and sui)plied with 
inexhaustible mines of the best iron ore. 
There arc several iron works, particularly 
the Etna furnace, 9 ms. from the lake, at Port 
Kent, which is a landing place. The Russia 
iron works are on Sable r. Pop. 1830, 4,949. 
Peru, p-v. Huron co. O., by p-r. 104 ms. n. 
N. E. Colnmbus. 

Peterborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
75 ms. w. s. w. Portsmouth, 60 n. n. w. Bos- 
ton, 40 a. w. Concord, 20 from Amherst, 20 
from Keene, with 23,780 acres ; has the 
range of Pack Monadnock hills on the e. line, 
and is crossed n. by Contoocook r. and con- 
tains part of the n. branch, which affords good 
mill seats. At the falls on the latter are 
broad meadows, and the soil is generally ve- 
ry good. Pine grows on the s. branch, hard 
wood in other parts, and large oaks on the 
hills. A church stands on a hill in the cen- 
tre of the t. 200 feet above ther. 200 feet 
higher than this, on the e. hills, is a pond of 9 
acres ; and lower, one of 33 acres. The 
Notch in the mtn. is a remarkable puss. Iron 
ore is found, also ginseng and huck bean. 
The surface is varied, the t. healtliy ; and 
there is a library, several cotton factories, &c. 
First settled 1739, deserted 1744, reoccupied 
1745. Pop. 1830, 1,983. 

Peterborough, p-v. Smithfield, Madison 
CO. N. Y., 29 ms. s. vv. Utica, 6 n. Morris- 
ville, 108 w. N. w. Albany, on Oneida creek, 
7 ms. s. Erie canal. 

Petersburgh, P-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y.j 
25 ms. N. e. Albany, 18 k. Troy, w. Pownal, 
Vt., and VVilliamstown Mass. ; about 6 ms. 
by 8 ; has the range ofBaldmtns. e. and the 
Green woods w. Little Hoosac river, a mill 
stream, flows n. through the middle, along the 
course of which is a broad valley. It is in- 
cluded in the great estate of Rensselaerwyck, 
and the land is leased for about 10 bushels of 
wheat for 100 acres. The village of Rens- 
selaer's mills, 18 ms. from Troy, is near the 
centre. Good limestone abounds : pop. 183Q, 
2,011. 

Petersburg, p-v. Adams co. Pa., '23 ms. a 
little N. of w. from the borough of York, and 
20 9. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Petersburg, port of entry and p-o. Diir- 
widdie co. Va., situated in the extreme north- 
eastern angle of the CO., on the right or slhrn. 



bank of Appomattox river, about 12 ms. above 
the mouth ; by p-r. 22 ms. a little e. of s. Rich- 
mond, and 144 s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37^ 13' 
long. 0° 24' w. W. C. 

If the contiguous villages arc regarded as 
part of the t., and connnercially they ought, 
Petersburg contains a part of 3 cos. Down 
the Appomattox aiul adjoining to the estrd., is 
the village of Blandford in Prince George's, 
and over the Appomallox & to the nlhrd. con- 
nected by a bridge, is Powhattan in Chester- 
field CO. 

This depot is well situated to sustain a 
high commercial rank amongst the ports of 
Va. The harbor admits vessels of consider- 
able draught, and the adjacent country is well 
peopled and cultivated. The falls of Appo- 
mattox, near which the city stands, ailords an 
illimitable water power, whilst a canal obvi- 
ates the navigable impediment. The Bank 
of Va. and the Farmer's Bank of Va., have 
each a branch at this place. It possesses also 
an insurance office, and custom house : pop. 
1830, 8,322. 

Petersburg!!, p-v. on the point above the 
junction of Broad and Savannah rs., and in 
the extreme sthestrn. angle of Elbert ct). Geo. 
50 ms. by the land road above Augusta, and 
by p-r. 8G ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Petersburgh, p-v. Boone co. Ky., by p-r. 
102 ms. N. Frankfort. 

Petersburgh, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten., by p-r. 
61 ms. stlird. Nashville. 

Petersburgh, p-v. Columbiana co. O., by 
p-r. 173 ms. n. e. byE. Columbus. 

Petersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. In- 
diana, situated on the left bank of White r., 
below the main fork, 25 ms. s. e. Vincennes, 
and by p-r. 119 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. Lat, 
38° 32', long. W. C. 10° 20' w. 

Peter's Creek, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r. 
104 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Petersham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 
ms. w. Boston ; hag a productive soil, and 
was an early settlement. The Indians had a 
village here called Nashawang. It was gran- 
ted 1732, as a reward for services in wars, 
and suffered hardships in the war of 1755, 
when they had forts erected for their defence. 
The village is pleasantly situated on rising 
ground, and commands a fine view. Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,696. 

Peter's Mountain, and p-o. Dauphin co. 
Pa., 20 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Peterstown, p-v. Monroe co. Va., bv p-r. 
294 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 249 w. Rich- 
mond. 

Petersville, p-v. northeastern part Fred- 
erick CO. Md., 25 ms. n. e. Frederick, and 
35 N. w. by w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 56 ms. 
a very little w. of n. W. C. 

Petit Gulf, Little gulf, a remarkable bend 
in the Miss. r. opposite the nrthwstrn. angle 
of Jefferson co. state of Miss. (See Rodney, 
Jefferson co. Miss.) ■ 

Petit Menan, isl. Washington co. Me. It 
lies off a point of Steuben t. with a reef be- 
twcen, and has a light house. Pop. 1830, 11. 



PHI 



414 



PHI 



Pevtonshurgh, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by Ices adjoining, the co. contains the boroughs 
p-r. 148 ms. s. w. W. C. or towns of Frankfort, Germantown, Holmes- 

Pharsama, p-t. Chenango CO. N. Y., 114 burg, Bustlctown, Smithfield, and some oth- 
ms. w. Albany, 11 w. Norwich, 45 s. s. w. J ers. 



Utica, 122 w. by n. Cattskill ; 6 ms. square, 
ia high, a little uneven, and has several good 
mill streams and others, the head waters of 
Canasawacta creek, a branch of Chenango 
creek, and of tributaries of Tioughnioga cr. 
First settled 1798. There is a spring char- 
ged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Pop. 
1830, 1,011. 

Phelps, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 197 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 e. Canandaigua, 5 N.Geneva, and 
w. Genesee co. It is about 8 ms. by 10, has 
a gently varied surface, and excellent soil. 
A part of Canandaigua creek is in the e. part, 
which has valuable meadows, and supplies 
mill seats. It was named after Oliver Phelps, 
the first purchaser of a large tract of land in 
this part of the state. Flint creek, a branch 
of Canandaigua creek, is in the w. The v. 
of Vierma is at their junction. Orleans is 
another village in this t. Gypsum is found 
on the creek. Pop. 1830, 4,870. 

PiiiLADHJ.PiiiA, p-t. Jetl'erson co. N. Y. 170 
ms. N. w. Albany ; 5 ms. by 8, is nearly level, 
with a good arable clay and sandy soil, and 
pretty well watered by Indian river and its 
branches, which supply mill seats. The tim- 
ber is oak, bcccli, bass, &.C., with some hem- 
lock and pine. First settled, 1813, Popula- 
tion 1830, 1,167. 

PiiiLADEr.riiiA, CO. Pa., bounded by Del. co. 
s. w., Montgomery n. w., Bucks n. e., Del.r. 
separating it from Burlington co. N.J. e., and 
Gloucester co. N. J. s. Length from s. w. to 
N. E. 22 ms., mean width 7, and area 154 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° .')2' to 40° 
08', and in long, from 1° 47' to 2° 08' e. W. 
C. Bounded on one side by the Delaware, 
and traversed by the .Schuylkill, the conflu- 
ence of these two streams is made in the 
southern part of the co. The general decliv- 
ity is to the sthcstrd. in the direction of the 
mean course of the Schuylkill, and at right 
angles to that of Delaware. Though com- 
paratively confined in extent, the features of 
this CO. are very strongly contrasted. The 
upper and northern part is beautifully broken 
by hill and dale, whilst the lower and the 
sthrn. section is composed of recent alluvion, 
and is an almost dead level. The primitive 
ledge on the margin of which the city of Phil- 
adelphia is built, traverses the co. from s. w. 
to N. e., arresting the tide in Schuylkill with- 
in the precincts of the city. On the Dela- 
ware, the scenery is ralher'tame, but along 
the Schuylkill and Wissahiccon cr. becomes 
picturesque, and in many places even wild and 
bold. The variety of site for country resi- 
dences in the northern part of the co., adds 
no little advantage to Philadelphia ; and the 
inexhaustible masses of gneiss, aflbrds more 



Independent of Philadelphia and places 
connected with it, the co. in 1820 contained a 
pop. of 28,288, 1830, 33,373, or at the latter 
enumeration, upwards of 210 souls to the sq. 
mile, and including the city, upwards of 1,221 
to the square mile. 

PiJiLADELPHiA, city, thc sccond largest in 
the United States, Philadelphia co. Pa., is 
situated on the neck between Delaware and 
Schuylkill rivers, the centre about 5 miles 
above the junction of these two streams. By 
reference to the table inserted at page 37 of 
the Memoir attending Tanner's IJ. S. map, 
the state house on Chesnut, between 5th and 
6th streets, is on lat. 39° 56' 51", long. 75" 
10' 05' w. of the royal observatory at Green, 
wich, and 1° 46' 30" e. of W. C. From these 
elements, by a calculation on Mercator's prin- 
ciples, the line between thc 2 cities deflects 
from the meridian 52° 17' very nearly ; dis- 
tant from each other in statute ms. 120, with- 
in a small fraction ; and from Harrisburg by 
thc turnpike through Lancaster, 96 ms. 

In its natural state, the ground on which 
Pliiladelphia stands was an undulating plain, 
composed of relatively ancient alluvion. The 
Indian name Coaquanock, was changed to 
that of Philadelphia, and the city laid out in- 
to streets at right angles to each other, ex- 
tending by a small angle from the true meri. 
dians. This regularity does not, however, 
extend to either of the suburbs or Liberties. 
In the latter the streets in part correspond to 
those of the city ; in part they are at right an- 
gles to each otlier, but oblique to those of the 
city; and in part they arc irregular, crossing 
at acute and oblique angles. Dock is thc on- 
ly street of either the city or Liberties which 
extends in curve lines. Happily the waving 
surface on which the body of thc city is built, 
has been left untouched by the rage for lev- 
elling, and contributes to clear thc streets of 
filth whenever rain falls on them, an advan- 
tage madly thrown away in some other places. 
Philadelphia, like N. York, stands on a su. 
pcrstratum of porous alluvion, based on prim- 
itive rock, another cause of cleanliness, or 
rather dryness. 

The environs of Philadelphia, on the Pa. 
side of Delaware r. have been justly admired 
for the richness, and along the banks of the 
Schuylkill for the variety of scenery. With- 
out due attention to the cause it may excite 
some surprise that the Delaware scenery 
should present features so much more mono- 
tonous than those of Schuylkill, but the geo- 
logical structure of the country explains the 
difference. The primitive rock ledge, on the 
margin of which Philadelphia is situated, is 
at that city only touched by the Del., whilst 



than an ample supply of material for the on the contrary, it is there that the Schuyl- 

rougher, more solid, and more durable kinds kill emerges from the region of hills based 

of architecture. on the primitive, and meets the tide. If the 

Besides the city of Philadelphia and pla-ltwo rs. arc compared as to their relative con- 



PHI 



415 



PIC 



nexion vrith tho primitive ledge, the Dela- 
ware forms tho traverse at Trenton, similar 
to that of Schuylkill at Philadelphia. 

As a commercial port, that of Philadelphia 
from its great distance from tho ocean, and 
not having counter tides, is more liable to ob- 
struction in winter from ice than is that of N. 
York. The latter, at some states of water, 
and with adequate nautical skill and knowl- 
edge of the channel, will admit ships of 74 
guns, which the former under no circumstan- 
ces possesses sufficient depth of water. Tho 
deep channel of Delaware is, however, at 
Philadelphia close on the Pa. shore, and ves 



PiiiLiPSBURGn, p.v. Wallkili, Orange co. N. 
Y., on Wallkili creek, 20 ms. w. Ncwburgh, 
and 4 from Goshen ; has several manufacto- 
ries. 

Philipsburgh, village, Warren co. N. J., e. 
side Del. r., opposite Easton, Pa. 

Philipshurg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 
1 14 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Philipsburo, p.v. Jefferson co. O., by p.r. 
149 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Philips Store, and p-o. Nash co. N. C, by 
p-r. 61 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

PniLiPSTON, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 65 
ms. N. w. Boston, 26 n. w. Worcester ; has 



scls of 600 tons can be laid close on the very good grass land, and many mill sites. 



docks, and there laden 

In hopes of receiving a more minute and 
recent account of this important city in time 
for insertion in the appendix to this Gazet- 
teer, we refer the reader to that part of our 
treatise, for the conclusion of the article. 

Philadelphia, p.v. northern part Monroe 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 173 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Philadelphus, p-v. Robeson co. N. C, by 
p-r. 107 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Philanthropy, p-v. Butler co. O., by p.r. 
126 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Philips,, r. Coos co. N. H., a branch of Up. 
per Amonoosuc r. ; joins it in Piercy. 

Philips, p.t. Somerset co. Me., 53 ms. n. ] 
N. w. Augusta, 40 n. Norridgewock, and e. 



Burnshint r. rises here in a fine pond : dod. 
1830, 932. ^ 

Philipsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa., 345 ms. k. 
w. W. C. 

PiiiLOMONT, p-v. Loudon CO. Va., 41 miles 
wstrd. W. C. 

Phi psBURGH, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. 
s. Augusta, 20 s. w. Wiscasset ; forms the a. 
part of a long and irregular peninsula on the 
w. side of Kennebec r. at its mouth. It ter- 
minates in two points, called Bald Head and 
Cape Small Point, and has Cape Small Point 
harbor: pop. 1830, 1,311. 

Phoenixvillic, p-v. wstrn. part Cheater co. 
Pa., about 30 ms. from Phil. 

Piivfer's Cross Roads, and p-o. Knox co. 



of Berlin. Oxford co. is crossed n. and s. by O., 60 ms. n. e. Columbus 



Sandy r., a branch of Kennebec r. Popula- 
tion 1830, 954. 

Philips, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 96 ms. s. 
Albany, opposite West Point, Cornwall, Or- 
ange CO., about 8 ms. by 12, is very moun- 
tainous, and has the principal part of Break 
Neck hill in the n. one of the chief eminen- 
CCS of the Highlands. It contains also Blue 
hill, &c. In the south along the branches of 
Peekskill cr. are handsome meadows. There 
are other streams, and several ponds. The 
scenery is bold and varied, but much of the 
soil is broken, and iron ore abounds, which is 
mined. The village of Pleasant Valley is 



Physic Spring, and p-o. Buckingham co. 

Va., 67 ms. w. Richmond. 

Pickaway, co. O., bounded s. by Ross, Fay. 
ette s. w., Madison n. w., Franklin n., Fair- 
field E., and Hocking s. e. Greatest length 
28 ms., mean length 24, mean breadth 21, and 
area 500 sq. ms. Central lat. 39° 37', long. 
W. C. 6° w. Slope sthrd., the Sciota river 
traversing it in that direction, and within its 
limits receiving Walnut creek from the n. e., 
and Darby's creek from the n. w. The soil 
is remarkably diversified, some part being ex- 
uberantly fertile, whilst the opposite extreme 
reaches barrenness. The fertile part has 



nearly opposite to West Point. Above it is been found so productive as to aflbrd crops of 
Cold Spring, and the principal cannon foun- 40 or 45 bushels of wheat per acre, and other 
dry in the U. States. The Robinson mansion grains and fruits in equal proportion. The 
stands on an elevation not far from the shore, pop. being in 1820, 13,149, 1830 16 001 

would seem to show that in general' fertility', 
Pickaway must fall short of several other cos! 
of Ohio. Chief town, Circleville. 

Pickens, extreme wstrn. dist. of S. C, 
bounded by Greenville dist. n. e., Anderson e.,' 
Tugalvo r. separating it from Franklin co! 
Geo. s. w., and Habersham co. Geo. w., Cha. 
tuga r. separating it from Rabun co. Geo. n. 
w., and by Haywood and Buncombe cos. in 
N. C, N. Length from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., 
mean breadth 30, and area 1,200 so. ms • 
lat 34° 50', long. W. C. 6° w. slope sthrd., 
and drained chiefly by the various branches 
of Seneca r. Surface hilly, and 



The property of the owner was confiscated 
in the Revolution, and the house was occupi- 
ed by Arnold when he treacherously desert- 
ed the American cause. Pop. 1830, 4,761. 

Philips, co. Arkansas, as laid down by 
Tanner, is bounded by White r. w.. Miss. r. 
E., and St. Francis co. n. It is in form of a 
triangle, 54 ms. from s. to n. ; mean breadth 
40 ms., and area 2,160 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 30', 
long. W. C. 14° w. Slopes southward. The 
greatest part of the surface liable to annual 
submersion by the floods of the two bounding 
rs., and of the Saint Francis r. which enters 
the Miss, in the northeastern angle ; where 



part 



the soil admits cultivation, it is exuberantly I mountainous ; chief t. Pickenville. Pop. 1830 
fertile, and the climate admits the profitable j 14,473. ' 

cultivation of cotton. Chief t. Helena. Pop. j Pickens co. Ala., bounded by Lowndes 
1830, 1,152. -co. Miss. n. w., Layfayette co. Ala. n., Tus. 



PIK 



416 



PIK 



caloosa co. e., Greeno s., and Tombigbee r. 
separating it from the Choctaw territory, Ala. 
w. Length from s. to n. 36 ma., mean brdih. 
30, and area 720 sq. ms. ; lat. 33° 13', long. 
W. C. 11° 15' \v. Slope .g. w., and in that di- 
rection drained by Sipsey r. and several 
creeks flowing into Tombigbee r. ; chief t. 
PickensviUe. Pop. 1830, 6,622. 

Pickens, C. II. andp-o. Pickens diet. S. C, 
by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

PicKENsviLLK, p-v. estm. part Pickena dist. 
S. C, 43 ms. N. w. by w. Spartanburg, and 
by p-r. 130 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

PicKENSviLLE, p-v. and st, jus. Pickens co. 



B. by both branches of Wiscoy or. Genesee 
r. flows through the adjoining t. of Portage 
on the E. The soil is good, bearing much 
maple, beech, bass, elm, &c. Bog iron ore 
is found here. Pop. 1830, 2,016. 

Pike co. Pa., bounded by Northampton s. ; 
the nrthrn. branch of Lehigh separating it 
from Luzerne w., by Wallenpaupack cr. sep- 
arating it from Wayne n. w., Lackawaxen r. 
separating it from Wayne n., Del. r. separa- 
ting it from. Sullivan co. N. Y., n. e., and by 
Del. r. separating it from Sussex co. N. J., e., 
and Warren co. N. J., s. e. Length crossing 
diagonally from e. to w. 48 ms., mean breadth 



Ala., by p-r. n. w. by w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 32° 15, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 17', long. 
20', long. W. C. 11° 16' w. W. C. 1° 48' e. A mtn. chain traverses this 

Pickering Isl. Hancock CO. Me. Pop. 10. co. from s. w. to n. e., dividing it into two 



PiCKERiNGTON, p-v. Franklin co., O 
Pickett's valley and p-o., Greenville dist. 
S. C, by p-r. 123 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

PiERCY, t. Coos CO. N. H., 5 ms. n. e. Lan- 
caster, 20,000 acres, of irregular form, is 
crossed by Upper Amonoosuc r., whose n. 
and s. branches here unite. Piercy's pond is 
E. The surface is uneven, soil not very good. 
It contains Mill and Pilot mtns., and Devil's 
Sliding Place, which has a smooth declivity 
N., and a precipice of 300 ft. s. First settled 
1788. Pop. 1830, 236. 

PiERMONT, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 70 ms. 
N. N. w. Concord, 132 n. n. w. Boston. It 
contains 23,000 acres, lies e. Conn, r., has 
good soil, excellent on the r. with broad mea- 
dows. Grain and grass grow well on the 
adjoining plains ; e. of these are hills favor- 
able to grass. White pine grows near the r. ; 
hard maple, birch, elm, &c. e. Eastman's 
ponds are n. e., flowing into Conn. thro'East- 
man's brook, on which are mill seats. Indian 
brook, also a mill stream, is s. ; Barron'.s Isl. 
is in Conn. r. ; valuable quarries are in the n. 
First settled 1770. Pop. 1830, 1,042. 

PiERPONT, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. X-) 213 
ms. N. N. w. Albany, 28 e. s. e. Ogdensburgh, 
is crossed in the n. e. corner by Racket r., & 
in other parts has several small streams of 
Grassy r. Pop. 1830, 749. 

PiERPON'T, P-V. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 199 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

' Pig r. Va., rising in the sthestrn. slope of 
the Blue Ridge, and flowing thence estrd., 
between Blackwater and Irvine rs., traverses 
and drains the central part of Franklin co., 
and entering Pittsylvania, turns to n. v.. and 
falls into Roanoke, after a comparative course 
of 35 ms. 

Pigeon Hill, p-v. York co.. Pa., by p-r. 90 
ms. N. W. C. 

Pigeon Roost, p-v.' Henry co. Ten., by 
p-r. 106 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville. 

Pig Point, p-v. on the left bank of Patux- 
ent r., opposite the mouth of the W. Branch 



slopes, one estrd. towards that part of Del. 
below the mouth of Nevesink r., and the oth- 
er nrthrds. towards that part of Del. between 
the mouths of Lackawaxen and Nevesink rs. ; 
surface of the co. very broken. Chief t. Mil- 
ford. Pop. 1830, 4,843. 

Pike, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ms. 
nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Pike co. Geo., bounded by Fayette N. w., 
Henry n.. Butts n. e., Monroe s. e., Upson s., 
and Flint r. separating it from Merriwether w. 
Length from e. to w. 28 ms., mean width 17, 
and area 476 sq. ms.; lat. 32° 07', long W. 
C. 7° 30' w. ; slope sthrd. and drained in 
that direction by Auhau cr. a branch of Flint, 
and Chupee cr., a branch of Ocmulgee r. ; 
chief t. Zebulon. Pop. 1830, 6,149. 

Pike co. Ala., bounded by Henry s. e., 
Dale s., Covington s. w., Butler w., Mont- 
gomery n. w., and the Cherokee territory n. 
and N. e. ; greatest length along the sthrn. 
border 68 ms. ; mean breadth 25, area 1,700 
sq. ms. The extreme nrthrn. angle is drain- 
ed by Ockfuskee creek, a branch of Tallapoo- 
sa r. and slopes to the n. The much greater 
part of the whole surface, however, slopes 
s. w., and is drained in that direction by the 
sources of Conecuh and Choctaw rs. Chief 
t. Pike court house. Pop. 1830, 7,108. 

Pike co. Miss., bounded s. w. by Amite, n. 
w. by Franklin, Lawrence n., Marion e., 
Washington parish, La. s. e. and s., and St. 
Helena parish. La. s. w. ; length 30 ms., mean 
breadth 28, and area 840. Extending in lat. 
from 31° to 31° 27', and in long, from 13° 10' 
to 13° 40' w. This co. is traversed in a s. s. 
E. direction by the Bogue Chito r., and the 
sthwstrn. angle gives source to the Tangipao 
r. The general slope nearly sthrd. ; surface 
in great part open pine woods ; chief town 
HolmesviUe. Pop. 1830, 5,402. 

Pike co. Ky., bounded s. by Harlan, s. w. 
and w. by Perry, n. by Floyd, and by Cum- 
jberland intn., which separates it from Tazc- 
I well CO. Va. e., and from Russell co. Va. s. e. 



and in the sthrn. part of Ann Arun3el co. Md., | It approaches the form of a triangle, base 55 
by p-r. 59 ms., but by the common intermedi- [ms. along Cumberland mtn. ; mean breadth 
ate road, only about 30, ms. s. e. by e. W. C. 20 ms., 1,100 sq. ms. ; lat. 37° 15', long W. 
Pike, p-t. Alleghany co., N. Y., 255 ms. C.5°40'w. The nrthestrn. angle is traversed 
w. by s. Albany, 18 n. w. Angelica, and s. | nrthwstrly. by the West Fork of Big Sandy 
Genesee co., 6 ms. by 12. It is crossed n. &j r., whilst from the central and sthrn. .sections 



PIL 



417 



PIN 



rise tho oxtromo sourcoe of Kentucky r. 
flowing also to tho n. w. ; surface very bro- 
ken; chief t. Piketon. Pop. 1830, 2,677. 

Pike go. O., bounded s. by Sciota, Adams 
s. w., Highland w., Ross n., and Jackson e. ; 
length from k. to w. 32 ms., mean width 18, 
and area 576 sq. ms. ; lat. 39° and long. W. C. 
6° w. intersect in this co. It is traversed in 
a s. s. w. course by Sciota r. ; soil productive 
in grain, fruits and meadow grasses; ciiiof t. 
Piketon. Pop. 1820, 4,253 ; 1830, G,024. 

Pike co. Ind., bounded by Warrick e., Gib- 
son w., White r. separating it from Knox n. 
w., the estrn. branch of White r. separating 
it from Daviess n. e., and by Dubois co. e. ; 
mean length from s. to n. 22 miles, mean 
breadth 18, and area 396 sq. ms. The slope 
of this CO. is very nearly due w., and in that 
direction is traversed by Patoka r. The 
course also of both branches of White r. 
where they bound the co. is also to tho w. ; 
chief t. Petersbiirgh. Pop. 1830, 2,475. 

Pike co. IL, bounded by Calhoun s.. Miss. 
r. separating it from Pike co. Mo. s. w.. Rails, 
Mo. w., and Marion Mo. n. w., again by Ad- 
ams, II. N., Schuyler N. e., and II r. separating 
it from Morgan e. and Greene s. e. ; length 
from s. to N. 33 ms., mean breadth 30, and 
area 990 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 35', long. W. C. 
14° w. extending from the Miss, to II. r. ; the 
principal slope is wstrd. towards the former ; 
chief t. Atlas. Pop. 1830, 2,396. 

Pike co. Mo., bounded by Lincoln s. e., 
Montgomery s., Ralls s. w., w. and n. w., and 
the Miss. r. separating it from Pike co. II. n. 
E., and from Calhoun co. II. e. ; length from s. 
to N. 36 ms. mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. 
ms. ; lat. 39° 20', long. W. C. hi w. Salt r. 
of Mo., enters the Miss, in the nrthrn. angle 
of this CO., which it traverses to the s. k. The 
nrthrn. branches of Cuivre (Copper) r. rise 
in the sthrn. section, and also fiow s. e. ; chief 
t. Bowling Green. Pop. 1830, 6,129. 

Pike C. H. and p-o. Pike co. Ala., by p-r. 
179 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

PiKEsviLLE, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 
46 ms. N. E. W. C, and 8 ms. from Balti- 
more. 

'Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Ky. situ- 
ated on the W. Fork of Sandy r., by p-r. 16 
ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. 

Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. O. situ- 
ated on the left bank of Sciota r. 26 ms. above 
Portsmouth, and by p.r. 65 ms. s. Columbia ; 
lat. 39° 02', long. W. C. 6° w. Pop. 1830, 
271. 

PiKEviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Ala. 
situated on Battahatche r., by p-r. 118 ms. n. 
N. w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 34° 07', long. W. C. 
11 w. 

PiKEVii^LE, p-v. and st. jus. Bledsoe co. 
Ten., situated on Sequatchie r., by p-r. 109 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville ; lat. 35° 39', long. 
W. C. 8° 12' w. 

PiKEviLLE, p-v. Monroe co. Ky. by p-r. 145 
ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

PiLESGRovE, t, Salem co. N. J. 50 ms. s. w. 
Trenton, 25 s. Phila., has Oldman'e or. n.| 

53 



which separates it from Woolwich, Gloucee- 
tor CO., and is crossed by Salem r., on which 
are the villages of Sharptown and Woods, 
town: pop. 1830, 2,150. 

PiNCKNEY, p-t. Lewis CO. N. Y. 153 ms. n. w. 
Albany, 13 s. e. Watertown, and e. of Rod 
man in Jefferson CO., 6 ms. by 6^, first settled 
1805, has nearly a level surface, with much 
moist, sandy loam, favorable to grain and 
grass, and i)earing a variety of forest trees : 
pop. 1830, 763. 

PiNCKNEY, p-v. on the left bank of the Mo. 
r., Montgomery co. Mo., by p-r. 66 ms. w. St. 
Louis. 

PiNCKNEYViLLE, p.v. UuioH dist. S. C. 93 
ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

PiNCK.VEYViLLE, p-v. Gwinnet co. Geo. by 
p-r. 106 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

PiNCKNEYViLLE, p-v. Wilkinson CO. Miss. 
44 ms. s. Natchez. 

PiNCKNEYViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Perry co. 
II., situated on l?oucoup cr. a branch of Mud- 
dy cr., by p-r. 129 ms. a little w. of s. Van- 
dalia, lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 12° 25' w. 

PiNDERTowN, p-v. and St. jus., Lee co. Geo. 
situated on Flint r., bv p-r. 130 ms. s. s. w. 
Milledgeville, lat. 31° 40', long. W. C. 7° 
10' w. 

Pine Bluff, p-o. sthestrn. part Pulaski co. 
Ark., by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. Little Rock. 

Pine cr. or more correctly r. of Pa., rising 
in Potter and Tioga cos., interlocking sources 
with those of Tioga, Genesee, and Allegha- 
ny rs. The various branches unite in Tioga, 
from which the united water flows into Lyco- 
ming, and fails into the W. Branch of Sus- 
quehannah r., after a sthrn. course by com- 
parative distance 60 ms. 

Pine cr. p-o. Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 159 ms. 
N. Harrisburg. 

Pine Grove, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 
41 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Pine Grove, p-v. Tyler co. Va. by p-r. 249 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Pine Grove, mills and p-o.. Centre co. Pa. 
by p-r. 88 ms. nrthwstrd. Harrisburg. 

Pine Orchard, Catskill, Greene co. N. Y. 
8 ms. w. Hudson r., and Catskill v. a small 
level on the Catskill mtns., a favorite resort 
of travellers of taste during the hot season. 
It was originally covered with a grove of pine 
trees, growing at nearly equal distances, on a 
surface scattered with broken rocks, and ter- 
minating at a projection which overhangs a 
precipice of^ome hundreds of ft. At that 
spot has been erected a splendid hotel, called 
the Catskill Mountain house, from which the 
view ranges without interruption over the 
wide valley of the Hudson, including some of 
the highlands of Conn., Mass. and Vt. The 
most distant eminences in sight n. and s. are 
about 70 ms. apart. 

Pine Park, p-v. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 59 ms. 
estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Pine Plains, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 79 ms. 
s. Albany, 28 n. e. Poughkeepsie, 4 ms. by 
10, has a small village ; a high hill e. and 
Stissing mtn. w., on the e. side of which is Stig- 



PIS 



418 



PIT 



C 



eing pond, with an outlet a. the head etrcani 
of Wappinger'B creok. Chicomo cr. co. crosses 
the town from b. e. to n. w. flowing into 
RoclefT Janscn's crecii, which crosses the n. 
w. corner. Pop. 1830, 1,503. 

Pine .Strket, p.v. Clearfield co. Pa 
p-r. 162 nis. n. w. Harrisburg. 
^ Pine Village, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. 
66 ms. WBtrd. Columbia. 

PiNioviLi.E, p-v. nthrn. part of Charleston 
diat. S. C. .^).3 ms. n. Charleston, and by p-r. 
92 ms. fr-. K. Columbia. 

PiNEvii.LK, p-v. northern part Clarke co. 
Ala. by p-r. 107 ms. southward Tuscaloosa. 
PiNEv river, p-v. on ii small stream of the 
same name, sthrn. pari Dickson co. Ten. By 
p-r. the p-o. is 54 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

PiNTiALAii, or Pintclalah, small river of 
Montgomery co. Ala. rises on the sthrn. bor- 
der of the CO. and flowing northward falls 
into the left side of Ala. r. 

PiNTi.Ai.Aii, p-o. Montgomery co. Ala. 13 
ms. from Montgomery, the co. et. and by p-r. 
132 ms. 8. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Pirmo Tree, p-v. King William co. Va. by 
p-r. 20 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

PiauA, p-v. Washington tsp. northern part 
of Miami co. Ohio, by p-r. 79 ms. u little n. 
of w. Columbus, and 8 ms. n. n. w. Troy, the 
CO. St. : pop. 1830, 488. 

PiauEA, p-v. sthrn. part of Lancaster co. 
Pa. 27 ms. sthrd. Lancaster, and by p-r. 126 
ms. northeastward W. C. 

PiscATACiUAV river, N. II. the boundary be- 
tween N. II. and Me. from the ocean 40 ms. 
N.N. w. which is the length of its course. Its 
source is in Wakefield. Its mouth is near 
Portsmouth, which capital stands on its s. 
shore. It is a large, deep and important 
stream the last few miles of its course, 
spreading out into several bays. Only this 
part of it is commonly called Piscataq\ia ; the 
middle part, from the mouth of Cocheco river 
to the lower falls in Berwick, bearing the 
name of Newichawaimoc, and the upper part 
Salmon Falls river. The western branch is 
formed by several branches, which fall into 
Great Bay, Swamscot r. from Exeter, Winni- 
cot r. which passes through Greenland, and 
Ijamprcy river flowing between Durham and 
Newmarket. At a smaller bay below, Oyster 
river comes in from the n. The tide, which 
flows up to the lower falls in all these streams, 
aflbrds navigation from them to Portsmouth- 
The channel, being narrow, though very deep, 
7 ms. from the ocean, causes a very rapi(l 
rush of water both at the rising and the fall- 
ing of the tide, Bo that ice is never formed 
across. The harbor formed near the mouth 
of the Piscataquay is very safe and capacious. 
There is an outer and an inner bay, islands 
with forts, a light house, &c., and in the in- 
ner is a navy yard of the U. S. 

PiscATAQuoG river, Hillsborough co. N. H. 



with a bridge over th& former, 60 feet long. 
The Union canal hero passes the falls, and 
facilitates the business of the place. 

PiscATAWAY, village, Piscataway, Middle- 
sex CO. N. J. 3 ms. N. E, New Brunswick, and 
by N. Raritan river. 

1 Piscataway cr. sthrn. part Prince Geor- 
ge's county, Md. rises a few ma. w. of Upper 
Marlborough, and flowing e. w. falls into 
Potomac at Fort Washington. 

Piscataway, p-v. on Piscataway creek, 
sthrn. part Prince George's co. Md. by p-r. 
16 ms. s. W. C. 

PisGAii, p-v. Cooper co. Mo. 34 ms. wstrd. 
Jcflcrson. 

Pitch Landing, and p-o. sthrn. part Hert- 
ford CO. N. C. 12 ms. s. Winton, the co. st. 
and 129 nis. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Pitt, co. N. C. bounded e. by Beaufort, 
Johnson s., Lenoir s. w., Greene w., Edge- 
combe N. w., and Martin n. and n. e. Length 
from E. to w. 44 ms. ; greatest breadth 36 ms. 
but mean breadth 18 ms., and area about 800 
square ms. Central laf. 35° 3.5'. The meri- 
dian of W. C. traverses the eastern angle, 
('ontentney or the nitn. branch of Neuso r. 
trnvorses the sthrn. angle in a s. e. course, 
whilst Tar r. in a similar direction winds over 
the central part. The general slope is to the 
8. E. Chief town, Greenville : pop. 1830, 
12,093. 

Pitts ;iORo', p-v. and st. jus. Chatham co. N. 
C. situated on the road from Raleigh to Ash- 
boro', 33 ms. wstrd. of the former, and 39 
cstrd. of the latter, lat. 35° 43', and long. 2° 
14' w. W. C. 

PiTTSiujRG, city and p-t. Pa. situated on the 
point above the junction and between the Al- 
leghany and Monongahela rivers, and where 
these two streams form the Ohio r. by p-r. 
323 ms. southwestward W. C, 201 w. Har- 
risburg, and 297 ms. a little N. of w. Phila., 
lat. 40° 28', long. W. C. 2° 56' w. That part 
incorporated and particularly called Pittsburg, 
lies entirely on the point above noticed, and 
occupies an alluvial plain and part of the ad- 
jacent hill protruded between the two rs. In 
its form the city of Pittsburg is laid out with 
a very strong resemblance to N. Y. The 
streets along the Monongahela are laid out 
at right angles to each other, and perpendic- 
ular or parallel to that stream ; and the same 
relative arrangement prevails along the Alle- 
ghany, and renders the strcctsof the two sec- 
tions of the city oblique to each other. 

In 1820, if the adjacent villages were in- 
cluded, there were within 1 mile of its cen- 
tre, about 10,000 persons, of whom 7,248 
resided in the corporation. In 1826, the city 
contained a population of 10,515. By the 
the census of 1830, the city alone contained 
12,568 inhabitants, but in a commercial and 
social point of view, Alleghany town, Bir- 
mingham, Lawrence ville, liayardstown, and 



is formed of2 branches, and enters Merriinac 'the street along the Monongahela opposite, 
river on the line ofGofl'stown and Bedford. 'all belong to Pittsburg as suburbs, and all 
PiscATAauoG, p-v. Bedford, Hillsborough included in one aggregate, amounted to 
eo. N. H. a pleasant little village on Piscuta- [18,000, in 1830, and now 18.32, no doubt ex- 
cfuog r. near its junction with the Merriinac, cceds 20,000. Pittsburg is emphatically the 



PIT 



419 



PIT 



Birmingham of the Oliio valley, and is in no i so great advantages of position as does 
small proportion made up of manufacturing! Pittsburg. The great line of canal and rail 
edifices, and inhiibited bj- manufacturers J road from Philadcii)hia t)y ilic Schuylkill over 
* ■ ' ' ' ' the Susquehannah valley, and the intervening 

mountains, terminates for the present in the 
valley of Ohio at Pittsburg, but its extension 
down the latter stream is amongst the inevi- 
table effects of its execution to the head of 
such a navigation. The Ohio is impeded by 
autunm drought indirect excess with ascent, 
and is nearly annually rendered unnavigablo 
as low down as Marietta, for one, two or three 
months before the frosts of winter. It is, 
however, navigable as high as Wheeling, 
long after it ceases to be so at the confluence 
of the Alleghany and Monongahela. 

Taken with all its existing business, few 
if any other places, m cither the United States 
or Europe with an equal population, have 
transactions to so great amount. The value 
of its manufactures falls annually but little 
under $3,000,000, and the objects of manu- 
facture being those of primary necessity, 
renders the prosperity of the place perma- 
nent. Tiie character of the people is stamped 
by their occupations. Persevering industry 
and perhaps a rather too overstrained, though 
natural bent to private interest, may be said 
of the far greatest part of the population. 
None are idle, and few are dissipated. I have 
known this town for the fifty last years, and 



Amongst the machinery erected here, may 
be named as first in utility and efficiency, a 
high pressure engine of 81 horse power, 
which raises water from the Alleghany river 
116 feet, and can afford a diurnal supply of 
1,500,000 gallons. There were according to 
Flint early in this year, 1832, 11 extensive 
iron foundries, from which, in 1830, were 
manufactured from pigs, 5,3^9 tons. There 
were 6 rolling mills and nail factories united, 
which manufactured 7,950 tons of pigs into 
blooms, and 2,805 tons into nails. There 
were 4 extensive cotton factories, one of 
which worked 10,000 spindles. Two glass 
works, several breweries, and taking alto- 
gether upwards of 270 manufacturing estab- 
lishments. There are 13 churches, for Ro- 
man Catholics, liaptists. Covenantors, Se- 
ceders, Methodists, German Lutherans, 
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Unitarians, 
&c. In this city is located the Western 
University of Pa. Pittsburg High school, 
numerous private schools, Lamdin's museum, 
a branch of the United States bank, and 
Pittsburg bank, and also a state prison. 

The city is united to tho adjacent country 
beyond the two rivers by a bridge over each. 
That across the Monongahela is, however. 



in some measure useless, from being located (have perceived its growth less fluctuating, 
too high up the stream, and a ferry is still and more solidly based than most of the 
kept up from the point to the great western towns of western United States, 
road, through Washington, Wheeling, Stcu- Pittsdurgh, p-v. western part of Baldwin 
benville, and other places. The site is a real co. Geo. 8 ms. from Milledgeville. 
amphitheatre formed by the hand of nature. Pittsfiejlu, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 
The rivers flow in channels from 450 to 4G5|m3.*N. w. Concord, with 14,921 acroe, is un- 



feet below the highest peaks of the neigh- 
boring hills. The writer of this article 
measured tho height of several hills in the 
vicinity of Pittsburg, and found them varying 
between the relative elevations stated. Anoth- 
er geological phenomenon deserves particu- 
lar notice ; the main ccjal strata lie something 
above 300 feet above the level of the streets 
of that part of the city on the alluvial point, 
and these strata lie almost exactly on one 
level. A levelling instrument jilaccd at the 
mouth of any of the coal beds, if carried 
round the horizon the circle of vision passes 
along the openings of all the other mines 



even and rocky, with good soil, and is cross- 
ed by Suncook r. from n. to s., supplying mill 
seats, s. E. is Catamount mtn. from which 
is seen the ocean, and on which is Berry's 
pond, 300 yards by i mile, supplying mill 
seats with its outlet. There are several oth- 
er ponds : pop. 1830, 1,276. 

PiTT3FiELD, p-t. Rutland CO. Vt., 35 ms. 8. 
w. Montpelier, 17 n. k. Rutland, is in tlic n. 
K. corner of the co. ; first settled 178G, and 
organized 1793. Tweed r. a branch of White 
r., is formed near the centre, by the union of 
three streams, which afford mill sites. White 
r. also crosses the e. part. The surface is 



The hills though steep arc not, except in a I mountainous, and Wilcox's )jcak is the high- 
few instances, precipitous, and afford from I est. 4 school dists. : pop. 1830, 505. 
their slopes and peaks a series of rich and! Pittsfield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 125 
varied landscape. The scenery is in a mo8t[ms. w. Boston, 38 e. s. e. Albany ; lies be- 
intcresting maimer strengthened in color by tween the tv\'o mountainous ranges of Taugh- 
the fertility of soil which continues to the! kannic and the Green mtns., has a varied and 
very summits. There is nothing of barren- 1 beautiful surface, good soil, and, along the 2 
ness visible ; vegetation in the forests, I main branches of Houaatonic r., extensive 
meadows, fields, orchards, and gardens, ex- nicadows. The village enjoys an airy situa- 
hibits one theatre of abundance. tion, on the siuiimlt of a hill, with a large 

The formation is here, as in every other public square, in the centre of which is a re- 
port of the valley of Ohio, floetz, or level, so niarkably fine elm, which wjiS h.tt when the 
much so, indee<l, as to render the draining of forest was cleared away. It has several 
the coal mines ditlieult. Limestone is formed, j streets, with a number ol'stores and handsome 
but the prevailing rock is a porous sand stone residences, and a b;ink ; the Berkshire acad- 
as far as the earth has been penetrated. i eniy, and a seminary lor females. In the tap. 

Few places in the United States combine are several extensive factories, including 



PIT 



490 



PLA 



Mr. Pomeroy's, of muskets, where arms are 

frequently made for the U. S. The settle- 
ment began in 1736, nnd two garrison houses 
were erected in 1754, but the general occu- 
pation of the town has been much more re- 
cent. The Indians called it Pontoosuc. Dur- 
ing the last war, many British prisoners were 
cantoned in the village : pop. 183U, 3,515. 

PiTTSFiELD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 87 ms. 
w. Albany, and 15 s. w. Cooperstown; has 
Unadilla w. which separates it from Chenan- 
go CO., and has an irregular surface, with 
fertile vallies and arable hills, with fine pas- 
tures well watered. Wharton's creek falls 
into Mead r. : pop. 1830, 1,006. 

PiTTSFORD, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 60 miles n. 
Bennington, 44 s. w. Montpelier, 8 n. Rut- 
land. First settled 1768, from Greenwich, 
Mass., and had forts Mott and Vengeance, 
picketed in the revolution ; the latter being 
the most n. frontier point held by Americans 
in the war, w. of the Green mtns. It con- 
tains 25,000 acres. Otter creek flows from 
s. to N. through the middle, from 40 to 50 
yards wide, winding, and slow. Furnace r. 
is a branch formed of East cr. and Philadel- 
phia r., which have valuable meadows, and 
good mill sites. A pond s. e. contains twen- 
ty acres, nnd one n. e. 30. A hilly range is 
on the w. line. The soil is loam, with some 
sand and clay, bearing oaks, pine, maple, 
beech, &c. &c., and contains iron ore, yield- 
ing 25 per cent. Marble is quarried and sent 
to Middlebury to bo sawn and cut. It is 
coarse and elastic, so that a thin slab laid 
horizontally, supported only at the ends, bends 
in the middle. Oxide of manganese also is 
found here. There are 14 school districts : 
pop. 1830, 2,005. 

PiTTSFORD, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 215 ms. 
N. N. w. Albany, 8 e. Rociicster, 22 n. w. 
Canandaigua ; with 22 sq. ms. ; has Ironde- 
quot cr. s. e., Noyes cr. n. w., with few mill 
seats, and is crossed by Erie canal from n. 
w. in a crooked course to s. e., where is the 
great embankment over Irondcquot cr. The 
village is in the n. w. corner, and almost sur- 
rounded by the canal : pop. 1830, 1,831. 

PiTTSGRovE, p-t. Salem co. N. J., 74 ms. s. 
s. w. Trenton, 23 s. Philadelphia ; has a lit- 
tle of the head of Oldman'scr. n. with Glou- 
cester CO., and at its s. angle just touches the 
N. w. angle of Deertield, C'umberland county : 
pop. 1830,2,216. 

PiTTSTON, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. 
s. Augusta, has Lincoln co. e. and s., and 
Kennebec r. w., into which it sends several 
small streams. It is a place of some trade : 
pop. 1830, 1,799. 

PiTTSTON, p-v. on the bank of the East 
Branch of Susquehannah r., at the mouth of 
Lackawannoc r., Luzerne co. Pa., 9 miles 
above Wilkes-Barrc. 

PiTTSTON Ferry, nearly opposite Pittston, 
p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., 8 ms. above, but on the 
opposite side of the East Branch of Susque- 
hannah from Wiles-Barre. 

PiTTSTowN, ji.t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 18 



ms. N. E. Albany, 15 n. e. Troy, s. Washing- 
ton CO. ; with 35,500 acres; first settled 1750 ; 
is uneven but arable, with a good soil, bear- 
ing oak, maple, beech, ash, &lc., and sends 
wheat, pork, beef, &c. to market. The vil- 
lages of Pittstown & Tomhanoc, are in pleas, 
ant vallies. IIoosuc r. is on the n. line. The 
mill streams are small. 

Pittsylvania, co. Va., bounded s. w. by 
Henry, J^ranklin w., Roanoke r. separating it 
from Bedford, n. w., and Campbell n. ; it has 
Halifax on the e., and Caswell and Rocking- 
ham cos. N. C. s. Greatest length from s. to 
N. 40 ms., mean length 36, breadth 28, and 
area 1,000 sq, me. Lat. 36° 50', long. 2° 21' 
w. W. C. This CO. is bounded on the n. by 
Roanoke, in the centre by Banister r., and on 
the south by Dan r., all of which streams in 
that part of their respective courses flow 
estrd., and of course give that slope to the 
surface. Much of the soil is excellent. Chief 
town. Competition, usually called Pittsylvania 
C. H. : pop. 1820, 21,313,' 1830, 26,034. 

Pittsylvania, C. H. and p-o., or Competi- 
tion, St. jus. Pittslyvania co. Va., is situated 
near the centre of the co. on a branch of Ban- 
ister r., by p-r. 259 ms. s. w. W. C, and 167 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. Lat. 36° 50', long. 
W. C. 2°20'w. 

Placentia, island, Hancock co. Me. : pop. 
1830, 39. 

Plain Dealing, p-v. Meade co. Ky., 10 ms. 
estrd. Brandenburg, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
80 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Plainfield, t. Washington co. Vt., 55 ms. 
n. Windsor, 21 n. w. Newbury ; first settled 
about 1794, nnd has 10,000 acres. Onion r. 
is in the n. w. part, and is here joined by 
Great brook, which crosses the town. The 
village is at the junction, with several mills, 
&c. There is a trout pond, and a small min- 
eral spring which is resorted to by invalids ; 
the soil is pretty good, the surface hilly, and 
timber is abundant : pop. 1830, 874. 

Plainfieu, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 12 ms. 
s. w. Dartmouth college, 55 w. n. w. Con- 
cord, 111 N. w. [Boston, E. Conn, r., and s. of 
Grafton co. Has pine timber near the river, 
maple, beech, &c. on the hills. It contains 
fine meadows, particularly on the river. Harts 
island, 19 acres, belongs to this town. There 
is a pleasant village, in which is Union 
academy, with !$40,000, given by David 
Kimball, tlie interest of which is to be given 
partly to a clergyyman, and jmrtly to the edu- 
cation of ministers. First settled 1764. Wa- 
terqueechy falls are in this town : pop. 1830, 
1,581. 

Plainfield p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 110 
ms. w. Boston, 20 n. w. Northampton ; lies on 
the range of the Green mtns., and supplies 
the head streams of the n. branch of West- 
field r. : pop. 1830,984. 

Plainfield, p-t. Windham co. Conn., lies 
E.of Quiunebaug r. n. New London co.. and 
is crossed by Moosup r. a branch of the Quin- 
nebaug with other small streams. The v. is 
(ilcasantly situated in the midst of a level. 



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The town has good soil and many valunblc 
farms. If. has also an academy : pop. 1830, 
2,200. 

Pi.AiNFiELD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 75 ms. 
w. Albany, 15 n. w. Cooperslown, k. Una- 
dilla r. or Madison co., ami s. Oneida county. 
Several small branches of Unadilla r. are in 
the town. The surface is level and fertile 
N. w., and hilly s., with fine pastures. The 
country is elevated between the head 
streams of the Mohawk and Susquehannah : 
pop. 1830, 1,626. 

Pi.AiNiiELn, village, Westficid, Essex co. 
N. J., 16 ms. s. w. Newark, and e. of Green- 
brook. 

Plainfield, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by p-r. 
87 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Plainfield, p-v. St. Clair co. Mich., by 
p-r. 64 ms. n. e. Detroit. 

Plainsville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 
119 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Plaistow, p-t. Rockingham co. N. II., 36 
ms. s. e. Concord, 30 s. w. Portsmouth, 35 
N. by w. Boston, n. and n. w. Haverhill, 
Mass. ; 6,839 acres ; was purchased of the 
Indians, 1642, as a part of that town, and has 
a good, black loamy soil, rocky n. w. Some 
minerals are found here, many springs and a 
few small streams : pop. 1830, 591. 

Plaquemines, (Percimon,) outlet of the 
Miss, to the right, 96 miles below the mouth 
of Red r., 8 miles below the outlet of Iber- 
ville from the opposite side, and 117 miles 
abovo- New Orleans. The Plaquemino out- 
let receives water only when the niississippi 
is within 8 or 10 feet of its extreme height of 
flood ; but when the main stream has atlained 
its greatest height, large barges and steam- 
boats are safely navigated down the Plaque- 
mine into its recipient the Atchafalaya ; and 
thence by the various interlocking streams to 
upper Attacapas, and to Opelousas. The 
channel of Plaquemine, of 15 ms. in length, 
is very winding, but the banks being steep 
and composed of alluvial soil, vessels receive 
but little damage by running on shore. It is 
a pass of very great importance, as, through 
it, passes the travelling and commerce of a 
wealthy and fertile section of La. 

PLAa'iEMiNE, remarkable bend of the Mis- 
sissippi r. 75 ms. below New Orlcansf. Fort 
St. Philip, called in the p-o. list fort Jackson, 
stands on this bend, and on the left bank of 
the r., and completely commands the stream, 
which, opposite the glacis, is only 37 chains, 
or a fraction less than half a mile wide ; of 
course the opposite shore is within reach of 
point blank shot. At this place is a post of- 
fice called Fort .lackson. 

Plaquemines, parish of La., bounded w. 
by Jefferson, St. Bernard s. w., lake Borgne 
N., Chandeleur bay e., and the gull'of Mexico 
s. e. and s. Greatest length, following the 
general comparative course of Miss. r. 85 
ms. Greatest breadth from Barataria bay to 
the pass of Marian 75 ms. The form ap- 
proaching that of a cross, ends in narrow 
points at each extreme ; the area about 2,500 



sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 29° to 30° 
10', and in long. W. C. 12° to 13° w. The 
surface is the sthcstrn. salient part of the 
great plain of the Mississippi, and is literally 
a plain, over which no spot rises 10 feet above 
the level of the gulf of Mexico. This was 
demonstrated by the hurricane of the 18th 
and 19tli August, 1812, when the M'ater was 
raised 8 feet above its ordinary level, inunda- 
ted the ^vhole Plaquemine parish, spreading 
ruin and death along the cultivated banks of 
the Miss. r. Houses, fences, horses, cattle, 
and not a few human beings, were engulfed. 
The storm was truly terrible over all La., but 
below the English Turn, 15 ms. below New 
Orleans, it was a real deluge with all the ter- 
rors of such a catastrophe. The writer of 
this article passed along the scene in April, 
1813, when it still appeared as if an enormous 
weight had been rolled over the whole sur- 
face where any timber had stood to meet the 
fury of the tempest. The wooded, very 
slightly elevated, and arable margins of the 
Miss. r. would be fully estimated at 120 sq. 
ms. ill Plaquemine parish; and the residue is 
one extended grassy marsh. The arable soil 
is, however, extremely productive. Sugar 
cane, cotton, Indian corn, rice, the orange 
and fig tree, with an indefinite list of esculent 
plants, grow luxuriantly. There is no town 
in this parish deserving the title : pop. 1820, 
2,354, 1830, 4,489. 

Plato, p-v. Lorain co. Ohio, by p-r. 139 
ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Platte, largo river of the United States, 
and one of the great wstrn. confluents of Mo. 
r., rises according to Tanner, in the eastern 
vallies of the Chippewayan or Rocky moun- 
tains, interlocking sources to the southward 
with those of Arkansas, to the nrthrd. with 
those of Yellow Stone r., and to the wstrd. 
with those of Lewis' r. branch of Oregon or 
Columbia r. The extreme source of Platte, 
as laid down on Tanner's N. A., is in lat. 40° 
and a little w. of 30° w. long. W. C, and so 
nearly due e. is the general course of this 
large stream, that though traversing 11 de- 
grees of long,, its entrance into the Mo. river 
s at lat. 41° 03'. It is in the higher part of 
its course composed of two branches ; the 
Padouca or sthrn. and the Platte proper or 
nrthrn., both deriving their sources along the 
estrn. slope of the Chippewayan system, and 
along or nenr long. W. C. 30° vv. The two 
branches inclining upon each other, unite af. 
ter a separate course over 5 degrees of long. 
The name of this r. is derived from the fea- 
tures of its channel, which is disproportiona- 
bly wide, shallow, and impeded by sand banks 
and islands. These phenomena, however, 
the Platte shares in common with all the 
streams sthrd. from Miss, proper, and which 
flow from the Chippewayan mtns. or im- 
mense plains between that system and the 
Miss, and gulf of Mexico, none of which 
maintain throughout the year navigable wa- 
ter, answering in any moderate proportion to 
their length of volume or surface they re- 



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422 



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spectively drain. This is the case with the 
Platte, Kansas, Arkansas, Red river, Sabine, 
Trinity, Brasos, Colerado of the Gulf of 
Mexico, and in a very striking manner with 
the Rio Grande del Norte. 
• The valley of Phitte, as laid down on our 
best maps,, lies between those of Mo. and 
Yellow stone r. to the n., and the Arkansas 
and Kansas rs. s., and is about 560 ms. from 
w. to E. ; mean breadth 120, and area 67,200 
sq. ms. Surface in great part unwooded and 
in many places desert plains. The series of 
re. belonging to the system of which Platte 
is one, is continued sthrd. to the Rio Grande 
inclusive, &nrthrd. to the Mo. at the Mandan 
villages. In the latter direction the streams 
are rapidly abridged in theii length by the 
peculiar form of the upper valley of Mo. If 
the volume of the Platte afforded navigable 
facilities in proportion to the length, and di- 
rection of its channel, it would be the most 
suitable route of intercommunication between 
the Miss, basin and Pacific ocean, as it heads 
in the same system of mountains, and at no 
great distance from the sources of the Tim- 
panogos, Buenevcntura, and Colerado of the 
gulf of California. These latter rs. from the 
vague knowledge we possess of the region 
they drain, partake of the navigable defects 
we have noticed in regard of those streams 
issuing from the opposite side of the same 
system of mtns. 

Pijattekill, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 89 ms. 
s. by-w. Albany, 22 s. Kingston, n. Orange 
CO. ; with 30 sq. ms. ; has an irregular form, 
few streams, and a village called Pleasant 
Valley : pop. 1830, 2,044. 

PLATT.snuiiGn, p-t. and st. jus. Clinton co. 
N. Y., 1G4 ms. n. Albany, 112 n. Whitehall, 
120 E. Ogdensburgh, w. lake Champlain, is 
crossed by Saranac and Salmon rs., and sev- 
eral smaller streams which furnish good mill 
seats. The e. part is nearly level, and the 
w. very hilly and broken. The v. is at the 
mouth of the Saranac, 13 ms. n. Port Kent, 
and contains the co. buildings. It was taken 
by the British twice in the last war. The 
view upon the lake from the high grounds 
near, is very fine. Cumberland bay was the 
scene of McDonough's victory in the Ameri- 
can squadron on the lake, on the llth Sept. 
1814, over that of the British general. Sir 
Geo. Prevost, who was at that time encamped 
in the n. part of the v. of Plattsburgh, with 
14,000 men. The American vessels had a 
total of 8G guns and 820 men, and the British 
95 guns and 1,050 men. The result of the 
battle was of the highest importance, as it 
compelled the enemy to retreat, and delivered 
the country below from the fear of invasion : 
pop. 1830, 4,913. 

Pleasant, p-v. nrthvvst. part Switzerland 
CO. Ind., 93 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant Exchange, p-v. Henderson co. 
Tenn., by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Pleasant Garden, p-v. Burke co., N. C, 
by p-r. 223 ms. w. Raleigh. 



Pleasant Grove, p-o. Xunenburg co. Va. 
by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by 
p-r. 64 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 125 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by 
p-r. 115 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o., Maury co. Tenn. 10 
ms. sthrd. Columbia the co. St., and by p-r. 
52 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Pleasant Grove, p-v. Tazewell co. 11. by 
p-r. 153 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia. 

Pleasant Grove, p-v. LafayettQ co. Mo. by 
p-r. 286 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. by 
p-r. 125 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Charles co. Md. 26 
ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. wstrn. part of Wythe 
CO. Va., by p-r. 344 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Northampton co. N. C. 
by p-r. 101 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 66 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p-r. 
105 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Jefi'erson co. Miss, by 
p-r. 14 ms. N. Natchez. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Crawford co. Ark. by 
p-r. 139 ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Davidson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 8 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Pleasant Moukt, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by 
p-r. 269 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Pleasant Plains, p-o. Franklin co. Ten. 
by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Pleasant Ridge, p-o. Greene co. Ala. by 
p-r. 67 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Ridge, p-o. Rush co. Ind. 49 ms. 
s. e. by E. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant Spring, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. 
by P-r. 178 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Unity, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., 
by p-r. lo9 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Ple.vsant Vale, p-v. Pike co. II., 10 ms. n. 
Atlas, the co. st., and by p-r. 158 ms. n. w. 
Vandalia. 

Pleasant Valley, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 
7 ms. N. e. Poughkeepsie and 82 from Alba- 
ny, about 6 ms. sq., is nearly level, with good 
land. The v. is near the centre, on Wappin- 
ger's cr. 7 ms. s. e. Poughkeepsie, and con- 
tains several factories : pop. 1830, 2,419. 

Pleasant Valley, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 
43 ms. N. Phila. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Fairfa.\ co. Va. 30 
m.'i. wstrd. W. C. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Lancaster di^t. S. C. 
by p-r. 96 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by 
p-r. 92 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Washington co. Ind. 
by p-r. 89 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant View, p-v. Henry co. Ten., by 
p-r. 189 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Pleasantville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 
by p-r. 22 ms. nthrd. Phil. 



PLY 



423 



PLY 



Pleasantvillk, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C. 
l>y p-r. 118 me. N. w. Raleigh. 

Pleasantvillk, p-v. Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 
29 nis. 8. E. Cohmibus : pop. 1830, 34. 

Pleasureville, p-v. lienry co. Ky. by p-r. 
34 ms. N. w. Franlifort. 

Pluckamin, p-v. Bodminster, Somerset co. 
N. J., 6 ms. N. Somersville. The range of 
Plucliamin mtne. begins here, which extends 
N. E. to the Passaic falls at Patterson. 

Plumb, isl., Mass., between Ipswich and 
Newburyport, is near the main land, and about 
9 ms. in length. 

Plumb isl., Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y., 1 
m. by 3, has a few families ; it is separated 
from Oyster Pond point, by a narrow strait 
A line drawn nearly n. e. from that point 
passes through this isl., the Gull isls., the 
Race and Fishers' isl., where Long Isl. sound 
appears to have been formerly more nearly 
closed at its e. extremity than now. The 
surface is very stony. Some pine wood is 
found in a swamp. 

Plumb Grove, p-o. St. Charles' co. Mo., 
about 40 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Plum Orchard, p-o. Fayette co. Ind., by 
p-r. 60 ms. estrd. Indianopolis. 

Plymouth, t. Penobscot co. Me., 44 ms. 
from Augusta: pop. 1830, .504. ■ 

Plymouth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 75 ms. n. 
w. Portsmouth, 40 n. by w. Concord, 31 s. e. 
Haverhill, w. Pcmigewasset r., 16,256 acres, 
has also Baker's r., 30 ms. long, and several 
smaller streams, pretty good soil, bearing 
beech, maple, birch, hemlock and white pine 
The uplands, which arc mountainous, are 
seven eighths of the t. The church in the 
N. E. corner, is on a commanding hill. There 
is a library. First settled 1764. Baker's r. 
has its name from a successful attack on the 
Indians, who dwelt on its meadows, bycapt. 
Baker, from Haverhill, Mass. : pop. 1830, 
1,175. 

Plymouth, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 15 ms. w. 
Windsor, 52 s. Montpelier, 16 s. w. Rutland ; 
settled 1776 ; gives rise to Black r. which 
runs s. E., and furnishes mill seats, and has 
several fish ponds connected with it. Here 
rise also 2 branches of Queechy r. The sur- 
face is broken. Mount Tom, and another 
mtn. cross the t. parallel to the r. ; primitive 
limestone is quarried and cut here for market ; 
soap stone also abounds. There are several 
caverns 500 yds. s. w. of the r., one of which> 
discovered in 1818, is quite extensive. The 
soil is good for grazing : pop. 1830, 1,667. 

Plymouth co, Mass., bounded by Norfolk 
CO. N. w., Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays 
E., Barnstable and Buzzard's bays s., and 
Bristol CO. w. The surface is uneven, and 
the soil various ; the form is irregular, extcnd- 



ecttlcd by tho pilgrim fathers of N. England' 
who landed hero on tho 22d December, 1620, 
O. S. The principal stream in the co. is 
Taunton r., which rises in the n. w. part, and 
crosses tho w, boundary into Bristol co. ; there 
are many i)()nda and brooks. Plymoutli colo- 
ny remained under a separate colonial gov- 
ernment until 16[!5. It has several harbors, 
Plymouth, Diixbury, &c., with considerable 
coasting and some foreign trade ; fisheries of 
value, and some manufactures. It contains 
21 tsps. : pop. 1820, 38,136; 1830, 43,044, 

Plymoutii, seaport, p-t. and st. jus., Plym- 
outh CO. Mass., 3G ms. s. e. Boston, 5 ms. by 
16, contains the oldest permanent settlement 
in New England. It stands on Plymouth bay, 
which is large, but affords but little depth of 
water. Ii is almost shut in by two long 
reaches, formed of sand thrown up by the 
waves, and is gradually increasing. The 
government of the U. S. appropriated $2,500 
to repair it in 1832. The land is high on the 
N. & s. sides of the bay, and there are rocky 
isls. off the harbor. Manumet point, a bold, 
rocky promontory, lies s. The soil is gene- 
rally thin and poor, and some portions of it 
are very good. The v. is near the n. e. part ; 
the principal street runs n. and s. between the 
head of the harbor, and several sandy hills, 
which rise at a little distance from the shore. 
Some foreign trade has been carried on here. 
One of the principal buildings is Pilgrim's 
Hall, which was erected by the pilgrim so- 
ciety, for the annual celebration of the land- 
ing of the forefathers of New England. This 
important event occurred here on the 22d of 
December, 1620, O. S., when the crew of the 
Mayflower del)arked. A large granite, on 
which they first stepped from the boat, is still 
preserved. One half of it retains its origin- 
al position, near the water, which has since 
been somewhat encroached on by the land, 
while the other has been removed to the cen- 
tre of the V. The Indians on this part of the 
coast had been greatly reduced in numbers 
before the arrival of the colonists, by the 
small pox ; and Massasoit and his men first 
presented themselves on Watson's hill. A 
fort was erected on Burying hill, which also 
became a grave yard ; and several of the 
stones of the early colonists are still preserv- 
ed there. The first well dug in N. England 
is still in existence. The first child born in 
the colony was Peregrine White. The first 
mill erected in New England was built here, 
in 1632. From this spot at.difierent periods, 
proceeded some of the first settlers of many 
of the old towns in Massachusetts and Conn. 
It contains 407 acres of tillage land, 828 
mowing, 3,486 of pasturage : pop. 1830,4,758. 
Plymouth, p-t. Litchfield co. Coim., 24 ms. 



ing N. to Point Alderton, the s. point of Bos-iw. Hartford, 30 from New Haven, w. Bristol, 
ton bay, from which to the s. w. extremity! Hartford co., and n. of New Haven co., about 
is a line of irregular coast, with a short in- 5 ms. by 5i, is hilly, »with primitive rocks, 
terval of land, where the s. e. boundary [bearing oak, chestnut, swamp maple, »&c. also 
crosses the isthmus of Cape Cod. Plymouth irye, corn, oats and grass. It has Naugatuck 
bay indents the e. Ime near the middle, and 'r. w. with mill seats, and other streams : pop. 
receives a few brooks. It is the spot first 1830, 2,064. 



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424 



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Plymouth, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 107 
ms. w. Albany, 7 n. w. Norwich, has an une- 
ven surface, with good land, well watered by 
Canasawacta or., whose two branches meet 
near the centre, at Frankville v. The stream 
then runs s. e. towards Chenango r., which it 



between the eastern shores of Va. and Md. 
The bay of Pocomoko is a triangular sheet 
of water, bounded n. w. by Tangier isl., n. by 
the sthern. shore of Somerset co. Md., and 
E. by the western shore of Accomac co. Va. 
To the s. w. it opens into, and is confounded 



meets in the next tsp., Norwich. There are with, Chesapeake bay. Small coasting ves- 



several mill sites. The timber is maple, 
beech, elm, bass, &c. : pop. 1830, 1,609. 

Plymouth, p-o. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa., 
opposite Wilke&barre. The p-o. ia 6 ms. from 
Kingston, and 7 s. w. Wilkes-Barre. 

Plymouth, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co., 
N. C, situated on a small cr. extejiding 
sthrd. from the mouth of Roanoke r., by p-r. 
128 ms. E. Raleigh, and 35 ms. n. n. e. Wash- 
ington, in Beaufort co. ; lat. 35° 51', long. W. 
C. 0° 19' e. 

Plymouth, p-v. Richland co. O., 20 ms. 
nrthrd. Mansfield, the co. St., and by p-r. 91 
ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Plymouth, p-o. n. w. part Wayne co., 
Mich., by p-r. about 25 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Plympton, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 32 ms. 
s. E. Boston, has a branch of Taunton r. s., 
has extensive iron manufactories. The In 
dian name was Patuxet, or Wanatuxet. It 
contains 349 acres under tillage, 613 of mow- 
ing, and 1,366 of pasturage: pop. 1830, 950. 
PocAGON, p-v. in the southwestern angle of 
Cass CO. Mich. It is situated on St. Joseph's 
r. of lake Michigan, by p-r. 180 ms. a little 
s. of w. Detroit. Though placed in Cass co. 
by the p-o. list, it is laid down by Tanner in 
his improved U. S. map, in the southeastern 
part of Berrien co. Mich. 

Pocahontas, co. Va. bounded by Green- 
brier s. and s. w., Nicholas w., Randolph n. 
w. and N., and Alleghany mtn. separating it 
from Pendleton n. e. and e. Length from 
s. w. to N. E. 50 ms., mean breadth 20 ms., 
and area 1,000 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 20', long. 3° 
w. W. C. This CO. is amongst the most ele- 
vated in the U. S. giving source to Cheat r. 
branch of Monongahela, flowing northwardly, 
and to Greenbrier r. flowing southwardly. 
The mean height of the arable land of Green- 
brier CO. is about 1,700 feet, and of course, 
being lower down Greenbrier r. than Poca- 
hontas, the lowest part of the latter must ex- 
ceed that relative oceanic elevation, or rise 
to a mean exceeding 1,800 feet, oran equiva- 
lent to four degrees of lat. or mean winter 
temperature. Greenbrier mtn. enters and 
traverses Pocahontas from s. w. to n.e. from 
the western slopes of which issue the extreme 
fountains of Gauly and Elk rs. The surface 
is excessively broken and rocky, and most of 
the soil sterile. Chief t. Huntersville : pop. 
1830, 2,542. I 

Pocket (The). (See " The Pocket," p-v.i 
Moore co. N. C.) 



sels ascend to Snowhill on Pocomoke r. 

Pocotaligo, r. Va., in Kenhawa co., rises 
in the N. w. part of the co. interlocking 
sources with those of the west fork of Little 
Kenhawa, and flowing thence southwestward 
60 ms. by comparative courses, falling into 
Great Kenhawa r. at the point of separation 
on that stream, between Kenhawa and Ma- 
son cos. 

PocoTAUGo, p-o. on Pocotaligo r. Kenha- 
wa CO. Va. by p-r. 353 ms. a little s. of w. 
W. C. 

Pocotaligo, p-v. near the right side of 
Combahee r. and in the n. e. part of Beaufort 
dist. S.C. 67 ms. a little s. of w. Charleston, 
and by p-r. 141 ms. s. Columbia. 

PoESTEN Kill, Rensselaer co. N. Y. a very 
good mill stream, which falls into Hudson r. 
at Troy, after turning much machinery for 
various manufactures in the vicinity. It rises 
in Grafton, and has a course of about 20 ms. 
At the falls, on the side of mount Ida, 1 m. 
east of Troy, is a small manufacturing vil- 
lage. 

PoGE, cape, the w. e. end of Chippaquid- 
dick isl., E. of Martha's Vineyard. 

Poindexter's Store and p-o. Louisa co. Va. 
by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Point Coupee, parish of La. bounded s. by 
West Baton Rouge, w. by Atchafalaya r. se- 
parating it from Opelousas or Saint Landry, 
and from the parish of Avoyelles, n. e. and E. 
by Miss. r. separating it from West Feliciana, 
and East Baton Rouge. The outline is tr-i- 
angular, base along the general course of the 
Atchafalaya 34 ms., perpendicular 30 ms. 
along the southern border ; area 510 sq. ms. 
Lat. 30° 45', long. 14° 36' w. W. C. The 
very slight inclination sthrd. The whole 
being a plain, elevated about 4 or 5 feet along 
i-he margins of the streams, but depressed 
from the water courses so as to be annually 
submerged. It extends from the efflux of 
Atchafalaya, widening as the two rivers di- 
verge from each other. In its natural state the 
surface was covered with a very dense forest, 
and the greatest part remains in that state. 
The soil, where sufficiently elevated for the 
plough, is exuberantly fertile. Cotton is the 
common staple, and in this parish is the 
highest point in La. where the sugar cane 
has been cultivated to any advantage. Chief 
t. Ponat Coupee: pop. 1820, 4,912, 1830, 
5,936. 

Point Coupee, or Cut Point, p-v. and st. 



Pocomoke, r. and bay, Md. The river I jus. parish of Point Coupee, situated on the 
rises on the border between Sussex co. Del., left shore of the Miss. r. opposite St. JVan- 
and Worcester co. Md., from whence by a s.I cisville, .-md by p-r. 154 ms. above and N. w. 
g. w. direi'tion 60 ms. by coui])urativc courses, Now Orleans. Lat. 30° 42'. 
traversing Worcester co., it opens into a bay. Point IIakmer, p-v. Washington co. O. by 
of the same name at lat. 38°, and on the line p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 



POM 



435 



PON 



Point Labadib, p-v. Franklin oo. Mo. by 
p-r. 43 ms. w. St. Loula. 

Point Plbasant, p-v. ajidet.jus. Mason co. 
Va. situated on the point above the junction 
of Ohio and Great Kenhawa rs. by p-r. 358 
ms. a little a. of w. W, C, and 358 ma. n. w. 
by w. i w, Riohmond. Lat. 38° 50', long. 5° 
7' w. W. C. 

Point Pleasant, p-v. southern part of Cler- 
mont CO. O. by p-r. 19 me. e. Balavia, the co. 
St. and 128 a. w. Cohimbus. 

Point Rjsmovb, p-v. on Arkansas r. sthrn. 
part of Conway co. Ark. by p-r. 51 ms. above 
and N. w. by w. Little Rock. This name is 
another instance of that propensity so com- 
mon of accommodating proper names to our 
own language ; it comes from the French 
Point Remu, and that from a counter current 
in the adjacent r. 

Poland, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 44 ms. 
s. s. w. Augusta, 30 n. Portland, s. Little An- 
droscoggin r., borders on Oxford co. on the 
N. w., and part of a small lake, which, with 
several ponds and small streams, empties into 
Little Androscoggin r. : pop. 1830, 1,916. 

Poland, p-v. in the southeastern angle of 
Trumbull co. O. 20 ms. s. e. Warren, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 283 ms. n. w. W. C, and 164 
.\. E. by E. Columbus : pop. of the tsp. of Po- 
land, 1830, 1,186. 

Polsley's Mills and p-o. Monongalia co.. 
Vu. by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Pomfret, t. Windsor co. Vt. 18 ms. n. 
Windsor, 40 s. Montpelier, 5 J ms. by 7; first 
settled, 1770; is uneven, with good soil, and 
has White r. n. e. and Queechy s.e. ; 13 
school dists. There is a range of young tim- 
ber in the forests, 7 or 8 ms. long, and about 
500 yards wide, which appears to have grown 
up after a hurricane, which is supposed to 
have swept through that region about 120 
years ago : pop. 1830, 1,866. 

PoMPRET, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 ms. 
N..E. Hartford, 30 e. Providence, and w. Qui- 
nebaug r., about 6 ms. by 7, with about 42 sq. 
ms. It is hilly, with primitive rocks, and has 
a good soil, favorable to grazing. Cotton, 
woollen, &c. arc manufactured to some ex- 
tent. It is watered by Little r. and several 
other branches of the Quinebaug. Shad are 
caught in Quinebaug r. In a wild and soli- 
tary part of the town is the famous cavern, 
in which major general Israel Putnam, who 
afterwards commanded the American militia 
at the battle of Bunker's Hill, performed the 
bold and celebrated feat of killing a wolf. 
He was an inhabitant of Pomfret from 1739, 
for many years. He distinguished himself, 
in the French war of 1755 as well as through 
the revolution : pop. 1830,1,981. 1 

Pomfret, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 20 ms.l 
N. N. E. Maysville, and s. of lake Erie, has 90 i 
sq. ms., and is crossed N. E. and s. w. by 
Chatauque ridge, which runs parallel to thej 
lake, 3 or 4 ms. distance, with a smooth alhi-! 
vial tract of land lying«between them, with aj 
good sandy loam ; s. is a slaty loam, bearing; 
Milip, maple, beach, hemlock and other tree?. 

54 



Canadawa cr. crosses the t. in a h. w. direc- 
tion, and there are several smaller streams. 
Dunkirk v. is on the lake, with a good har- 
bor, 3 ms. N. E. Frcdonia, and 45 s. w. Bulfa- 
lo. There arc 7 ft. of water on a reef of rocks 
at the bar. From this place to Erie the shore 
is rocTiy. Frcdonia v. stands on Canadawa 
cr. 22 ms. from Maysvillc and 45 from Buffa- 
lo, is on the Buflalo and Erie road, and is a 
thriving v. Bear and Cassadaga ponds are 
on the e. line of the t. : pop, 1830, 3,386. 

Pomona, p-v. Wake co. N. C. 14 me. n. e. 
Raleigh. 

PoMPEY, p-t. Onondaga co. N.Y. 11 ms. s. e. 
Onondaga, 146 w. n. w. Albany, has several 
excellent mill streams ; Butternut cr. w. and 
2 branches of Limestone cr. e., all which 
flow N. to Chitteningo cr. The surface is 
varied by hills and valleys. Traces of consid- 
erable excavations and mounds are percep- 
tible here, of unknown antiquity ; and me- 
tallic weapons and instruments, and even a 
church bell, have been dug up from the 
ground. The first settlement was made in 
1788, and no tradition exists which refers to 
the ancient inhabitants. The mounds are ev- 
idently of remote construction. Three of 
them are traceable near Delphi, the largest of 
which is a triangle of about 6 acres, with a 
gateway and picquets. From numerous 
graves have been dug bones, weapons, uten- 
sils, Spanish coins, &c. There are several 
villages in this t. Pompey v., Pompey w., 
Hill, and Delphi, s. e. In the town is an 
academy. On Limestone cr. are two falls, 
about 100 yards apart, which turn machinery 
for several manufactories, &c.': pop. 1830, 
4,812. 

PoMPTON, r. N. J. between Morris and Ber- 
gen cos. is a branch of Passaic r. formed by 
the union of Pequannoc, Longpond and Ram- 
apo rs. and bears the name of Pompton for 
only 7 or 8 ms., when it enters the Passaic at 
the corners of 3 cos. Morris, Bergen and Es- 
sex. 

Pompton, t. Bergen co. N. J. 60 ms. n. n. e. 
Trenton, has N. Y. on the N. e., Sussex co. 
N. w., and Pequannoc r. s., dividing it from 
Morris co. It is crossed n. and s. by King- 
wood r., and is hilly and mountainous in many 
parts, being rendered rough by the mountain- 
ous range which extends s. w. nearly across 
the state, and forms a natural line of defence, 
which was occupied by the American troops 
during different periods of the revolutionary 
war. In advance of it, s., is the inferior 
range of elevated ground called the Short 
Hills : pop. 1830, 3,085. 

Pompton, p-v. Pequannoc, Morris co. N. J. 
5 ms. N. \v. Patterson, stands on the s. side of 
Pompton r. a little n. of Pompton mtns., and 
N. w. of the plain. 

PoNTCnARTRAiN, lake of lia. between the al- 
luvial Delta, and the comparatively high and 
hilly intcrigr. Inspection on a map, and still 
more actual examination of the country adja- 
cent, must convince any person that lakes 
IJorgne, Pontchartrain and Maurepas, are the 



POP 



436 



POR 



rcBiains of a deep bay, which in remote ages 
penetrated upwards of 120 ms. from opposite 
the mouth of Pascngoular. towards the Miss. 
and separating the high grounds to the n. from 
the Delta. This chain of lakes has been 
formed by alluvial protrusions into the an- 
cient gulf. Pefil r. and the outlotB of the 
Miaa. have formed a neck only ti'aversed by 
the Jligolete and Chef Menteur straits separ- 
ating lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain ; and 
at the opposite extremity of the latter, similar 
natural operations have formed a similar neck 
with the Bayou Manchnc, connecting it with 
lake Maurepas. From the high lands, lake 
Maurepas receives Amite, and Tickfolah rs. 
Into Pontchartrain is poured Tangipaha,Tche- 
functc, and some smaller creeks ; whilst lake 
Borgne, or rather the Rigolets, receive the dif- 
ferent outlets of the large stream of the Pearl. 
The greatest length of Pontchartrain from the 
outlet of the Rigolets to the Pass of Manchnc 
is about 45 ms. j greatest breadth 25, but 
mean breadth 12 ms. The common depth 
from 16 to 18 feet, butevery where shallow 
along shores, and in no harbor or creek af- 
fording a harbor of 9 feet draught. Along 
the nrthrn. side the banks are low, but in part 
solid ; towards the Delta it is bordered by an 
uninterrupted marsh. Timber covers the 
nrthrn. and open grassy plains the sthrn side. 
Compared with the depth of the Miss. r. at 
New Orleans, the bottom of lake Pontchar- 
train is about 50 feet elevated, and the surface 
about 6 feet depressedT)elow that of the Mis.'?. 
at mean flood. The tides of the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, slight as they are, not exceeding a mean 
of 2 J feet, flow into Pontchartrain and are di- 
urnally perceptible in the rear of New Or- 
leans. 

PoNDiciiiSRRY, mtn. between Jefferson and 
Bretton Woods, Coos co. N. H. 

PoNTiAC, p-v. and st. jus. Oakland co. Mich, 
situated on Clinton r. by p-r. 26 ms. n. n. w. 
Detroit, lat. 42° 37' long. W. C, G^ 15' w. 

PooLEsvtLLE, p-v. wstrn. part Montgomery 
co.Md. 33 ms. n. w. W. C. 

PooLEsviLLE, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S.C. by 
p-r. 112 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Poor's, p-v. Jackson co. O. by p-r. 82 ms. 
s. s. E. Columbus. 

Pope, co. II. bounded by Johnson w., Gal- 
latin N. and N. E. ; Ohio r. separating it 
from Livingston co. Ky. e., and the Ohio r. 
again separating it from MacCracken co. 
Ky. s. Greatest length due n. from the O. r. 
opposite the mouth of Tennessee r. 40 ms.; 
mean breadth 20 ms. and area 800 sq. ms., 
lat. 37° 20', long. W. C. 11° 36' w. General 
slope sthestrd. towards Ohio r. Soil of 
middling quality ; and surface hilly. Chief 
town, Golconda : pop. 1830, 3,316. 

Pope, co. Ark. on Arkansas r. above Pu- 
laskie, and below Crawford, but the outlines 
of which we have not documents to delineate. 
Chief t. Scotia : pop. in 1830, 1,483 



pr. 10 me. wetrd. Jackson, the co. Bt. nnd 
157 me. s. w. by vv. Nashville. 

Poplar orovb, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. by p-r. 
39 ms. s. Richmond. 

Poplar grove, and p-o. Iredell co. N. C.by 
p-r. 155 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Poplar grove, p-o. Newberry diat. S. C, by 
p-r. 45 ms. n. vv. Columbia. 

Poplar hill, p-o. Giles co. Va. by p-r. 310 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Poplar mount, p-o. Greenville co. Va. by 
p-r. 56 ms. s. Richmond. 

Poplar plains, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 
84 ms. E. Frankfort. 

Poplar ridge, p-y. Scipio, Cayuga co. N.Y. 
4 ms. E. Cayuga lake, 14 s. w. Auburn. 

Poplar ridge, p-o. Obion co. Ten. 10 ms. 
from Troy, the CO. St. and by p-r. 168 ms. a 
little N. of w. Nashville. 

Poplar run, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 95 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Poplar springs, p-v. near the extreme nrth- 
western angle of Ann Arundel co. Md. It is 
situated on the wstrn. turnpike from Balti- 
more to Frederick, by p-r. 61 ms. n. W. C. 

Poplar spring, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. 36 
ms. nrthrd. Columbia. 

PopLARTowN, P-v. Worcester co. Md. 12 
ms. wstrd. Snowhill,the co. st. and by p-r. 152 
ms. s. e. by e. W. C. 

Poplin, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ms. 
w. s. w. Portsmouth, e. s. e. Concord, 50 
N. N. e. Boston, with 10,320 acres, is watered 
by Squamscot or Exeter r. and other streams, 
and has Loon pond n., and Spruce swamp e., 
has good soil, and no high hills. Incorpora- 
ted 1764 : pop. 1830, 429. 

Porpoise, cape, Kennebunk port, York co. 
Me., long. 70° 23' w.,lat. 43° 22', forms Ken- 
nebunk harbor, which lies at the mouth of 
a small stream. 

Portage, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 247 ms. 
w. Albany, and s. of Livingston co., is cross- 
ed by Genesee r. which pursues a serpen- 
tine course from the s. to the n. line, and pass- 
es three falls, of 8, 66, and 110 feet, near 
which, on the w. side, is situated the village. 
The shape of the t. is regular, except at the 
s. w. corner : pop. 1830, 1,839. 
Portage, co. O. bounded s.e. by Columbiana; 
Stark s.; Medina w.; Cuyahoga n. w. ; Geauga 
N.; and Trumbull n. e. The greatest length 
30 ms. is from e. to w. ; breadth 24, and area 
720 sq. ms.; lat. 41° 12', long. W. C. 4° 20' w. 
This CO. is a true table land between the val- 
leys of Big Beaver and Cuyahoga rs. The 
southwestern angle also giving source to Tus- 
carawas r. orthenrthestrn. constituent of Mus, 
kingum r. The peculiar structure of the sur- 
face may be more particularly seen by refer- 
ence to the article Cuyahoga r. The arable 
surface of Portage co. exceeds a mean of 
1,000 feet above tidewater in the Atlantic, or 
rather more than an equivalent to two degrees 
i of lat. The surface is rather level, and in 



Poplar branch, p-v. Currituck co. N. C, by i part deficient in good fountain water. The 



P-r. 228 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Poplar corner, ]i-o. Madison 



CO. Ten. by 



[soil moderately fertile. Chief town, Raven 
na : pop. 1820, 10,095 ; 18.30, 16,963. 



FOR 



427 



POR 



Tlie Ohio and Erio canal traverses this co. 
in itfi greatest breadlii and near the western 
border; and wilhin it is the summit level of 
tliat work, 973 ft. above the Atlantic tides. 

PoRTAOK r. O. rising in Hancock co. inter- 
locking sources with those of Blanchard'a 
fork ofMaumeo r. Formed by numerous 
creeks whicli unite in Wood co., and curving 
to N. K. enters Sandusky co. in which latter it 
again curves more estrd., finally falling into 
lake Erie after an entire comparative course 
of 50 ms. The valley of Portage lies be- 
tween those of Sandusky and Maumeo. 

PoRTxVOE, p-v. sthestrn. part of Wood co. 
O. by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. w. Columbus. 

PoiiT BAV, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 193 ms. 
from Albany : pop. 1830, 1,082. 

Port bvron, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y. 

Port Carbon, flourishing p-v. Schuylkill co. 
Pa. 10 ms. wstrd. Orwigsburg, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 177 ms. N. n. e. W. C. and 6'J ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Port Clinton, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by 
p-r. 60 ms. n. e. Ilarrisburg. 

Port Clinton, p.v. at the mouth of Portage 
r., into lake Erio in the nrthrn. part of San- 
dusky CO. O. by p-r. 117 ms. due n. Colum- 
bus : pop. 1830, 116. 

Port Conway, p-v. and s-p. on Rappahan- 
noc r. sthwstrn.part King George's co. Va. by 
l)-r. 79 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Port Deposit, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- 
quchannah r. at its lowest falls, Cecil co. Md. 
37 ms. n. e. Baltimore, and 5 ms. above Ha- 
vre de Grace, at the mouth of Susquehan- 
nah r. 

Porter, t. Oxford co. Me. 91 ms. s. w. Au- 
gusta, 34 s. w. Paris, lies k. of N. H., k.' Os- 
sijiee r. which separates it from York co. : 
pop. 1830, 841. 

Porter, t. Niagara co. N. Y. 15 nis. n. w. 
Lockport, s. lake Ontario, rnd k. Niagara r., 
contains Youngstown village and fort Niaga- 
ra. There is a ferry across N. r. at Youngs- 
town. Niagara v. stands on the E. Bide Nia- 
gara r. at its mouth in hike Ontario, opposite 
Newark, U. Canada. It stands 15 ms. be- 
low Niagara falls, and 7 from Lewiston. A 
palisaded fort was made here in 1679, by the 
French, which, in 1725, was enlarged into a 
considerable work. It was surprized by the 
British, Dec. 19, 1813, and delivered up in 
March, 1815 : pop. 1830, 1,490. 



Genesee river on the shore of lake Ontario. 

Port Glasuow, village, Wolcott, Wayne 
CO. N. Y. 22 ms. n. Waterloo, stands on So- 
dus bay, at the head of navigation ; it has a 
good harbor for lake vessels, and ia agreeably 
situated. A good road leads to Clyde, on 
the Erie canal, 10 3-4 ms. s. 

Port Kent, village, Chesterfield, Essex 
CO. N. Y.3 1-2 ms. e. Keeseville, 2 8. Sable 
river, 13 s. Plattsburgh, and w. Lake Cham- 
plaisi, has a good harbor, with stores and 
docks, and serves as u landing place for ves- 
sels engaged in the transportation of iron from 
the extensive mines in the neighborhood. 

Portland, p-t. and port of entry, Cumber- 
land CO. Me. until lately the capital of the 
state, is beautifully situated on an elevated 
peninsula in Casco bay. It is 54 ms. n. n. 
E. Portsmouth, 118 n. n. e. Boston, 542 from 
Washington, and 258 s. Quebec ; lying in 
lat. 430 9', and long. 6° 45' e. W. C. Port- 
land is the principal commercial and most 
populous town in the state, and has an excel- 
lent and capacious harbor, and seldom frozen, 
bounded by cape Elizabeth s. on which is a 
light house of stone, 70 feet high ; the 
land about the harbor is generally elevated. 
Numerous islands are in the bay to the e. on 
two of, which ore forts which defend the 
entrance of the harbor. Fort Preble, on 
Bang's isl. and Fort Scammel, a block-house 
on House island. Fort Burrows stands under 
the observatory bluff, on the v/aters edge. 
About 45,000 tons of shipping belong to this 
port, consisting of a large number of ships, 
brigs, schooneis, sloops, and steamboats, and 
other craft, ^ho town, (formerly Falmouth, 
called Portland, and incorporated 178G,) is 
handsomely laid out, and the style of the 
buildings, generally, is neat and convenient. 
A fine street, on which are several churches 
and other buildings of granite, runs along the 
ridge and extends to the observatory, where 
formerly was fort Sunnier on a commanding 
eminence. From this point the view is ex- 
tensive and various, embracing tho beautiful 
island scenery in the vicinity, and in clear 
weather, 'the jioaks of the White mountains 
of New Hampshire. The town lies princi- 
pally on a declivity, and has the appearance 
of a considerable and flourishing commercial 
place. Among the public buildings is that 
formerly the state house, a court house, town 



Porter, p-v. Sciota co. Ohio, by p-r. 100 hall, theatre, almshouse, 5 banks, beside a 



ms. s. Columbus. 



branch of the United States bank, a cus- 



Portersville, p-v. northern part of Butler torn hoirse, atiademy, and an atheneum, to 
CO. Pa. 16 ms. N. of the borough of Butler, | which a larg^ library (of about 3,000 vols.) 



and by p-r. '252 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Portersville, p.v. Franklin county, Miss, 
about 20 miles s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Portersville, p-v. and st. jus. Dubois co. 
Ind. situated on the left bank of the East 
Fork of White river, by p-r. 124 ms. s. s. w. 



belongs. Bc.'side thofle, there are 15 church- 
es, one of wliich is for mariners. Education 
is well attended to, and there are numerous 
schools, including some of a high character. 
Portland, (then called Fuhnouth) was burnt 
by Capt. Mowalf, of the British s^ioop of war 



Indianopolis, lat. 38° 30', long. W. C. 9°(C;mccau, Oct. Hi, 1775, on the inhabitants 

52' w. 'refusing to deliver up their arms. The place 

Port Genesee, or Charlotte p-v. Greece, I was first bombarded for about 9 hours, after 

Monroe co. N. Y. stands at the mouth of j which torches were applied and about 130 

I houses, (two thirds the whole number) were 



POR 



428 



POR 



consumed. The old church was one of tiie 
buildings which remained : pop. 1820, 8,581, 
1830, 12,601. 

Portland, p-t. Cliatauque co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. 
Maysville, a. lake Erie, 36 sq. ms., is crossed 
N. E. ands. w. by the Chatauque ridge, a few 
ms. from the lake shore and parallel to it, 
with a regular descent towards the water, 
and unbroken except by the courses of a few 
streams. On this ridge grovv chestnut, 
beech, maple, hemlock and other forest trees, 
and on the lower country, with these are 
found walnut, tulip, cucumber tree, &c. 
The soil is pretty good, and the mill seats 
are numerous and valuable. The rocks are 
often of mica slate. The town is crossed by 
the portage road from lake Erie to the head 
of Chatauque lake, 8 ms. passing through 
Westfield,a p-v. 1 mile from the harbor, and 
7 from Maysville. The harbor of Portland 
is good, and the p-v. stands upon it 8 miles 
from Maysville. The earth was once bored 
near this place 600 feet for salt water, with- 
out success : pop. 1830, 1,771. 

Portland, p-v. Dallas co. Al. by p-r. 112 
ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Portland, p-v. in the northern part of 
Fountain co. Ind. 88 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. 

Port Lawrence, p-v. and port, on the left 
bank of Maurnee r. and in the s. e. part of 
Monroe co. Mich, by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. w. De- 
troit, and about 3 ms. above the mouth of 
Maumee into lake Erie. 
. Port Penn, p-v. New Castle co. Del. and 
on the right bank of Delaware r. opposite 
Ready Island, 15 ms. sthrd. Wilmington, and 
121 ms. N. E. W. C. - 

Port Republic, p-v. Rockingham co. Va. 
by p-r. 143 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Port Royal, Caroline co. Va. p-v. on Rap- 
pahannoc r. opposite Port Conway, in King 
George co. about 25 ms. below Frederics- 
burg, and by p-r. 78 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Port Roval, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Montgomery co. Ten. situated at the mouth 
of Sulphur creek into Red r. 20 ms. estrd. 
Clarksville, the co. st. and by p-r. 42 ms. n. 
w. Nashville. 

Port Royal, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Morgan co. Ind. by p-r. 16 ms. s. Indian- 
opolis. 

Portsmouth, p-t. and port of entry Rock- 
ingham CO. N. H. ; the most populous town 
in the state, and the only seaport. It lies on 
on Piscataqua r. which divides it from Maine, 
on a fine peninsula about 3 ms. from the 
ocean, in lat. 43° 5', and long. 6° 23' e. W. 
C. It is 45 ms. e. Concord, 55 n. by e. Bos- 
ton, 58 s. w. Portland, and 491 from W. C. 
The population is chiefly collected near the 
harbor, on a hill descending towards it n. and 
E., and from commanding points the view is 
very fine. It was settled in 1C23 under 
the authority of Sir George and Capt. J. 
Mason, and incorporated 1033, and never 
suffered from Indian attacks, the neck on the 
s. being stockaded. The town originally in- 
cluded all the peninsula formed by the river 



and the ocean. The harbor of Portsmouth 
is one of the finest in the world, rarely, or 
never freezing, owing to the excessive tides, 
and has 40 feet of water in its channel at 
low tide. It is well protected from storms, 
being completely land-locked, admits vessels 
of tlio largest class, and is defended by fort 
Constitution on Great island, fort McClary 
opposite, fort Sullivan on Trefethon island 
and fort Washington on Pierce's island. 
The two latter were garrisoned during the 
late war. The amount of shipping owned in 
Portsmouth, which includes nearly all belong- 
ing to the state, is quite large, and though 
not extensive, it has considerable coasting 
and other trade. (.See article New Hamp- 
shire.) 

Portsmouth contains several houses of 
public worship ; a branch of the U. S. bank 
and 4 others ; several markets, insurance of- 
fices, and a custom house. Two bridges 
were built to Kittery, Maine, in 1822, across 
the Piscataqua, the channel of which is broad, 
and the current rapid at particular times of 
tide. The long bridge 1,730 feet in length, 
extended across water varying from 43 to 
45 feet in depth at low tide, a distance of 900 
feet, and croosed an island in the river. A 
water company was formed and commenced 
operations in 1799, which supplies nil the 
streets with good water, brought a distance 
of 3 ms. On Great isl. is a light house. On 
Continental island, which is owned by the 
U. S. is a navy yard belonging to government, 
and on Badger's island was constructed the 
first ship-of-the-line in America. It was built 
during the revolution, and named the North 
America. Portsmouth has suffered severely at 
different periods from fires. Stocking weav- 
ing has recently been commenced here : pop. 
1820,7,327, 1830,8,082. 

Portsmouth, p-t. Newport co. R. I. 7 ms. 
N. w. Newport, about 2 ms. by 8, occupies the 
N. part of the island of R. I. with water on 3 
sides, viz. E. bay e., Mount Hope bay n., and 
Narraganset bay w., has a moderate eleva- 
tion, with slopes, a variety of soil, generally 
good, with slats rocks. Wheat, barley and 
fruit flourish, and sheep are raised in consid- 
erable numbers. Fish abound along the 
shores. Prudence island, and several others 
still smaller, belong to Portsmouth. A bed of 
anthracite coal, at the n. w. corner of the 
town, has been worked to some extent, on the 
shore, but has been abandoned ; the quality 
being inferior to that of the Pa. mines : pop. 
1830, 1,727. 

Portsmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Norfolk co. 
Va. opposite the borough of Norfolk, 2 1-2 ms. 
distant, on the left bank of Elizabeth r., and 
at the mouth of the sthrn. branch, by p-r. 219 
ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Portsmouth affords one of the finest har- 
bors in America ; ships of the largest class 
may lay with safety at the wharves. The 
navy yard is directly on the sthrn. extremity 
of Portsmouth, and within the boundaries of 
the town. This part is called Gosport, and 



POT 



439 



POT 



resembloa the Northern Liberties of Phila. 
(Jliarlestown, or Newtown, another euburb 
rapidly improving, stands at the opposite side 
from Gosport. Fop. '1830, 2,000. 

Portsmouth, p-v. and st. juo. Sciota co. O. 
situated on the point above the junction ofO. 
and Sciota rs. by p-r. 421 nis. a little a. of w. 
W. C. and 91 ms. s. Columbus, lat. 38° 42', 
long. W. C. 5° 54' w. Though rather exposed 
to river floods, from the lownoss of its site, 
this is a flourishing town. Hero the Ohio 
and Erie canal leaves the former, at an eleva- 
tion of 474 feet above the Atlantic tides. Ac- 
cording to Flint it contains a printing office, 
bookstore, a bank, two churches, 18 stores, 
4 commission stores, 1 druggist, 20 mechani- 
cal establishments, steam mill, market house, 
and the ordinary county buildings. In posi- 
tion it has great and enduring advantages, as 
a commercial depot : pop. 1830. 1,0G3. 

Port Tobacco, p-v. and st. jus. Charles co. 
Md. by p-r. 32 ms. a very little i:. of s. W. C. 
and G9 s. w. Annapolis. It i.s situated on a 
small creek or bay, making northward from 
the Potamac r. at the Great bend op|)OHitc 
King George's co. Va. lat. 38° 30' : pop. 
1830, 500. 

Port Watson, v. Cortlandtville, Cortlandt 
CO. N. Y. 3 ms. s. Homer v., w. Tioughnioga 
r. at the head of boat navigation, just below 
Cortlandt v., which is on Factory Branch. 

Port William, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. 
Ky., on the point above the junction of Ken- 
tucky r. with the Ohio, by the land p-r. 57 ms. 
below and n.n. w. Frankfort, lat. 38° 40', long 
W. C. 8° 09' w. : pop. 1830, 323. 

Port William, p-v. sthrn. part Lawrence 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

PosEV, sthwstrn. CO. of Ind. bounded n. by 
Gibson, e. by Vanderburg, Ohio r. s. separa- 
ting it from Henderson and Union cos. Ky.,by 
Wabash r. separating it from Gallatin co. II. 
s. w., and White co. II. w. Greatest length 
from s. to N. 32 ms. ; mean breadth 16, and 
area 5l2 sq. ms. ; lat. 38 and long. W. C. 11° 
w., intersect near Springfield. Though bor- 
dered on the sthrd. by Ohio r. the slope of Po- 
sey CO. is wstrd. towards the Wabash r. 
The surface is hilly, but soil productive. Chief 
ts. Springfield, Harmony, and Mount Vernon, 
the St. jus. : pop. 1820, 4,061 ; 1830, 6,.549. 

Potomac r. of Va., Md. and Pa. This r. 
above Blue Ridge, is formed by the north 
branch, distinctively called Potomac, Patter- 
son's r., South Branch, Cacapon, IJack.cr., 
Opequhan, and Shenandoah, from the south- 
westward, and by a series ot' bold, tho' com- 
paratively small streams from the nrthrd. 
The stream to which the name oj Potomac is 
first applied, rises in the Alleghany chain op- 
posite to the sources of Cheat and Yough- 
ioghany branches of Mononjrahela, at lat. 39° 
10', long W. C. 2° 30' w. Flowing thence n. 
E.30 ms. receives from the n. Savage r., and 
bending to s. e. 10 ms. traverses one or two 
minor chains of mtns., and returning to n. e. 
18 ms.tothc influx of Will's creek from the 
N. at Cumberland. Now a considerable 



stream, by a very tortuous channel, but direct 
distancfe 15 ms. to s. e. the Potomac below 
Cumberland, breaks through several chains of 
mtns. to the influx of South Branch. The 
latter is in length of course, and area drained, 
the main branch. The various sources of this 
Hiountain r. originate in Pendleton co. Va. 
lat. 38° 25', between the Alleghany and Kit- 
tatinny chains. Assuming a general course 
of N. K. the branches miitc in llardy co. near 
Moorfields, below which, in u distance com- 
parative of 40 miles to its union with tho 
North Branch, the South Branch receives no 
considerable tributary. . The volume formed 
by both branches, breaks through a mtn. 
chain immediately below their junction and 
bending to n. e. by comparative distance 25 
miles, but by a very winding channel reaches 
its extreme nrthrn. point at Ilancock'stown, 
lat. 39° 41', and within less than 2 ms. s. of 
the sthrn. boundary of Pa. Passing Ilan- 
cock'stown the Potomac again inflects to s. e. 
and as above winds by a very crooked chan- 
nel, but by comparative courses 35 ms, to the 
influx of Shenandoah from the sthrd. 

Shenandoah is the longest branch of Poto- 
mac, having a comparative length of 130 ms. 
and brings down a volume of water but little 
inferior to that of the main stream. Having 
its most remote sources in Augusta co. Va. 
interlocking sources with those of Great Calf 
Pasture branch of James r. and by Blue Ridge 
separated from those of Rivanna, as far s. as 
lat. 37° 55', almost exactly due w. of the 
mouth of Potomac into Chesapeake bay. 
The elongated valley of Shenandoah is part 
of the great mtn. valley of Kittatinny, and 
comprises nearly all the cos. of Augusta, Rock- 
ingham, Page, and Shenandoah, with the 
e.'itrn. sections of Frederick and Jcflersou. 
The upper valley of Potomac including that 
of Shenandoah is in length from s. w. to n. e. 
160 miles, where broadest 75 ms. but having 
a mean breadth of 50 ms., area 8,000 sq. ins. 
The water level of Potomac at Harper's Fer- 
ry is 288 feet above tide water ; therefore we 
may assume at 350 feet the lowest arable land 
in the valley above tho Blue Ridge. This is 
equivalent to a degree of lat. on the aerial 
temperature at the lowest point of depression. 
So rapid is the rise, however, in crossing the 
valley to the foot of Alleghany mtn. that an 
allowance of 1,200 feet is rather loo moder- 
ate an estimate for the extremes of cultivated 
soil. 

Passing the Blue Ridge, with partial wind- 
ings, the Potomac continues s. e. by compara- 
tive courses 50 ms. to the lower falls and head 
of ocean tides at Georgetown. Having in the 
j intermediate distance received the Monocacy 
r. from the N. and some minor creeks from 
the s. similar to the Delaware, below Trcn- 
jton, and the higher part of Chtsapeake bay 
below the mouth of Susquehann^h, the Poto- 
mac meeting the tide bends along the outer 
margin of the primitive rock. It is indeed very 
remarkable" that the three bends, in the three 
consecutive rs. follow almost exactly the sain© 



POT 



430 



POU 



geographical line, or flow from head of tide 
s. w., the Delaware 60, Chesapeake 40, and 
Potomac 45 ms. The latter, a few miles be- 
low where it retires from the primitive, has 
reached within 6 ms. of Rappahannoc r.below 
Fredericksburg. Leaving the primitive, the 
two latter, not far from parallel to each other, 
assume a comparative course of 75 ms. to the 
N, E., the intermediate peninsula in no part 
above 22 me. wide, and the distance 20 ma. 
from Smith's Point, on the s. side of the 
mouth of Potomac to Windmill Point, the n. 
side of that of the Rappahannoc. 

Combining the two sections above and be- 
low the Blue Ridge, the whole basin of Poto- 
mac embraces an area of 12,950 sq. ms., or 
in roimd numbers 13,000, extending from lat. 
37° 50' to 40°, and in long, from W. C. from 
0° 45' K. to 2° 45' w. The winding of its tide 
water channel renders the navigation of the 
Potomac bay (for such it is below George- 
town) tedious though not dangerous. The 
channel is of adequate depth for ships of the 
lino of 74 guns, to the navy yard at W. C. 
With its defects and advantages, as a commer- 
cial and agricultural section, the basin of the 
Potomac is a very interesting object in phys- 
ical and also in political geography. Deriving 
its sources from the main Appalachian spine 
the Potomac channel has been .worn thro' the 
intervening chains to their bases, and perform- 
ed an immense disproportion of the necessary 
task to effect a water route into the valley of 
Ohio. Such a route has been commenced un- 
der the name of " Chesapeake and Ohio ca- 
nal." — (<Sce article rail roads and canals.) 

Potomac, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. Neith- 
er position nor distance in p-o. list. 

Po Tosj, p-v. and et. just. Washington co. 
Mo., situated on the head waters of Big r. 
branch of Marcmac r. 70 me. s. s. w. St. Lou- 
is, and by the road 55 ms. w. St. Genevieve, 
lat. 37° 5G',long. W. C. 13° 48' w. This place 
derives its name from being the central point 
of the mine dist. When visited by Mr.School- 
craft in 1818, it contained 80 houses and prob- 
ably 400 inhabitants, the ordinary co. build- 
ings, 3 stores, 2 distilleries, 2 flour mills, 1 
saw-mill, a post olTice and 9 lead furnaces. 
This traveller describes the site as a hand- 
some eminence, dry and pleasant. 

Potsdam, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 25 
ms. E. Ogdonsburg, 90 w. Plattsburg, and 216 
N. N. w. Albany, has a very fertile soil, and 
the surface agreeably varied. Racket river 
flows 1 1 ms. through the t. and on it are situ- 
ated quarries of stone. The v. stands at the 
falls of this stream, 3 ms. from the s. bounda- 
ry. Above it the r. is almost 1 m. across. 
The manufactories here are various and in- 
clude some iron works. W'ateris brought in- 
to the village from the bottom of the r. by a 
forcing pump : pop. 1830, 3,661. 

Potter, CO. Pa. bounded by Lycoming s., 
MacKean w., Alleghany co. of N.Y. n., Steu- 
ben CO. N. Y. N. E., and Tioga co. Pa. e. 
Length from s. to n. 37 ms., breadtii 30, and 
area 1,110 sq. ms. Lat 41° 43', and long 1° w. 



W. C. intersect near the centre of this co* 
Independent of mtn. chains this is the most 
elevated co. of Pa. In the northeastern angle 
rises the Cowanesque r., flowing to the e. ; 
from the nrthrn. side rise the extreme sources 
of Genesee r., flowing to the n. From the 
central and nrthwstrn. sections issue the high- 
er fountains of Alleghany r. and the ex- 
treme nrthestrn. sources of Ohio valley ; and 
finally from the south side issue the Sinnama- 
lioning and Kettle crs., branches of the West 
Branch of the Susquehannah. From these 
elements it is evident that Potter co. is a real 
table land, giving source to streams flowing 
into the basin of St. Lawrence n., that of 
Miss. s. w., and into the Atlantic s. e. Mean 
elevation at least 1,200 feet. Chief t. Cou- 
dersport : pop. 1820, 4,836, including some 
adjacent cos., and in 1830, Potter co. alone 
1,265. 

Potter's mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by 
p-r. 71 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Pottsgrove, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 
by p-r. 67 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

PoTTSTOwN, p-v. on the left bank of Schuyl- 
kill r. and in the n. w. angle of Montgomery 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 68 ms. e. Harrisburg, and 16 
from Reading. 

PoTTSviLLE, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. on 
Schuylkill r. 8 ms. n. w. Orwigsburg, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 67 n. e. Harrisburg : pop. of 
tsp. 1830, 2,464. 

Pot'GHKEEPsiE, p-t. and St. jus. Dutchess co. 
N. Y. 75 ms. 8. Albany, 74 n. N.Y. and 10 n. 
Newburgh, about 3i ms. by 10, lies on the k. 
side Hudson r. and is nearly level, except 
w. where the surface is uneven and broken 
by courses of streams. Gypsum has been use- 
ful on the sandy soils. Fall cr. n., Wappin- 
ger's cr. E., and a small stream s. furnish ex- 
cellent mill seats. Barnegat limestone, which 
is dug and burnt in the s. w. part of the t. is 
very good. The v. of Poughkeepsie is about 
1 m. from the r. and of considerable size. The 
l)rincipal street runsE. and w., the land is lev- 
el, and there is a bank, an academy, &.c. At 
the landing there is a considerable number of 
houses, stores, &,c. and a number of sloops 
are engaged in business with New York. 
The Albany steamboats stop here several 
times in the day during the season of naviga- 
tion : pop. 1830, 7,222. 

PouLTNEY, r. Rutland co. Vt. is a small 
stream, rising in Tinmouth, and after running 
a few ms. w. marks a part of the boundary be- 
tween this state and N. Y., till it falls into the 
head of E. bay, an arm of lake Champlain. 
It is about 25 ms. long, and Castleton and W. 
Haven rs. are its branches. In 1783, during 
[a high flood, Poultnry r. cut through a ridge 
'near E. bay, which had before dammed it up, 
land made a channel 100 feet deep, destroying 
I for a time all sloop navigation in E. bay. liy 
'the force of the current and the works of a 
I a company formed for the purpose, the ob- 
I structions have been greatly removed. 

PovLT.NEY, p-t. Rutland co. Vi. 13 ms. s. w. 
Rutland, 10 me. e. Whileliall, 46 n. lienning, 



PRA 



431 



PRA 



ton, 60 a.w. Montpolier, 7 s. Castleton, nnd e. 
of Hampton N. Y., ie crossed by Poultney' 
r. and its branches, and has 35 sq. ms. It was 
first settled 1771, is well supplied with mill' 
seats, and has an agreeable surface and a 
fertile soil, especially in the river meadows. 
There are 2 vs., a female academy, &.c.:pop. 
1830, 1,509. 

PouNDEiDOB, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
139 ms. s. Albany, 15 b. Hudson r., 12 n. L. 
Island sound, and 5 s. e. Bedford ; is supplied 
with mill seats by Mechanus creek on the w. 
line ; some of the streams of Croton r. &c. 
The surface is uneven, with much stony land : 
pop. 1830, 1,437. 

Powell's Tavern, and p-o. Goochland co. 
Va., by p-r. 15 ms. w. Richmond. 

PowELTON, p-v. Richmond co. N. C, 15 
ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 128 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

PowELTON, p-v. on Great Ogeeche r. in the 
nthcstrn. part Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 15 
ms. N. K. Sparta, the co. seat, and 37 n. e. MiU 
ledgeville. 

PowEKViLLE, village, Morris co.N. J., 8 ms. 
N. by E. Morristown ; on Morris canal and 
Rockaway r., near the falls. 

Powhatan, county Va., bounded by Ches- 
tcrficld s. E., Appomattox river separating it 
from Amelia s. w., Cumberland w., &, James 
r. separating it from Goochland n. Length 
25 ms., mean breadth 10, and area 250 sq. 
ms. Lat. 37" 34', and long. W. C. 1° w. in- 
tersect in this CO. It contains two opposing 
slopes ; one sthwstrd. towards the Appomat- 
tox ; but the second, to the nrthestrd. towards 
James r. includes much the larger section. 
Chief town, Scottsville : pop. 1820, 8,292, 
1830, 8,517. 

Powhatan, p-v. Madison co. O. 

Powhatan Point, and p-o. Belmont co. O., 
by p-r. 155 ms. e. Columbus. 

PowNAL, p-t. Cumberland co. Maine, is of 
small size and irregular form, 35 ms. s. s. w. 
Augusta, 18 N. E.Portland: pop. 1830, 1,308. 

PowNAL, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 56 ms. s. 
w. Rutland, 30 w. Braltleboro'; lies n. Wil- 
liamstowu, Mass., e. Iloosac, N. Y. ; with 
25,000 acres ; first settled 1761. It is une- 
ven, with good soil for grass. Hoosac river 
flows N. w. into N. York, affording good mill 
sites, and water tracts of meadow land ; sev- 
eral brooks in the n. e. which form head wa- 
ter of Wallamsack r. ; 13 school dists. : pop. 
1830, 1,831. 

Powow, r. N. H. a good mill stream, rises 
in Kingston, and after a devious course, falls 
into the Merrimac on the line of Amesbury, 
in which town is its principal fall, where it 
descends 100 feet, in about 275 yards. 

Prairie, from the French language, signi- 
fies literally meadows. It is a term occur- 
ring so frequently in the geography of the 
U. States, that we have deemed it requisite 
to introduce it as an article, in order to ex- 
plain the true meaning, and describe the fca- 
j^res of country intended by the term. Pre 
wn French, means a meadow in the common 



acceptation of the word, whilst prairie is the 
superlative, and used for a largo and indefi- 
nite space covered with grass. The term 
prairie, therefore, is perfectly applicable to 
the immense open grassy spaces in N. Amer- 
ica, which, with partial interruptions, extend 
from the Gulf of Mexico to the Artie ocean, 
and of course traverse the whole territory 
of the U. States along the great slope falling 
estrd. from the Chippewayun system towards 
the Appalachian, though in no place actually 
reaching tho latter. la their external fea- 
tures and relations to the great mtn. systems 
of the two continents, the steppes of Asia, 
and prairies of N. America, have a complete 
specific resemblance. The Asiatic etcijpes 
commence in fact in Europe, in the valley of 
the Wolga, from whence, following the great 
system, known by the respective names of 
Altai, Stavonoy, and Yablony mtns., spread 
across the whole continent of Asia, from the 
Caspian sea to that of Ochotz. As in N. A., 
the Asiatic steppes follow the mtn. chains, 
and are traversed at qt near right angles by 
the rivers. 

Called by either name, these grassy spaces 
partake of all the varieties of soil and sur- 
face of regions covered with forest. It is 
very erroneous to suppose the prairies neces- 
sarily plains ; the real fact is, that strictly 
speaking small parts only of the prairies are 
level plains. In the southwestern part of La., 
and skirting along the Gulf of Mexico, over 
the sea border of Texas, the prairies are lev- 
el plains, but advancing northwards they ex- 
hibit every variety of surface and of soil, and 
when traversed to their termination on the 
Artie ocean, sink again to level plains. 

The La. prairie-s are perfectly congenial to 
the growth of every species of forest tree, 
that the climate will admit, and where fertile, 
are equally with woodland adapted to every 
object of agriculture, gardening, or orchard. 
This statement is made from personal expe- 
rience ; the writer of this article resided 8 
years in Opelousas and Attacapas, or in the 
prairie section of La. 

The llanos, or pampas, of South America, 
spreading along the great eastern elope of the 
Andes, are specifically prairies, with similar 
variety of soil and surface. 

Prairie, p-o. Perry co. Ala., by p-r. 68 ms. 
s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Prairie Creek, p-o. sthrn. part Vigo co. 
Ind. 17 ms. sthrd. Terre Haute, tho co. seat, 
and by p-r. 100 ms. s. w. by. w. Indianopolis. 

Prairie de Long, p-o. Monroe co. II., by 
p-r. 87 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Prairie du Chien, p-v. and st. jus. Craw, 
ford CO. Mich, or more correctly Huron, is 
situated on the point above their junction, 
and between the Miss, and Ouisconsin rs., as 
stated in the post office list, by p-r. 1,060 ms. 
If we compare the bearing and distance of 
Galena, which may be seen by reference to 
that article, we may see that Prairie du Chi- 
en bears about n. 70 w. from W. (,'., and the 
direct distance within a small traction of 800 



PRE 



43S 



PRI 



statute miles : pop. 1830, including that of the 
military station at fort Crawford, 692. Fort 
Crawford is adjoining to the village of Prai- 
rio du Chien. 

Prairie Ronde, p-o. Kalamazoo co. Mich., 
about 140 ms. nearly due w. Detroit. 

PRATTsiiURon, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 230 
ms. w. Albany, 14 n. Bath ; has an uneven 
surface, and is watered by Five Mile creek, 
and streams of Crooked lake and Conhocton 
crock, on which arc mill seats : pop. 1830, 
2,402. 

PRATTRiiURG, p-v. Warron co. Miss., about 
50 ms. above, and by the road n. n. e. Nat- 
chez. 

Preble, p-t. Cordtland co. N. Y., 138 ms. 
W.Albany, 7 n. Homer, 24 s. Salina, s. Tully, 
Onondaga co., k. Cayuga co. ; 5 ms. square ; 
has brooks of Tioughnioga creek, a hilly sur- 
face favorable for grazing, and rich vallies, 
.■where the rocks are limestone and slate. 
First settled 1800, by New Englanders, Ger- 
mans and Dutch. Maple, beech, bass, elm, 
mit woods, and -some hemlock and pine grow 
here ; and there arc a few ponds. Preble 
Flats, 2 ms. wide, cross the town 5. and s. : 
pop. 1830, 1,435. 

Preble, co. Ohio, bomidcd n. by Darke, 
Montgomery e., Butler e.. Union, Ind. s. w., 
and Wayne, Ind. n. w. Length from s. to n. 
24 miles, breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. 
Lat 39° 45', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. General 
slope s. E., and drained in that direction by 
St. Clair and Franklin creeks, branches of 
Great Miami., The soil productive. Chief t. 
Eaton: pop. 1830, 16,291. 

Prescott, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 76 
ms. w. Boston, 15 n. e. Northampton ; is wa- 
tered by several streams of Swift r., and has 
an uneven surface, with good grass land : 
pop. 1830, 758. 

Preston, p-t. New London co. Conn., 44 
ms. s. s. w. Hartford, 5 ms. s. w. Norwich, w. 
and s. w. Thames and Quinebaug rs. ; has 
an irregidar iorm, containing about 30 square 
miles. It is uneven, rocky, with a pretty 
good soil. First settled 1686 : pop. 1830, 1,. 
934. 

Preston, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 5 miles 
w. Norwich, 115 w. by s. Albany, has a good 
soil, bearing maple, beech, bass, elm, &c., 
and favorable to grain ; watered by small 
streams of Chenango r. : pop. 1830, 1,213. 

Preston, co. Va., bounded s. by Randolph, 
Monongalia w., Fayette co. Pa. n., and Alle- 
ghany CO. Md. E. The greatest length from 
s. to N. 36 ms., mean breadth 13, and area 
468 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 2° 38' 
w. The main Alleghany chain extends nrth 
rdly. along the eastern border of this county, 
and the Chesnut ridge separates it from 
Monongalia on the w. The body of the co 
is a mountain valley between the two chains. 
Cheat r. enters the southern side, and wind 
ing to N. N. w., divides it into two not very 
unequal sections. Though generally broken, 
rocky, and in part mountainous, Preston con- 
tains some excellent soil. Chief town, King- 
wood : pop. 1820, 3,428, 1830, 5,144. 



PHESTOJf, p-v. in the Bouthwestern part of 
Hamilton co. O., by p-r. 127 ms. e. w. Co- 

lumbus. 

Prestoxburg, p-v. and st. jus. Floyd coun- 
ty Ky., on the w. fork of Sandy r., by p-r. 
142 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 37', 
long. W. C. 5° 38' w. : pop. 1830, 81. 

Prestonville, p-v. Rhea co. Ten., by p-r. 
l47 ms. 8. e. by E.Nashville. 

Prewett's Knob, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by 
p-r. 118 ms. 8. e. w. Frankfort. 

Priestford, p-o. Harford co. Md. 

Prince Edward, co. Va., bounded s. e. by 
Lunenburg, s. and s. w. Charlotte, w. Camp- 
bell, N. w. and N. Buckingham, n. e. Cum- 
berland and Amelia, and e. Nottaway. Length 
from E. to w. 32 ms., mean breadth 8, and 
area 256 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 12', long. W. C. 
1° 30' w. This county is bounded along its 
whole northern border and greatest length 
by Appomattox r., and of course slopes in 
the direction of that stream or eastward. The 
southern and central parts have a counter 
slope to N. e., and drained by numerous crs. 
falling into Appomattox Tiver. This is one of 
the best peopled and most enlightened cos. 
of Va. In 1820, the pop. stood at 12,577, 
and in 1830, at 14,107, or 55 to the sq. mile. 
Of the latter aggregate 5,039 were whites. 
There are 12 i)ost offices, and Hampden Sid- 
ney college located in this small co. The fol- 
lowing information was forwarded to the ed- 
iter. " This co. derives great advantage from 
the navigation of the Appomattox. A large 
part is fertile, well watered, and highly cul- 
tivated. Hampden Sidney college, has in 
this county r.n elevated, dry, and remarkably 
healthful situation, 80 ms. s. w. Richmond. 
The college was founded in 1775. The char- 
ter is as liberal and ample as that of any col- 
lege in the U. States. The following pro- 
fessorships have been established : the pres- 
ident is the professor of mental philosophy, 
rhetoric, moral philosophy, and natural law ; 
besides which are the chairs of chemistry, 
natural philosophy, mathematics, and the 
learned languages. The philosophical ap- 
paratus, and libraries of the college, philan- 
thropic, the union, and philosophical societies 
are ample. The permanent college funds 
are vested in lands and bank stock. A pre- 
paratory academy is annexed to the college, 
in which those studies only are taught, that 
are required for admission into the lowest 
college class. 

The amount of annual expense of a stu- 
dent ^150, including board, tuition, room 
rent, washing, and servant's hire. 

Prince Edward, court house, and p-o. 
Prince Edward co. Va. by p-r. 75 ms. s. w. 
by w. Richmond. 

Prince Fredericktown, p-v. and st. jus. 
Calvert CO. Md. by p-r. 56 ms. s. e. W. C. and 
63 ms. s. Annapolis, lat. 38° 32', long. W. C. 
0°28'E. 

I Prince George, co. Va. bounded by Surry 
s. E., Sussex s., Dinwiddle w., Appomattox 
' r. separating it from Chesterfield N. w., James 
' r. separating it from Charles City co. v. and 



PRI 



433 



PRO 



N. E. Length from east to west 26 ms., moan 
breadth 12, and area 312 square ms., lat. 37° 
10', and Ion?. VV. C. 20' w. Though bordered 
on two sides by Appomattox and James rs. 
the far greatest part of the surface slopes s. e. 
and is drained by the sources of Blackwater] 
river, and some confluents- of Nottaway r. ; 
of course its water is tributary to Albemarle 
sound, by Chowan r. Chief town, City Ppint : 
pop. 1820, 8,030, 1830, 8,367. 

Prince George's co. Md. bounded s. by 
Charles, s. w. Potomac r. separating it from 
Fairfax county Va., District of Columbia w., 
Montgomery co. n. w., and the Patuxent river 
separating it from Ann Arundel co. n. e., and 
Calvert s. E. Greatest length 40 ms., mean 
breadth 15, and area GOO square ms. The 
meridian of Washington city passes along 
the western border, whilst the northern 
angle is traversed by latitude 39°. The 
dividing ridge between the confluents of Po- 
tomac and Patuxent traverses this co. from s. 
to north dividing it into two very nearly 
equal sections. The surface is generally 
hilly, though much of the soil is excellent. 
Chief town. Upper Marlboro' : pop, 1820, 
20,216,1830,20,474. 

Princess Ann, p-v. sea port, and st. jus. 
Somerset co. Md. situated on Manokin river 
near the head of tide water, by p-r. 144 ms. 
s. E. by E. W. C. and 107 ms. s. e. Annapolis, 
lat. 38° 12', long. W. C. 1° 18' e. It is a 
place of considerable commerce, and con- 
tains a bank, the ordinary co. buildings, and 
several places of public worship. It stands 
18 ms. above the mouth of the Manokin into 
Chesapeake bay. 

Princess Ann, sthestrn. co. of Va. bounded 
by Norfolk co. w., Chesapeake bay n., Atlan- 
tic ocean e., and Currituck county, N. C. s. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 12, 
and area 3G0 square ms. Lat 36° 45', and long. 
W. C. 1° E. intersect near its centre. Though 
in general level, it is a table land, discharg- 
ing the sources of the East branch of Eliza- 
beth's river wstrd. ; the various branches of 
Lynhaven r. into Lynhaven bay, northwards, 
and the confluents of Currituck sound sthrd. 
Chief town. Princess Ann Court House : 
pop. 1820, 8,730, 1830, 9,102. 

Princess Ann, C. H., p-v. and st. jus. 
Princess Ann co. Va. by p-r. 23 ms. s. e. by 
E. Norfolk.lat. 36° 44', long. 0° 57' east W. C. 

Princess' Bridge, and p-o. eastern part of 
Chatham county, N. C. 23 ms. a little s. of w. 
Raleigh. 

Princeton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 52 
ms. w. Boston, and 16 n. Worcester, has a 
soil very favorable to agriculture, but contains 
Wachusett mtn. The land embraced by the 
present town bore the same name in the In- 
dian language. This solitary eminence is 
3,000 feet above the ocean, and is olten as- 
.ccndcd on account of the extensive and' de- 
lightful view enjoyed from its summit. The 
village is situated a" little distance up the side 
of the mountain : pop. 1830, 1,346. 

Princeton, p-t. Schenectady .co. N. Y. 20 

55 



ms. N. w. Albany, 7 y/. Schenectady. It is of 
irregular form and is crossed by Norman's 
Kill creek e. and has several brooks n. which 
flow into the Mohawk. The surface and soil 
are various, and some of the principal emi- 
nences aflbrd fine views : pop, 1830, 812. 

Princeton, borough, N. J. between West 
Windsor, Middlesex co. and Montgomery, 
Somerset co., 10 ms. n. e. Trenton, 10 s. w. 
New Brunswick, 50 s. w. N. Y., 40 ms. n. e. 
Phila., is a pleasant and populous place, and 
the seat of Nassau Hall, founded in 1738, 
(one of the oldest colleges in the U.S.) and 
also the theological seminary of the Presby- 
terian church. The buildings of these two 
institutions are large ; the principal edifice 
of Nassau Hall is old, and venerable in its 
appearance, shaded by trees, and has 60 
apartments for students. The library con- 
tains about 8,000 volumes of old books, and 
there is a cabinet of natural history. The 
recitation rooms, library, society rooms, &c. 
are in two adjacent buildings, 30 feet by 60. 

The theological seminary of the general 
assembly of the Presbyterian church, was 
founded in 1812, and is devoted to the edu- 
cation of young men destined for preachers 
of the gospel. There are a number of schol- 
arships, endowed with ^2,500 each. 

Princeton, p-v. Washington co. Miss, by 
p-r. 100 ms, N. N. E. Natchez. 

Princeton, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 
107 ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. 

Princeton, p-v. and st. jus. Caldwell co. 
Ky. situated on the summit ground between 
th§ vallies of Cumberland and Tradewater 
rs. by p-r. 229 ms. s. w. by w. P'rankfort, and 
59 ms. a little n. of w. Russellville, lat. 37° 02', 
long. W C. 10° 54' west : pop. 1830, 366. 

Princeton, p-v. Liberty tsp. sthrn. angle of 
Butler CO. O. 20 ms. a little e. of n. Cincinna- 
ti, and 98 ms. s. w.by w. Columbus : pop. 
1830, 33. 

Princeton, p-v. and st. jus. Gibson co. Ind. 
situated on the summit ground between the 
valley of Patoka r. branch of Wabash r. and 
the sources of Pigeon creek flowing into O. 
r. by p-r. 141 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, lat, 38'' 
22', long. W. C. 10°38'w. 

Printer's Retreat, and p-o. Switzerland 
CO. Ind. Ill ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Prospect, p-t. Waldo co. Me. ,52 ms. e. 
Augusta, 15 N. w. Castine, and 227 n. n. e. 
Boston ; lies on the west side of Penobscot 
river, and north of Belfast bay, opposite Or- 
phan island, and includes Brigadier island in 
the Penobscot. It has a few small streams : 
pop. 18.30,2,383. 

Prospect, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 12 
ms. N. by w. New Haven, is crossed by the 
West Rock range of liills, and has a few 
small streams which flow into the Quinni- 
piack and other rivers emptying at New Ha- 
ven harbor : pop. 1830, 65 1 . 

Prospect, p-o. Prince Edward co. Va. by 
p-r. 80 ms. s. w, Richmond. 

Prospect Hill, and p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 
9 ms. wstrd. W. C. 



PRO 



434 



PRO 



Probpect Hili^ p-0. Caswell co. N. C. by 
p.r. 59 me. n. w. Raleigh. 

Protho's Mills, and p-o. Orangeburgh diet. 
S. C. 38 ms. 8. w. Columbia. 

Providence co., R. I. bounded by Norfolk 
and Worcester cos. Mass. n., Bristol county, 
Mass. E., Kent co. and Narraganset river s., 
and the line of Conn. w. It is about 17 ms. 
broad by 22 long, containing about 380 square 
miles and is the largest county in the 
state. It has an irregular surface and is 



in length, with two fronts of granite, 79 ft. 
wide, and colonades of 6 columns each, 25 
ft. high, the shafts of which are single blocks 
22 ft. in length. This building was comple- 
ted in 1828, and cost ^130,000. There are 
14 churches, some of which are in fine taste. 
There are also a state house, the Dexter 
asylum (for the poor), the building occupied 
by the Friend's boarding school, and two 
edifices belonging to Brown University : 
these are all of brick, and the three latter are 



in some parts rough ; most of the rocks finely located on a very commanding cmi- 
are primitive, with some transition and nence. Providence is well situated for com- 
limestone. The soil is most favorable to jmercial enterprise, and internal improvements 



grass, and fruit thrives. The timber is vari- 
ous. Water power is abundant, and there 
are manufactories of many kinds carried on 
in different parts of the co. Pawtucket river 
crosses the co. on the n. e., and Sekonk river, 
into which it falls, is on the line of Mass. 
Pawtuxet flows s., and there are other 
streams, as the Mashasuc and Wanasquatuck- 
et. The Blackstone canal, which commences 
at Providence and soon after strikes along the 
course of Blackstone or Pawtucket r., pursues 
it to Worcester, Mass. & affords an important 
channel of transportation to many manufactur- 
ing and agricultural places. Cotton is the prin- 
cipal article of manufacture in this co. The 
first machinery ever erected in America for 
this manufacture was first sot up in Prov- 
idence, and afterwards in the village of Paw- 
tucket. The commerce of this co. is exten- 
sive, and almost the whole foreign commerce 
of the state is centered at Providence. The 
Canton trade of that city is very extensive. 
Pop. 1820, 35,736, 1830, 47,018. 

Providence, city, p-t. and sea port. Provi- 
dence CO. R. I., the most commercial and 
populous town in the state, and second in 
pop. in N. England. It is situated in lat. 40° 
51', and in long. 5° 37' e. W. C, at the head 
of Narraganset bay, 30 ms. from Newport 
and the ocean, 42 s. w. Boston, 58 n. e. New 
London, 70 e. Hartford, 190 n. e. N. Y., and 
394 N. E. Washington. The town contains 
about 9 sq. ms., is separated from Mass. by 
Seekonk r., and the two streams which form 
Providence r. unite within it, and afford an 
abundance of fish. The city is divided by 
the latter stream nearly in the centre, which 
is here navigable for vessels of 900 tons 
burthen ; two fine bridges across it unite the 
two parts of the city. Providence is well laid 
out, and viewed from several eminences with- 
in the city, or from the bay, its appearance 
is fine and imposing. T-hc calamities which 
it has several times sufl'ercd by storms, floods, 
and particularly an extensive fire in 1801, 
and the great storm of 1815, when 500 build 
ings were destroyed, have ultimately tended 



have recently added much to its prosperity. 
The foreign and coasting trade are both ex- 
tensive, as the commerce of the state, which 
was formerly concentrated at Newport, is now 
chiefly transferred to this place. • Several 
lines of packets, beside other vessels, run 
regularly to different parts of the U. S., and 
the facilities for internal communication are 
numerous. The trade with Canton has for 
some years been quite large. — The duties 
collected in 1831 amounted to |227,000 ; the 
imports of the same year to ^457,000, and 
the exports to $329,000. The registered 
amount of shipping was more than 12,000 
tons ; there are in the city 4 insurance com- 
panies, with a capital of ^360,000 ; a branch 
of the U. S. bank, with a capital of $800,000, 
and 16 other banks, with an aggregate capi- 
tal of $4,602,000, including a bank for sav- 
ings, the capital of which is $100,000. The 
Blackstone canal, which extends from Provi- 
dence to Worcester, passing near numerous 
manufactories, adds much to the trade of the 
city, as does the manufacturing village of 
Pawtucket, one of the most important in the 
country, and to which leads one of the finest 
roads in the U. S. The Boston and Provi- 
dence rail road, which is to be commenced 
immediately, will probably be productive of 
still greater benefits. A branch of it is to ex- 
tend to Taunton, Mass., and another to New 
London, Conn., so as to connect the land 
transportation of the N. York and Boston 
route with Long Island sound at the latter 
place ; the navigation round point Judith be- 
ing exposed, and sometimes dangerous. 
Steamboats of the largest and finest kind, 
keep up a daily communication with N. Y. 
during the season of navigation, and in con- 
nection with them are several lines of stage 
coaches, which run to Boston in 6 or 7 hours. 
Providence, as well as the state of which it 
is the chief t., is distinguished for its numer- 
ous manufactories. There are 4 of cotton, 
with a capital of $327,500, and consuming 
annually nearly half a million pounds of cot- 
ton, from which are woven about 1,500,000 



to the improvement of the city, in its streets yards of cloth, valued at about .^'250,000; 
and buildings. These are mostly of wood, there are 3 bleacherics, two of which bleach 
and are uniformly neat; there arc many, } about 3,300,000 pounds of cotton annually, 



however, of brick, granite, <fcc., which arc 
epaciotts and elegant, and finely situated. 
The ptiblic buildings are numerous, and sev- 
of them are very handsome. Among these 



which is equivalent to about 13,200,000 yds. ; 
there are also 4 dye houses, 4 iron found- 
ries, and 7 machine shops, manufacturing an- 
nually about .^300,000 worth of machinery. 



is the arcade, a noble edifice of stone 222 ft. chiefly for cotton factories ; 3 brass found- 



PRO 



435 



PUL 



rics, 2 for the mnniii'acturc of steam engines; 
10 tin, copper, shoet iron, and coal grate es- 
tablishments ; 27 jewellers' establishments, 
manufacturing jewelry, &c. to the value of 
about !$230,000 ; and a glass factory, where 
cut and flint glass, to the amount of .^70,000, 
is annually manufactured ; beside these are 
various other manufactories of combs, oil, 
soap, candles, hats, boots, shoes, &-c. tfcc. It 
is estimated that not less than 3,000 persons 
are regularly employed, or are principally oc- 
cupied in the larger manufacturing establish- 
ments in the city. In addition to all these, 
a capital of more than §>2,000,000, owned in 
Providence, is mvested in various manufac- 
tures in other parts of the state. Brown 
University, transferred from Warren to Prov- 
idence in 1770, was founded in 1764. Its 
two buildings are spacious ; four stories high 
each, and one 150, the other 120 ft. long, and 
contain rooms for the officers and students, 
library and philosoi)liical rooms, and a chapel. 
The philosophical apparatus is now very 
complete ; recent efforts have enlarged its 
means, and the present condition of this in- 
stitution is comparatively prosperous. Its 
officers are, a president, and five professors] 
and tutors. Number of students 1831-2, 
about 100 ; the several libraries contain about 
12,000 vols., of which 6,000 belong to the 
library of the college. The total number of 
alumni, 1631-2, was 1,182 ; commencement 
is on the 1st. Wednesday in September. This 
is the principal literary institution in the state ; 
beside it, and the Friends' boarding school 
(which belongs to the Friends of N. Eng- 
land), there are several grammar, primary, 
and other schools. There are two daily, and 
eight other newsjjapers published here. 

Providence was originally founded in 1636, 
by Roger Williams, who was banished from 
the Plymouth colony for avowing the doctrine 
that all denominations of christians are 
equally entitled to the protection of the civil 
magistrate. In 1644, this settlement was 
permitted to establish a government for itself, 
independent of Mass. ; and in 1663, a charter 
was granted by the kmg to the Providence 
plantations, which extended the righ't of vo- 
ting to all except Roman Catholics. In 1831, 



PROVinijNCE, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., lO ms. 
N. E. Wilkes-Barrc, and by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Providence, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
5 ms. s. E. Charlotte, the co. st., and 135 ms. 
by p-r. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Providence, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Hop. 
kins CO. Ky., by p-r. 17 me. wstrd. Madison- 
villo, the CO. et., and 217 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

Provincetown, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 
50 ms. s. E. Boston, (116 by land,) is on the n. 
point of Cape Cod, with the ocean n. and b., 
and Cape Cod bay w. It is in the form of a 
hook, being inwards w. and s., and enclosing 
Provincetown bay, which is almost shut in by 
land, with an opening s., with water enough 
for ships of the largest size. The soil is a 
loose, sterile and shifting sand ; and the hon. 
ses of the v. which stands on the n. w. side of 
the bay, are very small, and built on piles so 
that the winds blow under them. The inhab- 
itants are devoted to fishing, and take and 
cure great quantities of cod annually. There 
are no wharves in the harbor ; the land is not 
cultivated. This was the place first visited 
by the N. England pilgrims, who spent a little 
time here in Dec. 1620, before they proceed- 
ed to Plymouth. Lat. 42° 3' n., long. 70° 9' 
w. : pop. 1830, 1,710. 

Pruntytown, p-v. cstrn. part of Harrison 
CO. Va., and near the ferry over Tygart's Val- 
ley r., 20 ms. n. e. by e. Clarksburg, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 209 ms. n. w. by w. J w. W. C. 

Pryor's Vale, p-o. Amherat co. Va., by 
p-r. 191 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

PuGHTQWN, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Ches- 
ter CO. Pa., situated on French cr. 35 ma. «. 
w. by w. Phila. 

Pulaski, p-v. and half shire, Richland, 
Oswego CO. N. Y., 153 ms. from Albany, 27 
N. E. Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. 
Salina, GO n. w. Utica, on Salmon creek, 3i 
ms. from its mouth in lake Ontario. The 
harbor at its mouth receives vessels of 60 or 
70 tons. 

Pulaski, co. Geo. bounded n. by Twiggs, 
N. E. Lawrens, s. e. Telfair, and by Ockraul- 
gee r. separating it from Dooley s. w. and 
Houston N. w. Length from s. e. to n. w. 34 



Providence was incorporated as a city, andims., breadth 20, and area 680 sq. ms. n. lat. 
its municipal government organized: pop. 32° 20', long. 6*^ 22' w. W. C. Slope e. e., 
1810, 10,071 ; 1820," 11,767 ; and in 1830, j and in that direction it is traversed by differ- 



16,833, of which 8,701 were on the e., and 
8,132 on the w. side of the river. 

Providence, or Narraganset r. Providence 
CO. R. I., is formed by the union of Seekonk 
r., and another branch which meet at Provi- 
dence. It is deep enough for large ships, 
forms the harbor of that town, and a short 
distance below, falls into Providence bay. 

Providence, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 42 ms. 



ent branches of Auchenhatchee r. a small 
confluent of Ockmulgee ; and the latter flows 
in a similar course along the southwestern 
border. Chief town, Hartford : pop. 1830, 
4,906. 

Pulaski, p-v. and st. jus. Giles co. Ten. 
by p-r. 77 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville, n. 
lat. 35° 08', long. 10° w. W. C. 

Pulaski, co. Ky. bounded w. by Wolf cr., 



w. Albany, 15 n. w. Ballston Spa, 2'J n. i separating it from Russell, Casey n. w.^Lin. 



Schenectady, e. Montgomery co., 6 ms. by 
7, is hilly n. e., crossed by Kayderosseras 
mtn. and elsewhere uneven, with Sacandaga 
r. N. w., and several small streams. The soil 
is favorable for grass : pop. 1830, 1,579. 



colli n., Rockcastle n. e., Rockcastle creek, 
separating it from Whitley e., and Cumber- 
land r. separating it from Wayne s. Length 
from E. to w. 40 ms., mean breadth 16, and 
area 640 sq. ms. n. lat. 37°, and long. 7° 30' 



PUT 



436 



PUT 



intersect in the southern part -of this co. 
Slope southward towards Cumberland r. 
Chief t. Somerset : pop. 1830, 9,500. 

Pulaski, a p-v. named in tlio p-o. list as 
being situated in Allen co. liid., l)iit from the 
distance given from Indianopolis 214 m.s. a 
very extravagant allowance would be requi- 
site to bring it into any part of Ind. There 
is no point in Allen co. 150 ms. by the road 
from Indianopolis. 

Pulaski, co. of Ark. on both sides of Ar- 
kansas r. and around Littlo Rock, the st. jua. 
for the CO. and caiiilal of the state. So many 
new cos. have been made in Ark., the limits 
of which we have had no means to determine, 
and which have cfi'ccted the boundaries ot 
Pulaski, that we arc compelled to merely 
state, that for geographical position we must 
refer the reader lo the article Little Rock. By 
the census of 1830, Pulaski contained a pop- 
ulation of 2,395. 

PuLTENF.v, Vt. (See Poultncy.) 

Pui.Ti'.NEv, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 230 ms. 
w. Albany, IG n. Bath, n. Ontario co,, w. 
Crooked lake, has uneven land e., with beach, 
maple, tStc. for timljor, and several small 
streams, of which Five Mile creek rises n. v.. 
and flows through it s. e. towards Conhocton 
creek : pop. 1830, 1,724. 

PuLTENEVviLLE, p-v. Wayuo CO. N. Y. 16 
ms. N. Palmyra, s. lake Ontario. 

PuMPKiNTOWN, p-v. Pickcus dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 145 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

PuMPKiNTOWN, i)-v. CampbcU co. Geo. by 
p-r. 130 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

PuNGOTEAOUE, p-v. Accomac CO. Va. 10 ms. 
3. w. Drummondstown, and by p-r. 218 miles 

S. E. W. C. 

PUNXUTAWNV, PUNOATAWNEY, Or PtJNXETAU- 

NY, (for all these spellings are used,) p-v. on 
Mahoning creek, southern part of .Teilerson 
CO. Pcnn., by p-r. 21ti ms. n. w. W. C 

Purcell's Store and p-o. Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 41 ms. northwstrd. W. C. 

PuRDY, p-v. and st. jus. McNairy co. Ten. 
by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. N. hit. 
35° 13', long. 11° 36' w. W. C. 

Putnam, co. N. Y. bounded by Duchess co. 
N., Conn. E., West Chester co. s., Hudson r. 
or Orange co. w., 12 ms. n. and s. by 21, 
with 252 sq. ms. ; is very rougti, with mtns. 
8. w., and but a small proportion of level 
land. Iron ore is taken from mines here in 
considerable quantities, and partly smelted 
in the co. At Cold Spring, in Philipstown, 
opposite West Point, is the largest cannon 
foundry in the U. S. Here are 1 blast fur- 
nace, making 850 tons of iron annually, ; 3 
air furnaces, and 3 cupola furnaces, which 
melt 2,500 tons, making $280,000 worth per 
annum. Black lead and pyrites are formed 
in some i)laccs. In the co. are 2 paper mills, 
and 1 woollen manufactory. The 2 branches 
of Croton r. or creek flow through the co. 
and unite on the s. line, after receiving the 
waters of many ponds. Carmel v. the st. jus. 
of the CO. is in n. e. corner of Carmel t. on a 
email lake : pop. 1820, 11,268, 1830, 12,628. 



Putnam, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 30 ma. 
N. Sandy hill, w. lake C!hamplain or Vt., e. 
lake Ceorge, about 3i ms. by 10 ; is on a 
narros\. tongue of land between these lakes ; 
mountainous, with poor soil. The n. end is 
4 ms. from Ticondcroga : pop. 1830, 718. 

Putnam, co. Geo. bounded s. by Baldwin, 
•Jasper w., Morgan n., and Oconee r. sepa- 
rating it from Greene n. e., and Hancock s. e. 
Length 24 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 
432 sq. ms. N. hit. 33° 20', long. 6° 27' w. 
W.C. Slope sthrd., and drained by Ocunec 
or confluents. Chief t. Eatonton : pop. 1830, 
13,261. 

Putnam, p-v. Muskingum co. O. situated on 
Muskingum r. opposite Zancsville, and by 
p-r. .59 ms. e. Columbus: pop. 1830, 758. 

Putnam, co. O. bounded s. by Allen, Van- 
wert 8. w., Paulding n. w., Henry n., and 
Hancock e. Length 24, width 24, and area 
576 sq. ms. N. lal. 41°, and long. 7° w. in- 
tersect in this co. The general slope n. w., 
the whole surface, with a very small excep- 
tion, being in the valley of Au Glaize river. 
Chief t. Sugar Grove. It is a new settlement ; 
the whole pop. in 1830, 230. 

Putnam, co. Ind. bounded by Owen s.. Clay 
s. w., Parke w. and n. w., Montgomery n., 
Hendricks n. e. and e., and Morgan s. e. 
Length 30 ms., breadth 20, and area 600 sq. 
ms. N. lat. 39° 40', and long. 10° w. W. C. 
intersect in this co. Raccoon creek, a branch 
flowing s. w. over the northwestern angle, 
flows thence over Parke into Wabash ; but 
the much larger section inclines to s. s. w., 
and is in that direction drained by the higher 
constituents of Eel r., branch of the North 
fork of White r. Chief t. Green Castle : 
pop. 18.30, 8,262. 

Putnam, co. II. bounded s. by Peoria, Knox 
s. w., Henry w., unappropriated territory n., 
La Salle e., and McLean s. e. As laid down 
by Tanner on his recently improved map of 
the U. S., it is about 40 ms. sq. ; area 1,600 
sq. ms. Central lat. 41° 18', long. 12° 35' w. 
W. C. The northwestern angle is drained 
into Rock r. Illinois r. enters on the eastern 
border, and flows s. s. w. over the soiilhestrn. 
angle, and tlic much greater part of the sur- 
face is drained to the sthrd. direct into II. or 
into that stream by Spoon r. Chief ts. Hen- 
nipin and Alexandria. Including Putnam 
and Peoria, the joint population in 1830, was 
1,310. 

Putney, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. n. 
Brattleboro', .34 n. e. Bennington, 33 s. Wind- 
sor, w. Conn. r. ; 18,115 acres; settled 1754, 
from Mass. Great Meadow fort was burnt 
by Indians in the last French war. Conn. r. 
bends so as to form part of the s. boundary. 
Great Meadow n. e., contains about 400 acres 
of excellent laud. A ridge of hills runs n. 
and 8. through the e. part of the town, w. of 
which is Sachet's brook, with a fall of 75 ft. 
in 500 yards near the village, whore arc se- 
veral dams, and many mills and factories ; w. 
of this the surface is very hilly, and near the 
w. line is Brooklyne valley. The rocks are 



QUE 



437 



QUE 



mica slutc, black limestone, &c., and green, hills, and on Conn. r. nut trees and oak : pop. 
Iluutc of liitie has been discovered. Ltirch, 1 1830, 1,510. 
beech, maple, and some hemlock, grow on the I 



Q. 



QuAKERTOwN, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of liucka CO. Pa. 38 ms. n. n. w. I'hil. It is a 
neat small village, in a einglo street along the 
main road : jiop. about 200. 

QuANTico, creek and p-o. in the northwetm. 
angle of Somerset eo. Md. 

QiTKECiiv, or Watcrqnecchy r. Windsor eo. 
Vt. rises in Sherburne, llulhmd co., crosses 
Windsor co. and enters Conn. r. 2 ms. above 
Queechy falls. Two good mill streams en- 
ter the Queechy in liridgewater, and two 
others in Woodstock. Its course is about 35 
ms. over a stony or gravelly bed, and its wa- 
ter is pure. It waters about 212 sq. ms. 

QuF.EN Ann, co. Md. having on the K. Chop- 
tank r. separating it from Caroline, Talbot 
CO. s., Chesapeake bay w., Chester r. separa- 
ting it from Kent n. w. and n., and Kent co. 
Del. E. From the southern part of Kent isl. 
to the northeastern angle of the co. 40 ms. ; 
mean breadth 10 ms., and area 400 8([. miles. 
N. lat. 39° and 0° 45' intersect in Queen Ann. 
Slope s. w. The co. is comiiosed of Kent 
isl. and a long narrow space between Chop- 
tank and (Chester rs. Chief t. Centerville : 
pop. 1820, 14,952, in 1830, 14,397. 

Qi'een's CO. N. Y. on Long Island, bound- 
ed by East r. and the sound n., Sull'olk co. 
E., the Atlantic s. and King's co. w. ; has 6 
townships, and about 355i sq. miles. The 
greatest breadth of the island in this co. is 22 
tns., but the water ai)i)roachcs froui o|)posite 
sides in one place with 5^. The surlaco is 
slightly varied, the greatest elevation, viz. 
Harbor Hill, in North Hempstead, being 319 
loot above high water. A sandy ridge crosses 
tiie CO. E. and w. The w. has much excel- 
lent .soil, well cultivated for vegetables, fruit, 
&-C. for N. Y. market. There are many 
coves, inlets and bays, on which tide mills 
are erected, principally for flour. On the n. 
arc ('old Spring bay and harbor, Oyster do. 
d«., Hempstead do. do.. Cow and Little Neck 
bays, and Flushing bay and harbor ; on the E. 
r. is Hurl Gate, and several coves and points 
on N. Y. harbor and bay, and s. part of 8. bay, 
•lamaica bay, liockaway boacii. Hog isl. &-c. 
&-C. There is a light house at Sands' point 
in Long Isl. sound. The co. court house is in 
N. Hempstead, 21 ms. from N. Y. A large 
l)art of the co. was settled by Holland far- 
niers, among whom were many families of 
French extraction, whose ancestors fled into 
Holland after the massacre of St. Bartholo- 
mews. This CO. suffered severely during 
the war of the revolution. A landing was 
made Iiere by .the British army after it evacu- 
ated Boston, on the s. e. shore ; and a battle 
w;is fought, in consequence of which general 
Washington was compelled to draw off his 



army and evacuate the city of N. Y. In this 
he was favored by a thick mist, and the dihu 
toriness of the enemy. Queen's eo. long re. 
maiiied in the possession of the British : pop. 
1820, 21,519, 1830, 22,4G0. 

QuEENSiiouo', i)-v. estrn. part of Anderson 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 108 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

QiaiKN'smmv, t. Warren co. N. Y. 58 ms. 
N. Hudson, 5 N. w. Sandy Hill, 8 s. Caldwell,* 
w. Washington co., n. Hudson r. and Sarato- 
ga CO., about f> ms. by 13, has loose, sandy 
soil w., and loam e. both bearing pino. There 
are some plains e., and the w. is hilly, with 
French mtn. and French pond at its foot,14 by 
2 ms. in length and width. There are also 
several cranberry marshes. 

Halfway brook rises hero and flows into 
Wood cr. Iron ore and lime are found in the 
t., and an extensive and beautiful quarry of 
black marble h;is recently been wrought in 
considerable quantities. Glens Falls village 
is pleasantly 8ituated,on a plain near the falls 
of the same name in the Hudson. This is a 
favorite spot in the northern tour of travellers, 
lying on the road from Saratoga springs and 
lake George, o;nd presenting interesting scene- 
ry at the falls. The descent of the Hudson 
here is 37 feet. A ledge of blackish limestone 
crosses the channel, over which the water is 
precipitated jierpendicularly into a deep basin. 
Uelow, the channel is divided by an isL of 
solid rock, in which the floods have worn 
holes and two singular caverns, in a direction 
parallel to the strata and across the course of 
the stream. The neighboring banks are high, 
rocky and perpendicular ; and the whole is 
seen at great advantage from a bridge which 
rests upon the isl. A dam crosses the r. nt 
the falls, which supplies several sawmills, 
and turns part of the water into a branch ca- 
nal and feeder. This passes along the liank 
in this t. and through Sandy Hill v. to Kings- 
bury, where it enters the Champlain canal 
above fort Edward. A convoy of wagons 
was attacked on the banks of (he r. in this t. 
during the French war, and a skirmish ensu- 
ed. At the foot of French mtn. is a defile, 
in which occurred (17.55) the fight between a 
detachment of the English and colonial troops 
under Gen. Sir Charhus Johnson, on a scout 
from fort George ; the French troojis and Indi- 
ans under Gen. Dieskau. The latter lay in 
ambush, and the former suffered severely. 
The famous Mohawk chief, Hendrick, fell 
among his allies, the English : pop. 18.30, 
3,080. 

QuEKSSDALE, p-v. Robcson CO. N. C. by 
p-r. 117 ms. s. vv. Raleigh. 

QuEENSTOwN, p-v. Quccn Ann co. Md. on 
then. E. sid*; of Chester bay, 7 ms. s. w. Cen- 



RAC 



438 



RAG 



tervillc, the co. St., and by p-r. G2 ms. estrd. 
W. C. 

QuERCus Grove, and p-o. Switzerland co. 
Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. 8. e. Indianopolie. 

Quigle's Mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by 
p-r. 100 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

QuiNcy, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 8 ms. s. e. 
Boston, B. w. Boston harbor, settled 1625, be- 
fore Boston or Salem, under the name of 
Mount Wollaston, as a trading post. On Ne- 
ponset r. is a salt marsh. Squantum is a 
peninsula running into Boston harbor. Two 
ridges of the Blue hills run parallel through 
the w. part. There are extensive quarries of 
fine granite wrought here, 3 ms. from tide 
water, in Neponset r., to which it is convey- 
ed on a rail road, constructed in 1826 — the 
first work of the kind in America. Pine rails, 
12 inches deep and G wide, were laid, under 
oaken rails 2 inches by 3, covered by iron 
plates 3-8 inches thick. These rails are G 
feet apart, on granite blocks 7i feet long. In 
this t. are the mansions of John Adams and 
Josiah Quincy : pop. 1830,2,201. 

QuiNCY, p-v. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. 

N. N. W. W. C. 

Quincy, p-v. and st. jus. Gadsden co. Flor. 
situated in the nrthrn. part of the co. 23 ms. 
N. w. by w. Tallahassee, n. lat. 30° 34', long. 
W. C, 7° 47' w. 

QuiNCY', p-v. Munroe co. Miss, by p-r. 1G8 
ms. N. E. Jackson. 

Quincy, p-v. wstrn. part Gibson co. Ten. 
by p-r. 153 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Quincy, p-v. and &t. jus. Adams co. II., sit- 



uated near the left bank of Mississippi r., by 
p-r.l93 N. w. Vandalia, n. lat. 39<^ 52' long. W. 
14° 18' w. 

QuiNEBAUG, r. aconsiderablf stream in the 
E. part of Conn, and a very valuable river for 
water power. It takes its rise from a pond 
(Mashapang) in the town of Union, and after 
making a circuitous course into Massachu- 
setts, unites with French river between Wood- 
stock and Thompson, Conn. After a course 
of 30 ms. through a rich agricultural district, 
it forms a junction with the Shetucket, three 
ms. north of Norwich city ; from thence to 
its junction with the Y antic it bears the 
latter name. These united streams form the 
Thames. On the Quinebaug and its tributa- 
ries are now (1832j from 85 to 100 cotton and 
woollen manufactories, containing from one 
to four thousand spindles each, exclusive of 
those in the Yantic, Willimantic and She- 
tucket rivers and their tributaries. The. 
course of the Quinebaug has been proposed 
as the route for a canal, from tide water 
in the Thames into Mass. 

QuiNipiACK, the ancient Indian name of 
New Haven, Conn. 

QuiNiriACK, or E. r. Con. rises in a pond in 
the g. part of Farmington, Hartford co. and 
flows through Southington, between the two 
ranges of mtns. in that t., then breaks thro' 
the E. range, and flows at its e. base at the 
foot of mt. Carmel and of E. Rock, entering 
New Haven harbor under a long bridge. 
The Farmington canal lies along the upper 
part of the course of this stream. 



X€* 



Radun, nrthestrn. CO. Ga. bounded s. w. by 
Turorce r. separating it from Habersham co., 
w. by the nrthrn. part of Habersham, n. by 
Macon co. N. C, n. e. Haywood co. N. C, 
and e. and s. e. by Chatuga r., separating it 
from Pickens dist. S. C, length from e. to w. 
30 ms., mean breadth 11, and area 330 sq. 
ms., lat. 34° 53', long. W. C. G° 24' w. The 
Blue Ridge passes along the nrthrn. border, 
and from the northern side of the chain and 
in Rahim co. rise the extreme sources of Ten- 
nessee proper and Hiwassee r. From the sthrn. 
slope again issue the fountains of Turorec 
and Chatuga, or the extreme sources of Sa- 
vannah r. We may add also, that the higher 
fountains of Chattahooche r. rise in Haber- 
sham, within 4 or 5 ms. from the sthwsrn. 
part of Rabun. From these elements it is 
evident that Rabun co. occupies a very ele- 
vated table land. The farms must be from 1,- 
500 to 2,000 feet above the Atlantic tides, pro- 
ducing an effect on aerial temperature to at 
least 4 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer. 
Chief town, Claytonsville : pop. 1830, 2,176. 

Raccoon, p-o. nrthrn. part of Washington 
CO. Pa., 12 ms. nthrd. the borough of Wash- 
ington. 

Raccoon Ford, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 

Race, the e. end of Long Island sound, be- 
tween Connectticut and Long Island, where 



a sunken reef renders the surface agitated 
when the tide is rapidly passing. The reef 
lies about n. e. and s. w. in a line with Fish- 
er's, Gull and Plumb islands. 

Race Point, the n, w. extremity of Cape 
Cod, Provincetown, Barnstable co. Mass., 3 
ms. N. w. Provincetown v. 

Racket, r. N. Y. rises in Hamilton co. in n 
mountainous region, near the head streams 
of Hudson and Black rs. It is at first deep, 
slow and crooked, flows through several 
ponds ; but for about 30 ms. during a i)art 
of its course, it has a rapid descent and allbrds 
many mill sites. At Louisville it again be- 
conies slow and deep, and is navigable in 
boats of 5 tons to its mouth in the St. Law- 
rence. The boat navigation continues thence 
to Montreal. Its whole length is about 120 
ms., its descent 200 feet, and its general 
course n. 

Radnor, p-v. Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 
ms. N. Columbus. 

Ragged Mountains, N.H. a range about 
10 ms. long, running nearly e. and w. on the 
line between Merrimac and Grafton cos. be- 
tween Kcarsearge nitn. and Pcniigewasset r. 
They are broken and precipitous, and some 
peaks are nearly 2,000 feet high. 

Ragged Isl., t. Lincoln co. Me. : popula. 
tion 1830, 14. 



RAIL-ROADS 



439 



AND CANALS. 



Raiiway, p-t. Essex co. N, J. 4 ms. s. w. 
Elizabethtown, n. Middlesex CO., is crossed 
by Railway r. n. and e., with a pleasant v., 
and 10 school houses. The r. enters Statcn 
Island sound 4 ms. below : pop. 1830, 1,983. 

RAIL-ROADS AND CANALS. 

Bfcfore proceeding to arrange the material 
of this compound article, wo must introduce 
some prefatory remarks. From the nature 
of our treatise, no regular essay on the sub- 
ject of either mode of conveyance is in view ; 
nor is it our intention to enter into the con- 
tested merits of canals and rail-roads.* Wc 
shall, as far as our document will admit, state 
what has been effected in regard to canals 
and rail-roads. 

In the arrangement, wo havo generally 
adopted the basins with the canals, and fol- 
low these with the rail-roads, alphabetically. 
With the map of the United States before us, 
wc advance with the former from south to 
north. 

Louisiana, or Mississippi Delta navigation. 
— Besides the main volume of Mississippi, 
this country is traversed by numerous outlets 
from that stream, and by counter, or inter- 
locking water courses. The whole plain so 
nearly approaches the curve superficies of the 
sphere, that the utmost height of any part of 
the land above the lowest, (beds of rivers and 
lakes excepted) is very slight. Under the 
head of Mississippi we have already shown 
that that river flows in a comparatively deep 
valley, and cannot by either natural or artifi- 
cial means be diverted from its bed. Canal 
works must, therefore, as every where else, 
be constructed to obviate the defects of river 
navigation, or to supply aa artificial r. where 
a natural one did not exist. A view of the 
country itself, or its representation on a map, 
suggests the idea of prodigious facility of ca- 
nal construction. This facility is not decep- 
tive, but has been only very partially taken 
advantage of, for many reasons. 

A short cut to admit schooners, sloops, and 
other small craft into a basin in the rear of N. 
Orleans, from Bayou St. John, is yet the most 
important canal in La., or indeed in the Uni- 
ted States thus far south. This canal is cal- 
led Carondelet, from governor Carondelet, 
under whose administration, during the exist- 
ence of the Spanish government, it was pro- 
jected. Lafourche, a short canal, supplied 
with water only when the Mississippi is in 
flood, unites the outlet of Lafourche (the fork) 
with the chain of lakes and creeks which 
lead into the lower Techc, and opens the 
commerce of Attacapas to N. Orleans. This 
canal leaves the Lafourche, 16 ms.. below its 
own elllux from the Mississippi. Where the 



*As one of the rompilersof the U. S. Oazctteer, it 
would b(; the lieigln of inronsistency in me to prcfor 
rail-roads or canals, having been long convinced 
that noiilier is either th« cheapest, or bust, or indeed 
will be the ultimate general system. Humble com- 
mon roads, like common sense, will eustaui their val- 
ue. W. D. 



Plaquemine issues from the Mississippi, a 
cut has long been mado to admit vessels into 
the former. This is also supplied with water 
only at high flood. Bayou Iberville, the first 
outlet of Mississippi river from the left, des- 
cending that stream, is exactly of similar na- 
turo to the Lafourche, Plaquemine, and At- 
chafalaya, from the opposite side. Iberville 
issues from the main stream below the last 
highlands, which extend a. of Baton Rouge, 
and 8 ms. above the efflux of Plaquemine. 
Following the windings, Iberville receives the 
Amito r. from the n., 20 ms. from the Missis- 
sippi. Now a navigable stream admitting 
vessels of 5 feet draught, the Amite turns to 
the eastward, and following its very winding 
channel flows 35 ms. before it opens into lake 
Maurepas. This lake is again contracted in- 
to a creek (bayou) which connects it with the 
much larger lake Pontchartrain, which is it- 
self joined to lake Borgne, a bay of the Gulf 
of Mexico, by two channels ; the Rigolets 
and Chef Menteur. Through this chain of 
lakes, creeks and bays, an immense line of 
internal navigation has been projected ; which 
is, however, only in project, and mentioned on- 
ly in this place, as being connected with the 
design of cutting a canal over the peninsula 
of Florida. In furtherance of the plan of the 
Florida canal, an act of congress was passed 
March 3rd, 182G, authorizing surveys. The 
surveys were made in virtue of the act of con- 
gress, and reported to the board of internal 
improvement, 8th Feb. 1828. 

From the surveyor's report the canal is 
practicable, but at an expense beyond the 
reach of accurate estimate. " The elevation 
of the highest intermediate ridge above the 
level of the seas, has been found 152 feet at 
the head of St. Mary's r. near the Geo. line, 
158 feet between Kinsley's pond and Little 
Sta Fe pond, head of Sta Fe river ; and 87 
feet between the head branches of the Amax- 
wra and Ocklawaha." The sea shore was 
found shallow from Tampa bay to Appalachie 
bay, on a width outwards from the land, vary- 
ing from 5 to 15 ms. From the latter to cape 
San Bias, this width diminishes, except at 
the intervening capes, where extensive shoals 
project out, but from cape San Bias to lake 
Pontchartrain, the shore is generally bold, 
and the coast affords several good harbors. 
The Atlantic coast " is all along shallow," 
say the engineers, " and offers no harbors 
except at the mouth of St. John's r. and St. 
Augustine." 

The shortest distance across the peninsula 
is about from St. Augustine to a point on the 
Gulf between the mouths of the Suwannee 
and Amaxura rivers, 103 ms. The distance 
in a straight line from the mouth of St. John 
to that of the Suwannee is 130 ms., and from 
the mouth of St. John's to that of St. Mark's, 
170. The wide and shoaly bank, which ob- 
slructs the coast from Espiritu Santo (Tam- 
pce) continues uninterrupted to the bay of 
Appalachie, where its breadth is reduced to 
about 3 ms., and a channel formed of 10 feet. 



RAILr-ROADS 



440 



AND CANALS. 



to enter St. Mark's r., and vessels drawing I 
8 feet can ascend to the town of St. Mark. 
Along tho shore 4 or 5 feet is the general 
depth, and 10 or 12 ms. out at sea only twelve 
feet is found. The difference of level be- 
tween the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic 
ocean, resulting from these surveys, give to 
the former an elevation of 3 or 4 feet above 
the latter. Tides in the Gulf about 2 feet at 
a mean. 

The engineers enter into much detail on 
the various routes, a detail we have not room 
to insert. It appears from the investigations 
as far as prosecuted, that 8 feet is the deep- 
«st water that can be calculated on as a de- 
bouchment to the intended canal on the side 
of the Gulf, and of course that the canal it- 
self may not necessarily be constructed with 
a greater draught than can be navigated from 
sea to sea. This navigation must be so obvi- 
ously beneficial, and practicable, and the cli- 
mate offering no winter obstruction to water 
navigation on its route, that we may regard 
its actual construction as amongst the im- 
provements which the coming age will carry 
into effect. 

Leaving the Delta of the Mississippi, and 
passing along the northern coast of the Mex- 
ican Gulf, and over the intervening land and 
rivers, we reach the small basin of Ashley and 
Cooper, before we behold the natural naviga- 
tion meliorated by any exertions of man, that 
deserve particular notice. Setting out from 
the mouth of St. .Tohn's r. of Florida in a dis- 
tance of 200 ms., and a coast indented by the 
•outlets of St. John's, St. Mary's, Santilla, 
Alatamaha, Great Ogeechee, Savannah, Coo- 
sahatchie, Edisto, and numerous smaller 
streams, nature has been left to direct, orim- 
pcde the channels according to her own cap- 
rice. 

The importance and wealth of Charleston, 
with the peculiar range of the channel of San- 
tee r. suggested a canal, which was under- 
taken about the beginning of this century, and 
in 1802, the harbor of this southern empori- 
um was united to Santee r. by a canal called 
" The Santee canal." It extends from the 
head of Cooper r. n. n. w. 22 ms., and is join- 
ed to Santee opposite Black Oak island. The 
Santee canal is 34 feet wide at surface, with 
4 feet water, and cost 650,067 dollars. The 
Santee, Columbia, and Saluda navigation, has 
been improved above the Santee canal, up- 
wards of 150 ms., combining side cuts and 
locks, with the r. channels, and about thirty 
Jocks overcome 217 feet fall. The foregoing 
embraced the western branch. Along the 
Catawba or Waterec, extensive side cuts and 
locks in Kershaw district, near Camden, at 
Rocky Mount in Fairfield, and in other pla- 
ces, opened the fine channel of Catawba to 
the ocean by the Santee canal. But all that 
has been done in this extensive region, has 
hardly done more than to demonstrate the 
utility and necessity of very extended opera- 
tions. This will be more obvious when we 
see the extent of coimtry embraced in this 



navigable physical section, exclusive of that 
of Flor. and La. 

It may be repeated, that along tho Atlan- 
tic coast at least, the climate opposes no great 
obstacle to the formation, and permanent use 
of canals as far as Albemarle sound, in lat. 
36°. The almost united mouths of Santee 
and Pedee, are but little above lat. 33°, 
therefore all the Atlantic part of the naviga- 
tion embraced by the foregoing table, is ex- 
empt from impediment by ice in winter. It 
has been projected to connect Charleston 
with Savannah, by an inshore chain of natu- 
ral channels and short cuts. This line of im- 
provement is no doubt practicable, and may 
be effected at an expense of money bearing a 
small proportion to its immense advantages. 
The same natural facilities extend in both di- 
rections from Savannah r. To the a. w. the 
inshore navigation may be extended to con- 
nect with that of Flor., and advancing west- 
ward, reach and join the already vast com- 
mercial operations, of the Delta of the Missis- 
sippi. On the opposite side, it is true we dis- 
cover a new character of coast, but the nat- 
ural channels still seem to invite to canal im- 
provement. Passing the Pedee, the insular 
coast, so remarkable along Florida,Georgia, 
and the Carolinas, changes its nature and as- 
pect. Three great elliptic curves sweep from 
the mouth of Pedee to cape Hatteras, of very 
nearly equal length, 100 miles each. Defec- 
tive in deep harbors, as is the coast s. w. of 
the Pedee, it is still more so to the n. e. of 
Winyaw bay, or outlet of Pedee. This lat- 
ter coast of 300 ms. is broken but by one riv- 
er, that of cape Fear, and in no place admits 
vessels of 15 feet draught. Beyond cape 
Hatteras to Chesapeake bay, this latter char- 
acter of coast continues, but with increased 
asperity. Between cape Lookout and cape 
Henry, extend Pamlico, Albemarle, Curri- 
tuck, and other shallow sounds, not admitting 
the navigation of vessels drawing 6 feet wa- 
ter. Into this region of shallow sounds, are 
poured the volumes of Neuse, Pamlico, and 
Roanoke rivers. 

There is not in America, if there is on 
earth, another range of ocean coast where 
one canal improvement would more obviously 
suggest another,until one chain of such works 
would unite the extremes, than that stretch- 
ing from the mouth of the Mississippi, to that 
of Chesapeake bay. We may here remark, 
that there is no other obstacle opposed to the 
construction of canals, so formidable, as an 
extensive shallow sheet of water. Without 
a correct knowledge of their real character, 
the North Carolina sounds would be taken as 
fine expansive bays, and like the Chesapeake, 
peculiarly fitted for inland navigation ; but 
when actually and carefully examined, the 
unwelcome fact is disclosed, that the Cape 
Fear and Chesapeake basins cannot be uni- 
ted by a chain of canals at any expense with- 
in human means, unless that chain is carried 
along the mouths of the rivers, and heads of 
the sounds. The basins of Albemarle and 



RAIL-ROADS 



441 



AND CANALS. 



Chesapeake aro separated by a marshy, and 1 co. N. C. This route has received Legisla- 
generally dead level peninsula, 60 ms. wide, tive sanction, and the name of Cape Fear and 



The name given to its central part, Dismal 
Swamp, serves as a brief description of this 
tract. From this dreary region of lakes, mar- 
shes, and almost impervious woods, Bennet's 
creek flows into Chowan river, and tlic rivers 
or rather bays of Perquimans, Pasquotank 
and North river are connected sthrdly. with 
Aii)emarle sound. To the nrthrd. the sur- 
plus water is carried into James r. by Nanse- 
mond and Elizabeth rivers. 

The Dismal Swamp canal, is yet the only 
work of any importance which has improved 
the navigation of this region of shallows and 
fens. It commences on the Va. side on 
Elizabeth r., near the mouth of Deep creek, 
and stretches over the Dismal Swamp to the 
mo -th of Joyce's cr., a branch of Pasquo- 
.<ink; length 23 me.; rises only 16i feet 
above the Atlantic level ; 40 ft. wide at sur- 
face, and 6J feet water. It receives the wa- 
ter of a feeder from lake Drummond of 4i 
feet depth, and 5 ms. in length. This work 
has cost directly or indirectly, about !$800,- 
000. Since the construction of Dismal 
Swamp canal, it has been projected to deepen 
it to 8 or 10 feet, but that design has been 
considered useless if eflected, unless a simi- 
lar depth of canal was extended along the 
heads of the sounds. A line of connected 
canal and river navigation has, however, been 
sketched, which, with such modifications as 
more accurate surveys may point out, will be 
no doubt effected, at no very distant time. 
This splendid project is to commence with 
the deepening and enlargement of the Dismal 
Swamp canal, and carrying it into the Chow- 
an r., near the mouth of Bennet's cr. Thence 
using the volume, or following the shores of 
Chowan into the Roanoke, and up the latter to 
the port of Wiiliamsfon. Thence in a direc- 
tion little w. of s. 22 ms., to Washington, on 
Pamlico r. ; and continuing sthrd. beyond 
Washington 16 ms. to the navigable water of 
Neuse r. at Dawson's bridge. Neuse r. of- 
fers a natural channel of 35 ms. past Newborn, 
to the mouth of Adams' cr. ; up the latter 
with 12 feet water for several ms., and by an 
intermediate canal to North r., and down that 
stream to Beaufort. 

This line could be varied or branched, by 
going up Neuse r. to its great bend in Lenoir 
CO., and thence into the North branch of Cape 
Fear r., or leave the Neuse at Newborn, and 
follow the Trent into Duplin co., and thence 
into Cape Fear r. Either of the two latter 
routes would debouch into Cape Fear r. at 
Wilmington. To carry this navigation for- 
ward into Wineyaw bay, several routes have 
been proposed. The most direct is a canal 
from opposite Wilmington to the navigable 
water ofWaccamau r. Another plan is to 
leave the channel of Cape Fear r. at Hay- 
woodsboro', 180 ms, above Wilmington, pro- 
ceed up the valley of Deep r. as far as requi- 
site, and thence by the moSt practicable route 
to the Yadkin near Blakelejr in Montgomery 

56 



Pedes canal. Combining the whole space 
from St. John's basin to Roanoke inclusive, 
the subjoined table will exhibit the great 
area, included in the physical navigable sec- 
tion of the U. S. s. of Chesapeake bay, and 
estrd. of the Appalachian system of mtns., 
with the pop. of 1830. 







Afean 


Area in Pop. 


Suh-basins. 


I-erth. 


brth. 


sq. ms. 1830. 


Basin of Geo. and S. C. 


,380 


]70 


64,600 925,734 


Do. Cipc Fear r., 


200 


40 


8,000 1 


Do. Neuse r., 


180 


40 


}^hio,(m 


Do. Tar r., 


IfiO 


2.'; 


Do. Albemarle, 


290 


60 


17,400 J 


Aggregate, 






101,200 1,665,734 



We have thus, exclusive of Florida and 
Louisiana, a section of the U. S. comprising 
a fraction above 100,000 sq. ms., and a popu- 
lation exceeding 1,600,000 inhabitants, on 
which the Santee and Dismal Swamp canals 
arc the only works of (hat nature of any 
magnitude, except such as have been execu- 
ted to meliorate the navigation of rivers. la 
the latter species of improvement, however, 
more has been done than is generally suppo- 
sed. 

Obstructions have been removed, though to 
no very great extent, in tlie Savannah river. 
Some expense has been incurred to open the 
inner channels of Edisto rs. N. &,s. Near Co. 
lumbia, where the Saluda and Broad rs. unite, 
there are canals or side cuts, called the Co- 
lumbia canal, and Saluda canal, made to per- 
mit navigation past rapids. These, with 
other works in connexion, along Saluda and 
Broad rs., comprised, in 1826, 28 locks, and 
150 miles of mixed navigation. The Wate- 
ree, (the principal branch of tlie Santee,) ia 
obstructed, in Kershaw district, S. C, by 
rapids. A canal has here been extended 
along its western side, and another construc- 
ted for a similar purpose, at Rocky mtn., in 
Chester district. At an expense of between 
2 and 300,000 dolls., .the Catawba has been 
made navigable nearly to its source in N. C. 
Between Cheraw and Georgetown, a consid- 
erable expense on side cuts and other im. 
provements, has shortened the distance, and 
given a navigation, though a defective one, 
to the Pedee. The navigation of the Cape 
Fear r. has been noticed. Much has been 
done, and much more remains to be done, to 
render this r. as valuable as a commercial 
channel as its position relatively demands, 
and its volume of water will admit. A plan 
has been suggostcd for the improvement of 
the Neuse, Pamlico and Tar rs., to which we 
have already alluded. To improve the chan- 
nels of the Roanoke audits confluents, com- 
panies have been formed in both N. C. and 
Va. Sloops ascend the Roanoke to Weldon 
above Halifax, and the Chowan to Winton. 
The Weldon canal, in a distance of 12 ms., 
overcomes 100 ft. fall, and as early as Dec. 
1828, by a report of the Va. Roanoke com- 
pany, it appeared that the improvements hacl 



RAIL-ROADS 



443 



AND CANALS. 



been snch ae to admit steamboat navigation 
to Salem in Botetourt co., w. of the Blue 
Ridge, overcoming upwards of 900 ft. fall in 
244 ms., following the r. channel. Danville 
navigation was also (Nov. 1828) so greatly 
improved, as to admit, by a mixed series of 
locks, sluices and side cuts, a regular navi- 
gation into Rockingham co. N. C, at the vil- 
lage of Leakesville, 152 ms., following the 
bends of the r. Expenditures of the Roan- 
oke companies to Nov. 1826, $341,283 ; Nov. 
1828, $365,991. 

Vim inia navigation east of the Appalachian 



complete to the head of the falls, called Mai> 
den's Adventure, Goochland co., 30i me. 
above Richmond. Width of canal 40 feet, 
depth of water 3J feet, and expense $623,. 
295 ; fall overcome, 140i feet. If the re- 
spective dates in Armroyd's treatise are cor- 
rect, this, in proportion to magnitude, was the 
most promptly executed work of its kind ever 
performed in the U. S. Additional expendi- 
ture to January, 1828, swelled the amount of 
expense to $637,607. A section canal to 
carry a navigation along James r. through 
the Blue Ridge gap, was commenced in 1824 ; 



mtg. Under this comprehensive head are fall 96 feet ; stone locks lOJ feet wide, and 
included the lower part of tho deep bay of 76 feet long; expenditure $365,013. 



Chesapeake, and its confluents, James, York, 
Rappahannoc, and the far greater part of the 
valley of Potomac. The earth affords no 
other instance where so great a physical 
change is effected in so short a distance, as 
that between the shallow sounds of N. C, 
and the deep water of the Chesapeake. In 
the latter, the largest ships of war have ade- 
quate depth almost to the very verge of the 
primitive rock. Ships of the line ascend the 
main bay to near its head, up the Potomac to 
Alexandria, some distance into York r., and 
up James r. to the mouth of Nansemond r. 
and Hampton Roads. Sloops drawing 6 or 7 
feet water penetrate into innumerable creeks 
on both sides of the Chesapeake. Here, and 
over the intervening mtns. to tho Ohio, Va. 
possesses the inappreciable advantage of full 
sovereignty, an advantage, in the prosecuting 
public works, that nothing beside can equal. 
In the peculiar direction of their channels, it 
would appear as if nature intended to lavish 
her favors on this state, by making her estrn. 
border a common centre of confluent streams. 
The rivers of Geo. and the Carolinas from 
Alatamaha to Cape Fear inclusive, and with- 
out much violence we might say to Roanoke 
inclusive, flow to s. e., or s. s. e. In sthrn. 
Va., their general course is estrd. to the Sus- 
quehannah, which is again almost due a. 
Much has been done to improve the navi 
tion of the rs. of Va., but what is executed 
is indeed small, when compared with the ex- 
tent of the physical section under review. 

James r. admits vessels of 125 tons to 
Rockett's, the port of Richmond. At that 
city commences the falls or rapids, to pass 
which by a navigable canal, the old James 
river company was chartered in 1784, and 
the works were so far advanced, that tolls 
were regularly collected in 1794. [See art. 
Richmond city.) The Richmond canal enters 
a basin in the wstrn. side of the city ; is 25 
ft. wide, and 3 deep, extends 2J ms. to where 
it enters the r. ; there are 12 locks, and the 
fall is 80 feet. Three ms above the first is a 
second short canal, with 3 locks, overcoming 
34 feet fall. These canals and locks, with 
other slight improvements, opened a naviga 



With these and some other improvements, . 
the navigation of James' r. has been effected 
into the valley above Blue Ridge. Extensive , 
farther improvements have been proposed, to d 
the amount of ^5,750,000, according to the^ 
engineer's report, July 1826. These esti- 
mates are again swelled by plans of canal 
construction in the Ohio section of Va. ; but 
in actual peformance the efforts of the state 
seem to have rather relaxed than augmented. 
Below Richmond and the head of tide wa- 
ter, some canal works have been executed. 
From City Point at its mouth into James r., 
the Appomatox has been improved 10 ms., to 
Fisher's bar, and thence by canal round the 
falls, to 5 or 6 ms. above Petersburg. Thence 
the chaimel of the r. has been cleared to 
Farmville, Prince Edward co. On upper 
Appomattox, about $100,000 have been ex- 
pended ; below tide water, about $30,000. 
Vessels of 7 feet draught can ascend to Pe- 
tersburg. 

It would be idle to enumerate the various 
projects of canals, locks, sluices and other 
proposed works, involving a certain expense 
of ten millions of dollars, whilst so much re- 
mains to be done to complete what has been 
commenced; we therefore proceed to an 
analysis of the fourth annual report of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio canal company, 4th 
June, 1832. 

From this, it appears that the Chesapeake 
and Ohio canal company has received from 
various resources, funds to the amount of 
$2,065,769 and 80 cts. ; and have expended 
$2,007,875 and 15 cts., leaving a balance on 
hand of $57,894 and 65 cts. The charter 
of this company requires, on penalty of for- 
feiture in case of failure, the completion of 
100 ms. of the canal in 5 years from its com- 
mencement, which took place 4th July, 1828 ; 
of course unless provided for, the 100 ms. of 
canal must be in operation by the 4th July, 
1833, or the company must cease operations. 
On the subject of this contingency, the report 
before us tacitly acknowleges the inability of 
the company to save the charter by a full 
compliance with its provisions, but observes, 
that " although the apprehension should not 



tion at all seasons of 12 inches water to j be for a moment indulged, that the charter of 
Lynchburg. The James r. company in 1825, the company would be endangered by their 
Dec. 10th, under an act of assembly, 17thifailure to construct 100 ms. of canal in 5 
February, 1825, declared a canal navigation 'years from its commencement, considering 



RAIL-ROADS 



443 



AND CANALS. 



the legal obstructions which have impeded 
its progress for more than three years of that 
period, yet this provision of the charter, and 
the interests of the stockholders, impose on 
the company the obligation of diligently pros- 
ecuting their work, to the extent here con- 
templated. Accordingly, the board have first 
endeavored to ascertain the competency of 
the present resources of the company, to 
complete 100 ms. of canal, by the autumn 
of 1833, being within 5 years from the time 
when the first contracts were made, and the 
work actually begun, in the vicinity of 
Georgetown. 

"From the treasurer's report, 1st May, 
1832, it appears that, on the 3uth April, 1832, 
the subscribed stock, payable in money, as 
contradistinguished from the part payable in 
the shares of the former Potomac company, 
amounted to $3,609,200 ; of this stock there 
had been then collected $1,959,087, leav- 
ing to be collected the farther sum of ^1,650,- 
113. Deduct allowance for bad debts $70,U3, 
affords a balance of $1,580,000. To which 
add cash on hand, at the date of the treasu- 
rer's report, after deducting a sum paid by 
the corporation of Alexandria, in anticipation 
of its future instalments, $30,814, and there 
results a fund of $1,610,814, applirable to 
the following objects : — 1st. Retained for the 
payment of work done below the Point of 
Roeks, ^40,841. 2nd. Indemnity for lands 
taken for the construction of the canal, be- 
tween the Point of Rocks and the mouth of 
Tiber creek, ^30,000. 3rd. Completion of 
unfinished work, between the Point of Rocks 
and the mouth of Tiber creek, $1 70,000. 4th. 
To the completion of the 12 ms. of canal and 
their appurtenances, between the Point of 
Rocks and the Harper's Ferry feeder, includ- 
ing the dam and guard lock at the latter; but 
exclusive of the sum of $14,629 already ex- 
pended on this work, according to the esti- 
mates of the engineers, modified in some in- 
considerable particulars, $310,000. 5th. To 
the completion of the '24^ ms. of canal, be- 
tween the Harper's Ferry feeder, and that in 
the vicinity of Opeccon, according to actual 
contracts, so far as they extend, and to the 
estimate of the engineers, modified in some 
inconsiderable particulars, $788,197. Tiie to- 
tal amount for these objects being $1,339,038. 
These being deducted from the available 
stock, and cash on hand, $1,610,814, leaves 
the sum of $271,776, which balance is to be 
applied to the portion of canal between the 
feeder at Licking creek, and that next to 
Opeccon. The portion of canal extending 
from the former, which will be required to 
make up 100 ms., when added to the part 
below, need not exceed 14 ms. ; for which 
the above sum afiords near 19,500 dollars a 
mile." 

By reference to the subjoined tables, it will 
be seen in No. 4. that 100 ms. of canal from 
Georgetown will reach 32 ms. above Harper's 
Ferry, and 4 ms. above Williamsport. In re- 
gard to work actually completed, the report 



states, that, " the various works on the canal 
between the Point of Rocks and the basin in 
Georgetown, which had been permitted to 
proceed very tardily, for many months, in 
consequence of their utter inutility without 
a supply of water, and the remoteness of that 
supply, in point of time, have, notwithstand- 
ing, reached very near their final comple- 
tion." The account rendered of the tolls 
of the canal, for the 11 months which expired 
on the 30th of April, (1832; is $25,108 93, 
to which may now be added, those for the 
the month of May, $6,400 32, making the 
tolls for the year amount to $31,509 25, 
being an excess beyond those of the previous 
year of $2,367 90. After some estimates, 
which we have not room to insert, the report 
adds, " the preceding resources, exclusive 
of the canal tolls, may, therefore, be safely 
computed at a sum exceeding $150,000, and 
if not profitably converted into money, might 
be pledged, as the basis of a loan, to that 
amount, in aid of the uncollected stock of the 
company, if required to construct 1 00 ms. of 
canal by the Autumn of 1833 ; by which pe- 
riod, the contracts last made, require the part 
of the canal, below Opeccon, to be complet- 
ed. Those, for the works below the head of 
Harper's Ferry falls, limit the period of their 
completion, as has been stated, to the 1st of 
December next, (1832,) by which time, or at 
any rate, by the opening of the ensuing 
spring (1833), it is confidently expected to 
bring the entire canal into use, from the still 
water, at the head of the falls, produced by 
the dam of the U. S. armory, down to the 
mouth of the Tiber." 

The preceding i,s a general view, and a 
brief one it is true, of the present state of the 
■fcanal system in the U. S. along the Atlantic 
coast, and that of the Gulf of Mexico from 
the Potomac to the Mississippi, inclusive. It 
was our intention to have given a summary 
table of expenditure, but so desultory have 
been the operations, and so loose have been 
the registers of expense, that any summary 
must be extremely defective ; but vve present 
the following, which may give some aid in 
formings comparative estimates of relative 
expenditure made in the large physical sec. 
tions of the U. S. 

Expenditures on the Santee canal, i4650,- 
667 ; Roanoke navigation, $365,991 ; Dismal 
Swamp canal and feeder, $800,000 ; James 
r. navigation, including the Appomattox, &.c. 
say i(l,200,000 ; Chesapeake and Ohio canul, 
$2,007,875. To which add for liU other im- 
provements on the various rs. and inlets, from 
the Delta of the Mississippi to the Potomac 
inclusive, $1,000,000. Agjrregnte amount, 
$6,024,533. To which aniouiu we may add 
as already expended on rail-roads in the same 
natural section, viz. Chesterfield rail-road, 
$140,000; Petersburg and Roanoke rail, 
road, say glOO.OOO, and the South Carolina 
rail-road, which it is supposed will be com. 
pleted in January, 1833, the whole estimated 
sum necessary for its complete construction, 



RAIL-ROADS 



444 



AND CANALS. 



$610,000, and machinery, $61,000 ; in all 
$911,000, making a total of expenditures in 
canals and rail-roads of $6,935,533. 

I. — Table of the sub-basins and aggregate extent of 
Clie8a|)cake basiu. 





5 


g"^ Ijetween Between 


Basins. 


c 


"ij o Latitudos Longiludcs 




i-S 


<5£ N. froiiiW.C. 


Jauics r. 


f.'M 


40 3f>oiO' 38O20' lOOO' K. 


3040' W. 


Vorlt, 


i:«t 


2037 15 38 i« 11 E. 


1 12 VV. 


Rappalia'c 


MO 


20 37 31 38 44 41 E. 


1 25 W. 


I'otoniac, 




1 








1 




Ridge, 


ICO 


50 37 58 40 05 25 W. 


2 45 W. 


Potomac, 




1 




b'w Hlue 




1 




Ridge, 


105 


30 37 50 39 55 45 E. 


1 00 W. 


Paluxcnt, 




1 




I'atapsco, 
&c. 


110 


25 38 10 39 42 45 E. 


05 W. 


Eastern th 






j 




of Chesa- 






j 




puake, 
Susqiieli'li 


9m 


25 37 07 


40 00 40 E. 


1 40 E. 


230 


125 39 33 


42 53 2 10 E. 


1 41 W. 


Ciicsapu'e 
bay. 


180 


20|37 00 


39 33 20 E. 


I 24 E. 


Aggregate, 


500 


138)36 40 


42 53 I2 10 E. 


3 40 W. 



n.— Table of the ascents and descents from tide water 
at Wcldon, on Roanoke, by Salem, and thence over 
the Alleghany chain into the channel of New river, 
and down that atreain and the Great Keuhawa to 
the Ohio river at Point Pleaeant. 



Route. 



Tide water to Sa- 
lem, 

Salem to forks of 
Roanoke, 

Mouth of Elliott 
creek. 

Beginning of sum- 
mit level. 

Over summit lev'l 

From wstrn. end 
of summit level 
down Meailow 
cr. and Little r. 
to New r. 

Thence to mouth 
of Greenbriar r 

Bowyer's ferry, 

Foot of Great falls 
of Kenhawa, 

Mouth of Great 
Kenhawa at 
Point Pleasant, 



224 
11 3-4 

11 1-4 

12 3-4 
5 3-1 



83 1-2 
45 3-4 



222 
235 3-4 

247 

ir>9 3-4 
205 1-2 



270 3-4 



300 1-4 
400 



428 
522 



Ascent 

or 
descent. 



Eleva- 
tion in 
ft. above 
mid-tide. 



1002 
170 
221 
650 



1002 
1178 
1390 
2049 



1382 
982 



III. — Ascents and descents from head of tide water in 
James river at Richmond, along the channel of 
James, Greenbriar and Kenhavva rivers to the Ohio 
river at the month of Great Kenhawa ; and cross 
jng the Anpalachian system by way of Covington 
and Greenbriar rs. 




From tide wa-I 
tertoMaidcn'sj 
Adventure, j 
rolnmbia, j30 
Big Bromo, 111 
Hardware r. | 3 



29 

.59 

70 

1-2 73 1- 



Ascent 



descent 
in feet. 



Elevation in 
feet above 
mid'tidc. 



140.5 I 140.5 

39.28 179.78 

29.22 209 

33.27 5M2.27 



Scottsville, 
Warminster, 
Lynchburg, 
Illuu Ridge, 
Through do. 
I'attonsburg, 
t'ovinglon, 
Month of Fork 
Run, 
Beginning of 
summit level, 
Along summit 
level, 
From western 
end ofsnmmit 
level down 
Howard cr. to 
Greenbriar r. 
Down Green- 
briar to its en- 
trance into 
New river, 
Bowyer's ferry 
Foot of falls in 
Great Ken- 
hawa, 
Mouth of Great 
Kenhawa, 



Distances 



81 1-2 
100 1-2 
150 1-' 
170 1-2 
177 

198 1-2 
257 

273 1-2 

27G 

280 1-2 



288 1-2 



337 1-2 

383 



405 
499 



descent 
Jn feet. 



falls. 



Elevation in 
feet above 
mid-tide. 



1.5.11 

58.37 
185.88 
103.47 

94.75 
106.23 
410. 

432. 

2C4. 



249. 



287. 
400. 



341. 

108. 



257.38 
315.75 
501.63 
005.1 
699.85 
800.08 
1222.0ff 

1054.08 

1918.03 



1G69.08 



1382.08 
982. 



041. 
533. 



IV. — Table of the ascents and descents from tide wa- 
ter in James river at Richmond, along the channel 
of James river to the mouth of CJatawba creek, 
thence up the latter and over the intermediate sum- 
mit into the valley of Roanoke at the forks of the 
latter above Salem, and thence, as in table 11. 



Route. 



Distances 



Pattonsburg, 

Mouth of Cataw- 
ba, 

Forks of Roanoke, 

Summit level, ta-j 
ble, j 

Thence to tlie 
mouth of Green- 
briar, 

Thence to the 
mouth of Great 
Kenhawa, I 



14 1-4 
51 



94 3-4 



ICl 1-2 



212 3-4 
203 3-4 

287 3-4 
383 1-2 
544 1-4 



Ascent 

or 
Descent. 



falls. 



Eleva- 
tion in 
ft. above 
mid-tide. 



806 

886 
1178 

2049 
1383 
533 



V. — Table of the ascents and descents along the chatt- 
nel of^ Potomac, from tide water at Georgetown to 
Cumberland, and thence, following the contemplat- 
ed route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, over 
the Appalachian system by the channels of Yough- 
ioghany and Monongahela to thu Ohio at Pitts- 
burg. 




Mouth of Mo 
nocacy. 
Harper's ferry, 
at passage of 
Potomac thro' 
the Blue Ri'e, 
and influx of 
Shenandoah, 
Williamsport, 
Hancockstown 
Old Town, 
Cumberland, 
Mouth of Little 
Wills creek, 



13 3-4 199 3-4 



02 


286 


69 


355 


52 


407 


82 


489 


84 


573 



RAIL-ROADS 



445 



AND CANALS. 



Route. 



Eastern end of 

Hiiinniit level, 
Western end of 

summit level, 
Mouth of Middle 

Fork creek, 
Mouth of Cassel 

man river, 
ComnelJKville, 
Mouth of Vough 

ioghany, 
Pittsburg, 



Dislancca 

in 

miled. 



15 1-4 

S3 3-4 

IC 

20 

27 1-2 

43 3-4 
14 



215 

268 3-4 

284 3-4 

304 3-4 
132 1-4 

376 
390 



Elevation 
in ft. above 
mid-tide. 



420 
432 



152 
35 



1898 



1262 
830 



Pennsylvania navigation. Under this head 
is included the Chesapeake and Delaware 
canal, since, though not actually in the state, 
it was with means principally aflordcd by 
Pennsylvania, that this work was constructed. 

Though only about 14 ms. in length, this 
canal was built at great expense, owing to its 
size, the depth of its excavations, and the ex. 
tent of its embankments. It is of suflicient 
dimensions for the passage of coasting ves- 
sels, and extends across the state of Dela- 
ware, from the Delaware r. to the Elk, which 
falls into Chesapeake bay. In this canal is 
a deep cut of 3| ms., 76i feet in depth, where 
the greatest excavation M'as made. Within 
the state of Pa. the following are the most 
important works of this nature which have 
been executed. The Conestoga canal pass- 
es from Lancaster, about 62 ms. directly w. 
from Philadelphia, down the Conestoga cr., 
18 ms., in nearly a south west direction, to 
the Susquehannah r. The Delaware canal 
commences at its northern extremity at Eas- 
ton, 55 ms. nearly n. from Phil, on the n. w. 
bank Delaware r., which, for about 50 ins. s. 
of this place, is s. e., when it turns nearly s. 
w. about 30 ms. to Phil. This canal follows 
the general course of the r., keeping its w. 
bank to Morrisville, where it bears off from 
the river to avoid a bend, and proceeds in a 
nearly direct course to Bristol, on the w. bank 
of the Delaware, 19i ms. n. e. from Phil. 
The Delaware and Hudson canal is described 
among the canals of N. Y. The Lackaicaxeu 
canal is a continuation of the Delaware and 
Hudson, up the Lackawaxen r. to the Lack- 
awana coal-mines. The Lehigh canal com- 
mences at the Mauch Chunk coal-mine on 
the river Lehigh, and runs to Easton on the 
Delaware. The whole distance of this navi- 
gation is 46J ms., but n part of it is on the r., 
the length of the canal being 37 ms. Its 
eastern termination, at Easton, meets the 
western termination of the Morris canal in 
New .Jersey. The Pennsylvania canal com. 
mences at Middletown, at the termination of 
the Union canal, whence it is proposed to| 
proceed up along the Susquehannah, in a 
westerly direction to the Alleghanies, which 
are passed by a rail-road, -about 50 ms. in 
length, into the valley of the Ohio, where 
the canal again commences, and is continued 
to Pittsburg, a distance, in the whole, of 320 



ms. of canal and rail-road. The Schuylkill 
canal is constructed on the banks of Schuyl- 
kill r., from Phil, about 110 ms. to Mount 
Carbon, the region of the anthracite coal in 
Schuylkill co., the general direction being 
nearly n. w. The Schuylkill {Little) canal 
is 27 ms. in length, from the mouth of the 
Little Schuylkill r. to the coal-mines. The 
Union Canal branches off from the Schuyl- 
kill canal, a little to the westward of the town 
of Reading, in Berks co., about CO ms. from 
Philadelphia, in a direction generally s. w. ; 
first passing up a brancli of the Schuylkill, 
and then down the valley of the Swatara, 
somewhat circuitously, about 80 ms., to Mid- 
dletown, a little above the junction of the 
Swatara with the Susquehannah. 

It has been a question, idly but somewhat 
warmly mooted, with whom originated the 
canal system in the United States. Were it 
practicable to arrive at a satisfactory adjust- 
ment of rival claims, the result would be 
wholly unimportant, since the idea, by whom- 
ever conceived, was entirely without origin- 
ality, having been borrowed from older coun- 
tries. In Pennsylvania, the first enterprises 
of any moment in this country, in the way of 
internal improvement, were undertaken and 
accomplished. But it was not till, by the 
completion of the great Erie canal, the im- 
mense benefits resulting from such works 
were fully demonstrated ; it was then that 
the system acquired vigor, and won upon the 
confidence of the people. New York suc- 
ceeded, and roused her powerful sister state 
into action ; and that action has produced ef- 
fects in direct ratio with positive power ; giv. 
ing a lesson to man that all future ages will 
read, from a book traced on the surface of 
the earth. Pennsylvania has already expen- 
ded not much if any less than $40,000,000 
on her stupendous internal improvements. 
Her system of inland navigation has become 
complex, however, from having adopted rail- 
roads and canals on the same line ; we there- 
fore refer to the head of rail. roads, our fur. 
ther notice of the inland navigation of Penn- 
sylvania. 

New Jersey, from the limited extent of its 
territory, the dry and sandy nature of its soil 
in the southern part, its mountains on the.N., 
and the general want of commodious harbors 
on the eastern coast, has not been the scene 
of very extensive canal operations. The Mor. 
ris, and the Delaware and Raritan canals, 
however, are important works, and will prove 
of very great utility. The Delaicare and Rar- 
itan canal, authorized by the legislature of 
New Jersey, by an act passed in Feb., 1830, 
will connect the navigable waters of the Del. 
aware with those of the Raritan. The canal 
is 75 feet in width on the water line, and has 
7 feet depth of water throughout. The bridg. 
OS are moveable like those of the Delaware 
and Chesapeake canal. The locks are 110 
feet in length, by 24 in width. Vessels of 
large burthen may consequently pass through 
the canali and its advantages to the coasting 



RAIL-ROADS 



446 



AND CANALS. 



trade will be great, as it will complete an in- 
ternal water communication for masted ves- 
sels between N. York and Albemarle sound. 
The terminating points of the canal, are, on 
the Raritan, at New Brunswick, and on the 
Delaware, at Bordentown. It follows the 
valley of the Raritan, Millstone, and Stony 
brook ; and, crossing the Lawrence Mead- 
ows to the valley of the Assanpink, along the 
valley of that stream to Trenton, and thence 
down the river, (crossing the Assanpink by 
an aqueduct,) to the point where Crosswick's 
or. comes into the Delaware at Bordentown. 
The length of the canal is 42^ ms. ; the ele- 
vation above tide water but 56 feet. It passes 
the towns of New Brunswick, Boundbrook, 
Millstone, Griggstown, Kingston, Princeton, 
Trenton and Lambarton, discharging at Bor- 
dentown. The route is through a beautiful 
and highly cultivated valley, affording great 
advantages to numerous mills and other wa- 
ter "works, on the various streams adjacent. 
It is supplied by a feeder from the Delaware 
r., commencing at Bull's island, 26 ms. above 
Trenton, and passing along the bank of the 
river to the main canal at Trenton. The 
feeder is also a canal, 60 feet in width and 5 
deep. The works now progressing are un- 
der the direction of an able engineer and as- 
sistantfi, and there is no doubt of the comple- 
tion of the whole work in 1833. The Morris 
canal extends from Philipsburgh, on the Del- 
aware river, to the Passaic at Newark, across 
the state of New Jersey, through the counties 
of Warren, Sussex, Morris and Essex, and 
was constructed chiefly to open a more direct 
channel of communication by boats, for the 
transportion of coal from the mines on Lehigh 
river. Pa., to the city of New York. It is 
34 feet wide, 4 deep, and 84 ms. long, inclu- 
ding a feeder from Musconetcunk (or -cong) 
or Hopatcuiik(or -cong) lake. The elevation 
of the summit is nearly 900 feet above tide 
water, and 700 feet above the Delaware at 
Easton, Pa., opposite which it joins that river. 
On account of the scarcity of water, the com- 
pany were induced to constr,uciir<'".lined planes 
at some of the principal elevations on the 
route. There the boats are received in large 
cars, wliich are raised or lowered by ma- 
chinery ; the weight of the descending boat 
being often applied to assist in raising an as- 
cending one. The canal is navigable in boats 
of 25 tons, many of which are actively enga- 
ged in transporting coal, iron ore, produce, 
lumber and merchandise of difierent sorts. 
The country through which it passes has ma- 
ny iron mines, forges and furnaces, numbers 
of which have been abandoned on account of 
the scarcity of fuel in their vicinity, or for 
other causes ; but some of them will again 
be rendered profitable. Large quantities of 
anthracite coal will find the way to the New 
York market by this route, and ore from the 
difierent mines is transported by this channel 
to forges in the different places, particularly 
in the lower parts of New Jersey, to be smel- 
ted. The route, after leaving the Delaware, 



lies near Musconetcong and Pohatcong rs.. 
through Hacketstown and Stanhope, to the 
summit near Brooklyn, then down to Sucka- 
sunny Plains, Dover, Rockaway, along the 
valley of Rockaway r. across the Raritan on 
a fine aqueduct 3 ms. above Patterson, thro' 
Bloomfield, to Newark. The inclined plane 
at Newark is 1,040 feet long, rising more 
than 70 feet, and has a double line of tracks, 
on each of which is a car with eight wheels, 
large enough to receive a canal boat. This 
car is connected to a machine turned by a 
water wheel, 24 feet in diameter, and by a 
chain strong enough to support 15 tons. A 
boat may be raised, and another lowered at 
the same time, in about 8 minutes. Five 
such operations may be performed in an hour, 
and 6,000 tons may be passed in a day. It 
has been estimated, that if locks had been 
substituted for inclined planes on this canal, 
the time spent in passing them all would have 
been 24 hours, while the inclined planes are 
passed in 2 1-2 hours. 

The great basins of jhe St. Lawrence and 
the Mississppi are very intimately connected, 
and no difficulty exists in the way of uniting 
their navigable waters, by artificial channels. 
This object is effected, by the two great Ohio 
canals ; to which will soon be added the Wa- 
bash and Erie canal, of which a brief notice 
is given below. 

What has been actually completed on the 
Atlantic slope, and in the cases of N. York 
and Pennsylvania, the extensions made into 
the great Canadian basin by the former, and 
into the Ohio valley by the latter, may well 
excite astonishment, but if all things are con- 
sidered and liberally compared, the two great 
canals of the state of Ohio are the most stu- 
pendous undertakings ever achieved on the 
face of nature by man. Forty years ago the 
ground now comprising that state was a wil- 
derness, and it is only a few days past forty 
years since the United States' army was de- 
feated by savages on the very section of this 
youthful state, where now a canal is naviga- 
ted. The Ohio state canals were projected 
about 1823, and may now be regarded as 
completed, or so nearly so, as to admit a no- 
tice admitting their completion. The Miami 
canal commences at Cincinnati, and extends 
north-north-eastwardly along the valley of the 
Great Miami, a total distance of 67 ms. It 
passes the towns of Hamilton, Middletown, 
Franklin and Miamisburg, to Daylon, the co. 
scat of Montgomery CO. This canal is in full 
operation, and it is in contemplation to extend 
it to lake Erie, by the valleys of Miami, Au- 
glaize and Maumee rivers. To secure this 
latter extension, the congress of the United 
States made a grant or grants of land to a 
large amount, conditioned that the Ohio ca- 
nals be completed within seven years from 
1828, or in 1835, and said canals to be and 
forever remain public high-ways, for the use 
of the government of the U. S. 

The route of the eastern or Great canal 
of Ohio, with its ascents and descents, will b« 



RAIL-ROADS 



447 



AND CANALS. 



seen by reference to a table in article Ohio, 
page 371. This canal commences on the O. 
at Portsmouth, and at the mouth of Sciota r., 
and thence ascends the Sciota upwards of 70 
miles, passing the towns of Piketon, Chillico- 
the and Circleville. It then, leaving the Sci- 
ota, pursues a course a little e. of n. e. to 
Coshocton, passing the towns of Hebron and 
Newark, and the summit level between the 
valleys, of Sciota and Muskingum rs. From 
Coshocton, the canal follows the valley of 
Tuscarawas about 100 miles to the summit 
level between the Ohio valley and basin of 
Erie. It thence finally falls rapidly 31 miles 
to the level of lake Erie at Cleaveland. This 
great canal traverses the counties of Sciota, 
Pike, Ross, Pickaway, Franklin, Fairfield, 
Licking, Muskingum, Coshocton, Tuscara- 
was, Stark, Portage and Cuyahoga, and may, 
in more than one important circumstance, be 
regarded as a continuation of the Erie canal. 
Both the Ohio canals are owned by the state. 

This great canal line may be regarded as 
a continuation of that of the Hudson and 
Erie canal of N. York. The Miami canal, 
extending 67 ms. following the canal line 
from Cincinnati to Dayton, is in full operation. 
The two canals, according to Flint, will cost 
from 3 to 4 millions of dolls. (See art. Ohio 
for further details of its canals.) 

The Louisville and Portland canal, for the 
passage of large vessels round a cataract in 
the Ohio r. at Louisville in Ky., is the last 
work of that kind of any considerable impor- 
tance yet completed in the valley of Ohio, 
and which remains to be noticed. For its 
length, the Ohio and Portland canal is per- 
haps the most important artificial hydraulic 
work ever executed. It has been in use 
since the 21st Dec, 1829. The charter was 
granted Jan. 1825, to " the Louisville and 
Portland canal company ;" stock ^600,000, 
of which, by act of congress, the U. S. took 
^100,000. The length of this canal is be- 
tween 2 and 3 ms., overcoming 22^ feet fall, 
by 5 locks. By a report of the engineer, 3d 
Jan. 1831, it appeared that the Ohio and Port- 
land canal was then in full operation, and that 
steamboats had passed since the previous 
report. 

To the foregoing notice of western canals 
may be added the Wabash and Erie canal, of 
Indiana, a part of which is already under 
contract. It is to extend over the intermedi- 
ate table land between the Maumee and Wa- 
bash rivers ; is undertaken under the author- 
ity of the state, and its route will be in Allen 
CO. [For this co. see Appendix.) 

To the basin of the St. Lawrence belongs 
all the northern portion of the state of New 
York, and it has been for the purpose of form- 
ing a connection between the waters of this 
basin and the Atlantic, that the Champlain 
and Erie canals have been constructed. But 
beside these splendid works, which were the 
first to open the eyes of the people of the U. 
S. to the vast utility of artificial navigation, 
BO many others, of more or less consequence 



and extent, exist within the limits of the state, 
either completed or in progress, that we have 
thought proper to present a succinct and sep- 
arate account of each, in the following ar- 
rangement. Black river canal ; a canal has 
been proposed by the canal commissioners, 
from the High Fails of Black river, to Rome, 
36 ms. with the improvement of the naviga- 
tion of the river from those falls to Carthage, 
and a navigable feeder of 9 ms. from Boon- 
ville, the whole amounting to 76 ms. at an 
estimated expense of $602,544. The water 
it is proposed to take from Black river. Buf. 
falo canals, at Buffalo in Erie co. are two 
short canals. One of these is for the passage 
of lake vessels from Buffalo harbor to the 
line ofthe Erie canal. It is about 700 yards 
in length, 80 feet wide, and 13 feet deep. It 
commences near the outlet of Buffalo creek. 
The other is a boat canal, from Big Buffalo 
creek to Little Buffalo creek 1,606 feet 
long. Cayuga and Seneca canal, extends 
from Geneva, at the foot of Seneca lake, to 
Montezuma, on the Erie canal, 20 ms. 44 
chains. About half the distance is by slack 
water navigation, the other by an artificial 
canal. The descent to the canal is 73 1-2 
feet, which is surmounted by 11 wooden 
locks. The tolls collected on this canal in 
1831, amounted to $12,920 39 cents. The 
tolls reported in July, 1832, amounted to 
$725 44. Champlain canal, extends from the 
junction with the Erie canal, 8 ms. n. of Alba- 
ny, to White hall, Washington co. at the s. 
extremity, or head of lake Champlain, and af- 
fords a boat navigation between that lake and 
Hudson river. It is 72 ms. long, and has 21 
locks, with a total rise and fall of 188 feet ; 7 
of these descend 54 ft. from the summit level 
N. to the lake, and 14 s. to the level of Hudson 
river 134 feet. From Albany to West Troy, 
the Champlain and Erie canals are united ; 
West Troy is 7 ms. and the route lies along 
the level on the west bank of Hudson river. 
At the junction it leaves the Erie canal, and 
crosses the Mohawk riverat a ferry ; passing 
through Waterford, Stillwater, Saratoga, 
Schuj;lersville, Fort Miller, Fort Edward, 
and'Fort Ann, it terminates at Whitehall. The 
tolls collected on this canal in 1831, amounted 
to $102,896 23. This is the route of an ex- 
tensive and valuable trade, between the 
shores of lake Champlain, the Hudson and 
New York. The work was commenced in 
1818, and finished in 1823; 46 ms. ofthe 
route is dug, 6 1-2 Hes in Wood creek from 
Fort Ann n., the water being raised by a dam. 
Near Fort Edward a feeder enters from the 
Hudson, in which is a dam 900 feet long and 
27 feet average height. J'rom Fort Edward 
to Fort Miller, 8 ms. the canal lies in the Hud- 
son, and again 3 ms. above Saratoga Falls. 
Chemung canal. The legislature appropria. 
ted $300,000, in 1829, for the construction 
of this canal, which is now partly completed. 
It is to extend from Elmira, Tioga coun- 
ty on Tioga or Chemung river, (a tribu- 
tary of Susquehannah river,) to tlie head 



RAIL-ROADS 



448 



AND CANALS. 



waters of Seneca lake, 18 milea. To IMohawk to Cohoes bridge, and after uniting 



this work is to be added a navigable feeder 
of 13 ms. for the summit level, from the Che- 
mung at Painted Post. The canal is to have 
53 locks, all of wood, 70 bridges, I dam, 6 
culverts and 3 aqueducts. The distance 
from Elmira to Philadelphia by this route, is 
374 ms. and to Baltimore, 394. Chenango 
canal. A canal has been proposed, from a 
point on the Erie canal in Oneida co. to the 
Susquehannah at Binghampton, Broome co. 
through Oriskany and Saquit creeks and 
Chenango river. The cost is estimated at 
5944,775. The lockage would be 1,009 feet, 
the rise from Eric canal to the summit being 
706 ft. and from Susquehannah r. 303 feet. It 
would cross the following towns. New Hart- 
ford, Clinton, Madison, Hamilton, Sherburne, 
Norwich, O.fford, Greene and Chenango 
forks. Ckitteningo canal, extends from 
Chitteningo village, Madison co. 1 1-2 ms. to 
the Erie canal, and has 4 locks. Crooked 
Lake canal, is to extend from near Penn- Yan, 
along the outlet of Crocked lake 7 ms. to 
Seneca lake. There must be 270 feet de- 
scent overcome by locks, and the legislature 



with the Champlain canal, terminates at the 
great basin at Albany. It crosses Genesee 
r. en a noble aqueduct, the Mohawk three 
times, and has many aqueducts, dams, feed- 
ers, culverts &c. connected with it. The 
Albany and Schenectady rail-road will carry 
many of the commodities, and other rail- 
roads are projected from Schenectady west 
even as far as Buffalo. Several canals of 
much importance are branches of the Erie 
canal-; the Oswego canal, which extends 
from Syracuse to Oswego, on lake Ontario, 
and the Cayuga and Seneca canals, connect- 
ing it with several of the small lakes in the 
middle of the state. There are others planned, 
with rail roads in different directions, which 
will still further increase the vast amount of 
transportation now carried on through the 
state. The following is an account of the 
amounts received in tolls at different places 
on the canal in 1831. 



- have appropriated $120,000 for the work. Uiica, 



Albany, 
West Troy, 
.Schenectady, 
Little Palls, 



Delaware and Hudson canal. This canal 
was commenced in 1825 and completed in 
1828, and its entire length is 108 ms. It ex- 
tends from the Hudson river at a point 90 
ms. N. New York, to Port Jervis, on Dela- 
ware r. 59 ms. up the e. bank of the latter 24 
ms,. and^up Lackawaxen r., Pa., to Honesdale, 
Wayne co. 25 ms. It is here connected with 
a rail road, 16 ms. long, running to Carbon- 
dale, Luzerne co. Pa. where are extensive 
mines of Lackawana coal. This company has 
a capital of 51,500,000, one third part of 
which is in banking capital in New York. 
The canal is from 32 to 36 feet in breadth at 
the surface, 4 feet deep, with locks 9 feet by 
76, for boats of 25 or 30 tons ; 43,200 tons of 
coal were transported on it in 1830, and 
52,000 in 1831. It is re-shippcd into vessels 
at Bolton, on the Hudson, where there is 11 
feet water to market. In 1831, 641 vessels 
were loaded there with coal and other arti- 
cles, and ^19,500 was received in tolls that 
year at Rondout, exclusive of that paid on 
coal ; 138 boats were devoted to the trans- 
portation of coal only. Erie canal, or Grand 
canal of N. Y. extends from Albany to Buffalo, 
363 ms. It is 40 feet wide at top, 28 at 
bottom, depth 4 feet. The tow path is 10 
feet wide, and it is fenced, lined and bridged, 
by the state. It leaves lake Eric at Buffalo, 
which it has rendered a rich & flourishing 
place ; runs to Black Rock near the lake along 
Niagara r. 7 ms. in the channel of Tonnowanta 
creek, 12 ms. through a deep cut in mountain 
ridge 7i ms. to Lockport, descends 60 feet by 
5 double locks ; passes near the ridge road 
63 ms. to Rochester, crosses (ienesee river, 
thence to Mohawk river at Rome, passing a 
little N. of the small lakes, near the course of 
Seneca r. through the Cayuga marshes &. the 



Rome, 

Syracusp, 

Montezumci 

Lyons, 

Palmyra, 

Kocliestcr, 

Albion, 

Brockport, 

Fjock|iort, 

Hullilo, 

Geneva, 

Salina, 



Total amount, 



$260,443 73 
156,458 19 
35,700 56 
9,685 78 
41,012 61 
28,680 79 
66, 144 82 
65,570 15 
20,.539, 46 
65,776 33 
174,.350 90 
10,993 94 
10,7.50 82 
31,023 19 
66,009 19 
27,742 98 
39,360 30 

$1,122,243 74 



Besides this, large quantities of flour, ashes, 
provisions, &c. have been sent to the Cana- 
das, of which no account is here made. 

The N. Y. canals were constructed at the 
expense of the state, and a large debt has 
been thus contracted, to defray which their 
income is pledged with the net revenue from 
the auction and salt duties. In 1837 about 
2-5 of the debt is payable. The debt for the 
Erie and Champlain canals amounted, on the 
1st Jan. 1832, to ^7,001,035 86 ; the Oswego, 
Chemung and Crooked Lake canal debt to 
$1,054,610 00 ; so that the whole canal debt 
of the state then was 58,055,645 86. In 1831 
were inspected at Albany, 48,653 bbls. of 
wheat flour, a large part of which was raised 
in the fertile counties of the state, and ground 
at the extensive mills of Rochester. The tolls 
collected on the Erie and Champlain canals, 
in July, 1832, amounted to ^102,904 98; 
.«|3,953 52 less than in 1831. Haerlem canal, 
N. Y. CO. extends from East r. to Hudson r. 
3 ms. through Manhattanville. The company 
was incorporated in 1826, and enjoy a per- 
petual charter, with a capital of ^550,000. It 
is 60 feet wide, and in the middle part of the 



long level. It then follows the course of the; route 100 ; 6 or 7 feet deep, and about 3 ms 



RAIL-ROADS 



449 



AND CANALS. 



long; a street of 50 feet breadth is to be\Farmi7)gton canal. This extends 58 mi, 
formed on cacli side ; it has guard locks at from New Haven to Southwick ponds, on the 
the end«, and the sides are to ha walled with boundary of Mass. Itpasscs through Hamp- 
stonc. Hr.ll Gate canal. A company has; den, ('hcshire, Southington, Norlhinglon par- 
bccn incorporated to construct a sloop canal ish, Sinisbury, Farmington, Granhy, to South- 
800 yards long, round the dangerous passage wick, where it enters several ponds. From 
in East r. called Hell Gate, on the w. end of the level ofFarmington it rises n. 38 feet by 
Long Island. Delays are frequently caused i G locks ; it crosses Fannington r. on an aque- 
to the numerous vessels, principally coasters, duct of 280 feet, 31 high. It is 36 feet wide 
which navigate that channel, as the passage at top, 20 at bottom, 4 decji, with 218 feet 



is unsafe except at particular states of wind 
and tide. Hallet's Cove, at a short distance, 
is often crowded with vessels, waiting for an 
opportunity to pass. It has been estimated 
that 520 packets pass 22,520 limes in a year ; 
500 trading vessels which i)ass 11,000 times; 
and 13 steamboats, most of them large, and 
employed in transporting numerous passen- 
gers and valuable freights, which pass 5,000 
times, making 50,000 in all. It is proposed 
to make the canal 82 feet wide, 18 feet deep, 
with gates, and to face it all with stone ; and 
the cost is estimated at .'{$70,000, and the pur- 
chase of all the lands, about 50 acres, 
including houses, buildings of all kinds. 



lockage, all ascending from N. Haven. Farm- 
ington r. feeder, 3 ms. long, gives the princi- 
pal supi)ly, and is a branch. The work be- 
gan in 1825. The Hampshire and Hampden 
canal has been constructed in Mass. in con- 
tinuation of the Farmington canal to West- 
iield, and was intended to go to Northampton, 
and even proi)Oscd to be extended to Barnet, 
Vl. It will probably be completed to North, 
ampton soon, where it will communicate with 
Connecticut r. Beside this in the same state 
is the Enfield canal, extending round En- 
field falls, on the w. side of tlie Connecticut. 
It is G miles long, and is an important improve- 
ment in the navigation of that r. The fall is 



ferries, rail-ways, quarries, &c. will-amount 30 feet, which is overcome by three locks of 
to about fifty thousand dollars more. It 1 10 feet lift each, of hammered stone. Great 
is computed that it will pay about twenty- j advantages arc afforded by this canal for hy- 
two per cent on the original cost. AfoAawA-} drnulic purposes, which yet have been but par- 
cannls. The Mohawk river was rendered! tiuliy improved. 

navigable in boats from Schenectady toi In Rhode Island, the Blackstone canal 
Rome, some years ago, by the construction commences at Providence, and extends about 
of canals round Little Falls, and Wolf Rift, 40 ms. to Worcester in Mass. It follows 



on the German Flats. A canal of 1 1-2 ms. 
was also made from the head of the Mohawk 
to Wood creek, which leads into Oneida lake. 
Oswego canal, in Onondaga and Oswego cos 



principally the course of Blackstone, or I'avv. 
tucket river, and passes through North Provi- 
dence and Bristol in R. I., and Mendon, 
Uxbridge, Northbridge, Sutton, Grafton and 



extends from Syracuse, on the Erie canal, to;Milbury to Worcester where it terminates, 
Oswego, on lake Ontario, 38 ms. For half i It is supplied with water from the Blackstone 
the distance Oswego r. is used, having beenir. Numerous manufactories lie on and near 
dammed, and supplied with a towing path on ' this route, to which the canal aflbrds great ad- 
the bank. The descent to the lake is 1231 vantages. This canal was built by a compa- 
feet, which is overcome by 13 locks, all of my chartered by the states of R. I. and Mass. 
which are of stone except one. Cost, !$525,-!atan expense of about ^700,000, and was 
000. .$1G,271 10 was collected on this canal j completed in 1828. It is 45 ms. long and 
in tolls in 1831. The tolls reported in July,!has a fall of 450 feet, to surmount which there 
1832, amounted to .'$192,62. Scottsvillf ' are 48 \ocks on the route. The canal has a 
canal. A company was incorporated in depth of 4 feet, is 34 feet wide at the surface 
1829, with $15,000 to construct a canal from and 18 at the bottom. 

Genesee r. to Scottsvilie, Munroe co. iiodns] In Massachusetts no other canals of mag. 
canaZ, is to be 24 ms. long, 6 ms. of its routelnitude have been constructed, besides the 
is on Seneca r. and the outlet of Crusoe lake, : above. The prmcipal are the Middlesex and 
and I3ms.to be excavated at the summit lev- [the Hampshire and Hampden canals ; the 
el only 10 feet. The descent is 130 feet, ofj latter is not yet completed, and has been al- 
which 1 14 is near the end of the canal. Thej ready noticed under the head of Farmington 
locks will afford abundance of water power, canal. Middlesex canal extends from 
Big Sodus harbor, with which this canal is to Chariestown, on the navigable waters of Boe- 
communicate, is large, and one of the best on' ton harbor, to l/owell, on the Merrimack, 
lake Ontario. This v/ork is on a route said I where it communicates with the works on that 
to be the most direct communication between jr. and extends the line of boat navigation 
the waters of lake Champlain and the St. i from Concord, N. H. It is 27 ms. long, 30 
Lawrence. 1 ft. wide and 4 deep, with 20 locks and 7 aque- 



N.England, possessing in general, the usual 
rugged character of primitive formations, of- 
fers fewer facilities for extensive artificial nav- 
igation, than many other portions of the U. S. 

In Connecticut, the work of greatest mag 



ducts over valleys and streams. There are 
four levels, each 5 ms. long. At Charles, 
town the canal terminates in a large mill pond. 
On the summit level it crosses Concord r. 
which supplies it with water. 13 locks de- 



nitude which has yet been undertaken, is the' scend hence toChnrlcstowri, 107 feet, and 3 



RAIL-ROADS 



450 



AND CANALS. 



locks to Merrimack r. above the falls, 21 ft. 
This work cost $530,000. The Pawtuck 
et, South Hadley and Wickaeee canals are 
comparatively of inferior importanco. Paic 
tucket canflZ was constructed in 1797. It pass- 
es round the Pawtucket falls (in the town of 
Lowell) in the Merrimack, a distance of 1^ ms. 
Since its first construction it has been both 
deepened and widened and affords water pow- 
er to several manufactories. The falls in the 
whole distance are about 30 ft. and the canal 
is now 90 ft. broad, and 4 deep. South Had- 
ley canal, is 2 ms. long, and overcomes a de- 
scent of 40 ft. in Connecticut r. It was the 
first canal in the U. S. being commenced in 
1792. Near its lower junction with the Conn, 
is a cut through solid rock, 300 ft. long and 
40 deep, through which k passes. Wickasee 
canal, leads boats round the falls at that place 
in Merrimack r. 3 ms. above Lowell, where 
the Middlesex canal commences. 
$14,000. 

The remaining canals of New England 
will occupy but a very brief space. 

The White r. canal, in Vt. is a small work 
around a fall in Conn, r., for flat bottomed 
boats and rafts. The Bellows Falls canal, in 
the same state, is a short but expensive work 
along the w. shore of Conn. r. round these 
falls. It itie cut through a bed of hard gran- 
ite ; but a patt of the excavation was made 
in ages past.by the current of the stream. Flat 
bottomed boats, small steamboats and rafts, 
thus pass a natural obstruction in the naviga- 
tion. 

In N. H. a company was incorporated in 
1811, the charter of which has since been re- 
newed, for the purpose of forming a canal 
with locks from Winnipisseogee lake to Do- 
ver, along Cochego r. 27 ms. As the descent 
is 452 ft., no less than 53 locks would be ne- 
cessary; and the expense is estimated at 
$300,000. This work would be of benefit to 
above 400 sq. ms. ; and it has been even pro- 
posed to extend a canal to Pemigewasset r. 
The following works, completed in the same 
state, constitute with the Pawtucket and 
Wickasee canals, in Mass. already mention- 
ed, links in a chain of navigation, extending 
from Boston harbor by the Middlesex canal 
and the Merrimack r., to the central part of 
N. H. Amoskeag canal, affording a boat 
navigation round a fall of 45 ft., in the Mer- 
rimack, is one mile in length. The fall is 45 
feet, and is overcome by 9 locks, which with 
the canal cost $50,000. Bow canal, aflbrds 
boat navigation of ^ m. round the falls in Merri- 
mack r. at Bow,of 25 feet descent. The works 
cost $21,000. The canal commences at the 
upper landing in Concord, and is the first 
link in the chain of improved internal trans. 
portatioD, which extends down the Merrimack 
to Lowell, and thence to Boston. Hookseft 
canal, 50 rods only in length, passes round 
Ilooksett falls, 7 ms. below Amoskeag. These 
falls are 16 ft., and the canal and locks cost 
$17,000. They afford a navigation for boats. 
The Union canals pass 7 falls in tlie Mcrri- 



the navigation of boats is 9 ras. There are 7 
locks on the route, which furnish water pow- 
er for several manufactories. This and the 3 
canals preceding, all in New Hampshire, are 
a part of a line of navigation long since pro- 
jected between Boston and the central parts of 
N, H. The Middlesex canal unites with this 
improved navigation 27 ms. n. n, e. Boston, 
at Chelmsford. 

In Maine the Cumberland and Oxford ca- 
nal extends 50 ms., from Portland to Sebago 
pond. The latter, with Brandy pond and 
outlets, include 27 ms. of the canal, the bal- 
ance, 23 ms., being artificial, and having 24 
locks. Bridgeton is at the head of the ca- 
nal. 

This completes what we have to say de- 
scriptive of canals in the U. S. With regard 
to the system in general, the expense attend- 
ant on the construction of such works, and 
It cost| the amount of profit accruing from them to 
the proprietors, a few words here may not be 
out of place. The following observations 
and statistical detail are extracted from 
Wood's treatise on rail roads and interior 
communication in general, edited by Geo. W. 
Smith. 

" The spirit of enterprise has been diplay- 
ed," says Mr. Smith, " on a scale commen- 
surate with the extensive territory of the U. 
S. With the exception of Great Britain and 
Holland, no country on the face of the globe 
contains so many or as extensive canals as 
this republic ; and the whole of combined Eu- 
rope has not effected as much during the last 
16 years, as the three states of Pennsylvania, 
New York and Ohio only. The total num- 
ber of miles of canals in the union is 2,526, 
including about 264 which are nearly finish- 
ed, and which will be navigable during the 
ensuing spring, (1833.) Several extensive 
canals are in progress, and an immense num- 
ber of projected or authorized works are not 
included in the summary just given. Nearly 
four-fifths of the aggregate amount have 
been executed in the three states above men- 
tioned." 

" The cost of the canals in the U. S., has 
been about 21,400 on an average, per mile. 
Although many expensive alterations have 
been made, a large additional sum will be re- 
quisite, for the purpose of completing these 
works in a permanent and suitable manner. 
The amount necessary for this purpose can- 
not be accurately estimated ; but, if a judg- 
ment may be formed from the brief and lim- 
ited experience of N. Y. and Pa., (where 
much expenditure will still be necessary,) the 
ultimate cost will probably be at least $28,500 
per mile. The navigable canals of Pa. have 
already cost |-25,185 per mile." 

" The cheapest canal (probably in the Un- 
ion) cost about .^'5,200 on an average per 
mile. The Chesapeake and Delaware canal 
cost nearly <|j5 169,000 per mile. The dimen- 
sions of this work permit the passage of 
coasters. It presents one of the cases where 
canals are decidedly superior to rail-roads- 



niack, and the distance improved by them for namely, for connecting by a short line an im- 



RAIL-ROADS 



451 



AND CANALS. 



mense extent of navigable waters ; although 1 July, 
the tolls chargeable on every ton render the August, 
cost of transportation ten times greater than 
on a rail-road of similar extent, and construc- 
ted for perhaps one-tenth of the cost of the 
canal — nevertheless, the expense, delay, and 
inconvenience of transhipment give a prefer- 
ence to a work which permits of a continu- 
ous voyage. A rival rail-road, to connect the 
same points, has, however, even in this in- 
stance, been made, and with great advantage, 
for the rapid conveyance of light goods, pas- 
sengers, &.C., for which pureoses canals are 
not adapted." 

From the above stated cost of ^169,000 
per mile, the 14 ms. contained in the Chesa- 
peake and Delaware canal, must have cost 



1,238 10 
1,101 00 



1,790 38 

1,82(5 GI 



eS2 98 
724 95 



86,664 15 S10,054 83 $3,450 68 



Cayuga niid Seneca canul. 



April, 
May, 
June, 
July, 
August, 



1830. 
S956 GO 
1,005 79 
1,556 43 
1,095 10 

788 06 



1831. 
51,214 19 
2,063 42 
1,707 37 
1,164 59 
2,219 36 



Gain. 
8257 60 
757 63 
161 91 
69 49 
431 30 



S6,301 98 $7,963 93 $1,667 95 



8187,814 63 



Totiil gniii, 

"Justice, however," continues Mr. Smith, 
^2,366,000; the original estimate of the sum I" requires the remSrk, that many of the 
tiiis canal would cost, was made in 1824, and I ^'"C'ca/i canals have only recently been 
stated at $1,129,030 73, or, too low by more constructed, and, consequently, that the trade 
than one half. The estimate is followed by on them is not yet established to the extent 
the following sentence : " The adopted canal whicii time will create : on a few the naviga- 
will be 60 feet wide at the water line, 36 at tio" has not yet commenced." 
bottom, 8 feet deep, less than 14 ms. long, 
and lined with stone, gl, 129,036 73, divided 
by 14, gives ^80,645 48 cents per mile." The 
mistake in the estimates most probably saved 
the enterprise. 

"In the U. S., the proprietors of the two 
thousand five hundred and twenty-five miles 
of canals, which are in operation or in pro- 
gress, have not, in any one solitary instance, 
received from the tolls derived from these 
■works the current interest of the country on 
the capital expended in their construction (in- 
cluding therein, as part of the real cost, the 
arrears of unpaid interest on those portions of 
the capital which vjerc temporarily dormant.) 
The Erie and Chaniplain canals of N. York 
(now the most productive in the Union,) have 
not in any otic year, with one exception, paid 
the expenses of their repairs and management, 
and the current rate of interest on their actual 
cost, although in other respects they have 
greatly increased the wealth and welfare of 
that populous state." 

The total cost of the N. Y. canals, inclu- 
ding the expense attending the repairs and 
alterations, has been nearly ^12,000,000. 



RAIL-ROADS. 

The authorities consulted in the following 
notices of rail-roads, are chiefly " Smith's 
Wood," and the " Rail road Journal" of N. 
York. Those who would see more full ac- 
counts of ditierent rail-roads, are referred to 
these and other and more extended works. 
Rail-Roads, completed, commenced, or 

incorporated. 
Albion and Tonnawanda, r-r. N. Y. A 
company has been incorporated to construct 
this road. 

Albanv and Schenectady, r-r. (See Hud- 
son and Mohawk r-r.) 

Alleghanv and Portage r-r. Thie is one 
of the links of the Pennsylvania chain of r-rs. 
and canals ; it extends over the main Alle- 
ghany ridge of mtns., from Hollidaysburg on 
the Juniata r. to Johnstown on the Conne- 
maugh, 36^ ms. It passes over the Allegha- 
ny nits, by means of 10 inclined plains, 5 on 
each side of the mt. ; the estrn. slope from 
Hollidaysburg to the sunnnit being 10 ms., 
and the wstrn. declivity 26i. It passes a part 
The following table is an interesting docu-lof the mt. by a tunnel 900 ft. long, 26 high, 
ment : | and 22 wide. There are 4 viaducts, (road 

ways) of masonry, containing 15,465 perches, 

estimated cost about )$80,000, also a bridge 

! for the passage of a t-pike, cost $1,284 ; 72 

G;>in. 1 culverts, 11,775 ft., cost $37,000; cost of 

$ 10.8-20 'sr'»^in&' exclusive of masonry, $499,300; 

!7ri71 1 estimate of .$89,000 for engines and machine- 

38^878 py- This road is not completed, but is in ra- 

22,057 Pitl progress, and will be in operation in l;i33. 

33,611 Ambov r-r. {See Camden and Amboy r-r.) 

1 Au Sable a.n'd Lake Cha.\iplal\ r-r. A 

S182,09b company has been incorporated to construct 

this road from the forks of the great Au Sa- 

ble r., along the valley of that streum to lake 

Gain. Champlain about 15 ms., with power to make 

$430 19 branches to the iron mines of Pa. The ob, 

770 1 1 ject of this plan is to facilitate transportation 

973 18 1 between navigable water and the mines. 



Tolls on the New York canals. 
Erie and Champlain canal. 





1S30. 


1831. 


April, 


S 75,470 


8116,300 


May, 


166,140 


213,311 


June, 


103,437 


142,315 


July, 


84.402 


106,858 


August, 


80,605 


114.21!; 




$510,404 


8693,100 




Oswego 


canal. 




1830. 


1831. 


April, 


S 750 13 


81,180 20 


May, 


2,058 95 


2,829 06 


June. 


1,455 88 


2,429 06 



RAIL-ROADS 



452 



AND CANALS. 



Baltimore AND Ohio r-r. The charter for I on York t-pikc between the 12th and 13th 
this work waH granted by the legislature of mile atones from Baltimore, is nearly coni- 



Maryland, Fob. 9th, 1827, and the work was 
commenced the 4th July, 1828. 'I'hc origin- 
al design was to unite the city ot Baltimore 
with Ohio r. by a line of double track r-r ; 
and to that effect, permission was obtained 
from the legislature of l*a. and Va. ; but a.s 
the extension of the road beyond the point ol 
rocks wliere it iiitcrsccUni I'olomac r., lias 
been prevenled by a legal disjiute with tiiu 
Chesapeake and Oliio canal company, we 
confine our notice to that part either fniishod 
or in progress.- It conmionccs in the city of 
Baltimore, and c.xicnds to ihe I'oint of Rocks 
69j ms. ; with a brancli road to Frederick, 
of 3 406-1000 ms., or 72i ins. very nearly. 
The road-bed is 2tj ft. wide. Tlio lino of liie 
road is inflected very considerably along the 
Tallies of the streams ; and the road presents 
several rather abrupt curves. Of the whole 
distance, about 33 ms. are for the most 
part straight. Curves varying in radii from 
955 ft. to infinity, occupy 3,903 feet ; whilst 21 
ms. have radii from 395, to 955. A single 
curve of 1,4'JO feet long lias so small a radius 
as 318 feet; and another 1,100 feet, extends 
on a radius of iJo7 feet. The bridges and via- 
ducts arc numerous, and solid, but very ex- 
pensive structures. The materials on which 
the rails are laid, are stone blocks and wood- 
en sleepers. Forty ms. of single track, are 
composed of granite sills 8 inches thick, 15 
wide, and of various lengths. These are 
laid in trenches, filled with broken stone. 
The estrn. section of 13 ms. was by far most 
difficult and expensive ; costing for only grad- 
uation and masonry, above )i^4G,354. The 
cost of graduation of these 13 ms., amounted 
to $8,994 more than did the residue of 545 
ms. ; and on the fust 8| ms. was expended in 
masonry, a sum equal to the cost of the re- 
maining 58^ ms. ; proportion SJ to 1. The 
average cost of the road when completed, 
was estimated at $30,000 per mile. This 
road is in operation, and during the last very 
severe winter, kept the co.'^t of fuel in Balti- 
more down to its ordinary price, about 100 
per cent below what it was in Phila., New 
York, &.C. 

Baltimore and .Susqueiiannah r-r. This 
line of road, designed to connect the city of 
Baltimore with York Haven on the Susque- 
hannah, will be about 70 ins. in length, but 
as the whole line has not yet been fixed, the 
exact length cannot be accurately stated. It 
has to pas.< a summit of 1,000 feet. The 
first division of 6'8-lOth ms., commencing at 
the depot in the city of Baltimore, and ter- 
minating on .Jones' Falls cr., was completed 
and opened with one trac :, on the 4tli July, 
la31. The road-bed of 22 ft., will admit two 
tracks. 

The second division, G 3.10tl) ms., continu- 
ing from the first, up the valley of Jones' Falls 
to the niouth ol liowland's run ; thence up the 
latter, and over the summit between the vallies 
of Jone.s' Falls cr. and Gunpowder r., to a point 



pleted. 

From the termination of the first division, 
on the right branch of Jones' Falls cr., the 
Westminster branch road leaves the main 
line, and follows the valley of Jones' Falls to 
its head, 8 ms., and terminates on Reisters- 
town road, near the llth mile stone. This 
wurk wa.s conunenced in tln! autumn of 1830. 
U will extend to N. line of the state of Mary, 
land, and thence to York Haven in Pa. A 
company clwirtercd by the latter state will 
then continue it to the end; the estimated 
average expense per mile, is about .$11,400 ; 
lor the wh.)lc 21 1-1 Olh ms., *240,000. An- 
other section of the Wesiininster branch of 
this road is com[ilcted to " Owing's mill," and 
the cars have already commenced riuming 
to that place. The same is true of another 
division of this road, which extends to the 
York t-pikc road. 

Baltlmohh and Washington r-r. This r-r. 
is another, and an important branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio r-r., and has been com- 
menced by the same company. The surveys 
are nearly or quite completed, and thus far 
arc quite favorable. The r. will be 33 ms. 
long from Washington to Elkridge landing; 
its stock has been chiefly taken by the state 
of Maryland, and the IJaltimore and Ohio r-r. 
company. 

Black River r-r. A company was incor- 
porated by the legislature of N. Y. in 1832, 
to construct this r-r. from the Erie canal at 
Rome or Herkimer, to the r. St. Lawrence. 
Its capital $900,000. 

BosroN r-rs. There are now three r-rs, 
constructing from Boston in as many different 
directions; all of which will prvbably be 
greatly extended beyond the points at which 
for the present they will terminate. The road 
to Providence will undoubtedly be continued 
to Norwich or New London ; that of Wor. 
cester to Albany, and that of Lowell to Vt., 
perhaps to Burlington, or from the opposite 
shore of the lake to Ogdensburg, N. Y. The 
Worcester road may possibly be connected 
with one from Norwich, Ct. ; one to I lariford 
and New Haven, Ct. ; and one to the n. w. 
parts of Mass. 

Boston a.vd lake Ontario r-r. This pro- 
posed line embraces the Boston and Lowell 
r-r. That part of the road to the N. Hamji. 
shire line, via Lowell, is now in a vigorous 
train of execution ; and in New Hampshire it 
is continued 15 ms. by the Port Kent and An 
.Sable r r. A company, under the title of 
" the Boston and lake Ontario r-r. company," 
has been incorporated by the legislatures of 
Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hamp- 
shire, and it is expected will be by that of N. 
Y. at the ensuing session. 

Boston and Lowell r-r. This work has 
already been commenced ; it is to be con- 
structed of the most durable materials, 
stone and iron, with a single track at pre- 
sent, and provision for the addition of an- 



RAIL-ROADS 



453 



AND CANALS. 



other if expedient. It ia to commence near 
Warren bridge, to cross Charles river by a 
viaduct, thenco through Woburn, and termi- 
nate at the Merrimack canal at Lowell. 

Boston and Providence r-r. Regarding 
this intended line, which is now in progress 
of location, the only authentic information we 
possess, is contained in a letter from the en- 
gineer engaged in its survey, by wliich it ap- 
pears that the route of " the Boston and Pro- 
vidence r-r." developcs greater facililies, to 
execution, than was anticipated. The ro;id 
will be virtually (for the niO'st part actually) 
straight ; no curve being of necessity grea- 
ter tiiau of 6,000 feet radius ; and under these 
circumstances, dispensing with the inclined 
plane which had been projected, the dividing 
ridge will be passed on an inclination well 
adapted to the use of locomotive engines. 
These im[)rovemcnts on the route will prob- 
ably be ettected at a cost considerably within 
that which was anticipated in the estimate. 
" The direction of the route is such, that 
while it will aftbrd the shortest communica- 
tion between Boston and Providence, it af- 
fords great facilities for a connexion also 
with Taunton, by a branch rail-way (diverging 
from the main line, say 23 uis. from Boston,) 
of but Hi to 12 ms. in length; making the 
distance, therefore, from Boston to Taunton, 
but 35 ms. ; or exceeding that by the t-pike, 
only 3 rns. From the public spirit of gentle- 
men in Stonington, New London and Nor- 
wich, the requisite funds have been raised, 
and surveys arc now being prosecuted by 
officers of the army, who have been detailed 
to the service, with a view to ascertain the 
best route for continuing the r-r. (either thro' 
Providence or Worcester; from Botiton to 
Long Island sound. Whether it should ter- 
minate at Stonington, or New London, as the 
navigation thence would be uninterrupted by 
the severity of winter, the completion of a 
r-r. to either place, would render travelling 
by means of steamboats and locomotives, 
at all seasons comfortable, cheap, and expe- 
ditious. 

Boston and Worcester r-r. The exca- 
vation for this road was commenced, August 
1832, at Brighton and at Needham. The 
whole line from Brighton to Needham, a dis- 
tance of 8 ms., is divided into 14 sections, 
including the passing of Charles r., and the 
high ground in Western, which constitutes 
the most difficult portion of the road between 
Boston and Worcester, is under contract on 
terms below the estimates, and is to be com- 
pleted by May, 1833. The grcatexi supposed 
curve that will be necessary on any part of 
the road, will have a radius of 1,150 feet, 
and the greatest degree of inclination from a 
level will be at the rate of 30 (ect m a mile. 
Few places will occur, where so short a turn, 
or so great an inclination will be necessary; 
while a large part of the route will be 
perfectly straight. The main street in Wor- 
cester is found to be 456 feet higher than 
Charles street in Boston. This elevation 



must of course be gained by the inclination 
of the road, making an average of lO-i feet 
per mile of the whole distance. On the line 
of road, as it has boon located, the whole 
amount of ascent in proceeding from Boston 
to Worcester is 554 I'eet, being only 98 feet 
greater than the actual elevation of Worcea- 
ter above Boston. The whole descent, there- 
fore, in passing from Boston to Worcester, is 
only 98 feet, or an average of 2 3-lOths feet 
per mile. The length of the road as it is lo- 
cated, is 43^ ms. This is about 2 ms. longer 
than a straight lino between the points of ter- 
mination, and about equal in distance to the 
road which is now most travelled between 
Boston and Worcester. The iron for the con- 
struction of the road will be admitted into 
the country free of duty ; and it is stated that 
the work will probably bo executed at a less 
expense than the sum estimated, and consid- 
erably below the cai)ital of the company. It 
is thought also that nearly within the time in 
whicli a third part of the capital is expended, 
more than a quarter part, including the most 
productive part of the r-r., will be opened for 
use. 

Brooklyn and Jamaica r-r. This road is 
to be constructed on Long Island, to form a 
r-r. communication between JJrooklyu and 
Jamaica ; a company was incorporated for 
this purpose in 1832, with acai<ital of ^.'100,. 
000. {^eeAable.) 

Buffalo and Erie r-r. A company was 
incorporated in 1832 by the legislature of 
New York, to construct this r. road, extend- 
ing from Bulfalo, to lake Erie, with a capital 
of $650,000. {See tabic.) 

Camden and Amboy rail-ro:id, in New 
Jersey, commeftces on the Delaware r. at 
Camden, opposite Philadelphia, and extending 
61 ms. terminates at Amboy, on Amboy bay. 
So direct is the line of this road tiiai the ac. 
tual distance between the extremes is not 
supposed to exceed 60 ms. The curves are 
few. The first division of 34i ms. ibllovva 
the left bank of Delaware r. from Camden to 
Bordentown ; the ground plan nearly level, 
and few places having an inclination of 20 
feet to the mile. From Bordentown to Am- 
boy, the line is generally favorable, but there 
are some difficulties at Croswicks creek, at 
South r. and at the hill near Amboy ; on the 
latter section the descerit is 45 feet to the 
mile. The average descents from Borden- 
town to South Ami)oy is 27 feet per mile, 
with one deep cut of 2 ms. long and 60 feet 
depth in the deepest place. Tiiere is a scarci- 
ty of good stone, but the culverts and viaducts 
already constructed, are of that material. A 
hope' is expressed in the official Reports of the 
company, that both divisions will be in opera, 
lion in all 1832. Tiiis line was located by 
Major John Wilson, in 183t), and was immedi- 
ately commenced. During the time embraced 
by the charter of tliis company, no other rail- 
roads will be allowed to be constructed on the 
route between N. Y. city and Philadelphia. 
By the terms of the charter, the completion 



RAIL-ROADS 



454 



AND CANALS. 



of the road was limited to 9 years ; the legis 



lature of the state was permitted to subscribe: which is 75 ms. long, was commenced in 



for 1-4 of the stock, and to take the work after 
30 years, on certain conditions. 
Total cost of 61 miles double road, esti- 
mated at $1,120,322 14 
Real estate, purchase of, 115,792 84 
Steamboats, 180,000 00 
Locomotives and care, 41,587 65 
Wharves, 8,674 01 



Catskill and Canajoharie r-r. This r-r- 



Entire estimated cost of the 

line, $1,466,376 64 

The legislature of New Jersey has author- 
ized extensions of this line to New Bruns- 
wick, and to the Hudson r. opposite the city 
ofN. Y. In speaking of this road, a writer 
remarks, that "m the year 1824, the con- 
struction of a r-r. from Boston to New Or- 
leans was proposed. The project was then 
derided as visionary : nevertheless, in the 
few years which have elapsed, various un- 
connected companies have been formed, and 
a number of their works actually commenced, 
which, when completed, will constitute 13- 
17thsof this great line, the largest and most 
important in the world ! The journey which 
now requires from 2 to 3 weeks, may then be 
performed in four days." 

Cape Fear, and Yadkin r-r. (See North 
Carolina Central rail-road.) 

Carbondale and Honesdale rail-road. 
In 1826 the legislature of Pa. granted a char- 
ter for this road, which was commenced in 
1826, and completed in 1829. It is in fact a 
continuation of the canal line extending from 
Eddyville on the Hudson r. over a part of 
N. Y., N. J., and Pa., to Honesdale on tiie 
Lackawaxen r. It is I6 3.l0ths ms. very 
nearly, and intended as a channel of general 
trade, but has been hitherto chiefly used in the 
transportation of coal. When the Lacka- 
wanna rail road is completed, the full benefits 
of this line will be experienced, and the 
amount of commercial business and travelling 
along this channel of intercommunication 
must be immense. The Carbondale and 
Honesdale rail-road, reaches the summit of 
Moosic mountain, 920 feet aggregate ascent 
above the mines, by 7 inclined planes, worked 
by stationary power, and thence descends to 
Honesdale 913 feet by 3 self acting machines 
or planes. 

It is calculated that 460 tons of coals or 
other matter would be conveyed along this 
line daily, at an expense of $167 45. The 
average amount carried upon it, however, has 
- been much less, and the total amouivt from 
the 20th of March to the 5th Nov. 1831, was 
54,32« tons of coal, with a small additional 
amount of merchandize, say 55,000 tons ag- 
gregate amoimt. Thus in a period of 231 
days, the average daily transportation was 
238 tons, and a small fraction. Cost oi this 
line, including machinery, wagons, &lc. 



1831, near the Catskill end of it. When 
finished it will connect Canajoharie on the 
Mohawk river, with Catskill on the Hudson 
river. 

Central r-r. This r-r. " extends from 
Pottsville, through the valley of the Shamo- 
kin creek to Sunbury, near the junction of 
the Susquehannah river, with its western 
branch." (^See Pennsylvania r. roads.) 

Central r-r., N. C. (See N. C. rail- 
roads.) 

Charleston and Hamburg r-r. (See S. 
C. r, roads, and the table.) 

Chesterfield r-r. takes its name from 
Chesterfield co. Va. within which it is formed, 
to connect the bituminous coal strata oa 
James r. with tide water in the same stieam, 
below Manchester and Richmond. It ex- 
tends 13^ ms. in single track, with several 
turn outs, and lr| mile branch roads to the 
different coal beds. This work was com- 
menced January, 1830, and opened for use 
on the 1st of July, 1831, and what no canal 
ever did or perhaps ever will do, aftbrded a 
dividend of 10 per cent to the stockholders 
on the first 6 months. The cost was $8,000 
per mile, and including their wagons, horses, 
&c. the whole disbursements ol the compa- 
ny has been about $140,000, or $10,370 per 
mile. 

Dansville and Rochester r-r. A com- 
pany has been incorporated, a plan been 
formed, and surveys made preparotory to 
extending a r-r. from Dansville to Roches- 
ter, under the title of the " The Dansville 
and Rochester rail-road". Seventeen miles 
of the route have been critically examined, 
and it is believed that this portion of the road 
can be graded as cheap or cheaper than any 
road has been, since this species of im- 
provement came into existence. The sur- 
face to be passed over is unusually level and 
favorable to the work. The first four miles 
abound in quarries of fine stone, suitable for 
building culvert walls and covering for the 
same, and for other purposes requiring the 
use of this material. Should the remainder 
ol the route prove as favorable as that already 
passed over, the greatest rise or fall in any 
mile of the whole distance, will not exceed 8 
feet ; nor will the road vary far from a direct 
course. 

Danville and Pottsville rail-road. This 
rather circuitous but highly important line is 
really a continuation of Mount ("arbon rail- 
roads and of the Schuylkill navigation. The 
charter was granted to a company by the 
legislature of Pa. April, 1820. It is made as 
a public high way, and calculated to' open a 
cheap and expeditious channel of communi- 
cation between the Schuylkill valley and that 
of Susquehannah near the junction of the -two 
main branches of the latter. In order to ren- 
der the description of the whole line more 



$310,852 21 cents, or a smalHraction above 

$19,070 per mile. (See Lackawamia rail\ yicvsp'icnous, it is necessary toj;ommence 



road.) 



with the Mount Carbon road, This latter 



RAIL-ROADS 



455 



AND CANALS. 



vicinity wc unite them in one general view. 
The mainline of the Mine Hill and Schulkill 
Haven rail-road commences at Schuylkill 
Haven, and stretching along the West branch 
of Schuylkill r. 10 1-2 ms. passes the Mine 
Hill gap. At the fork or where the W. W. 
branch leaves the W. branch, an arm of the 
rail-road extends along the former 3 1-2 ms. 
of a double, and I m. of single track ; making 
in all 14 ms. of a double, & 1 of a single track 
road. The com. have disbursed for all expen- 
ses on this road a sum of 181, GI 5 dollars, or 
12,107 66 per mile. From the preced- 
ing accounts we discover that the Schuylkill 
navigation in its Upper valley is connected 
with three systems or lines of rail-roads. 
There are also in the same region several 
miles of rail-road not included in the above, 
but which were constructed on private proper- 
ty by individuals. These immense works, 
in a period comparatively short, have changed 
regions, once barren, wild, and desolate, into 
the busy residence of several thousands. 

Summary of the Schuylkill rail-roads, 
noticed under this head. 

Danville and Pottsville, 7 427.1000 

miles finished ; expense $118,000 

Mill Creek, 9 ms. finished ; do. 22,500 

Mine Hill and Schuylkill Ha- 
ven, 15ms. finished ; expense 181,615 

Private roads, say 5 ms. ; expense 25,000 

Amount, f347,115 

Detroit and Pontiac r-r. A company 
has been incorporated and the surveys made 
for a rail road between Pontiac and Detroit. 
The length of the road when completed will 
be 25 ms. 

Dutchess County r-r. A company has 
been incorporated to construct 6 r-r. from 
Poughkeepsie Dutchess co. N. Y. to the 
Connecticut line. The road will be from 20 
to 30 ms. in length. Capital of the company, 
600,000 dollars. 

Elizabeth-town AND SoMERviLLE r-r. This 
road which has been surveyed is soon to be 
commenced (18*32), will extend from Somer- 
ville to Elizabeth-town. The company was 
incorporated in 1831, by the New Jersey 
legislature, with a capital of 200,000 dollars, 
and liberty to increase it to 400,000. 

Elmira and WiLLrAMsroRT r-r. A com- 
pany was incorporated by the legislature of 
N. York in 18.32, to construct this rail road ; 
its capital 75,000 dollars. 

Experiment r-r. (.See North Carolina r. 
roads.) 

Fayetteville r-r. This road when com- 
pleted will extend from Campbeltown on the 
Cape Fear r. to Fayetteville. The company 
was incorporated in 1830 ; its capital .$20,000. 

Germantown r-r. (See Philadelphia, Ger- 
mautown and Norrisfoivn r-r.) 

Haarlfm r-r. This r-r. is entirely within 
the city of New York, if we regard that city 
las commensurate with Manhattan island, 
ed with the Central or Danville and Pottsville | When finished it will be about 6 ms. in length, 
rail-road ; yet as such union is in cointempla-j one mile of which is now completed, and in 
lion, and as both these roads are in the same' operation, The trrading of the other pnrts 



line was commenced in 1829, and completed 
in 1831, with amain lino and two branches, 
amounting to an aggregate length of 7 427- 
OOOms.; at an expense of 118,000 dollars ; or 
the mean expense per m. of $15,888. It be- 
gins at the lower landing of Mount Carbon on 
the Schuylkill canal, about 106 ms. north- 
westward Philadelphia ; and passing through 
the town of Pottsville, and thence up the Nor- 
wegian cr. a small fraction above 1 48-100. 
A branch of this road extends up the main 
fork of the creek 1 7-1 ms. and another branch 
along the west fork within a small fraction of 
3 ms. Both branches and the main line are 
mostly extended in double tracks. From the 
branch of the Mount Carbon rail-road on the 
eastern fork of Norwegian cr. extends the 
central rail-road or the road from Pottsville to 
Danville on the Susquehannah, by Sunbury. 
Danville and Pottsville rail-road was charter- 
ed by the legislature of Pa. in 1826, but sub- 
sequently merged into the Mount Carbon 
rail-road company. The former leaves the 
latter road on the eastern, Norwegian at an 
elevation above Sunbury of 330 feet, and 
2 1-2 ms. from Pottsville by a deep cut and 
tunnel of 1,400 feet, which leads into Mill 
creek, along the valley of which it is carried 
to the summit of Broad mtn. 1,040 feet above 
Sunbury. The height is reached by 4 in- 
clined planes, and the opposite side of the 
mtn. is descended by a single plane of 400 
feet perpendicular elevation. The next stage 
of 2 1-4 ms. is level. The sixth inclined 
plane descends to a level of about 4 ms. The 
line thence ascends to the summit Ic'^el be- 
tween the Mahonoy and Shamokin creeks, by 
the 7th inclined plane, ascending at the rate 
of from 10 to 30 feet per mile, and descends 
to Sunbury by two inclined planes. The 
stock has been subscribed to a sufficient 
amount to prosecute the work. The entire 
length of the main line is 47 ms. 174 poles, 
and the Danville branch 7 miles, the whole 
54 54-100 ms. Three ms. comprising the 
main line and nearly all of the east branch, is 
finished, and an additional 8 ms. will proba- 
bly be finished by 1833. The remaining 
36 54-100 ms. and the Danville branch of 7 
miles, have been located. " The estimated 
cost of the line from Sunbury to the junction 
with the Mount Carbon rail-road, is (for the 
road graded for a double track, and including 
the present execution of a single track and 
turnouts,) 675,500 dollars, and S^SOOO perm, 
subsequently adding the remainder of the 
second track. {See Mount Carbon rail-road.) 
Mill Creek rail-road is connected with the 
two preceding, and was the first road of the 
kind formed in the Upper Schuylkill valley. 
It is a single track line of 6 turn outs, main 
line 4 ms. from Mine Hill to Port Carbon, and 
branches, 9 in number, extend to an aggregate 
of about 5 miles. Cost 2,500 dollars per 
mile, or 22,500 dollars. Mine Hill, and 
Schuylkill Haven rail-road is not yet connect 



RAIL-ROADS 



456 



AND CANALS. 



of the road is rapidly progressing, and will i and the Capital square, to the Albany basin; 
be ready for the rails in 1833. The contem- and to transport, take and carry property and 
plated New York and Albany r-r. will proba- persons on the same. 

bly commence at the n. extremity of this Illinois and Michigan r-r. This road, 
road, so that it maybe considered as the first which, when completed, will be 96^ ms. in 
link in the grand chain of r-roads, which : length, is to commence at Chicago on lake 
shall yet connect the city of New York with Michigan, and after running in a s. w. dircc- 



the West." 

Hudson and Berkshire r-r. 



tion along the valley of the river Des Plaines 
The legisla- to terminate at the Illinois rapids. The sum- 



ture ofN. Y., in 1832, incorporated a compa- mit level will be less than 200 feet above the 
ny, with a capital of $350,000, to construct a lowest part of the road 



r-r. to the Massachu.setts line, to meet a r-r 
authorized by the government of that state, j 
Hudson and Mohawk r-r. This, which in | 
length is 15 8625-10,000 ms. is a very inipor- 1 
tant r-r., connecting Albany and Schenec- 
tady. It was commenced under a charter 
from the legislature of New York, the 12th 
of Aug. 1830, near Schenectady. It is cal- 
culated for double tracks, one of which is 
completed and in operation, and the second 
in progress. Tiie summit is 335 I'eel above 
the level of tide water in the Hudson. This 
is a dead level of 14 ms. in length. At each 
end of the road there is a stationary engine 
of 12 horse power, to overcome, by inclined 
planes, a rise of about 120 feet. Except in 
one place where there is a cut of 47 feet for 
a few hundred yards, the road has been easi. 
ly graded — the road is nearly straight the 
whole distance — the only deviation from a 
straight line is 3 or 4 miles from the western 
end of the road, M'herc the radius of curva- 
ture is large — from this place the line is visi- 
ble the whole way, and the mountains on the 
cast side of the river seen through the vista; 
the rails arc of pine, with a fiat bar of iron 
for the wheels to move on — the work appears 
well done, and the only objection to it is, the 
material of which it is constructed. A very 
heavy locomotive, imported from Europe, was 
found by its weight, 12,742 lbs., to injure the 
road ; but another locomotive, idso, but weigh- 
ing only 6,758^ lbs., made at West Point, is in 
use. The mean rate of motion on this road 
with a load of 8 to'ns, is 15 nis. hourly. 
Expenditure already made on this 

road $483,215 

Do. necessary to com- 
plete the double tracks . 156,693 



Amount of expenditure 



)|G39,908 



Ithica and Geneva r-r. The company for 
the construction of a rail-road between these 
two towns was incorporated in 1832 by the 
New York legislature ; capital $800,000. 

Ithica and Catskill r-r. The whole 
length of this road when completed between 
the two places will be about 167 ms. 

Ithaca and Owego r-r. This line of 29^ 
ms. is intended to connect the village of Itha- 
ca in Tompkins co. with Owego in Tioga co. 
N. Y. The direction s. s. e. It is the first 
rail-road line actually commenced which will 
unite the basins of Chesapeake and St. Law- 
rence. It was commenced in 1832, but as 
little advance, and no details have reached 
us, we can only state, that application has 
been made by two companies to the New 
York legislature for permission to extend this 
road in one-direction to Hudson r., and in the 
other to the head of Seneca lake. 

Knoxville and Southern r-r. company. 
(Sec North Carolina Central rail-mad.') 

Lackawanna and Susquehannaii r-r. This 
line is intended to extend from Carbondale 
coal-mines down the Tunkhannoc valley to 
the Susquchannah river, and will be a 
continuation of the Carbondale and Hones- 
dale r-r. The Lackawaxna r-r. was autho- 
rised by the legislature of Pennsylvania, the 
7th of April, 1826, and by charter required 
to be a public high way for The conveyance 
of persons, produce and merchandize. {See 
Ca boiidale and Ilonesdule. rail-road.) 

Lake Champlaln and Ogdensburg r-r. A 
company was incorporated in 1832, by the 
New York legislature, to construct a rail- 
road between Ogdensburg on the St. Law- 
rence, St. Lawrence co. and lake Cham- 
plain, with a capital of $3,000,000. 

Lake Pontchartrain r-r. This rail-road, 
which is about 4i ms. in length, and consists 
of a single track, extends from lake Ponchar- 
train to New Orleans. The company was 
incorporated in 1830, the road opened in 
-1831. Whole cost of construction about 
,<,7(),000. 

Lexington and Ohio r-r. This road is de- 



Expenditure per m. when finished, $40,340 
Though the expenditures of the Hudson and 
Mohawk rail-road have been great, still it is 
probable that the rail-road will not cost one- 
third as much as the canal which connects the 
same points. {See Saratoga and Schenectady^ signed to extend from the town of Lexii:glon, 
rail-road.) The number of passengers who in a direction a little n. of w. through Frank- 
passed over this road in October, 1831, fort, Shelbyville, and some other intcrmedi- 
averaged 387 per day. The company were | ale places,' to Louisville.. The length will be, 
authorized, in 1832, to construct a branch rail, j when it is completed, somewhere between 
road from the line of their present rail-road, 75 and 80 ms. " About 7 ms. of the road 
at or near its intersection with tiie great wes. have been placed under contract, and the 
tern lurnpikc, to the capilol square in the city grading of them fmishcd. This division of 
of Albany, and from thence, or from some the road is now completed, and an elegant 
point between the said place of intersection' carriage, sufficiently large to accommodai. 



RAIL-ROADS 



457 



AND CANALS. 



60 persons, finds constant employment in the 
conveyance of passengers upon the first two 
miles of it; and a locomotive steam-engine 



Manchester r-r. This r-r. which is in 
Chesterfield co., Va., extends from Manchea. 
ter to the coal mines, aljout 13 ms. distant. 



now constructing, will be placed on the re- {See Chesterfield r-r.) 
mainder of the first section of the road. Mauch Chunk r-r. This was one of the 

Little Schuylkill r-r. The Little Schuyl- 1 first attempts made in the U. S. to introduce 
kill, or the Tamaqua, is the most northern | the r-r. system. In construction, it shares 
branch of that river, heading with the Nes- the imperfections of first eflbrts, but in point 



quehoning, Quakake, and Mauch Chunk crs 
of the Lehigh. From its higher fountains it 
flows southwardly into the main Schuylkill, 
which it enters at Port Clinton above the Le- 
high Water gap. The Little Schuylkill r-r. 
commences at Port Clinton and mouth of Ta- 
maqua, following the valley of the latter 
stream 21i ms., and IJ ms. above the town 
of Tamaqua. A branch leaves the mainline 
of 1 m. from Tamaqua to other mines. The 
road is graded for double tracks, and a single 
track has been constructed throughout. The 
company are authorized to continue this rail- 
road to Reading from Port Clinton in one di- 
rection, and to the foot of Broad mtn. in the 
other. Another company is empowered to 
extend it to Catawissa on Susquehannah r. 
57i ms. from Port Clinton. Upon these ex- 
tensions nothing except surveys has yet been 
executed. 

Of this road nearly 23 ms. were ready for 
use in 14 months from commencement of the 
work, and cost. 

For grading, $112,57'2 

Bridges and culverts, 21,r)94 

Siipcrsructuro, 70,290 

Engiucoring department, 21,099 



Amount of actual expenditure, $225,555 

To complete the whole road second track, ex- 
penditure supposed necessary, S2,500 
per mil«, $57", 500 

Total amount to complete 23 ms. nearly $283,055 

According to the preceding estimates this 
line when completed will have cost per mile 
about $12,306. 

Lvkin's Valley r-r., which was commen- 
ced in 1831, and expected to be completed in 
1832, in a single track extends from a coal 
basin of Broad mtn, through Bear Creek gap, 
down the Wiconisco valley, north side of 
Berry's mtn., to Millcrsburg on the Susque- 
hannah. . Length IGj ms. This line extends 
along the n. side of Dauphin co.. Pa., whilst 
the several roads we have been describing 



of profit to the company which constructed it, 
it has been highly successful. The Mauch 
Chunk r-r. was commenced in the winter of 
182G-7, and brought into use in the latter 
year. Main line 9 ms. ; branches 3 J, or near 
13 ms. in all. The main line rises from the 
mine 100 feet in ^ths of a mile, or 133J feet 
in a mile. This steep plane is ascended by 
horse power. Thence in 8 ms. the road de- 
scends a plane of 745 feet perpendicular 
height, which brings the line to the head of a 
very steep inclined plane, 215 feet perpendic- 
ular elevation, on a descent of 745 feet to tho 
Lehigh. Room Run and Mauch Chunk r-r. 
is in fact an arm of the Mauch Chunk r-r., 
and extends about 5\ ms. from the coal 
mines on Room run to the depot at Mauch 
Chunk. The principle is that of an inclined 
plane, down which the loaded wagons and 
mules are to be carried by the power of grav- 
ity : the mules drawing the empty wagons 
back to the mines. The total cost including 
machinery $76,111. 

Mill Creek r-r. (See Danville and Potta. 
ville r-r.) 

Mine hill and Schuylkill Haven r-r. 
(See Danville and Pottsville r-r.) 

Morris canal and Patterson r-r. This 
work has been authorized by the legistaure 
of New Jersey ; how far the company which 
was incorporated for its construction have 
made preparations for the work is not accu- 
rately known. 

Mount Carbon r-r. {See 'Danville and 
Pottsville r-r.) 

New Castle and Frenchtown r-r. This 
line of 16 46-100 ms. reaches from the centre 
of Front street in New Castle, to a wharf on 
Elkr. at Frenchtown. A direct line connect- 
ing the extremes, measures 15 97-100 ms. 
the road not being half a mile longer than its 
chord. In 1827 the charter was obtained, 
and in August, 1830, the work was commen- 
ced. The very successful results are shown 
below. The road is composed of 6 curves 
and 6 straight lines ; of which the curves oc- 



as in the Schuylkill valley, are in Schuylkill co. 

Mad River AND Erie r-r. This road when' cupy 5 16-100 ms. ; and the straight lines 
completed will extend from Dayton at the 1 11 3.10 ms. The radius of the least curve is 
head of Miami cr., in a n. n. e. direction, to 110,560 feet, or 2 ms. ; radius of greatest 
Sandusky ; and its length will probably be ] curve 20,000 feet. Road bed, 26 feet, exclu- 
about 140 ms., stretching along the vallies ofjsive of side drains. There are 4 bridges or 



Mad r., part of Sciota, and thence down that 
of Sandusky, to its point of nrthrn. termination. 
The amount of stock desired by the company, 
has been subscribed, and the first instalment 
of 10 per cent, paid in. Arrangements have 
been made for the immediate survey of the 
route. This is the commencement of a sys- 
tem of r-rs. in the states of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, and we may say, Missouri. Fence* and eaies, 

58 



viaducts, and 29 culverts of stone masonry. 

Cost. 
Land, $14,966 

Wharves at New Castle and Frenchtown, 10,722 
Graduation and drains for double track, 193,215 

Culverts and bridges, 22,090 

Materials, and laying single track and turn 
outs, 



98,046 
10,66! 



RAIL-ROADS 



458 



AND CANALS. 



Engineering depailinciU, 
Sundries, 

Expenfliturce incurred, 
Esliinattd cost of second tracif. 
Do. locomotives, wagons, &c. 



16,7Si 
10,000 



370,484 
92,040 
40,000 



Entire cast when fully completed and Bupjli- 

ed with machiiioiy, $108,530 

From the main line of the New Castle and 
Frenchtown r-r., there is a small branch of 
about 800 feet, which, added to IG 4G-100, 
gives 16 Cl-100 as the entire length of the 
road, which gives about $24,595, as the mean 
cost per mile. The whole of this road is now 
in operation, with a single track, and from 
experiments made with the steam cars by the 
chief engineer, the most sanguine expecta- 
tions as to the success of the road aro likely 
to be realized. 

New Jersey, Hudson and Delaware river 
r-r. A company has been incorporated to 
construct a r-r. under this title, from the Hud- 
son to the Delaware r. 

New York and Albany r-r. A company 
has been incorporated by the legislature of 
N. Y., to construct a r-r. between these two 
cities, on the e. side of Hudson r. The 
state will be at liberty to take the road at 
any time between 10 and 15 years after its 
completion, on paying the cost and 14 per ct. 
interest. Branches may be constructed by 
the com. to connect with r-rs. made in Mass, 
or Conn., but no authority is given to com- 
municate with Hudson r. along the route. 
The length will be about 160 ms. The capi- 
tal of the company is $2,000,000. 

New York and Erie r-r. This line, the 
most extended ever actually planned in the 
U. S., was projected as a continuous road 
from the Hudson r. opposite the city of New 
York, to some point on lake Eric. A com- 
pany was incorporated in 1832, with a capital 
of $6,000,000, to construct the work, and the 
surveys were to have been made in the same 
year. They were suspended, however, in 
consequence of the failure of congress to 
lend efficient aid, by appropriating to the pur- 
pose, an amount considered adequate to the 



at several places in the southern states ; en- 
quiries made respecting the best routes of 
land communication between navigable wa- 
ters, and the southern Atlantic seaports.^ — 
Surveys have also been made of the Tenn. 
and Savannah rs., and information derived 
from other sources. A competent engineer 
will probably soon examine several of the 
routes which have been proposed. The 
Charleston and Hamburg r-r., the completion 
of which will essentially aid the projected 
channel of communication, is nearly or quite 
finished (1832). The Fayetteville r-r. ex- 
tending to the western part of the state, is in 
contemplation, and a company for its- con- 
struction is chartered. A central r-r. (the 
title standing at the head of this article) has 
been proposed, which shall extend from 
Beaufort, via Raleigh and Salisbury, to the 
wstrn. part of the state. Tiie company has 
been incorporated by the state legislature. 
Tenn. has not been inattentive to her interest 
in these grand enterprizes ; and at the last 
session, her legislature incorporated the 
Knoxvilie and Solttiiern r-r. company. [Sec 
Ai't.) This leviftw, though brief, justifies the 
conclusion that the several communities in- 
terested in the undertaking are aware of its 
great importance and value to all ; and if 
they but observe a proper concert of action, 
its accomplishment can no longer be deemed 
problematical. A meeting of delegates from 
S. Carolina, N. Carolina and Tennessee, has 
been proposed, to be held at Ashville, to take 
the subject into more deliberate consideration. 
The citizens of N. and S.Carolina have been 
requested to send delegates to the conven- 
tion, which was fixed for the first Monday in 
Sept., 1832. The citizens of N. C. seem 
fully prepared to second the views of the 
tViends of r-r. improvement, and with a view 
of promoting the success of the Central, by a 
practical demonstration of the great advanl 
tages attendant upon that mode of transpor- 
tation, a company has been recently organi- 
zed in Raleigh for the purpose of construct- 
ing in the immediate vicinity of that city, an 
fiX'perimcntal r-r. It is to be about 1 mile in 
length, and in every respect will be a com- 
plete model. Nearly the whole amount re- 



object. It was proposed to commence at 

Tappan, or at a point above, opposite the I quired for its completion, has been subscribed, 

mouth of Croton r. From this point it would and no doubt is entertained of its successful 



pass the valley of Ramapo r., to the head wa- 
ters of VValkill cr., by the Shawangunk mts., 
&,c., wstrd. The length will be about 400 
ms. This road will open an uninterrupted 
communication, throughout the year, between 
lake Erie and the ocean. 

NottRisTowN r-r. [See Phila., Gcrmantown 
and Nonistown r-r.) 

North Carolina Central r-r. Under this 
head we shall enter into some detail for the 
sake of showing the extent that the r-r. inter- 
est has gained in the southern states ; and 



prosecution. Pro])osal.s for grading the line 
of the road, for furnishing materials, &,c., 
have been advertised for in a N. C. paper. 

Norwich and Boston r-r. The legislature 
of Connecticut have chartered the Quinne- 
baug bank at Norwich, to aid in the con- 
struction of a r-r. from that city to Provi- 
dence or Worcester, to meet the r-rs. which 
are to be from between those places and Bos- 
ton, and have also incorporated a company to 
perform the task. The capital of the bank is 
C')00,000; and that of the r-r. company 



also because the r-r. system is adn)irably jT,0OO,000. The r-r. company may extend 
adapted to the localities and climate of the their road to steam navigation on L. Island 
Carolinas, Geo., Tennessee, and the adjacent sound, either at New London, Lyme, or N. 
states. Rail-road meetings have been held ilia vcn. [See Uoston r-rs.) 



RAIL-ROADS 

'^' A r-r, 



459 
company was incorpo. | tions. 



AND CANALS. 

The country traversed by this road is 



Otseuo r-r, 

rated by (lie N. Y. legislature in 1832, toj very' uneven, ami presented great obstacles 
construct a work of this kmd from Coopers- to the line being drawn direct, yet the actual 
town to Collicrvillc, witli a cfyiitul ol 200,000 length of the r-r., exceeds but a few nis. that 
dollars. of the common t-pikc, between the same 

Patterson and Hi;dson river r-r. This points, and is not one half the length of the 



r-r. is designed to extend from Patterson in 
New Jersey, to the Hudson r. at Hoboken, 
opposite the city of New York,, a distance of 
14 ins. About 7 ms, is partially, and 4| en- 
tirely finisbcd. The part completed extends 
from Patterson to the village of Aquacka- 
nonk, and is now in actual and successful op- 
eration between those places. Tho company 
have placed upon the road three splendid and 
commodious cars, each of which will ac- 
commodate 20 passengers inside, and from 6 
to 12 on the top, and may be drawn by 1 
horse, at the rate of a mile in 3 minutes. 
There is a gradual ascent from Aquacka- 
nonk, or the landing, for about 3 ms. ; during 
which the road passes over an embankment, 
and through a cutting in rocks from 10 to 20 
feet deep, for about 150 yds. The summit 
level extends about ^ of a mile, and thence 
to Patterson, there is a descent of about 21 
ft. per mile. 

Pennsylvania r-r. By a very culpable con- 
fusion of names, this term includes a r-r. of 
81 6-10 ms. from Philadelphia to the Susque 
hannah, and another of 36 G9-100 ms. over 
the Allegliany mtn., separated by r. and canal 
navigation of 171 ms. The part over the 
Alleghany mtn. we have already noticed 
under the head of " Alleghany Portage r-r." 
[which see.) The esn-n. division of the Penn- 
sylvania r-r., called i!ie Philadelphia and Co- 
lumbia r-r., as indeed the wstrn. division and 
intermediate canal work, were undertaken in 
virtue of numerous acts of the legislature of 
Pa., from 1811 to the 24th of March 1S2;1. 
It was at the latter date, that the Pa. r-r., in- 
cluding both sections, was authorized as a 
state work, so that this r-r. is, therefore, the 
first which was undertaken in any part of the 
world hij a government. The Philadelphia 
and Cobuiihia r-r. commences in the city of 
Philadelphia, at the corner of Broad and Vine 
streets, from whence branches, constructed 
by the difi'erent cori)orations of the city and 
continguous places, will diverge, and termin- 
ate at the necessary points. The main road 
leaves the city and vicinity by a line inflected 
by curves, and straight lines, and thence to a 
viaduct of 984 feet over the r. Schuylkill be- 
low Peter's island. After passing the r., the 
road in a distance of 2745A feet ascends an 
inclined plain of 187 2-10 feet perpendicular 
licight. It thence continues by Downings- 
town, Coatsville, and Lancaster, to Columbia 
on the Susquehannah, 81 6-10. On the lino 
there are 31 viaducts, 73 stone culverts, iind 
nearly 500 stone drains. There are 18 com- 
mon road and farm bridges. The whole road 



Schuylkill, Union canal, and Susquehannah 
water navigation between the same points. If 
the profile be analyzed, it will be perceived 
that 71 per cent, of the useful effect will be 
obtained on this road, which would be attain- 
able on a line i)crfectly level. The estimated 
expense of this great line, allowing a mean 
of 20,000 dolls, per mile, including all ex- 
penses to complete double tracks, with their 
appropriate machinery, wagons, cars, and 
other contingencies, will be about 1,6.32,000 
dolls. Westchester r-r., is a branch of that 
of Pliila. and Columbia, leaving the latter 
about 2 ms. w. of the Paoli tavern, and fol. 
lows the general direction of the ridge 9 ms. 
to the town of Westchester. The road for- 
mation is 25 feet wide, and designed ulti- 
mately for a double track. The entire road, 
single track, is expected to be in full opomtion 
this season. Total cost supposed $8 1,000, or 
%9,000 per mile. There are three companies 
formed to extend branches from the Phila. 
and Columbia r-r. One company to construct 
a branch from the main line near Downings- 
town to the city of Wilmington ; a second to 
carry a branch via Oxford to Port Deposit on 
the Susquehannah r. ; and a third in Mary- 
land to extend the latter to Baltimore. Nei. 
ther of those three branches have been com- 
menced. The Philadelphia, Germantown and 
Norristown r-r., as far as executed, now is, 
and if completed, will be, in fact, a link in 
the chain of which the Philadelphia and Co- 
lumbia r-r. constitutes the main line. The 
junction of these roads is contemplated ; 
hitherto, however, they are separate. Six ms. 
of the Phila., Germantown, and Norristown 
road were located in 1831, and immediately 
placed under contract. This part commences 
in the incorporated limits of Spring Garden 
at the intersection of Ninth street and Spring 
Garden, and terminates at Welley's factory 
or Church lane. The total length as origin- 
ally designed, is 18 7-10 ms. ; but little pro- 
ress has as yet been made, even on the sec- 
tion actually commenced. 

Petersburg and Roanoke r-r. This very 
important road commences at Petersburg in 
Va., and extends 60 ms. a little w. of s. to 
Weldon in N. C, and to the foot of the falls 
in Roanoke r. The line is very direct ; grad- 
uation in no place exceeding 30 feet per mile ; 
and the curves having radii from 2 to 4 ms. 
The direction is almost at right angles to the 
ordinary course of the great roads, and in the 
line of sthni. travelling must receive great 
emolument from the transportation of persons. 
Norfolk has been hitherto regarded as in 



formation is finished, with the exception of 2 some measure the depot to the Roanoke val- 

viaducts and the deep cut through Mine hill, ley, an advantage which the road will divert 

which is nearly completed. The rails are in great part to Petersburg. The work of 

laid, and travelling commenced on some sec- road formation was begun on this line in 1831. 



RAIL^ROADS 



460 



AND CANALS. 



Estimated cost, when completed with double f Room Run and Mauch Chunk. (See Mauch 
tracks, 400,000 dollars. It appears " ihrxtl Chunk rail-road.) 

about 20 nis. commencing at the corporation Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r. A com- 
line, and extending beyond Stony cr., is en- many was incorporated in 1832, for the con- 



tirely completed and ready for use. Prom 
Stony cr. to Meherrin r. (about 25 ms.), the 
road has been graded : on the first 10 ms. of 
which the wooden rails have been laid, and 
the contractors are engaged in laying down 
the iron. From the Meherrin to the Roanoke 
the road is under contract, with the exception 
of about 2i ms. Tho (Petersburg) section, 
commencing at the depot, at the corner of 
Union and Washington streets, and connect- 
ing with that portion already completed, is 
also under contract, and about 200 hands ac- 
tively engaged upon it. From present ap- 
pearances, it is probable, that before the close 
of 1833, tho entire line will be completed, 
and the enterprise of the company rewarded, 
by seeing Petersburg becoming the mart 
for the rich products of the country bordering 
on the Roanoke. A locomotive engine, cal- 
led " The Roanoke," with a tender and wag- 
on, has been imported for this company. Pre- 
vious to being shipped, the locomotive engine 
underwent a trial on tho Liverpool and Man- 
Chester r-r, and gavo entire satisfaction, both 
as to speed and construction. The locomo- 
tive and two passenger cars are now, it is be- 
lieved, on tho road. The iron work for about 
15 more passenger cars, has also been recei. 
ved. We may safely pronounce the Peters- 
burg and Roanoke r-r. as amongst the great 
works of our country, tho success of which 
is now placed beyond doubt. 

Philadelphia, Germantown and Noeris- 
TOWN. {See Philadelphia and Columbia r-r. 
under the head of Pennsylvania r-r.^ 

Philipsburo and Juniata r-r. A company 
was incorporated in 1830 by the Pennsylvania 
legislature, to construct this rail-road from 
the Pennsylvania canal near the mouth of the 
Little Juniata r. to the coal-mines near Phi- 
lipsburg. 

Pine Grove r-r. This road, which is about 
5 ms. in length, extends from the coal-mines 
to the Swatara feeder; cost $30,000. 

QuiNcv r-r. This road, extending in a sin- 
gle track, from the granite quarries in the 
town of Quincy, terminates at Neponset r. 
which discharges itself into Boston harbor. It 
is 3 ms. long, the base of the rails is wood, 
surmounted with plates of wrought iron, on 
which the cars traverse. It is used princi- 
pally for the transportation of granite, and 
was the first experiment of rail-roads in the 
U. S., having gone into operation in 1827. 

Rensselaer and Saratoga r-r. A compa- 
ny was incorporated in 1832, to construct this 
work, with a capital of g300,000. 

Rochester r-r. completed in 1832, extends 
from the Erie canal at Rochester to the head 
of navigation in Genesee r. below the falls. 
It crosses Main street in Rochester, and ter- 
minates at the end of the aqueduct, near Ely's 
mill. {See Dansville and Rochester rail- 
road.) 



struction of this rail-road, with a capital of 
200,000 dollars. 

Saratoga and Schenectady r-r. (See Hud. 
son and Mohatck rail-road.) The rail-road 
from Albany to Schenectady, called the Hud- 
son and Mohawk r-r., is continued by " the 
Saratoga and Schenectady road, 21 miles in 
length. The road was opened in July 1832, 
and though, owing to the cholera, there was 
a general suspension of travel in the country, 
and not more than an eighth or tenth the 
usual number of visitants at the Saratoga 
springs, still the receipts on the road have 
much exceeded what was anticipated when it 
was opened. They have thus far exceeded ^75 
per day." This r. " will prove one of the most 
lucrative investments in the state of N.Y." By 
reference to the article Hudson and Mohawk 
r-r., and connecting that line with that of the 
Saratoga and Schenectady r-r., the reader 
will perceive that rail-road lines extend from 
Albany to the Saratoga springs ; and farther, 
that when the Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r. 
is brought into operation, that the Alpine 
scenery along the upper Hudson will be ren- 
dered cheaply and delightfully accessible to 
the visitants to Ballstown and Saratoga. 

Schoharie and Otsego r-r. A company 
was incorporated in 1832 to construct a rail- 
road from the Catskill and Canajoharie rail- 
road, via the Cobleskill and Schenevas crs. to 
the Susquehannah r., with a capital of 300,000 
dollars. 

Schuylkill r-rs. Under the heads of Dan- 
ville and Pottsville and Little Schuylkill r-rs., 
we have noticed several of the rail-roads of 
this system, but there still remains tho 

Schuylkill Valley r-r. Though in the 
neighborhood of Mount Carbon, and of Dan. 
ville and Pottsville r-rs. that of Schuylkill 
valley is unconnected with either. It com- 
mences on the Schuylkill r. and head of the 
Schuylkill canal, at the mouth of Mill creek, 
about 2 ms. above Pottsville, and extends 
northeastward up the valley 10 ms. to the 
town of Tuscarora. It was commenced, 
1828, and completed in 1830. The number 
of branches about 20, extending in the aggre- 
gate 12 ms. From the town of Tuscarora, a 
branch is constructing, with a tunnel, to Cold 
run, and which is intended to be connected 
with the Little Schuylkill r-r. OntheSchuyl. 
kill valley r-r. and branches, including all in- 
cidental expences, about 60,000 dollars have 
been laid out ; and when the branch through 
the intermediate mountain into the valley of 
Little Schuylkill is completed, the expendi- 
ture it is probable will exceed ^100,000. 

Summary of expenditure on the rail-roads 
in the valley of Schuylkill r. above Schuyl- 
kill Water-gap, and in Schuylkill co. Pa. 
Amount of summary under the head of 
Danville and Pottsville, brought 
forward, $347, 1 1."! 



RAIL.ROADS 



461 



AND CANALS. 



Lfttle Schuylkill r-r. and bianehes, 
Schuylkill valley r-r. and branches, 



283,057 U 
60,000 



Amount expended, S:6'J0, 172 11 

This great work is going on, and long be- 
fore all the main lines and branches arc com- 
plete with double tracks, tlic expenditures 
will no doubt far exceed a million of dollars. 
SooTU Carolina r-r. All things consider- 
ed, this is a most important work, both com- 
mercially and politically. By its successful 
execution and beneficial results, it must have 
a powerful tendency to introduce similar 
works into a section of the U.S. adapted to 
their construction) and the inhabitants of 
which are in the rear of their northern neigh- 
bors in road improvement. The South Ca- 
rolina r-r. extends from the city of Charleston 
to Hamburg on Savannah r., opposite to Au- 
gusta in Georgia. The direction is n. w. by 
w., main line 135i ms. The summit of the 
ridge, or rather table land, between the Edis- 
to and Savannah rs. 114 ms. from Charleston, 
is passed by a stationary engine, the only one 
on the line. The direction is generally 
straight, and the curves where they occur 
have large radii. This crosses a great va- 
riety of different soils. Over some marshes 
the road is based on piles. A car has been 
constructed on the part finished, with a view 
of transporting horses, cattle, and stock on 
the rail-road to and from the country. The 
steam cars travel daily, twice regularly, and 
an extra trip if passengers oiler, to Somer- 
ville, 214 ms.; beyond which the work is 
progressing. The mile beyond Somerville 
is nearly completed, and ready for travelling, 
and the next m. is now capping and railing. Be- 
yond that, the succeeding mile is all capped, 
and about half the rails on, with all the tim- 
ber ready ; and the next two miles are wliolly 
finished. The distance thence to the Cypress 
swamp 1^ ms. being mostly on sleepers, has 
all the ground sills and cross pieces down, 
and but 5 days' work of piling to join the Cy- 
press contract ; which, however formidable 
it has hitherto appeared, is now piled through- 
out, and the capping and railing going on 
briskly. The next 3^ ms. is finished. The 
Four Hole Swamp is piled through, and the 
remaining work going on rapidly; 11 miles 
thence upwards are finished and ironed ; and 
the road as far as td the Edisto is now com- 
pleted. On all the contracts, the hands as 
they finish below, are sent up, so as to expe- 
dite the work. The whole is under contract 
to persons belonging to the state, and mostly 
residing on the line, employing a force of near 
600 hands, independent of horses employed 
by the contractors. The bridge across the 
Edisto, which is 65 ms. from Charleston, has 
all the abutments piled. It is to be 60 feet 
span, and supported by one arch, the carpen- 
ter's work of which is now going on. The 
first 4 ms. beyond the Edisto are now ready 
for the iron ; and the 10 ms. in succession 
thence are rapidly progressing. The con- 
et ruction of the unfinished part of this road 



(about 50 ms.), is also rapidly advancing ; 
and from the perusal of several reports of 
recent date, there is a very great probability 
of the whole being completed by the first of 
January, 1833. On the 35 ms. nearest Au- 
gusta, a force of more than 500 men were 
employed in the summer of 1832. On the 
other 35 ms. 400 men were employed. " The 
work of the inclined piano will all be so far 
completed by tho Ist of January, 1833, as to 
be ready for the machinery, which is now in 
progress for construction. A large number of 
axles, made of faggotted iron, have been 
transported from New York, together with 
wheels ; and there are many more in prepa- 
ration. Tho receipts from passengers, seve- 
ral weeks in 1832, averaged 200 dollars 
per week, independent of the conveyance of 
iron and other materials for the use of the 
company. The history of this splendid work 
is short, but interesting. The charter was 
granted 1828, the work commenced in the 
autumn of 1830, and in all probability will be 
completed by January, 1833 ; and if so soon 
finished, will be then the longest continuous 
iron rail-road ever constructed. 
Workmanship, materials, Cost. 

Edisto bridge, &,c. $393,377 

Iron, 133,800 

Spikes, 12,500 

Piling machinery, 3,700 

Turn outs, the other parts of the 

road being a single track, 5,000 

Inclined plane and double road, 6,000 

Engineering department, 45,623 

Contingencies, damages, &c. 10,000 

Extra, for stationary engine, 6 
locomotives, 160 wagons, 
and water stations, 61,000 

Total cost when in full operation 

with all its machinery, &c. .f 671,000 

This amount gives an expense per mile of 
4,952 dollars, comparatively moderate for a 
rail-road with even a single track. 

ToNAWANDA r-r. N. Y. A company has 
been incorporated to construct a r-r. from 
Rochester to Utica, under this name. The 
capital is 500,000 dollars. 

TuscuMciA, r-r. This r-r. consisting of a 
single track, was constructed in order to 
avoid the Muscle shoals, &c. It extends 
from Decatur to Tuscumbia, at a cost of 
3,500 per mile. 

Utica and Susquehannaii r-r. The leg- 
islature of N. York, in 1832, incorporated a 
company for the construction of a r-r. from 
Utica along the valleys of the Susquchannah 
and Unadilla rs. to the line of the projected 
New York and Erie r-r. The capital is 
1,000,000 dollars. 

Warren County r r. A company has 
been incorporated by the New York legisla- 
turc to form a r-r. in Warren co. from Glenn's 
Falls to Caldwell, at the south end of lake 
George. The n. portion of the line of com- 
municatibn between that lake and New York 
city, through Albany, to which city the dis- 



RAII^ROADS 



462 



AND CANALS. 



tance will be 64 1-2 ms. Capital 250,000 
dollars. 

Watertown and Rome r-r. The con- 
struction of a r-r. between these two places 
was authorized in 1832, when the N. York 
legislature incorporated a co. for the purpose 
with a capital of 1,000,000 dollars. 

West JSiiANcii r-r. This r-r. which is 15 
ms. long, with 5 ms. of branch roads, extends 
from Schuylkill Haven to Broad mountain. 
The main road has a double track. Cost of 
road and branches about 160,000 dollars. 

West Chester r-r. (6ee Fennsylvania 
r. roads.) 

West Feliciana r-r. A company has 
been incorporated by the legislature of Lou- 
isiana, to form a r-r. from the Mississippi r. 
near St. Francisville, to the boundary line of 
the state, in the direction of Woodville, Miss. 

West Jersey r-r. A company was incor- 
porated by the New Jersey legislature in 
1831, to construct a r-r. either from the Del- 
aware r. in Gloucester co. or from the Cam- 
den and Amboy r-r. to the Delaware i;. in 
Penn's Neck, Salem co. Capital 500,000 dol- 
lars, with liberty to increase to 2,000,000 
dollars. 

Wilmington and Downington r-r. This 
road when completed will extend from Wil- 
mington (Del.) to the boundary line of the 
state, in the direction of Downington (Pa.) 
The company for its construction was in- 
corporated by the Delaware legislature in 
1831, with a capital of 100,000 dollars, with 
powers to extend it to 150,000 dollars. 

The above list of r-rs. finished, commen- 
ced or incorporated, is as complete as it has 
been possible to render it from the published 
returns which have been made respecting this 
species of improvement, in various parts of 
our country. Some r-rs. which may have been 
inadvertently omitted in the body of the arti. 
cle, will be found in the following table. The 
details of the manner of construction, or any 
explanations of the mathematical principles 
on which r-rs. are calculated to answer the 
purpose of transportation, «fec., have been 
purposely omitted. Our aim lias been to give 
the reader a brief view of the existing state 
of r-rs. in the U. States. In general, it may 
be stated, (without pretending to perfect ac- 
curacy in estimates, founded on documents so 
recently obtained, and of course deficient in 
connected details) that in 1833 there will be 
either actually finished or in progress, 2,600 
ms. of r-rs. in the U. S., involving an interest 
exceeding !$3S,000,000 to the stockholders, 
and of greater, far greater interest to the 
public. This estimate is founded on the 
numbers actually mentioned in our table, 
without taking any account of those left in 
blank. This immense amount of property 
has been entirely invested in this new mode 
of transportation and intercommunication, 
within the short period of 6 years ; for previ- 
ous to 1826, rail-roads were regarded both in! 
this country and in Europe, (with very few! 
exceptions) as visionary projects. Those | 



who desire more minute information than we 
have given on the subject, are referred (" 
such works as " Smith's Wood," and the "N. 
York r-r. Journal." 

Table of rail-roads completed, commenced, or 
incorporated. 





Time 










of 


Miles 








incor- 


in 


Present 


Estima- 


J^ames. 


pora. 


Vgth. 


state. 


ted cost. 


Albany & Schenec- 








tady 


182G 


16 


Finlsh'd 


$500,000 


Altjion and Tona- 










waiida 








200,000 


Allenliany Portage 


1830 


36 1-2 


In prog. 


7()0,(H)0 


Aiiislpulain and 










Fish-Iiouse 


1832 






250,000 


Auburn and Eric 


" 






1, -it 1,(100 


Aurora & Butialo 


" 






300,000 


Au Salile and L. 










Clianiplain 


'I 


15 






Baltimoro & Ohio 


1827 


72 


Finish'd 


2,000,000 


IJalt. and Susque- 










hannah 


1829 


70 


In prog. 


1,000,000 


Bait. & Wash'ton 










Black river 


1833 






900,000 


Bost(Ui & lake On- 










tario 










Boston & Lowell 


18.30 




In prog. 




r.ost. & Brovidc.nco 


1831 




Began 


1,000,000 


Bost. & Tauulon 


" 


35 


In prog. 


1,000,000 


Host. & Worcester 


" 


43 


In prog. 




Brooklyn and .Ja- 










maica 


1832 






300,000 


Butialo and Erie 








650,000 


Camden & Amboy 


1830 


61 


Finish'd 


1,500,000 


Cape Fear & Yad- 










kin 










Carbonsdale and 










Honesdale 


182G 


16 


Finish'd 


300,000 


Catskill and Cana- 










joharie 


1830 


75 


Began ' 




Central (N. C.) 










Central (Pa.) 










Charleston & Ham- 










burg 




132 


Finish'd 




Chesterfield 


1829 


13 1-2 


Finish'd 


140,000 


Dansville and Ro- 










chester 




46 




300,000 


Danville andPotts- 










ville, & branches 


1826 


.54 1-2 


Finish'd 


840,000 


fletroit & Pontiac 




25 






Dutchess county 


1832 






600,000 


Elizabethtown and 










Somerville 


1831 






400,000 


Elmira and Wjl- 










lianisport 


1832 






75,000 


Exiierinient (N. C.) 




1 






I'^iyeltcville 


18.30 






20,000 


Ila rlem 


" 


6 


lu prog. 




Hudson and Berk- 










shire 


18.32 






S.^iOjOOO 


Hudson & Mohawk 


1826 


10 


Finish'd 


500,11(10 


Illinois & Michigan 




96 1-2 


In prog. 




Ithaca and Catskill 




107 






Ithaca and Geneva 


1832 






800,000 


Ithaca & Owefro 


1830 


29 1-2 


In jirog. 




Knoxville &. Sou- 










thern 


1832 








Lackawanna and 










SuMiuehannah 


1826 


16 


Finish'd 


120,000 


L. Cliani]ilain and 










OL'densburg 


1832 






3,000,000 


|j. Pouchartrain 


1830 


4 1-2 


Finish'd 


70,000 


Lexinpton & Ohio 


" 


80 


In prog. 


1,000,00(1 


Little Schuylkill 




23 


Finish'd 


285,0(10 


Lykins Valley 


" 


16 1-2 


Finish'd 




Mad river anil Erie 




140 






Manchester 




13 






Mauch Chunk and 










branches 


1826 


14 


Finish'd 


100,000 


Maysville & Port- 










land 


1832 






150,000 


Mill er. & branches 




9 




22,000 



RAIL-ROADS, &c. 



4G3 



RAL 



Mine Hill &Sliuyl 

kill Uavcii 
Morris canal and 

I'alterson 
Mount Carbon 
New (Jaslle and 

Kri;nclitown 
N. Jersey, Hudson 

a?iil Drluwarc r. 
New Vorkic Erie 
N. York & Albany 
North Carolina 
Norwicli &. Boston 
Olscgo 
Patterson & Hud 

soil T. 

Petersburg and Ro- 
anoke 

Pliila. & Columbia 

riiila. and Del. Co. 

J'iiila., (ierman-t. 
Sl Norris-t. 

PJiili[i.sburg & Ju- 
niata 

Pine Grove 

liuincy 

Ki^nsselaer &. Sara- 
toga 

Roclicstcr 

Itooin run & Mauch 
Chunk 

Saratoga and Fort 
Edward 

Saratoga & Sche 
neetady 

Selioliariu and Ot- 
sego 

Scliuylkill 

Sihiiylkill valley & 
braiiflies 

Sonlli (/arolina 

'I'onnawanda 

Tuscunibia 

Utira and Susque- 
llannah 

Warren County 

Watertown and 
Rome 

West Branch and 
branches 

Westchester 

West Feliciana 

West Jersey 

Wilmington and 
Downington 



Time 

of 
incor- 
pora 



Miles 

in 
Icnirth. 



1827 



1830 

1828 



1828 
1830 
1825 
1832 



1830 
1832 



1827 
1830 
1833 
1830 

1832 



1832 

1828 
1831 



7 1-2 
IC 1-2 



400 
160 



GO 
82 3-4 



22 



Present 
state. 



Finlsh'd 

Finish'd 
Finlsh'd 



In prog. 

In prog. 
Finish'd 
In prog. 

In prog. 



Finish'd 
Finish'd 



In prog. 



Finish'd 
In prog 

In prog 



In prog, 
fn prog. 



Besides the rail-roads completed, commen- 
ced, or merely incorporated, the following 
are some of the most important which have 
been projected. Of others we have been un- 
able to obtain information. 

From Augusta to Columbus in Geo. — from 
Augusta to Heshman's lake, of about 50 ms. 
in length, to avoid the uncertainty of the nav. 
igation of the Savannah — from Baltimore to 
Annapolis-from Bennington to Troy, about 30 
nis. and to extend the same to Braltleborough 
about 42 ms. — from Boston to Brattleborough 
— from Boston to Ogdensburgh, N. York, the 
necessary privileges having been granted by 
the states of N. Y., Vt., and N. H. — from 
Boston to Salem, which if con.«tructed will 
probably be extended to the n. boundary of 
the state — from Buflalo to Cayuga lak'e — from 
Buflalo to the line of Pa. — from Cattskill to 

the Susquehannah (Canajoharric) — from lake I ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 
Champlain, near Burlington, thro' tho valley! Raleigh, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio r., 



of Onion r., and by Montpelier to the Connec- 
ticut, opposite Haverhill, N. H., about 80 ms. 
— from Columbia to some point on the Ten. 
r. — from Cooperstown to Clainsville — from 
Geneva to Ithaca — from Lynchburg to New 
river — from liynchburg to Knoxville — from 
Nashville to Franklin — from New Haven to 
Hartford — from Norristown to Allentown, on 
the Lehigh — from Richmond to Lynchburg — 
from Rochester to the Alleghany river — from 
Rochester to Carthage — from Rutland to 
Whitehall, as a link in the proposed chain 
from Boston to Ogdensburgh, or lake Cham- 
plain— -from Schenectady to Buflalo, through 
Utica and Salina — from Sleubenvilc on the 
Ohio, to the Ohio canal — from Suffolk, Va., to 
the Roanoke, near Weldon, N. C. — from Troy 
to Whitehall — from Utica to some point on 
Cayuga lake — from Utica to Oswego — from 
West Stockbridge, Mass., to connect with a 
rail-road from Albany on tlie N. York line — 
from Wilmington through Fayetteville and 
Salisbury, to the iron mine dists. near States- 
ville — from Wheeling, on the Ohio, to lake 
Erie, and from the Yadkin to the Catawba. 

Raine's, p-o. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 
69 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Raine's Store, and p-o. Twiggs co. Geo., 
by p-r. 31 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Rainsburg, p-v. Bedford co. Pa., by p-r. 
113 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Raisin, river, of Mich., having its extreme 
sources in Hillsdale and Jackson cos., from 
whence, flowing 25 ms. N. e. by e., curves to 
the s. w. angle of Washtenaw, 
Continuing sthrd. 25 ms. over Lenawee, in- 
flects in the latter to n. e. by e., enters and 
traverses Monroe co. to its final discharge in- 
to the wstrn. part of lake Erie, after an en- 
tire comparative course of 80 ms. Raisin has 
interlocking sources with Grand, Kalcmazoo, 
and St. Joseph's rivers of lake Michigan ; 
with Huron of Erie, on the n., and Tiffin's 
and St. Joseph's branches of Great Maumee, 
s. The mouth affords good .-intrance and har- 
bor for small vessels of 5 or 6 feet draught. 

Raisi.nville, p-v. Monroe co. Mich., by 
p-r. 56 ms. s. w. Detroit. 

Raleigh, p-v. and st. jus. Wake co., and of 
the government of North Carolina, situated 
near the w. or right bank of Neuse r., by p-r. 
286 ms. s. w. W. C. n. lat. 35° 44', long. W. 
C. 1° 38' w. When I wrote the 2nd edition 
of the Geographical Dictionary, I had occa- 
sion to notice the fine state house in Raleigh, 
and the still finer statue of Washington pla- 
ced in it, and chiselled by the hand of Cano 
va ; but since the hand of an incendiary or 
one of carelessness, has deprived N. C. of 
both those monuments of liberality and taste. 
It contains a bank, theatre, two academies, 
several schools and places of public worship. 
The town is built with streets extending at 
right angles to each other, with a centre sq. 
of 10 acres. Po)). 1830, 1,700. 

Ralkigii, p-v. Shelby co. Ten., by p-r. 217 



Kstima- 
tetl cost. 



$ 181,000 

110,000 
400,000 



0,000,000 
2,000,000 

1,000,000 
200,000 



400,000 
1,000,000 



30,000 

300,000 

80,000 

200,000 

180,000 

300,000 
95,000 



100.000 , , , 

070.0001 the sthrd. 



1,000,000 
250,000 

1,000,000 

100,000 
81,000 

2,000,000 

150,000 



RAN 



464 



RAN 



nrthwstrn. part of Union co. Ky., by p-r. 915 
niB. a little s. of w. Frankfort. 

Rallb, CO. Mo., bounded by Montgomery, 
Callaway, and Boone s., Randolph w., Mari- 
on N., Miss. r. separating it from Pike co. II. 
N. E., and Pike co. Mo. e. and s. e. On the 
N. w. boundary uncertain. Length from e. 
to w. GO ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,- 
800 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 25', long. W. C. 14° 
35'. Slope a little n. of e., and drained al- 
most entirely by Salt river and its confluents. 
Chief t. New London. Pop. 1830, 4,375. 

ItAMAPo, river, rises in the s. e. part of Or- 
ange CO. N. York, crosses the w. corner of 
Rockland co., enters New Jersey, and flows 
across Bergen co. and joining Kingwood and 
Pequanock rs., forms Pompton r., which falls 
into the Passaic 6 ms. w. Patterson. It af- 
fords valuable water power, and moves much 
machinery. 

Ramapo, p-t. Rockland co. N. Y., 132 ms. 
s. Albany. Pop. 1830, 2,837. 

Ramapo Works, p-v. Rockland co. N. Y., 
30 nis. N. w. New York city, has extensive 
iron works, a cotton factory, &c., and is a 
large and flourishing village. It is situated 
in a secluded valley on Ramapo r. 

Ramsay's Mill, and p-o. Chatham co. N. 
C, 40 nis. w. Raleigh. 

Ramsboro', p-v. Guilford co. N. C, by p-r. 
96 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Randallstown, p-v. Baltimore co. Md., 10 
ms. from Baltimore. 

Randolph, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 1830, 
143. 

Randolph, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 23 miles s. 
Montpelier, 34 n. w. Windsor ; 28,596 acres ; 
is crossed by 2 branches of White r., which, 
with other streams, furnish mill sites. Ma- 
ple, beech, birch, &.C., grow in the forests ; 
the land is high, the soil pretty good, and the 
town contains 3 villages. Tiie Oran^'C co. 
grammar school was incorporated hero 1806, 
which affords advantages for education. Pop. 
18.30, 2,743. 

Randolph, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 15 ms 
s. Boston, gives rise to a good mill stream, 
which flows into Boston bay between Quincy 
and Weymouth. Pop. 1830, 2,200. 

Randolph, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 312 
ms. w. by s. Albany, e. Chatauquo co., n. 
Pennsylvania ; has Alleghany r. s. e., and sev 
eral small branches. Pop. 1830, 776. 

Randolph, t. Morris co. N. J., 6 miles w 
Morristown ; has Trowbridge mtn. s. e., and 
Rockawny river and Morris canal n. Pop 
1830, 1,443. 

Randolph, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12 miles 
nrthrd. Meadville, the county seat, and by p-r 
309 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Randolph, co. of Va., bounded by Green, 
brier s., Nicholas s. w., Lewis vv., Harrison 
N. w., Monongalia and Preston n., Alleghany 



in Md., and Hardy, Va., n. e., Alleghany mtn 

separating it from Pendleton e„ and Green- ! dating as far backwards asl'674 

brier mtn. separating it from Pocahontas s. e. Ico. 1830, 4,429 

The greatest length from s. w. to .\. e. 90: KAwnoVpH r 



ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,800 eq. ms- 
Lat. 39° N., long. W. C. 8° w. The surface 
is a congeries of mtn. chains, ridges and deep 
vallies. It gives source to both Tygart's val- 
ley, and Cheat branches of Monongahela, 
both flowing nrthrd. Chief t. Beverly. Fop. 
18.30, 5,000. 

Randolph, county, N. C, bounded 9. k. by 
Moore, Montgomery b., Davidson w., Guil- 
ford n., and Chatham E. It is very near a 
square of 30 ms. each side ; 900 eq. ms. in 
area. Lat. 35° 40', long. 2° 48' w. W. C. 
Slope sthrd. but drained nearly equally, by 
Deep r. into Cape Fear r. valley, and by crs. 
flowing into Yadkin ; it is therefore a table 
land between two river basins. Soil excel- 
cnt, and surface finely diversified. Chief t. 
Ashboro'. Pop. 1820, 11,325, and in 1830, 
12,406. 

Randolph, co. Geo., bounded N.by Musco- 
gee, Marion n. e., Lee e., Baker s. e.. Early 
and Chattahooche r. separating it from 
the Creek country of Ala. w. Length 44 ms. 
from B. to N., mean breadth 35 ms., and area 
1,540 sq. ms. N. lat. 32°, and long. 8° w. W. 
C, intersect near its centre. The slope ia 
sthrd., the estrn. part drained into Flint, and 
the wstrn. into Chattahooche river. Popula- 
tionl830, 2,191. 

Randolph, C. H. and p-o. Randolph county, 
Geo., by p-r. 170 ms. a. w. Milledgeville. 

Randolph, p-v. on the Mississippi r., at the 
mouth of Big Hatchce r., western part Tip- 
ton CO. Ten., by p-r. 213 ms. s. w. Nashville. 
Randolph, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Por- 
tage CO. O., 10 ms. s. Ravenna, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Randolph, co. Ind., bounded by Wayne s., 

Henry s. w., Delaware w. and n. vv., 

N., and Darke co. O. e. Length 24, breadth 
24, area 576. sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10', long W. 
C. 8° w. This CO. is a real table land, from 
which flow to the n. w. the higher sources of 
Mississinniwa, branch of Wabash ; the ex- 
trcme source of White r. rises on the w. bor- 
der of Darke co. O., and flowing westward 
traverses Randolph ; and finally the whole 
southern side gives source to, and is drained 
by the extreme sources of White water, 
brancii of Great Miami. Chief t. Winches- 
ter. Pop. 1830, 3,912. 

Randolph, co. of Illinois, bounded n. w. by 
Monroe, St. Clair n., Washington n.e., Perry 
E., Jackson s. e., and the Mississippi r. sep- 
arating it from Perry co. Mo. s., St. Gene- 
vieve CO. Mo. s. w., and Jefferson, Missouri, 
w. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 
20, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 38° and long. 
13° w. W. C. intersect near the co. seat, Kas- 
kaskias. Slope sthrd., and in that direction 
traversed by Kaskaskias r. The lower part of 
this CO. near the mouth of Kaskaskias, is one 
of tlie most ancient settlements of civilized 
inhabitants in the basin of the Mississippi, 

Pop. of the 



Randolph, co. Mo., bounded by Ralls e.. 



RAP 



465 



RAR. 



Boone b. k., Howard s. w., Chariton w., and 
luiiipproprinted territory n. Mean length 3i5 
ms., breadth 20, and area 7C0 sq.ms. n. lat. 
38° 30' and long. W. C. 15° 30' intersect in 
this CO. It is a table land between Chariton 
nnd Salt rivers, the conHuents of the former 
flowing s. s. w. into Missouri r., and those of 
the latter estrd. over Ralls into the Mississip. 
pi. Chief t. Huntsvdle. Pop. 1830, '2,942. 

Raxdom, t. Essex co. Vermont, 48 ms. n. 
E. Momj)elicr ; is watered by Clyde river and 
smaller streains, and a part of Knowlton's 
lake, the sand of which is remarkably white 
and beautiful, well fitted for glass making. It 
was chartered in 1781. In 1823 it contained 
but a single family. Pop. 1830, 105. 

Rankin, co. Miss., bounded s. by Simpson, 
Pearl r. w. separating it from Hinds co., n. 
Madison, and e. Choctaw territory in Miss. 
Length 28 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 
G16 S(|. ms. Lat. 32° 20', and long. 13° w. 
W. C. intersect in this co. .Slope wstrd. to- 
wards Pearl r. Surface generally covered 
with pine forest. Chief town lirandon. Pop. 
1830, 2,083. 

Rankin, p-v. Yazoo co. Miss., by p-r. 85 
ms. nrthrd. Jackson. 

Ransom's Biudke, and p-o. eastern part of 
Nash CO. N. C, by p.r. 70 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Rapid Ann, river of Va., deriving its re- 
'note sources from the Blue Ridge, and flow- 
ing thence s. ic. 20 ms. across the valley, be- 
tween Blue Ridge and South East mountain, 
turns thence n. e. 15 ms. to the influx of Rob- 
ertson's river from the n. w. Passing South 
East mountain and inflecting to a general 
eastern course of 30 ms., joins the Rappa- 
hannoc 10 ms. above Fredericsburg, after a 
comparative course of 65 ms. In nearly the 
whole of its length Rapid Ann separates Or- 
ange c6. first 35 ins. from Madison, and thence 
25 from Culpepper. At their junction it is 
superior in volume to Rappahannoc ; and ex- 
ceeding also in length of course the Rapid 
Ann is the main stream. 

Rapid Ann, meeting house, and p-o. wstrn. 
part of Madison co. Va., by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. 
W. C. 

Rapides, parish of La., bounded by Ope- 
iousas, or St. Landry s., Natchitoches w. and 
N. w.. Little or Catahoola r. separating it from 
Caiahoola parish n.. Black r. or Lower Oua- 
chitta r. separating it from Concordia e., and 
Red r., and in part an artificial limit separa- 
ting it from Avoyelles s. e. Length from s. 
to N. 65 ms., mean breadth 40, and area 2,- 
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. very, nearly 
from 31° to 32' n., and in long, between 15° 
and 16' w. W. C. Slope s. e., and in that di- 
rection drained by the bayous Bceuf and Cro- 
codile, to the s. w. ; by the confluents of Cat- 
ahoola N. e., and nearly centrally traversed by 
the main volume of Red river. The soil ex- 
hibits every variety, from the most fertile r. 
alluvion to that of sterile pine forest land. 
The latter, however, greatly prevails, and 
coinprises most of the southwestern and nrth- 
cstrn. sections. The eastern and lower part 
59 



is subject to annual submersion. Along Red 
river, and bayous Rapide and Bocuf, the soil 
is of the very first rate. 

This parish derives its name from the low. 
er rapids of Red river, which are opposite 
the town of Alexandria, the st. jus. At high 
water they arc invisible, but at low water ve- 
ry much impede the navigation of the stream. 
Pop. 1820, 6,065, and in 1830, 7,575. 

Rappahannoc, river of Va., formed by two 
branches, Hedgeman's and Thornton's rivers, 
both deriving their remote sources from Blue 
Ridge. Hedgeman's r. after a comparative 
course of .30 ms. between Fauquier and Cul- 
pepper cos., receives Thornton's river from 
the latter, and the united waters continuing 
the course of the former s. e. 20 ms., join 
the Rapid Ann as already noticed under the 
head of the latter. A navigable river at the 
junction of its two main branches, the Rap- 
pahannoc continues to the s. e. 10 ms. to its 
lowest falls, whore it traverses the primitive 
ledge, and meets the ocean tides at Freder- 
icsburg. Similar to the Delaware, and all 
the large western confluents of Chesapeake 
bay, the Rappahannoc turns along after pas- 
sing the primitive rock, but after a short curve 
to the southward, tliis streams resumes a s. 
K. course, which wiih a rather tortuous chan- 
nel it maintains to Leeds, in Westmoreland 
CO., where it approaches to within 5 miles of 
Potomac, at the moutii of Mattox cr. Grad- 
ually widening, and with the features of a 
long narrow bay of 55 ms., the Rappahannoc 
by a s. s. e. course, is lost in Chesapeake 
l)ay between Windmill nnd Stingray points. 
The tide ascends this channel to the falls at 
Fredericsburg, something above 100 miles, 
admitting vessels of considerable tonnage. 
In all the distance below the union of its two 
main branches, it does not receive a cohflu- 
ent above the size of a small creek. The 
entire basin is 140 ms. by a moan width of 20 ; 
area 2,800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 34' to 38° 44', and in long. W. C. from 
0° 41' E. to 1° 22' w. 

Rappahannoc Academy, and p-o. in the nrth- 
estrn. part of Caroline co. Va., by p-r. 72 ms. 
s. 8. w. W. C, and 64 ms. n. n. e. Richmond. 

Raritan Hay, N. J., between Sandy Hook 
on the E., Monmouth county on the s., and 
Staten island on the n. w., terminating at Am- 
boy. The channel carries 3J fathoms to Am. 
boy. 

Raritan, river. New Jersey, is formed by 
branches which flow through Morris, Hunter, 
don, Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth 
counties, watering a large extent of country. 
It enters Raritan bay at Amboy, and is navi. 
gable for vessels drawing 8 feet water to N. 
Brunswick, except at low ebb tides, when 
the water is .shallow and the channel narrow 
in some places. Along the lower part of the 
stream, the banks arc low, flat, and partly 
' marshy. Large steamboats ply daily between 
jNew York and New Brunswick, on the prin- 
cipal steamboat and J=rage route to Phiiadei, 
Iphia. 



RAY 



466 



REA 



Raritan Landing, v. Middlesex co. N. J.,, 
at the head of tide water on Raritan river, U 
tns. above New Brunswick. There is a free 
bridge over the r. 

Rarita>-, south branch, river, N. J., rises 
in Budd's pond, Scliooley's mountain, Mor- 
ris CO., N. Suckasunny plains, and runs by 
German valley, Clinton, Flemington, &.C., to 
its junction with the north branch, 4 miles w. 
Somerville. 

Raritan, north branch, r. N. J., rises 6 ms. 
N. w. Morristown village, Morris county, and 
partly in Suckasunny plains, and runs through 
Somerset co. to its junction with s. branch. 

Rattling Gap, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa., by 
p.r. 109 ms. nrthrds. Harrisburg. 

Raudsville, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by 
p-r. 196 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Ravenna, p-v. and st. jus. Portage co. O., 
by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 320 ms. 
northwestward W. C. n. lat. 41° 10', long. 
W. C. 4° 12' w. It is situated on a branch 
of Cuyahoga river, on a country, the moan 
height of which is about 1,000 feet above the 
Atlantic tides. Pop. of Ravenna township, 
including the village, 1830, 80G. 

Rawlingsburgii, p-v. Rockingham co. N. 
C., by p-r. 105 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Rawlinsville, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by 
p-r. 95 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Rawsonsville, p-v. Broadalbin, Montgom- 
ery CO. N. Y., 10 ms. from Johnstown, on Fon- 
das creek. 

Ray, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Macomb co 
Mich., by p-r. 58 ms. n. e. Detroit. 

Ray, CO. Mo., bounded by Missouri r. s., 
separating it from Lafayette and Jackson ; 
Clay vv., and on the other sides boundaries 
imcertain. Length 24 ms., mean breadth 20, 
and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 15' n., and 
long. W. C. 17° w. intersect in this county. 
Slope s. E. towards Missouri r. Chief town, 
Richmond. Pop. 1830, 2,657. 

Raymond, p-t. C-umberland co. Me., 75 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, 24 n. Portland, lies on the n. 
side of Sebago pond, is crossed by the lower 
part of Crooked r. s. w., and has several other 
small ponds and streams. Pop. 1830, 1,756. 
Raymond, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 25 
ms. s. s. E. Concord, 25 s. s. w. Portsmouth, 
13 w. Exeter, with 16,317 acres ; is crossed 
by Lamprey river, whose two branches here 
unite. There are also 2 ponds, and part of 
Patuckaway river. There are fertile mead- 
ows on the r. Oak, &c. grow on the uplands. 
A small cavern in the w. part called the oven. 
Rattlesnakes formerly abounded. This town 
furnished 21 soldiers to the continental army 
in the revolution, besides militiamen. Pop. 
lf!30, 999. 

Raymond, p-v., and as marked in p-o. list, 
chief town or st. jus. Hinds co. Miss., 19 ms. 
from ,Iackson, but rclalive position uncertain. 
Ravnham, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 32 ms. s. 
Boston ; has Taunton r. s., which forms an 
arch round that part. First settled 1650, and 
the first forge erected in North America was 
built here in 16.52, by James and Henry Leon- 



ard. King Philip, or Metacom, had a fishing 
station here. Iron is here manufactured in 
various forms, nails, bars, hollow ware, &c. 
Pop. 1830, 1,200. 

Ravsville, p-v. Henry co. Ind., by p-r. 36 
ms. n. e. by e. Indianopolis, 

Raytown, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo., by p-r. 51 
ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Readfield, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. 
w. Augusta, is a small town of irregular form, 
crossed by a long pond, whose outlet forms 
the principal upper stream of Cobbesseecon- 
te r. Pop. 1830, 1,884. 

Reading, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 53 ms. south 
Montpelier, 9 w. Windsor ; was chartered in 
1781, and contains 23,040 acres. First set- 
tied 1772. It is uneven, with a ridge of moun- 
tainous land w., from which descend several 
streams, (lowing partly n. e. to Queechy r., 
partly e. to Connecticut r. at Windsor, and 
partly s. into Black r., furnishing pretty good 
mill sites. There are 12 school dists., sev- 
eral mills, &c. The timber is hard wood and 
spruce. Pop. 1830, 1,409. 

Reading, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 12 ms. 
N. Boston. Settled 1644 ; has much good 
soil, but some uneven and hard. The village 
is large. Pop. 1830, 1,806. 

Reading, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 60 ms. s. 
w. Hartford ; about 5 ms. by 6^, with 32 sq. 
ms. ; has rocks of granite and primitive lime- 
stone, with an irregular surface, and a good 
soil. Saugatuck river crosses it through the 
middle n. and s., and Norwalk r. is in the w. 
part. The forest trees are oak, nut trees, &c. 
Joel Barlow was born here. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
686. 

Reading, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 223 ms. 
w. Albany, 25 N. e. Bath, 15 s. e. Penn-Yan, 
w. Seneca lake, which separates it from Sen- 
eca and Tompkins cos. It is a gore of land 
from 3 ms. to 4^ by 14, with very good, level 
land, without stones, and watered by Big. 
stream and Rockstream, which afford valua- 
ble mill sites. They flow into the lake, which 
they enter near each other. Rockstream has 
a very romantic fall of 140 feet, at the foot of 
a long rapid. The water is precipitated into 
a basin, between high banks of clay slate. 
Stone quarries are situated at different places 
along the shore of the lake. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
568. 

Reading, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Berks 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 52 miles a very little n. of e, 
I Harrisburg ; 50 ms. n. w. Philadelphia, and 
143 ms. a little n. of n. e. W. C. n. lat. 40° 
1 42', long. W. C. 1° 03' e. Reading, similar 
to many of the other borough towns of Pa., 
I was originally laid out after the model of 
Philadelphia ; streets extending at right an- 
gles to each other, .with two main streets, at 
the intersection of which the court-house was 
' erected. It is more than commonly compact, 
' and well built, and contains several places of 
public worship, the ordinary co. buildings, 
numerous private schools, and one bookstore. 
; Situated on the canal formed along the 
J Schuylkill, and in the midst of a fertile and 



RED 



467 



RED 



well culiivated country, Reading is a flour- |aro severailandings, atoneof whichlhe New 
ishinc commercial depot, as well as place of | York and Albany steamboats touch ; and sev 
domestic trade. The original inhabitants leral villages ni the mtenor. Near the river 
were mostly Germans, and eminent for their the banks are hne, and ornamented with the 
industrious and economical habits and quiet | residences of several of the Livingston fami- 
manners; and such is still the character of jly. and other gentlemen. There are several 
the place. Pop. 18-20, 4,332, and in 1830, 5,- factories, an academy in the Upper v., &c. 



836 ] having gained upwards of 35 per cent, 
in h) years. 

Reading, p-v. Sycamore township, Harri. 
jlron CO. O., by p-r. 1 1 ins. n. n. e. Cincinnati. 
Fop. 1830, 200. 

Reauyvii.i.e, p-v. in the estrn. part of Ruth- 
erford co. Ten., 12 ms. e. Murfreesboro', the 
CO. seat, and by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. by e. Nash- 
ville. 

Reamstown, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., 15 ms. 
N. E. Lancaster, and 15 ma. s. w. Reading. 
Pop. 1830, 300. 

Rekecca Fuknace, and p-o. Botetourt co. 
Va., 22U ms. n. w. W. C. 

Reiieiisburg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., 12 ms. e. 
Bellefonte, the co. seat, and 93 ms. n. w. Har- 
risburg. 

Rectortown, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 
53 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Red Bank, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Arm- 
strong CO. Pa., 20 ms. N. Kittanning, the co. 
Bt,, and by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Red Bird, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Clay 
CO. Ky., 10 ms. sthrd. Manchester, the co. st., 
and 125 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Red Bridge, p 0. Hawkins co. Ten., 10 
ms. s. w. Rogersville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
254 ms. a little e. of n. Nashville. 

Reddies, or Reddy's river, and p-o. Wilkes 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 188 m.s. a little n. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Redfield, p-t. OswtL'o CO. N. Y., 30 ms. 
N. Rome, 142 n. w. Albany, s. Jeflrer.son co., 
w. Lewis CO. ; Cms by i4 ; is crossed in the 
s. by Salmon r. wliich (lows into lake Ontario, 
and a branch flows soulli through the middle, 
which furnish mill scats. The soil is good, 
bearing a variety of timber, and the surface 
nearly level, ^^op. 1830, 341 



Pop. 1830,2,983. 

Red Mountain, p-o. Orange co. N.C. by p-r. 
38 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Red River. There are several streams in 
the U. S. which bear this name, and follow- 
ing the geographical relative positions we 
have pursued in this treatise they stand in the 
following order. 

Red r. of Ky. and Ten. has its sources in 
Christian, Todd, Logan and Simpson coun- 
tics of the former state, and vyhich flowing 
soutli'rd. enters a stream which originates 
in Summer co. Ten., and which, flowing 
wstrd. under the name of Red r. traverses 
Robertson and Montgomery cos. Ten. falls 
into Cumberland r. at the bend near Clarks- 
ville. Red r. has interlocking sources with 
Big Barren and Muddy r. branches of Green 
river. 

Red r. of Ky. rises in Morgan co. and flow- 
ing thence wstrd. over Montgomery, falls into 
the right bank of Kentucky r. between Clark 
and Estill counties. 

Rrd r. great sthrn. constituent of As- 
siniboin r. {See Red river, article Assiniboin, 
p. 32.) . . . 

Red r. great sthwstrn. branch of Mississippi 
r., has its remote sources in the mountainous 
prairies of N. Mexico,betwoen the sources of 
Canadian Fork of Arkansas and those of Rio 
Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico, and between 
25° and 33° long. w. W. C. From its source 
through 1 1 degrees of long, the general course 
is very nearly E. From the 23d degree to 
17° 30' w. W.C. the channel forms the boiin- 
dary between the U'. S. and Te.xas, and with 
long. 17° 30' it inflects to s. e. and becomes 
entirely a stream of the U. S., traverses a 
small angle of Ark. and thence entering La. 



arlv level, fov- loou, j-*i. pj. ...... ^"^'-^ ~- „„ , ' • 

Red HiLi., Moultonborough, Grafton co. over which it winds 30 J ms. by comparative 
N. H., at ihe n. end of Winnipiseogee lake, | course to its final discharge into Missussippt 
commands the fmcst view of that beautiful j at n. lat. 31° 01', long W.c. 14° 40' w Ihe 
sheetof water, and the surrounding coumry, higher volume ol Red r. is formed by two 
for a great distance. It has a small stream! main branches. Red river proper, and l-aUe 
N., Great Squam lake w.. Long Pond and | Ouachitta, both rising m New Mexico, and 



Winnipiseogee lake s. Iron ore is found in 
the N. Bluff', and bog iron ore in a brook be- 
low it. 

Red Hii.r., p-v. sthrn. part of Kershaw 
dist. S. C. 16 ms. sthrd. Camden, and by p-r. 
49 ms. N. E. by e. Columbia. 

Red House, p-o. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 
112 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Red House, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 
75 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Red Hook, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
N. Poucfhkeepsie, 20 s. Hudson, s. Columbia 
CO., e. Hudson r.,ha8 a rich loam, more mix- 
ed svitli clay near the river, well cultivated, 
and varying in surface. It is crossed by 
SawkiU, which aflords good mill scats. There 



flowing about 35:J ms. before their junction. It 
is remarkable that in all its course of upwards 
of 1,100 ms. Red r. receives no tributary 
of any consequence worthy of notice, but from 
the north, beside False Ouachitta, and be- 
low that stream comes in in succession Blue 
r., Kirnitchie, Vasseux and Little r. of the n. 
above La., and in the latter state, Dacheet, 
Black r.. Saline, and Ouachitta. (See Qua. 
chilta.) Rcd'r. partakes in some measure 
with Arkansas, the character of a stream of 
the desert. Along the immense inclined plain 
between Missouri proper, and the Gulf of 
Mexico, in the summer and autumn seasons, 
the moisture and herbage are alike dried up. 
The beds of the streams, a few months be- 



RED 



468 



RED 



fore replenished to overflowing, become in 1 bayou Rapide issues to the right, and so call' 
great part dry sandy lines. At no season, ed from again meeting the main river at 
however, does Red r. where passing the rap- 1 the rapids near Alexandria. With the out- 
ids at the town of Alexandria in La. and where let of bayou Rapide, properly speaking, the 
the whole of its volume is confined to one [unity of Red river is destroyed to be restored 
bed, answer to the great comparative length 'no more, as in the natural state of the coun- 
ofits course, but this phenomenon is explain-] try at high water outlets flowed from bayou 
ed by a feature, as far as I know the natural! Rapide itself,the waters of which flowed down 
history of rivers,peculiar to Red r. Some dis-jthe bayou Boeuf and were conveyed into At- 
tance below where it bends to s. e. and enters chafalaya by several channels. These issues 
La. it divides into numerous channels, spread- [from bayou Rapide have been embanked, and 
ing their mazes over an elliptical region ofi by the aid of art the whole of Red river is 



low land between the retiring hill 
tract is about 70 ms. in length with i 
varying from one to 8 or 10 ms. It is one 
immense intricacy of interlocking water cour. 
ses, but without any direct continuous chan- 
nel. From personal observation . tlie writer 
of this article is inclined to the theory that 
this very recent alluvial tract was once a lake. 



This I made to pass Alexandria. The solid pine 

width! wood land indeed reaches the bank on the 

left directly opposite Alexandria, but on the 

right a few ms. below, outlets commence 

which have their recipient in Atchafalaya. 

A recent revolution at the mouth of Red r. 
ought not to be passed over in silence. 
Where it entered the Mississippi, the latter 



which the abrasion of the river against itslby a long curve, first to the west, thence 
banks has at length filled with earth. But'sthrd. and abruptly back to the east formed a 
what is at the same time in an extraordinary peninsula which about 5 ms. a little s. of b. 
degree remarkable, is the fact that the same j from the mouth of Red r. had not quite a mile 
cause which filled the river lake with deposit I in breadth in 1800, and was continually less- 
created numerous others. The various crs.iening. The actual breach of this isthmus 
or small rivers flowing in between tlie hills [was long foreseen, and actually took place in 
on each side have now become lakes. Their [1831. With slight cutting the river was made 
channels and bottoms from hill to hill, for a dis- to act upon the yielding soil, and now Red r. 
tanceof from 10 to 30 ms. backwards have 'has its mouth 5 ms. above where it formerly 
been supplied with water, which cannot now; existed. This may seem contrary to the 
all escape as their outlets towards the Red I laws of nature, as water would naturally fall 
river have become so many embankments. It like other bodies when left free, but exactly 
is true, the water in these new lakes rises similar phenomena took place at the mouths of 
and falls with the floods of the main stream, the Yazoo and Homochitta riveis, which, when 
In latter summer and autumn much of their the bends were cut and the outlets oi' the riv- 
valleys become green meadows, supplied withiers changed, the mouths were formed at the 
succulent herbage ; but as the immense vol- j upper and not as might have been expected 
ume of Red river pours down in winter and at the lower end of the cut. Red river it is 
spring, a reflux takes place and the river^wa-j generally supposed would flow down the Al- 
ter pours rapidly into these great natural re- chafalaya, if the commurncatioa between it 
servoirs, and contributes by this flux and re-! and Mississippi was interrupted, but an irre- 



flux to most effectually equalize the dischar 
of Red river. The Ouachitla aird its conflu- 
ents present similar features. [See lakes Bis. 
tineau, Bodcau, Catakoola, ^c.) 

What is called " The Raft," in Red river, 
has been thus formed, and "to call it a raft in 
the true intent of the term is a very deccp 



sistible barrier to a permanent stream pass- 
ing down the Atchafalaya, may be seen sta- 
ted at the head of that article, and stated from 
personal observation on the spot. Here is 
also the place to notice another error which 
has been sanctioned by official document. It 
has been stated that changing the bed of Red 



tive misnomer. I have personally surveyed river has drained ^00,000 acres of pine land, 
both the lakes of Red r. and the Atchafalaya] Any person acquainted at all with the respec- 
raft, and found that of the latter to be a raft j tive features of La. knows perfectly well that 
in the literal sense of the word ; but between 'pine land is never overflowed, and they know 
it, and the thicket islands and lake like | also, th:it before they could be overflowed the 
channels of Red river above Grand Ecor, j whole delta would be many feet under water. 
there is nothing in common. [See Ate ha fa- [The pine lands and delta touch, but no two 



laya.) At Grand Ecor 4 ms. above the town 
of Natchitoches, the whole volume of Red 
river is united ; but in less than half a mile 
below, again separates, the Rigolet de Bon 
Dieu issuing from the left, and does not again 
enter the main stream for upwards of 30 ms., 
in which distance it receives Black and Sa- 
line rivers from the north. The main stream 
also which passes the town of Natchitoches is 
subdivided into numerous channels.. Below 



species of soil however distant can differ 
more specifically, and besides, the pine tracts 
are every where elevated above any influence 
from aimual floods from the Mississippi or 
any of its confluents. 

Red River, iron works and p-o. Estill co. 
Ky. by p-r. 75 ms. s e. by e. Frankfort. 

Red Shoals, p-o. Stokes co. N. C. by p^r. 
T43»ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Red Sulphur Springs, and p-o. on Indian 
cr. in the wstrn. part of Monroe co. Va. by 



tiie rejimction of the Rigolet de Bon Dieu, the 

river is once more for three or four miles uni- 1 p-r. 240 ms. w. Richmond. 

ted in one channel, but again dividing, the 



REN 



469 



RHE 



Rkkd'sborougu, t. Bennington co. Vt., 12 
ms. 8. E. Bennington, 18 s.w. Brattleboro', n. 
Kowe,IVIass., is quite mountainous, with large 
tracts of useless land. Decrfield r. forms 
the E. boundary, and a branch crosses the t. 
Both afford mill seats. Pop. 1C30, CG2. 

Reed's Mills, sthrn. part of Jackson co. O. 
by p-r. 8G ms. s. e. e. Columbus. 

Reed'sville, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by 
p-r. 213 ms. s. w. by vv. Raleigh. 

Reedtovvn', p-v. Seneca co. O. by p-r. 90 
ms. nrthrd. Columbus. 

Reedy Fork, p-o. on Reedy Fork r. nrtlirn. 
part of Guilford co. N. C. by p r. 92 ms. n. w. 
by w. Raleigli. 

Reedy Fork, r. and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Greenville district, S. C. by p-r. 119 ms. n.w 
Columbia. 

Rekdy Spring, p-o. Campbell co. Va. by 
p-r. 196 ms. s. \v. W. C 

Rees' Cross Roaus, p-v. Woodford co. Ky. 
12 ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

Regmer's Mills, and p-o. Washington co. 
O. Ill ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Rehnersburg, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Berks ro. Pa. 25 ms. n. w. Reading and by 
p-r. 38 N. E. by e. Harrisburg. 

Rehoboth, Bristol co. Mass. 37 ms. s. w. 
Boston, E. Sekonk r. or R. Island, is nearly 
level, with a few gentle hills; settled U)43 by 



that r. affords a communication between Troy 
and the Erie canal. Fine steamboats owned 
here, regularly ply to New York ; and there 
is a large amount of business carried on by 
sloops, as well as by canal boats. Iloosac r. 
enters the co. from Mass., and receiving Lit. 
tie Hoosac cr., Wallomsac and Toinhanoc 
crs., after a crooked course, falls into Hudson 
r. in the n. Poesten kill joins the Hudson at 
Troy, after supplying valuable mill seats. 
There are several other streams of less im- 
portance. The ancient estate of Rensse- 
laerwyck included all this co. except the 3 
N. towns, together with the co. of Albany, and 
was early settled. It was 24 ms. wide on the 
Hudson, 42 long, and jiurchased and granted 
between 1630 and 1649. The county is tran- 
sition, except a little secondary. Roofing 
slate, some iron ores, <Slc. are found in dilier- 
ent places. Under the patronage of Stephen 
Van Renssalaer, Esq. who bears the ancient 
title of patroon of Rensselaerwyck, a plan of 
public instruction has been in operation here, 
of a practical nature, by which useful knowl. 
edge is furnished to young men in agricul- 
ture, as well as in other branches : a central 
instution being established at Troy, with a 
iarm, which operates in diflerent ways in oth- 
er parts parts of the co. There are cotton 
factories at Lansingburgh, Scaghticoke, Hoo- 



Rev. Samuel Newman and part of his church! sac, Troy, Nassau, Pittstown ; and a few wool- 
from Weymouth, Mass. In 1646 the Indians! len in dili'erent places. There are two roll- 
burnt 40 dwellings and 30 barns. Anawau's! ing mills and nail factories 2 ms. s. Troy, 
rock was the wild and secluded retreat of king! on Wynant's kill : at the Albany nail factory 
Phihp's principal chief. After the death of 450 tons are made in a year ; and at the Troy 
the latter, and the death or capture of his oth- factory 1,000 tons, partly into spikes. Pop. 
er captains, Anawan was surprized here by 1820, 40,153 : 1830,49,424. 
Capt. Church. Pop. 1830, 2,459. Rensselaer, v. Berlin, Rensselaer co. N. 

Reidstown, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r. Y. 12 ms. e. Albany. 
95 ms. N. w. Columbia. Rensselaerville, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 

Reidsville, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C. by 24 ms. s. w. Albany, n. Greene co., e. Scho- 



p-r. 103 ms. n. w. by w, Raleigh 

Reiley, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. s. 
w. by w. Columbus. 

Reisterstown, p-v. Baltimore CO. Md. 15 
ms. N.w. Baltimore. 

Remsen, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 90 ms. w,. n. 
w. Albany, 20 n. Utica, s. Lewis co., w. Her- 
kimer CO., is crossed by Black r. running w., 
and has Cincinnati cr. s. The e. line is part. 
ly formed by W. Canada cr. and there are oth- 
er streams which also supply mill scats. The 
surface is uneven and the soil generally 
good. First settled 1793. The v. is on Cin- 
cinnati cr. 16 ms. n. Utica, 55 Johnstown. 
Waters risnig but i m. apart, flow into Black 
r. and W. Canada cr. Pop. 1830, 1,400. 

Rensselaer CO. N. Y. bounded by Wash- 
ington CO. N., Vt. and Mass. e., Columbia co. 
s., Hudson r. w. which separates it from Al- 
bany and Saratoga cos., and contains 572 1-2 
sq. ms. and 14 tsps. There are high hills e. 
and the surface is generally broken, with 
large valleys and some fine meadows. The 
soil is various, as are the forest trees. Troy, 
one of the most flourishing cities in the state, 
is in this co., and is at the head of sloop nav 



harie co., about 8 ms. by 8 1-2, with 68 sq. 
ms., is rough with some high hills of the Cats- 
berg range, and large, fertile valleys. It is 
crossed in the s. w. by Cattskill creek, whose 
branches supply many mill seats. The land 
is generally leased. The v. on Ten Mile cr. 
is in the n. e. 23 ms. w. s. w. Albany, 10 ms. 
from Cattskill cr. Preston Hollow is a v. 
s. w. 30 ms. Albany, and 26 Cattskill, Pot- 
tersville is 2 ms. w. of this. Pop. 1830, 
3,685. 

Republican Grove, and p-o. Halifax co. 
Va. by p-r. 149 ms. s. vv. Richmond. 

Reynoldsburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Hum- 
phries co. Ten. by p-r. 78 ms. w. Nashville. 
It is situated on the right bank of Tennessee 
r. N. lat. 36° 05', long. W. C. 11° 04' w. 

Rhea, co. Tenn. bounded by Iliwassee r. 
separating it from the Indian country s., Ham- 
ilton CO. s. w., Waldcn's ridge separating it 
from Bledsoe w. and n. w.. Roan n. e., and 
MacMinn s. E. Length from s. w. to n. e. 36 
ms. ; breadth 26, and area 926 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° 25', long. 7° 54' w. W. C. Tennessee 
r. enters on the nrthestrn. border.and winding 
over the co. in a sthwstrn. direction divides 



igation in Hudson r. ; the great dam across | it into two unequal sections, and opposing 



^ 



RHO 



470 



RHO 



slopes. The larger section is to the n. w. 
falling from Walden's ridge. Chief t. Wash- 
ington. Population 1820, 4,215, and in 1830, 
8,186. 

Rheatown, p-v. in the estrn. part of Greene 
CO. Ten. 10 ms. e. Greenville, the co. st. and 
by p-r. 283 ras. e. Nashville. 

Rhinebeck, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 67 ms. 
s. Albany, 17 n. Poughkeepsie, e. Hudson r. 
on the banks of which are landings, and by 
which considerable trade is carried on with 
New York, &lc. Mill seats are found on 
Landtnian's and Crom Elbow crs. The name 
is formed by a combination of those of river 
Rhine in Europe, and Beekman, one of the 
earliest purchasers. The first settlements 
were made by Germans. The land is rather 
uneven e. and level w., with a fertile plain 
in the middle, where is the village of Rhine- 
beck Flats. Wertemburg s. e. has a light 
Boil. Sepascat lake though small yields fish. 
Pop. in 1830, 2,938. 

Rhode Island, one of the U. S., and the 
smallest state in the union, is bounded n. and 
e. by Mass., s. by the Atlantic ocean, and w. 
by Connecticut. It lies between 41° and 42° 
N. lat., and between 3° 11' and 4° e. long. 
W. C. — being about 42 ms. long from n. to s. 
and 29 ms. wide, and embracing an area of 
1,225 sq. ms. of which 130 sq. ms. are includ- 
ed in Narragansett bay. The territory now 
comprehended in the state of Rhode Island, 
was found by the first English settlers, chiefly 
in possession of the Narragansett Indians, 
from whose language the present names of 
many places, rivers, &c. have been derived. 
The w. boundary was the dividing line be- 
tween this nation and the Pequods of Connec- 
ticut. The Wampanoags, a branch of the 
latter, inhabited the n. e. parts of the state, 
about Bristol ; and their chief, Metacom, or 
Philip, involved the colonies in a most danger- 
ous and destructive war, between 1675—77. 
A rude map of Mass. bay, which embraces 
the coast of R. I., was published in London in 
1634, by a Mr. Wood. The first settlement 
by white men was made in 1636, by Rev. 
Roger Williams, who had been banished from 
Mass. colony for his peculiar religious opin- 
ions. He was followed by many others, who 
with him laid the foundation of the fine city 
of Providence. In 1638, Mr. Coddington and 
17 others being persecuted in Mass. on ac- 
count of their religious tenets, followed Roger 
Williams, and settled at Newport. In 1644, 
a charter was obtained for both the settle- 
ments. In 1647 was held the first general 
assembly, when the executive power was 
confided to a president and 4 assistants. In 
1663 a new charter was granted by Charles 
II. which with a few changes has formed the 
basis of the government until the present 
time. One of the earliest acts of hostility 
against the British, before the revolutionary 
war, was committed in this state, whose in- 
habitants took an active part in that struggle. 
The island of Rhode Island was for some 
time jn possession of the enemy. The con- 



stitution of the U. S. was adopted by this state 
in 1790, after it had received the assent of all 
ilie others. The state government still pro- 
ceeds under its colonial charter granted in 
1663, by Charles II. The legislative and ex. 
ecutive departments are mixed. The legis- 
lature consists of a senate and house of repre- 
sentatives. The senate is composed of the 
governor, lieut, governor, and 10 counsel- 
lors. There are 72 representatives, elected 
by the people semi-annually. The legislature 
convenes 4 times a year. The salary of the 
governor is ^400, of the lieut. gov. ^200, 
of the secretary of state $750 and fees. The 
judiciary is vested in a supreme court of 3 
judges, and a courtof common pleas for each 
of the 5 counties, each court consisting of 5 
judges. These judges are annually appoint, 
ed by the legislature. The right of suffrage 
is universal. 

The surface of the state is varied, but there 
are no mountains. About one tenth is water, 
which is a greater proportion than in any oth- 
er state in the Union. The s. w. part of the 
state, and the valley of the Narragansett r. 
have a large proportion of level land. There 
are many hills, as Mount Hope in Bristol, 
llopkins's hill in W.Greenwich, and Woon- 
socket hill in Smithfield; and much of the 
land is uneven and rocky. The soil on the 
continental part of Rhode Island is tolerably 
fertile, though its cultivation requires much 
labor. It is well adapted to many kinds of 
fruit trees. On the islands it is slaty and 
more productive. Some iron ore, marble, 
and free stone are found in different places', 
and there is a mine of anthracite coal on the 
isl. of Rhode Island, which is not worked. 
There is much good pasture land, and grain, 
and orchards are successfully cultivated. Ag- 
riculture is, however, generally much less 
flourishing than in the adjacent states — com- 
merce and manufactures absorbing more the 
attention of the inhabitants. The island of 
Rhode Island, has been celebrated for its 
beautiful, cultivated appearance, abounding 
in smooth swells, and being divided with great 
uniformity into well tilled fields. Oak, wal- 
nut, chestnut and other trees are abundant in 
some parts of the state. The climate much 
resembles that of Mass. and Conn, in its salu- 
brity — the parts of the state adjacent to the 
sea are favored with refreshing breezes in 
sunmier, and in winter are the most mild. 
The rivers are small, but some of them afford 
excellent sites for manufactories ; particular- 
ly the Pawtucket or Blackstone r. l^tlie largest 
in the state) the lower part of whose course 
lies along the e. boundary. Among the nu- ~ 
merous factories on this r. and its branches 
are the following ; at Mannsville, 11 miles 
above Providence, 2 for cotton, with 7,000 
spindles ; on Peter's r. 5 ms. above, 2 built 
of stone, with 25,000 spindles ; on Mill r. i 
m. further, 2 of wood, with 600 spindles; at 
Woonsocket falls, about 20,000 spindles, &c. 
At the latter place are also 2 machine shops, 
a foundry, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Wai- 



RHO 



471 



RHO 



I Recapitulation. Wliites. Free col'il. Slaves Total- 

9:),62l 3,564 14 97,199 

- - • , , . , - . ,u I Rhode Island is the most manufacturing 

are Narraganscttbay, which penetrates north g^^jj^,^ ^f ^,^3 u. S., in proportion to its popu- 



ter is abundant in the state, and is extensive- 
ly applied to use. The chief bays of R. I. 



into the state more than 30 ms. andisnaviga 
ble by large ships up to Providence : it con 
nects several good harbors with the ocean 



lation. The manufactures are mostly of cot- 

ton ; though there are many of woollen, cor- 

„ , •^. . , • . r dage, drilling, &c. At Newport is a manu- 

But the most important m a naval pomt otj^^^j^^y ^f l^^^g_ Upon Woonsockct falls alone 



view is Newport harbor, which is accessible 
in the most unfavorable wirids on the coast, is 
safe from storms, and strongly protected by 
forts of the U. S. A variety of fish is obtain- 
ed from the coves, bays, <fec. Several use- 
ful turnpike roads lead in different directions ; 
and the principal route of travelling between 
New York and Boston, during the months 



are more than 20 different factories, produc- 
ing between two and three millions of yards 
annually. Warwick is a flourishing manufac- 
turing town, and Pawtucket has by far tho 
largest manufactories in the state. The com- 
mercial prosperity of the state has kept pace 
with its manufactures. The amount of ship, 
between 40 and 50,000 tons. The 



when navigation is unimpeded, has been for' j^^g^nt of imports for the year ending Sept. 
several years by the Providence steamboat; ^gso, according to the report of the secretary 

and stage coach line. Regular packets ply - ■ 

between the principal ports of R. I. and of 
other states ; and an important foreign trade 
is carried on, principaWy from Providence, 
(nee Providence) the merchants of which city 
have been engaged in an extensive commerce 
with Canton. Tlie Blackstone canal lies part- 
ly in this state. A rail road is to be construc- 
ted from Providence to Boston, for the trans- 
portation of passengers and merchandize. 
(See Boston and Providence rail-road, under 
the head of Rail-Roads.) Several islands of 
some importance belong to this state : the 
principal of which are Rhode Isl., Conanicut, 
Prudence, and Block isls. 



of the treasury, was $488,756 ; exports, for- 
eign, ^71,985 ; domestic, f 206,965 ; total ex- 
ports ^278,950. Tonnage entered 16,676 ; 
departed 14,094. In no part of the U. S. has 
banking been carried on to such an extent as 
in R. I. There are in this small state, 51 
hanks, with an aggregate capital of $6,723,- 
296. Common schools were not early estab- 
lished and aided by legislative support in R. 
I. as in most of the N. E. states ; though the 
interests of education have not been neglect- 
ed. There are now but 323 public schools, 
with 17,034 pupils; toward the support of 
which the state pays about $10,000 annually. 
There are flourishing academies in several 



Rhode Island IS divided into 5 counties, j pieces in R. I. Brown University was orig- 
Providence, Newport, Washington, Kent, i„„lly founded at Warren, in 1764, whence it 
Bristol, and 31 towns, of which Providence isLvas removed in 1770 to Providence. [See 
the largest. The population of the state nt\ Providence.) The religious denominations of 
several periods has been as follows: in 1790, uhig state are various. There are 16 Baptist 
68,825; 1800, 69,122 ; 1810, 76,931; 1820, Lhurches, 12 ministers and 2,000 communi 
CQ ni;a or./1 Jv. lain o? iao . tu^ ♦..,„ i.,*f„..„„ .„,, . ,. ,' ,-.„, 



83,059 and in 1830, 97,199 ; the two latter as 
follows : 

Counlic-P, 1S20. 1800. 

Providonee, 30,769 47,018 

NewiKjit, 16,294' 16,535 

Wushinglon, M,962 15,411 

Kent, 9,834 12,789 

Bristol, r,.n72 .'5,4-16 

Of the population of 1830, were free white 
persons : 









Males. 


Females. 


Unilcr 5 years 


ofage 


6,733 


6,623 


From .') to 15 






11,186 


10,855 


15 t.> 30 






13,779 


14,737 


30 to 50 






8,891 


9,780 


50 to 70 






3,601 


4,765 


70 10 90 






1,115 


1,431 


90 and ii| 


wai 


ds 


28 


4 5 


Tot^ii 






l.-.,333 


48,288 


Free colored 


persons, 




Under lOyenrs 


of 


ago 


331 


358 


From lO to 24 






500 


593 


24 to 36 






3 '7 


445 


36 to 55 






239 


350 


55 to 100 






151 


266 


100 and 


iver 




3 


3 



Toi.d 



1,544 



Slaves, males 3 ; females 11. 



cants ; 10 Methodist preachers, and 1,100 
members ; 10 Congregational churches, 10 
ministers, and 1,000 communicants ; 2 Unita. 
rian societies and 2 ministers ; about 1,000 
Sabbatarian communicants ; 8 churches of 
Six-principle Baptists, and about 800 commu- 
nicants ; the Friends are numerous, and there 
is 1 Roman Catholic church, and some Uni- 
versalists, &c. &,c. 

Rhode Island, isl. Newport co. R. I. about 
3 1-2 ms. by 15, has a good soil, excellent in 
some parts, an agreeably varied surface, well 
cultivated and presenting a fine agricultural 
aspect. The fields are generally divided by 
excellent stone walls. The isl. contains the 
townships of Newport, Middletownand Ports- 
mouth ; and with several adjoining islands, 
forms the co. of Newport. It has Narragan- 
sett bay w., the e. Passage e. and Mount 
Hope bay n. which abound with fish. A mine 
of anthracite coal has been wrought to some 
extent in the n. part of the isl., but is not now 
used. The s. w. extremity of the isl. projects 
350 1 in such a manner as to protect the harbor of 
Newport on the e. and s. with its high ground. 
Towards the ocean it presents a lofty and pre- 
cipitous bluff, where the waves often dash 
2,020 tumultuously ; yet a considerable tract of 
land there possesses a deep and fertile soil of 



White persons, deaf and dumb 48 ; blind 57; : great value. Easton's bay,with a fine beach, 
ens 1,103. 



aliens 



RIC 



472 



RIC 



indents the s. ehore and nearly isolates the 
8. w. corner of the iel. While Newport was 
occupied by British troops, the American lines 
were for a time drawn across the neck of the 
peninsula, from Tamony hill to the beach. 

RiCEBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Liberty co. Geo. 
34 nis. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 202 ms. s. 
E. Milledgeville. N. lat. 31° 43', long. W. C. 
4° 30' w. 

Ricii Creek SpRiNo.and p-o. nrthestrn. part 
of Richland dist. S. C. by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. Co- 
lumbia 



ms. N. lat. 34°, and long. 4° w. W. C. in- 
tersect at Columbia, the co. st. and st. of go- 
vcrnment of the state. The general slope 
to the s. s. E. in the direction of its bounding 
rivers. Much of the soil of this district is 
amongst the best in S. C. Pop. 1820, 12,321, 
and in 1830, 14,772. 

Richland, co. of O. bounded s. by Knox, 
Marion s. w., Ciaw/ord w., Huron n., Lorain 
N. E., Wayne e., and Holmes s. k. It is a 
sq. of 30 ms. ; area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
46', long. 5° 33' w. W. C. The northern bor- 



RicHARnsOKviLLE, p-o. Edgefield dist. S.'der extending along n. lat. 40°, and also 



C. by p-r. 77 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

RicHARDSviLLE, formerly Smith's tavern, 
p-o. Culpepperco. Va. by p-r. 71 ms. south- 
wstrd. W. C. 

RicHBORo', p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. by p-r. 158 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

RicHFiKLD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 72 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 13 n. w. Cooperstown, 18 s. w. 
Utica,4 ms. by 8,has ricrkimcrco. N. and w 
and Schuyler's, or Caniaderaga lake s. This 
affords one of the highest sources of Susque- 
hannah r. The t. is rather uneven, with ma- 
ny small streams, of which some in the n. w, 
flow into Unadilla r. ;has pretty good soil. It 
was first settled in 1791. Pop. 1830, 1,752. 

RicjiFiEi.D, P-V. Juniata co. Pa. by p-r. Gl 
niB. north wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Richfield, p-v. northeastern part of Medi- 
na CO. O. by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
of Richland tsp. 1830, 444. 

RiciiFORD, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 24 n. e. St. Albans, with 23,040 
acres; lies s. of the Canada line, and was 
chartered 1780. It is hilly e., and is crossed 
by Missisque r. which enters from Lower 
Canada, and flows from it into Ijerkshire, 
with rich meadows on its banks. It was first 
settled about 1790. Pop. 1830, 704. 

Richland, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. CO miles 
N. w. Utica, 27 n. w. Oswego v., s. Jefferson 
CO., E. lake Ontario ; has very good soil, 
more favorable to grass, bearing oak and 
chestnut, beech, &.c. near the lake, and a 
large tract of white pine e. with other trees. 
The surface is uneven. It is crossed by Sal- 
mon r., and has also Litie Sandy, Deer and 
Grindstone creeks, all which empty into the 



along the summit ridge between the valley of 
Ohio and that of Erie, merely gives source to 
creeks flowing towards the latter. The 
northwestern angle gives source to the high- 
er fountains of Sandusky, and along the wes- 
tern border rise the extreme sources of Scio- 
ta r. Though two sides are thus drained, the 
body of the co. including at least seven-eights 
of its surface, is drained by, and gives sourcS 
to, Mohicon branch of White woman's r., and 
slopes to the s. e. It is a comparatively ele- 
vated and level table land, which when com- 
pared with the known height, 7G8 feet of the 
water level at Coidiocton, at the mouth of 
White woman's r., the table land of Richland 
CO. must be l,Oi)0 feet above the Atlantic 
tides. The soil is generally good. Chief t. 
Mansfield. Pop. 1820, 9,169, and in 1830, 
24,006. 

Richland Hill, p-v. East Feliciana, parish 
of La. by p-r. i41 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Richland's P-O. Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 
202 rns. s.e. by e. Raleigh. 

Richmond, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 15 ms. s. 
by w. Augusta, s. Kennebec co., w. Kennebec 
r. Pop. 1830, 1,308. 

Richmond, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 70 ms. 
s. w. Concord, 72 n. n. w. Boston, 12 s. 
Keene, with 23,725 acres ; is watered by 
streams of Millers and Ashuelot rs. and has 
a pretty level surface, with a good soil. 
Settled from Mass. and R. I. about 1758. 
Pop. 1830, 1,302. 

Richmond, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 ms. s. 
e. Burlington, 24 n. w. Montpelier; first set- 
tled, 1775; deserted during the revolution ; 
is crossed by Onion r. which has meadows 



lake, and furnish mill seats. The village, 1 on its banks ; is joined by Huntington river, 
sometimes called Pulaski, is 27 ms. n. e. Os-1 flowing in from the s. Several other streams 
wego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. Salina, [afford mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,109. 
and 153 from Albany, is on Salmon creek 3ii Richmond, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 1.30 
ms. from the harbor at its mouth. The falls [ins. w. Boston, G w. Lenox, e. New York 
are just below. Great quantities of salmon state ; is in a pleasant and well cultivated 
and pickerel are caught here. There is a salt! valley, enclosed by the Taughkannuc mtns. 
spring near the borders of Salina. Pop. 1830, The principal street runs through the town n. 



2,733 

Richland, dist. S.C. bounded s. by Con- 
garee r. separating it from Orangeburg ;Con- 
gavee below, and Broad r. above Columbia, 
separating it from Lexington dist., n. Fair 



and s., and a w. branch of Housatonic river 
crosses the valley. Iron is taken from mines 
in this town, and wrought in Salisbury. Pop. 
1830, 844. 

Richmond, p-t. Washington co. R. I. 30 ms. 



field, and n. e. Kershaw, and e. Wateree, or s. 6. w. Providence, N.Charles r., e. Woodr., 
the lower Catawba. Length diagonally from about 6 ms. by 7, with 40 sq.ms. ; i6 gener- 
the junction of the Wateree and Congarec, lally uneven, with some level ground, and is 
to the extreme northwestern angle on Broad ^ watered by the above-mentioned streams, 
r. 50 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 600 sq. l with several of their branches. They join 



RIC 



473 



RIC 



below, and form Pawcatuck r. The town is 
well Bupplied with mill seats, some of which 
are occupied by manufactories. Pop. 1830, 
1,363. 

Richmond, go. N. Y. which embraces Sta- 
ten Island, is bounded by Newark bay and 



beautiful proportions and commanding po- 
sition. It has also an advantage in standing 
alone. Near the capitol are also the other 
public buildings for legal and political pur- 
poses. The public square is 8 acres in ex- 
tent, and enclosed with a substantial iron 



the Kills N., Hudson r. or the Narrows, be- railing. In Richmond, the Presbyterians, 



tween the outer and inner bays of New York 
E., Raritan bay s., and Staten Island sound 
w. The centre of it is about 11 ms. s. w. N 
Y. city. It is 14 ms. long, n. e. and s. w.. 



Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends, 
Roman Catholics and Jews, have their places 
of public worship. Of the churches, one called 
theMonumental church, belonging to the Epis- 



and the greatest breadth 8 ms. It contains i copalians, will long attract the spectator, and 



77 sq. ms. The s. end is in n. laf. 40° 29', 
and the w. 16' w. from N. Y. It contains 4 
towns, with an agreeably varied surface, and 
some good land, which enjoys the advantage 
of being near a market. The N. Y. quaran- 
tine station, with 3 hospitals, and the Sailors' 
Snug Harbor and the Sailors' Retreat are 
near the x. e. corner of the island, in a yjlea- 
sant situation. A little below, at the Nar- 
rows, there are fortifications on both sides 
for the defence of the entrance of N. York 
harbor. Forts Tomkins, Richmond and 
Hudson on this side. It is here 1,760 feet 
from land to land. A steamboat runs from 
N. Y. to the quarantine ; and the steamboats 
which ply between the city and New Jersey, 
touch at other points on the n. shore. There 
is a large dyeing establishment. The st. jus. 
is the village of Richmond. There are se- 
veral country housesof citizens on the island ; 
but fevers and agues have prevailed here 
within a few years. Pop. 1820, 6,135, 1830, 
7,082. 

Richmond, p. v. and st. jus. Southfield, 
Richmond co. N. Y. 156 ms. s. Albany, 12 s. 
N. Y. on Staten island, is three quarters of 
a mile from sloop navigation in the Fresh 
Kills. 

Richmond, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 232 ms. 
w. Albany, 16 s.w. Canandaigua, e. Hemlock 
lake and Livingston co. First settled, 1789, 
from Mass. It has Honeoye and Canadea 
lakes, with hilly and broken land. Allen's 
Hill village is in the n. e. corner. Pop. 1830, 
1,876. 

Richmond, p-v. in the estrn. part of North- 
ampton CO. Pa. by p-r. 13 ms. n. n. e. Easton, 
the CO. St., and 203 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Richmond, port, p-t. and st. jus. ITenrico co. 
and St. of government of Va. situated on the left 
bank of .Tames r., at the foot of its lowest falls, 
and head of tide water, by p.r. 122 ms. a lit- 
tle E. of s. s. w. W. C. N. lat. 37° 32', long. 
0° 27' w. VV. C. Whoever has seen the 
rounded hilly site of Baltimore, or indeed 
the northern part of Philadelphia, may have 
an idea of the rolling ground on which Rich- 
mond stands, except that the hills must be 
supposed higher and bolder in the latter 
case, than in either of the two others. A 
deep hollow ground divides Richmond into 
two unequal sections, the body of the city 
lying above this depression. The houses are 
neat rather than splendid. Amongst the 



command a melancholy interest. It is stand- 
ing on the site of a theatre which was, on the 
26ih Dec. 1811, consumed by tire, in which 
pcrfshed G. W. Smith, the governor of Va. 
and 71 other persons. A new theatre has 
been erected in another part of the city. This 
city contains also a state penitentiary, Lan- 
casterian school, orphan asylum, poor house, 
public library, and a musetnn. As a com- 
mercial depot, Richmond is a city of great 
and increasing importance. It was estab- 
lished in 1742 by an act of assembly, and in 
171iO, became the seat of state government, 
and has gradually gained in wealth and popu- 
lation. The seat of goverinnent always gains 
something from being so ; but it is only com- 
merce and manufactures that can create to 
any great extent a city. As early as 1794, a 
canal was completed along that part of James 
r. impeded by falls. This opened to tide 
water the fertile valley above, and 220 miles 
of navigable channel had its shores improved. 
In 1794, the canal tolls amounted to ^1,764; 
1800, to 12,324; 1805, 16,749 ; 1810,23,937 ; 
1815, 24,645, and in 1820, 29,245. Vessels 
drawing 15 feet water can ascend to within 
3 ms. below the city, and those of 7 or 8 to 
Rockets, or the port of the city. The almost 
uninterrupted health of Richmond has been a 
subject of true boast. " Richmond is one of 
the healthiest cities in the U. S., or perhaps 
in the world," says a writer of that place ; 
the annual amount of deaths on an average, 
is 1 in 85 : it has never been visited by yellow 
fever,or any violent or desolating disease. The 
progressive population of this place is, how- 
ever, the most conclusive proof of its ad- 
vance in physical and moral consequence. In 
1810, it contained 9,735 inhabitants ; in 1820, 
12,067, and in 18.30, 16.060. 

Richmond, co. Va. hounded n. w. and N. by 
Westmoreland, Northumberland e., Lancas- 
ter s. E., and Rappahannoc r. separating it 
from Essex s. w. and w. Length 25 miles, 
mean width 8, and area 200 sq. ms. Lat. 
37" 50', long. 0° 18' e. Chief t. Richmond 
C. House. Pop. 1820, 5,706, and in 1830, 
6,055. 

Richmond, C. H., p-o. and et. jus. Rich- 
mond CO. Va. by p-r. a little e. of s. W. C. and 
56 ms. n. e. by e. Richmond city. N. lat. 37" 
55', long. 0° 18'E. W.C. 

Richmond, co. of N. C. bounded by Marl- 
boro' dist. S.C. s., Yadkin r. separating it 



public edifices, the capitol has excited the from Anson co. N. C. w., Montgomery co.N. 
admiration of travellers for its chaste, yet | C. n., and Lumber river, separating it from 

60 



RID 



474 



RIP 



Moore n. e., Cumberland e., and Robeson s. e. 
Length 30 me., mean breadth 18, and area 
540 sq. ms. Lat. 35° n., and long. 2° 42' w. 
W. C. intersect in this co. Slope southward 
in the direction of its rivers. Little Pedee 
rises in its southern section, as do several 
creeks, which flow into S. C. Chief town 
Rockingham. Pop. 1820, 7,5-37, and in 1830, 
9,396. 

Richmond, co. of Geo. bounded s. b)' 
Mount Beans creek, separating it from Burke 
CO., Brier creek w. separating it from Jeffer- 
son, Columbia n. w., and Savannah r., sepa- 
rating it from Edgefield dist. S. C. e. Length 



of Saugatuck and Norwalk rs. There are 
several manufactories in the town, and some 
lime kilns. The land was purchased from 
the Indians in 1708. It is elevated, and Long 
Island sound is visible from different points ; 
14 ms. distant. The village is pleasantly sit- 
uated in the 1st society. Pop. 1830, 2,323. 

RiDOKviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part of Warrea 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 78 ms. s. w. by w. Colum- 
bus. 

RiDGEWAY, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 26 miles 

w. Bavaria, e. Niagara co. ; is crossed 

nearly through the centre by the ridge, and 

well watered by Onk Orchard and Johnson's 



from w. to e. 32 ms., mean breadth 12, and creeks with branches, and by Erie canal. 



area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 33° 25', and long. 5° 
w. W. C. intersect in this co. Though Brier 
creek, which forms its wstrn. boundary, flows 
8. E., the body of the co. has a slope almost 
exactly k. towards Savannah r. Chief town, 
Augusta. Pop. 1820, 8,608, and in 1830, 
11,644. 

Richmond, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 
194 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Ky. by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 27 s. 
8. E. Lexington, N. lat. 37° 43', long. 7° 13' 
w, W.C. Pop. 1830, 947. 

Richmond, p-v. Jefferson co. O. by p-r. 143 
ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Richmond, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 69 
ms. E. Indianopolis. 

Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Ray co. Mo. by 
p-r. 149 ms. above and n. w. by w. Jefferson, 
and 284 ms. in a similar course from St. 
Louis. 

Richmond Dale, p-v. in the southeastern 
angle of Ross co. O. by p-r. 58 ms. s. s. e. 
Columbus. 

Ridge, or Alluvial Way, a singular eleva- 
tion about 30 feet high, in the cos. of Gene- 
see, Monroe, and Niagara, N. Y. It extends 
about 78 ms. from Niagara r. almost to Ge- 
nesee r. nearly parallel to the s. shore of 
lake Ontario, about 139 feet above the level 
of its waters, which are from 8 to 10 miles 
distant, and is supposed to have been formed 
at some long past period, by its waves or cur- 
rents, when large tracts of country, now dry, 
were overflown. The ridge varies in breadth, 
and serves for the route of a good, level road, 
called the Ridge road, on which are several 
small villages. 

Ridge (The), p-v. near the extreme sthrn. 
point of St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 32 ms. s. 
E. Leonardstown, the co. st., and 95 ms. s. e. 
W.C. 

Ridge (The), p-y. in the eastern part of 
Edgefield district, S. C, by p-r. 40 ms. w. 
Columbia. 

Ridgebdhy, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
150 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Riugefield, p-t. Fairfield co.Conn., 70 ms. 
8. W.Hartford, 10 s. w. Danbury, 55 n. e. N. 
York city, touches N. York state w., is vari- 
ed by several ridges, with rocks of granite 
and limestone, and a good soil for grain and 
grass. Mill seats are supplied by branches 



which lies s. It has a varied surface, and 
variety of good soils. Oak Orchard cr. falls 
30 feet just below the intersection with the 
canal. Pop. 1830, 1,972. 

Ridge WAY, p-v. in the nrthestm. part of 
Jefferson co. Pa., by p-r. 165 ms. n. w* by v»'. 
Harrisburg. 

Riga, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 239 ms. w. by 
N. Albany, 11 w. s. w. Rochester, e. Genesee 
CO. ; with very good land ; is crossed by Black 
creek from w. to e., and 2 small branches. 
Black creek is navigable in boats to West 
Pulteney village. 

Riley, t. Oxford co. Me., e. Coos co. N. H,, 
71 ms. w. by n. Augusta, is very rough and 
mountainous, s. Speckled mtn. Pop. 1830, 
57. 

RiNDGE, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 56 ms. s. 
w. Concord, 20 s. e. Keene, 50 n. n. w. Bos- 
ton ; 5 ms. by 7 ; with 23,838 acres ; has a 
swelling surface, very good soil, formerly cov- 
ered with beech, maple, birch, hemlock, &c., 
and contains 13 ponds. Of these Manomon- 
ack, Emerson's and Perley's ponds flow into 
Miller's river of Mass., and Long, Grassy 
and Bullet, into Contocook r. a branch of the 
Merrimack ; the waters of those two great 
rivers being separated in one place only by a 
narrow ridge. Fish are abundant, and ren- 
dered these streams favorite resorts by In- 
dians. Iron ore is found in Rindge. First 
settled 1752. Pop. 1830, 1,269. 

RiNGOEs, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. New 
Jersey, 17 ms. n. Trenton. 

Ring's Mills, and p-o. Belmont co. O., by 
p-r. 129 ms. e. Columbus. 

Ripley, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 60 miles n. 
E. Augusta, w. Penobscot co. ; is crossed by 
the upper part of Sebasticook r. Pop. 1830, 
644. 

Ripley, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y„ 336 ms. 
w. Albany, 12 w. Maysville, s. lake Erie, E. 
Pennsylvania ; has a varied surface and soil, 
bearing oak, nut trees, maple, &c. It is cros- 
sed by Chatauque ridge, from 6 to 10 miles 
distant from the lake, with a gentle declivity 
of arable land towards the n., with a founda- 
tion of mica slate. The lands near the lake 
are very good, being alluvial, from 1 to 3 ms. 
wide. It is crossed by Chatauque creek of 
lake Erie, about 10 miles long. Pop. 1830, 
1,647. 
Ripley, p-v. on the right bank of Ohio riv- 



ROA 



475 



er, sthrn. part of Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 1 13 
ms. 3. 3. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 572. 

Ripley, co. Ind., bounded by Jefferson s., 
Jennings w., Decatur n. w., Franklin n., Dcai^ 
born E., and Switzerland s. e. Length 27 
ms., mean breadth 16, and area 432 sq. ins. 
N. lat. 39°, and long. 8° 15' w. W. C, inter- 
sect in this CO. The wstrn. part of this co. 
gives source to the extreme estrn. branches 
of the South fork of White r., and which flow 
wstrd. ; the residue is drained by cr*. flow- 
ing sthestrd. into Ohio r. Chief t. Versailles. 
Pop. 1820, 1,822, and in 1830, 3,989. 

KiPLEYViLLE, p-v. Huron CO. O., by p-r. 101 
ms. N. N. E. Columbus. 

Rip Point, Nantucket isl., Mass. The n. 
E. Point of the island at the end of Sandy 
Point. 

RiproN, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 26 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier ; has Middlebury river s., and is 
mountainous, rough, and with few inhabitants. 
Pop. 1830, 605. 

RiPTON, village, Huntington, Fairfield co.i 
Conn 



ROA 

'Pop7"l820,~7,¥95, and in 1830, 



t. Kingston. 
11,341. 

Roanoke, river of Va. and N. C. Taken 

in the utmost extent, Roanoke basin is the 
same as Albemarle, and includes the sub-ba- 
sins or vallies of Roanoke proper and Chowan 
r. The latter has been noticed under its ap. 
propriate head, and to which the reader is re- 
(erred. Advancing from s. to n. all the rivers 
beyond Roanoke, have their most remote 
fountains on the Atlantic side of Blue Ridge ; 
but with the Roanoke a new feature appears. 
The Blue Ridge is pierced by that stream, 
which derives its higher fountains from the 
main Alleghany chain in Montgomery county, 
Va., and within 8 miles of the main channel 
of New river, and at an elevation without es- 
timating the mtn. ridges, of at least 2,000 ft. 
Issuing by numerous creeks from this eleva- 
ted tract, and uniting into one stream near the 
border between Montgomery and Botetourt 
cos. it is here literally " The rapid Roan- 
oke," having at Salem in the latter co. fallen 
1,000 feet in little more than 20 ms. At Sa- 



Ris'iNG Sun, p-o. Philadelphia co. Pa., by lem the vvater level is 1,002 feet by actual 

admeasurement, above mean Atlantic tide. 
Below Salem the river inflects 20 ms. in an 
eastern course, to its passage through Blue 



p-r. 139 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Rising Sun, p-o. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 89 
ms. n. e. W. C. 

Rising Sun, p-v. on the right bank of Ohio 
r., and in the sihrn. part of Dearborn county, 
Ind., by p-r. 112 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

RiTcniEviLLE, p-v. Dinwiddle co. Va., by 
p-r. 42 ms. s. Richmond. 

RiTTERsviLLE, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., by p-r. 
181 ms. nrthestrd. W. C. 

RivEU Bank, p-v. Orange co. Va., by p-r. 
104 ms. s. w. W. C. 

RivERHEAD, t., St. jus. Suffolk CO. N. Y., 90 
ms. E. New York, 234 s. by k. Albany, on 
the N. side of Long Island, s. Long Island 
sound. It has Pequanic river and bay s., and 
Wading creek on a part of the n. w. boundary, 
where is a small harbor. One mile from the 
soun^ is a broken ridge ; in other parts the 
surface is a little varied, bearing pine, with 
some oak, &.c. Coasting vessels take wood 
and otber articles toJ>few York market ; and 
those of 70 tons can go to the mouth of Pe- 
quanic creek 2^ ms. from the C. H. There 
are 6 small villages. Pop. 1830, 2,016. 

River Styx, p-v. northern part of Medina 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Rives', p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Hall co. 
Geo., by p-r. 135 ms. nrthrds. MilledgevUle. 

RixEYViLLE, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 67 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. 

Roane, co. Ten., bounded s. by Monroe and 
MacMinn, s. w. Rhea, w. Bledsoe, n. w. Mor- 
gan, N. Anderson, e. Knox, and s. e. Holston 
r., separating it from Blount. Length 50 ms., 
mean breadth 15, and area 750 sq. ms. Lat. 
36'» N., and long. 7° 30' intersect in this coun- 
ty. Holston and Clinch rivers unite to form 
Tennessee river, very near the centre of this 



Ridge, and thence a. e. 25 ms. to its passage 
through South East mountain. Passing South 
East mountain between Bedford andPittsylva- 
nia COS., the now navigable volume sweeps 
by an elliptical curve to nrthrd. and round to 
s. E. 50 ms. comparative course to the influx 
of Dan river, entering its right side from the 
w. part. (See Dan river.) Below the junc- 
tion of these two rivers, the united waters in 
a course of a little s. of e. 60 ms. by compar- 
ative distance, reach tide water at Weldon, 
having fallen by a lengthened cataract over 
the primitive ledge. About midway between 
the influx of Dan river and Weldon, Roanoke 
leaves Va. and enters N. C Mingling with 
the tide, the Roanoke by a very tortuous chan- 
nel, but by comparative course flows s. e. 50 
ms., and thence estrd. 25 ms. to its junction 
with Chowan river at the head of Albemarle 
sound. (6'ee Albemarle sound.) The entire 
valley of Roanoke, if measured along the 
main stream or Dan r. is 250 ms., but the rs. 
wind over this space by channels of much 
greater length. By comparative courses it 
is 155 miles from Salem to Weldon, whilst 
from a report made by the Roanoke compa- 
ny, the intermediate channel is 244 ms. Tak- 
hese proportions, the length of this river 
by^ils meanders is about 400 ms. Including 
the whole Albemarle baeiu, it is 290 ms. from 
its outlet into the Atlantic ocean, to the foun- 
tains of Roanoke in Alleghany mtn., but with 
the Chowan and Dan vallies united to that of 
the principal river, the basin is comparatively 
narrow, being only 80 ms. where broadest, 
and not having a mean breadth above 50 ms., 



lessee river, very near me ceuuc ui i...o e, - ------ - 

county, and both the branches and the mam or an area exeeedmg 14,500 l^^^''- \\^ 
stream below their junction flow s. w. by w. not, however, us ^^'^^'''^^^''^'I'J'']'^^^^^ 
The nrthrn. section slopes sthrd. and is drain- terest to the Roanoke or Albemarle basm, 
ed by EmerJ's r. a braiich of Clinch r. Chief it is at once a fine physical section a.ul phys. 



ROB 



476 



ROC 



ical limit. The iliftlrence of arable level, 
amounts to at least 2,000 feet, and no two re- 
gions of the earth can differ in every feature 
more than do the truly beaiititid hills and 
vales, on each side of the Appalachian chaiiis, 
from the stagnant marshes and level plains 
towards the Atlantic ocean. Along the low- 
er Roanoke commences, advancing from the 
N. tlie profitable cultivation of cotton, the fig 
tree begins to appear, rice can be produced, 
and in summer tlie advance towards the tro- 
pics is felt, and very distinctly seen on vege- 
tation. Ascending the basin, the aspect of 
the northern states gradually appears, both on 
the features of nature and on cultivated veg- 
etables. Wheat, rye, and other small grain, 
with meadow grasses, and the apple, flourish. 
The summers are cooler, and the winters 
have the severity suitable to relative eleva- 
tion. Though the higher part of Roanoke is 
annually frozen, and for a shorter or longer 
period rendered unnavigable in winter, with 
lower Roanoke commences the region on the 
Atlantic coast where navigation remains open 
at all seasons. It is true that even Albemarle 
sound has been occasionally impeded with 
ice, but this phenomenon is rare. As a navi- 
gable channel following either branch, the 
importance of this basin is lessened by the 
shallowness o! Albemarle sound — an irremo- 
vable impediment. In the progress of im- 
provement, however, there is no doubt, but 
that by rail-road or canal, a water communi- 
cation will be opened direct from tide water 
below Weldon to Chesapeake bay. In its 
actual state the rivers are navigable for boats 
to Salem on the Roanoke, and to Danbury in 
N. C. by Dan r. This was effected by side 
canals, sluices and other artificial improve- 
ments. {See rail-roads. and canals.) 

Roanoke Bridge, and p-o. Charlotte co., 
Va., by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Roaring Cheek, p-o. Columbia co. Pa., by 
p-r. 77 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

RoBBiNSTON, p-t. Washington co. Me., 192 
ms. N. N. E. Augusta, is bounded e. by St. 
Croix r., and lies opposite St. Andrew's in 
New Brunswick. It has a few small ponds 
and streams. Pop. 1830, 6l6. 

RoBBSTOwN, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., on 
the right bank of Youghioghany river, 206 
ms. N. w. W. C. It is a small village of a 
single street along the r. bank. 

Robins, island, Southold, Suffolk county, 
N. York. 

Robertson, co. Ten., bounded e. by Sum- 
ner, Davidson s., Dickson s, w., Montgome- 
ry w., and N. by Logan and Simpson counties, 
Ky. Length 32 ms., mean breadth ilO, and 
area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 25' n., long. W. 
C. 9° 32' w. Slope s. w. and drained by Red 
r. and other smaller branches of Cumberland 
r. Chief tovra, Springfield. Pop. 1820, 9,- 
938, and in 1830, 13.272. 

Robertson, p-v. Giles co. Ten., by p.r. 67 
ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

Robertson's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania 
CO. Va., by p-r. 252 ms. s. w. W. C. 



Robert's Store, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., 
by p-r. 20 ms. w. Frankfort. 

Robf.rtsvii.le, p-v. Beaufort district, S .C, 
by p-r. 90 ms. wstrd. Charleston, and 160 ms. 
s. Ciolumbia. 

Robeson, co. N. C, bounded by Richmond 
N. w., Cumberland n. and n. e., East Fork of 
Lumber river separating it from Bladen e.. 
Lumber river separating it from Columbia s. 
E., Marion district S. C. s. w., and Marlboro' 
district, S. C, w. Length from s. to n. 50 ins., 
mean breadth 22, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 
34° 40', and long. W. C. 2° w. intersect in 
this CO. Slope sthrd. and drained in that di- 
rection by Lumber river, or the higher part 
of Little Pedee. Chief t. Lumberton. Pop. 
1820, 8,204, and in 1830, 9,433. 

Rochester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 30 ms. s. 
w. Montpelier, 20 s. e. Middlebury ; first set- 
tled soon after the revolutionary war ; is cros- 
sed by White r. from n. to s. which receives 
a branch near the centre, and both supply 
mill seats. The surface is mountainous, with 
much good soil. The village is on the enst 
branch of White r. ; 13 school districts. 

Rochester, p-t. Strafford co.N. II., 40 ms. 
E. Concord, 22 n. w. Portsmouth, 10 n. n. w. 
Dover, w. Salmon Falls river ; is divided by 
Cocheco river, and has a part of Isinglass r. 
s. near its junction with Cocheco r. Norway 
Plains, near the centre, is a considerable vil- 
lage, and a great thoroughfare on Cocheco r. 
Both the principal streams afford valuable wa- 
ter power. At the falls of Cocheco river is 
Squamanagoiinic village. The surface of 
the town is irregular, the soil generally good, 
with pine plains, some of which are favora- 
ble to corn, &c., and a tract of oak land w. 
A tract calUed Whitehall was burnt in 1761 
and '62, when the seasons were very dry, and 
the soil was ruined. Squamanagonnic hill is 
the principul elevation. Incorporated 1722; 
now contains 60,000 acres ; first settled 172!{ ; 
was a frontier town till 1760, and suffered 
much. 29 soldiers from this town died in the 
revolution. Pop. 1830, 2,115. 

Rochester, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 48 ms. 
s. Boston, n.. Buzzard's bay, is crossed by 
Mattapoiset r. whose branches rise in ponds 
here and in Middleboio'. This stream empties 
into Mattapoiset harbor, which puts up from 
Buzzard's bay. Sipican r. also flows into a 
small bay, after passing through several 
ponds. The soil is poor, and the inhabitants 
scattered. Pop. 1830, 3,556. 

Rochester, p-t. and st. jus. Ulster co. N. 
Y. 16 ms. s. w. Kingston ; has Shawangunk 
mtns. s. E., and Rondout creek w., with se- 
veral of its branches, which afford mill seats. 
It has pretty good land. Population, 1830, 
2,420. 

Rochester, p-v. in Gates and Brighton 
tsps. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. w.n. w. AU 
bany, 63 e. Lockport, 77 e. Lewiston, 7 s. 
Charlotte, is the most populous and impor- 
tant village in the state. It stands on the w. 
side of Genesee r. at the falls of that stream, 
and at the end of the great aqueduct of the 



ROC 



477 



ROC 



Erie canal. The rail-road which was con- 
structed in 1832, to the toot of the falls, and 
head of navigation of Genesee r., to wiiicli 
vessels come up from lukeOntario, terminates 
here. The growth of tiiis place was remark- 
ably rapid, and caused by the opening of the 
canal, which aflbrded a channel of transporta- 
tion, and encouraged the maiuifaclure of flour. 
The river is now lined on both sides with flour 
mills, many of them of immense size, and 
constructed in the most substantial manner, 
being abundantly supplied with water power 
from the river. The village is ornamented 
with many fine buildings, public and private. 
In 1812 there were but 2 or 3 dwelling 
houses, of an inferior description, on the 
place now the seat of a large population, and 
of an active and lucrative business. The 
aqueduct of the Erie canal is built of hewn 
stone, and has 9 arches, each of ."SO ft. chord, 
with an arch of 40 feet chord over the mill 
canal on each side. A navigable feeder here 
joins the canal from above the falls. The 
fall in Genesee r. at Rochester, is 92 feet. 
The flour mills, and the amount of flour 
made, increase from 15 to 20 per cent annu- 
ally. About 1,000 or 1,200 bis. of flour are 
now made daily ; and the mills could make 
1,500 or 1,800. The millers employ large 
capitals, and frequent advaiices are made by 
them on the crops before they are gathered. 
In 12 months, ending in 1832, there were 
240,000 barrels of flour manufactured in the 
village, and during the same period the 
amount paid for wheat by the millers amount, 
ed to ^1,160,000. The principal manufac- 
tures of the village are 







Amount 




Capital 


manutiictiired 




invested. 


auuurilly. 


Flouring mills, 


S28 1,000 


$1,331,000 


Cotton ^ooiis, 


50,000 


30,000 


Woollen do. 


70,000 


112,1.00 


Leallier, &c. 


25,000 


100,000 


Iron work, 


21,000 


46,000 


Rifles, &c. 


3,000 


5,000 


Soap and candles, 


6,000 


45,000 


Groceries, &c. 


21,000 


32,800 


Tobacco, 


4,500 


1£,000 


Pail, sash, &c. 


2,500 


12,000 


Boat building, 


11,000 


40,200 


Linseed oil, 


3,000 


4,000 


Globe building fnctoi 


les, 10,000 


15,000 



$511,000 SI, 857,000 

The trade of the village in lumber, beef 
and pork, pot and pearl ashes, butter, cheese, 
lard, wool, &.c. &lc. is very considerable. 
There are in the place 3 Presbyterian, 2 
Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 2 Friends, 1 Baptist, 
and 1 Roman Catholic churches ; 1 daily and 
5 weekly newspapers, and about 100 whole- 
sale and retail stores. Population 1830, 
9,2o7. 

Rochester, p-v. Warren co. O. by p-r. 81 
ms. s.w. by w. Columbus. 

Rochester, p-v. northern part of Oakland 
CO. Mich, by p-r. 43 ms. N. w. Detroit. 



Rock, r. imiiortant stream of Huron and 
II. having Its remote sources in the former at 
lat. 44°, long. 10° 40' w. W. C, and between 
lakes Huron and Winnebago. Flowing 
thence s. s. w. by comparative courses 100 
ms. between, and very nearly parallel to the 
two Fox rs. to the influx of Goosekehawn 
from the n. w. Goosekehawn {the river on 
which we live), has its source a few miles 
sthrd. of the Portage between Ouisconsin 
and Fox r. of lake Michigan. Rising on a 
flat, and in winter and spring, a generally 
very wet region, the Goosekehawn in most 
of its course is in reality a congeries of lakes, 
and is marked on the maps as the Four 
Lakes; general course s.e., length 50 miles. 
Below the mouth of Goosekehawn, Rock r. 
maintains its original course 50 miles to the 
influx of Sugar creek, or rather Peektano r., 
also from the n. w. The Peektano is the' 
most considerable branch of Rock r. and 
rises by munerous branches in Iowa co., Hu- 
ron, between the Miss, and Ouisconsin. 
Comparative length, about 100 ms., and ge- 
neral course to the s. e. Sugar creek and 
Peektano are separate streams in Huron, 
and do not unite until the latter has flown 5o' 
and the former 25 ms. in the northern part of 
II. The main stream also enters Illinois 
about 24 ms. above the mouth of Peektano. 
It may be remarked, that Rock r. in all its 
length receives no tributary from the left 
above the size of a large creek, and that be- 
low the Peektano in a comparative course of 
s.w. by w. 100 ms. it is augmented by no 
confluent of consequence. It falls into the 
Miss. r. in Rock Island co. at lat. 47° 27' 
after a comparative course of 250 ms. The 
utmost breadth of its valley, 110 ms., from the 
extreme sources of Peektano to those of 
Kishwaukee creek ; but being very narrow 
at both extremes, the mean width is about 30 
ms. and area 7,"i00 sq. ms. This valley has 
that of Fox r. of lake Michigan n., Fox r. of 
Illinois E., Illinois proper s. e., Miss. r. s. 
w. and w., and Ouisconsin n. w. it is yet 
but thinly peopled by whites in any place, 
and far the greatest part is wilderness. 

Rock creek, a small stream of Maryland, 
and of D. C. gains importance only as it se- 
parates the city of Washington from George- 
town. This creek has its extreme source 
about 4 ms. wstrd. Mechanicsville, Montgo- 
mery CO. Md. heading with the East branch 
of Potomac r. at an clevatiou above tide wa- 
ter at Georgetown of 50.) feet. The entire 
length of the creek, following its valley, is 
about 28 ms. The fall being upwards of 17 
feet to the mile, and that fall being in many 
places far above the mean, renders it an ex- 
cellent mill-stream. 

Rock and Cave, p-v. on Ohio r. extreme 
southeastern part of Gallathi co. II. by p-r. 
147 ms. s. s. *:. Vandalia, and2C ms. s. Shaw- 
neetown. This place takes its name trom 
enormous precipices of limestone rock, which 
rise from the western bank of Ohio r., and 
into which extend caves of unknown extent; 



ROC 



478 



ROC 



one of which yawns an immense and really 
awful opening, and when seen, as it was by 
the author of this article, exhibited a most 
imposing spectacle at the close of day. The 
walls were then, 1799, sculptured with innu- 
merable names. The adjacent country was 
then an uncultivated wild on both sides of 
the river. 

RocKAWAY, Hempstead, N. Y., on Long 
Island, 20 ms. from New York, a place re- 
sorted to for sea bathing. The beach which 
bears this name is extensive, partly in this 
town, and partly in Jamaica, and abounds in 
sea fowl, as the water does in fish. The sea 
beats up from the s. upon this beach, there 
being no protection against the waves ; and 
bathing is sometimes attended with conside- 
rable risk. 

Rockbridge, go. Va. bounded s. w. by Bo- 
tetourt, Alleghany co. w.. Mill, or more cor- 
rectly, Kittatinny mtn. separating it from Bath 
N. w., Augusta N. E., and Blue Ridge, sepa- 
rating it from Nelson n. e., Amherst e., and 
Bedford s. e. Lat. 37° 45', and long. 2° 30' 
w. W. C. intersect in this co. Slope sthwrd. 



Rock Hall, p-v. Kent co. Md. by p-r. 68 
ms. estrd. W. C. 

Rock Hill, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 56 
ms. nthrd. Phil. 

Rockhold's Store and p-o. Sullivan co. 
Ten. 327 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Rockingham, co. N. H. bounded by Straf- 
ford CO. N. and n. e., the Atlantic ocean e., 
Massachusetts s., Hillsboro' co. w., is the 
only maritime co. in the state. It is of an 
irregular triangular shape, about 30 ms. by 
50, and contains about 1,034 sq. ms. The 
surface is irregular, but without any more 
considerable eminences than Saddleback 
mtn.. Fort hill. Bean's hill and Catamount 
hill. Merrimack r. runs near the bounds of 
this CO. on the w. and s., and several streams 
flow hence into it, as well as in other direc- 
tions. In the E. and s. e. are Lamprey, Exe- 
ter, Beaver and Spiggot rs. Great bay, in 
the N. E. is connected with Piscataquay river. 
There are other sheets of water, as Massabe- 
sick pond. Island, Great, Country, Pleasant, 
Turkey, Long, and Turtle ponds. Agricul- 
ture is of an older date, and in a more flou- 



and drained entirely by North r. branch of rishing condition than in any other part of the 



James r. and its confluent creeks. The co. 
occupies a part of the fine valley which flanks 
Blue Ridge on the n. w., and derives its 
name from the celebrated natural bridge, 
which extends over a creek near the sthrn. 
border. Chief town, Lexington. Pop. 1820, 
11,945, 1830,14,244. 

Rockbridge, p-v. western part of Gwinnett 
CO. Geo. 14 ms. wstrd. Lawrenceville, the 
CO. St., and 107 n. w. Milledgeville. 

Rockcastle, co. Ky. bounded by Pulaski 
s. w., Lincoln w., Garrard .\. w., Madison n. 
and N. E., and Rockcastle creek, separating it 
from Laurel s. e. It is a square of about 18 



state. There is but one sea port, which is 
also the only one in N. H. ; this is Ports- 
mouth. The tonnage owned here in 1831, 
was 18,243 30. Concord is the capital of 
the state. The manufactures are numerous 
and various. Pop. 1820, 55,246, (53.4 to a 
sq. m.), 1830,44,325. 

RocKiNGHAiM, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 85 ms. 
from Montpelier, 22 Windsor, 25 Brattleboro', 
w. of Conn. r. and opposite Charlestown, N. 
H.; contains 24,955 acres; first settled, 
1753. The inhabitants for some years ne- 
glected agriculture, and attended chiefly to 
fishing for Salmon at Bellow's falls. The t. 



ms. each way, area 324 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', lis crossed by Williams r., a branch of the 



and long. 7° 14' w. W. C. intersect in this co. 
It is a table land between the vallies of Ky. 
and Cumberland rs., and gives source on the 
N. w. side to Dick's r. of the former, and on 
the opposite section to Bucks and Rockcastle 
branches of the latter stream. Rockcastle 
creek; from which the co. takes its name, is 
the extreme northern fountain of Cumber],aiid 
r. rising in Laurel and Madison cos., and 
flowing s. s. w. falls into Cumberland r. be- 
tween Pulaski and Whitley cos. Chief town 
of Rockcastle, Mount Vernon. Pop. of the 
CO. 1820, 2,249, 1830, 2,865. 

RocK Creek, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 
64 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Rock Creek, p-o. Muscogee co. Geo. by 
p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Rock Creek Ford and p-o. Jennings co. 
Ind. by p-r. 51 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Rockdale, p-v. northwestern part of Craw- 
for4 CO. Pa. 8 ms. n. w. Meadville, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 305 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Rock Fish, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 
136 ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Rockford, p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. N. C. 
on the Yadkin r. 151 ms. by p-r. n.w. by w 



Conn., and affords mill seats as well as Sax- 
ton's r. The surface is irregular, but the soil 
good. Bellow's falls are near the s. e. cor- 
ner of the town. The river flows for some 
distance with a smooth current through fine 
meadows, and is about 120 yards wide, till at 
the falls it is suddenly narrowed into 2 chan- 
nels, each about 90 feet across. When the 
water is low, all the stream rushes through a 
chasm between the granite rocks only l6 ft. 
wide. There are several sudden descents in 
the river within a short distance, altogether 
being about 50 I'eet ; but a canal has been 
constructed round them on the w. bank, 
through which pass flat bottomed boats, rafts, 
and small steamboats. Salmon formerly 
swam up the river beyond these falls, but 
shad have never been caught north of this 
spot. The first bridge ever built over Conn, 
r. was constructed here in 1785, by col. 
Enoch Hale ; and the second was not erected 
till about 1792. Some interesting minerals 
are found near this spot. There are 3 villa- 
ges, Saxton's r. village, Rockingham, and 
Bellow's falls. The last is in a picturesque 
situation, and contains several handsome 



Raleigh. Lat. 36° 18', long. 3° 40' w. W. C dwellings. Pop. 1830, 2,272. 



ROC 



479 



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Rockingham co., Va. bounded s. w. by Au- 
gusta, w. and N. w. by the Great N. mountain, 
Pendleton w., and Hardy n. w., Shenandoah 
CO. N., PageN. E., and Blue Ridge separating 
it from Orange e. Breadth 25 ms., mean 
length 35, and area 875 square ms. Lat. 37° 
30', long. W. C. 1° 45' w. Slope to the n. e., 
and entirely drained by the main stream and 
branches of Shenandoah r. The surface is 
generally hilly and in part mountainous, but 
much of the bottom soil excellent. It is a 



considerable manufacturing village on Rama' 
po r. at the w. corner of the co. 30 ms. from 

N. York, and 14 w. Hudson r. This estab- 
lishment comprehends 4,000 acres, and about 
100 buildings, including dwelling houses, 
mills, &c. This com. was incorporated in 
1824, with a capital of 400,000 dollars. There 
are a large rolling and slitting mill, a manu- 
factory of cut nails, employing 100 men, a 
brick cotton mill of 5,000 spindles and 80 
power looms, a grist mill, nnd a saw mill. 



grain district. Chief town, Harrisonburg. The v. contains 700 inhabitants. There is a 

Pop. 1820, 14,784, 1C30, 20,683. woollen manufactory, and at Haverstraw 

Rockingham, co. N. C. bounded by Gas- Messrs. Phelps & Peck's rolling and slitting 

well E., Guilford s., Stokes w., Patrick, Va., mill and iron wire mill. Pop. 1825, 8,016, 

N, w., Henry, Va., n., and Pittsylvania n. e. 3830, 9,388. 



Length from e. to w. 30, width 22, and area 
660 square ms. Lat. 36° 24', long. W. C. 
2° 48' w. This co. is a table land, from which 
issue to the s. m. the extreme sources of 
Haw r. and of course Cape Fear r. The 
nthrn. part is traversed in a n. e. by E. direc- 
tion by Dan r. Chief town, Wentworth. Pop. 
1820, 11,474, 1830, 12,935. 

Rockingham, p-v. and st. jus. Richmond 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 
Lat. 35° 03°, long. W. C. 2° 49' w. 

Rock Island, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 
87 ms. 8. E. by e. Nashville. 

Rock Island, co. II. as laid down by Tan- 
ner in his improved map of the U. S. extends 
along the left bank of Miss. r. above and be- 
low the mouth of Rock r., bounded n. and n. 
E. by S. Ann creek, separating it from Joe 
Daviess co., s. e. by Rock r. separating it from 
Henry, s. w. by Mercer, and w. by the Miss. 
r. Length from s. w. to n. e. 64 ms., mean 
breadth 10 ms., and area 640 square miles. 
Extending in lat. from 41° 20' to 41° 53' and 
in long, from W. C. from 13° to 14° w. Slope 
fi. w. in the general direction of both the Miss. 
and Rock r. Chief town, Fort Armstrong. 
This CO. is not named in either the p-o. list or 
census table. 

Rock Island, p-v. Adams, co. II. by p-r. 
about 150 ms. n. w. Vandalia. 

Rockland, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. s. w. 
Ulster CO., s. e. Delaware co., has not a very 
good soil, and is generally leased. It is 
watered by Willimemock, Big and Little 
Beaver creeks. Pop. 1830, 547. 

Rockland co., N. Y. bounded by Hudson 
r. or Westchester co. e.. New Jersey s. w.. 
Orange co. n. w., is in the form of a triangle, 
and contains 161 square ms. There are 4 
towns. The chief is Clarkstown. The sur- 
face is mountainous and broken by the High- 
lands, with large and fertile vallies, and 
much arable land and pasture on the Uplands. 
It is crossed by Ramapo r. and has several 
streams which flow into Hackensack and 
Passaic rs. ; all these furnish valuable mill 
seats. There are also several fish ponds on 
the high lands. The Nyak hills furnish good 
sand stone, of which the state capitol at Albany 
was chiefly built. This co. comprises a tract 
which was of considerable importance in the 
revolutionary war. Ramapo mills form a I 



Rock Mills, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 
75 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Rock Mills, p-o. Anderson dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 144 ms.N. w. Columbia. 

Rock Mills, p-o. Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 
41 ms. N. e. Milledgeville. 

Rock Port, on the sthrn. shore of lake 
Erie, p-v. in the northwestern angle of Cuya- 
hoga CO. O. by p-r. 146 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 
Pop.ofthetsp. 1830, 361. 

RocKPORT, P-V. and st. jus. Spencer co. 
Ind. on the right bank of Ohio r. by p-r. 167 
ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 37° 57', long. 
W. C. 10° 06' w. 

Rock Rest, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by p-r. 
40 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Rock Run, p-o. n. e. part Harford co. Md. 
by p-r. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Belair, the co. st. 
and 38 n. e. Baltimore. 

Rock Shoal, p-o. Estill co. Ky. by p-r. 95 
ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

Rock Springs, p-v. Cecil co. Md. by p-r. 
79ms.N. E. W. C. 

Rock Spring, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 149 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Rock Spring, p-v. St. Clair co. II. by p-r. 63 
ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

RocKTOWN, p-v. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 143 
ms. a little N. of e. Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1830, 708. 

RocKviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. Md. 15 ms. n. w. W. C. 37 ms. s. w. by 
w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 52 ms. a little n. of 
w. Annapolis. Lat. 39° 05', long. W. C. 0° 
7' w. It is a neat and rather close built 
village, but consists chiefly of one street along 
the main turnpike or what ought to be a turn- 
pike from W. C. to Frederick. Contains the co. 
buildings, an academy for young men, two 
printing offices, several stores and taverns, 
and in 1830, a pop. of 355. 

RocKviLLE, p-v. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 
33 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Rockville, p-v. Monroe co. Ten. by p-r. 
151 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Rockville, p-v. and st. jus. Parke co. Ind. 
by p-r. 68 ms. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 40', 
long. W. C. 10° 16' w. Pop. 1830, about 
500. 

Rocky Comfort, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor. 22 
ms. s. w. Tallahassee. ' 

Rockt Hill, p-v. Barren county Ky. by 



ROM 



480 



ROS 



post-road 138 miles southwest of Frankfort, r structed, and on the route passed a considera 

Rocky Mount, p-v. and St. jus. Franklin CO. 
Va. on a branch of Pig r. a confluent of Roan- 
oke, by p.r. 263 ms. s. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 57', 
long. W. C. 2° 50' w. 

Rocky Mount, p-v. sthrn. part Nash co. N. 
C. by p-r. 54 nis. e. Raleigh. 

Rocky Mount, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 55 ms. a little e. of n. Columbia. 

Rocky Spring, p-v. Claiborne co. Miss. 
about 60 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Rocky Spring, p-v. Granger co. Ten. by 
p-r. 245 ms. e. Nashville. 

Rodman, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 12 ms. e. 
lake Ontario, 7 s. Black r. is watered by the 
N. branch of Sandy creek, and small streams 
flowing into the other branch ; adjoins Pinck- 
ney, Lewis co. on the e. It was first settled 
1801, has a good soil, yielding various crops, 
and favorable to fruit. There are remains of 
small ancient mounds, and fragments of uten 
sils, &c. are found, which mark it as once a 
favorite resort of the Indians. Pop. 1830, 
1,901. 

Rodney, p-o. Jefferson co. Miss, about 15 
ms. nrthd. Natchez. 

Roger's, p-o. Sangamon co. II. by p-r. 94 
ms. N. N. w. Vundalia. 

Roger's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C. 
14 ms. from Raleigh. 

Rogersville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 147 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Rogersville, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala. by 
p-r. 150 ms. N.Tuscaloosa. 

Rogersville, p-v. and st. jus. Hawkins co. 
Ten. by p-r. 264 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 
Lat. 36° 24', long. 5° 48' w. W. C. 
Rohrsburg, p-o. Columbia co. Pa. 
Role's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C. by 
p-r. 15 ms. nthrd. Raleigh. 

Rome, town, Kennebec co. Me. 22 ms. n. 
Augusta, S.Mercer, Somerset co., has sever- 
al large ponds on its s. and e. borders, which 
empty by diflerent channels into Kennebec r. 
Its form is irregular. Pop. 1830, 883. 

Rome, p-t. and half capital, Oneida co. N. 
Y. 110 ms. w. Albany, 16 n. w. Utica, has the 
head of boat navigation of Mohawk r. and 
that of Wood creek, connected by a canal, 
1 1-2 ms. long, which forms a link between 
the waters of the Hudson and of lake Ontario. 
Several brooks flowing into the two streams 
water different parts of the town, which is of 
irregular form. The soil is generally uneven 
andof very good quality; but the borders of 
Wood creek are low, level and moist. The 
land is generally held on lease. Fort Stan- 
wix, built here by Great Britain in 1758, and 
which cost 266,400 dollars, was rebuilt by the 
Americans in the revolutionary war, and 
called fort Schuyler. This frontier post was 
reduced to great straits by an expedition of 
Canadians and Indians, under Col. Johnson, 
but defended with great bravery. The ruins 
of it are now hardly distinguishable. The 
battle of Onscany was fought here, in which 
Gen. Herkimer fell. Here was formerly a 
carrying place, before the canal was con- 



ble amount of Indian merchandize in early 
times. The village is on the n. side of the 
canal, and 1-2 m. n. Erie canal. An arse- 
nal of the United States stands three hun- 
dred yards north Erie canal, on the height 
of land between the streams, and was built in 
1816, for a subordinate depot, under the 
ordnance department. There is a building 
40 by 96 feet, 3 1-2 stories high, a magazine 
19 by 65 feet, with a stone wall, 15 feet high 
around it, oflicers' quarters, &c, «Slc. Pop. 
IfiSO, 4,360. 

Rome, p-o. Smith co. Ten. about 50 ms. 
northeastward Nashville. 

Rome, p-v. Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 183 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Rome, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Ind. on the 
right bank of the Ohio r. opposite Stephens- 
port, Breckenridge co. Ky. by p-r. 143 ms. a 
little w. of R. IndianopoUs. Lat. 37° 58', long. 
W. C. 9° 36' w. 

Romeo, formerly called Indian village, p-v. 
Macomb county, Mich., by p-r. 56 ms. n. n. e. 
Detroit. 

RoMNEY, p-v. and st. jus. Hampshire co. 
Va. on the right bank of the south branch of 
Potomac, by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. W. 
C. 39 ms. in a similar direction from Winches- 
ter, and 28 s. Cumberland, in Md. Lat. 39° 
20', long. W. C. 1° 42' w. Pop. 1830, 346, 
of whom 100 were colored persons. 

Romulus, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. 
Ovid, 12 s. Waterloo, has Cayuga lake and 
CO. e., Seneca lake and Ontario co. w., has 
very good land, which is all cultivated, with 
few mill streams. The surface has a gentle 
ascent from the lakes, and the rocks beneath 
are slate and secondary limestone. Apple- 
tov.n, a small village in the n. w. comer, on 
the lake shore, has its name from the remains 
of some ancient Indian orchards which still 
exist. This town includes part of the Cayu- 
ga Indian reservation. Population 1830, 
2,089. 

Root, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
s. v/. Johnstown, s. Mohawk r., n. Schoharie 
CO., was formed from the e. part of Canajo- 
harie, and w. part of Charlestown, in 1823. 
The rocky eminence, called the nose, and 
Mitchell's cave, are in this town. In the n. 
passes the Erie canal, where it strikes a nar- 
row tract of primitive rocks. There is but 
one other disclosure of a primitive forma- 
tion along the whole canal route. Pop. 1830, 
2,750. 

Rootstown, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 131 
ms. N. e. Columbus. 

RoscoE, p-v. Jackson tsp. Coshocton co. 
O. by p-r. 83 ms. n. E.by e. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 81. This place was formerly Cal- 
dersburgh. 

Rose, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1,641. 

Rosedale, p-v. Madison co. O. by p-r. 26 
ms. w. Columbus. 

Rosehill, p-v. Lee co. Va. by p-r. 20 ms. 
westrd. Jonesville, the co. st., and 412 miles 



ROT 



481 



ROX 



s. w. by w. W. C. It is the extreme south- 1 ms. s. w. Schenectady, on the a. side of Mo- 
western p.o. in Va. hawk river, N. Albany co., e. Montgomery 

RosEitiLL, p-v. Wilkinson co. Miss, byp-r. co. The land is almost all of excellent qual- 
about 20 ms. ethrd. Natchez. ) ity particularly the large meadows on the r's. 

RosELAND, p-v. Cambria CO. Pa. by p-r. 182 bank. Nine small islands in the Mohawk 



ms. N. w. W. C 

Rose Mills, and p-o. Amherst co. Va. by 
p-r. 170 ms. s. w. VV. C. 

RosEviLLE, p.v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r., 38 
ms. wstrd. W. C> 

RosEviLLE, p-v. Muskingum co. Va. by 
p-r. 69 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

RosEviLLE, p-v. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 78 
ms. VV. Indianopolis 



are also well cultivated. The inhabitants are 
of Dutch extraction. The Erie canal passes 
through the meadows not far from the river, 
descending from higher ground by 3 locks. 
There are several manufactories of different 
kinds. Pop. 1830, 1,481. 

Rough Creek Church, and p-o. Charlotte 
CO. Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Roulette, p.v. Potter co. Pa., by p-r. 292 



Ross, CO. O. bounded on the s. by Pike, s. ims. n. W. C 
w. Highland, n. w. Fayette, n. Pickaway, n. Round Prairie, p-o. Callaway co. Mo., 39 
E. Hocking, and s. e. .lackson. Length fromims. n. n. e. Jefferson. 



Round Top, the highest eminence of Cats- 
kill mtns., Greene co. N. Y. 

Rouse's Point, formerly supposed to belong 
to Chaniplain, Clinton co. N. Y., was found 
to lie N. of lat. 45°, and of course it was de- 
cided that it lay in Canada. 

Rowan, co. N. C, bounded by Montgome- 
ry s. E., Cabarras s., Iredell w., Surry n., and 
Yadkin river separating it from Davidson k. 
Length from s. to n. 40 miles, mean breadth 
20, and area 800 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 45', long. 
W. C. 3° 36' w. The slope almost due east 
towards the deep valley of the Yadkin. Chief 
town, Salisbury. Pop. 1830, 20,786. In 1820, 
Rowan contained the space e. of Yadkin, now 
Davidson co., and contained then 26,009 in- 
habitants ; the two counties now contain a 
pop. of 34,175. 

RowANTv, p-v. Sussex co. Va., on Rowanty 
creek, 43 ms. s. Richmond. 

RowE, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 130 ms. n, 
w. Boston, 3. Vt. ; is elevated, and near the 
head waters of Deerfield river, at the base of 
Hoosac mountain. Fort Pelham was built 
here about the year 1744, being one of the 
line of forts for the protection of the frontier 
against savage incursions. Pop. 1830, 716. 
RowLANDSviLLE, p-0. Cecil CO. Md., by p-r. 



E. to w. 34 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 
748 square ms. Lat. 39° 20', and long. W. 
C. 6° w., intersect near Chilicothe and near 
the centre of this co., and near the same point 
the Sciota r. receives from the w. Paint creek. 
Tlie former traversing the co. in a s. s. e. 
direction. It is also traversed in all its 
breadth by the Ohio and Erie canal, which 
follows the right or wstrn. bank of Sciota. 
The face of the co. is peculiarly and finely 
diversified. Soil productive. Chief town, 
Chilicothe. Population 1820, 20,619, 1830, 
24.068. 

Ross' p-o, Anderson co. Ten. by p-r. 201 
ms. e. Nashville. 

RossiE, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 29 ms. 
s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has Jefferson co. s. w. 
It is a large triangle, and is crossed through 

the middle by Indian r. the w. branch of the 
Oswegatchie, which affords water power to 
the iron works at the head of Black lake. 

Ossvegatchie r. also runs for some distance 

in this town. In the w. is Chippeway bay, in 

St. Lawrence r., which contains numerous 

little islands belonging to the group called 

the Thousand islands. Limestone and iron 

ore abound, with granite, quartz, &.c. The 

surface is various, partly almost mountainous 

and partly level. The Oswegatchie is a pub- 1 80 ms. n. e. W. C. 

lie highway from Streetor's mills in this town Rowley, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 28 ms. n. 

to its mouth at Ogdensburgh. At the vil- e. Boston, 16 n. e. Salem, 6 s. Newburyport, 

large, and I and w. Massachusetts bay ; has much sand 
Population and salt marsh e., with very good land in oth- 
er parts, on hills and invallies ; well watered 
Rosstraver, tsp. and p-o. wstrn. part of by Rowley and Parker rs., and other streams. 

Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 212 ms. n. w. The town was settled in 1639, from York- 

W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,721. It is I shire, Eng. under Rev. E. Rogers. It includes 



lage the iron works are quite 
owned by Mr. David Parish. 
18J0, 641. 



the wstrn. tsp. of the co. and lies between 
the Youghioghany and Monongahela rs. 

RossviLLE, p-v. wstrn. part York co. Pa. 
15 ms. N. w. by w. of the borough of York, 17 
ms. s. Harrisburg, and 100 n. W. C. 

RossviLLE, p-v. Cherokee Nation, Geo., by 
p-r. 250 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. In the p-o. 
list it is marked as 56 ms. farther from Mil- 
ledgeville than is new Echota. 



Plumb island, and extends about 4 ms. by 13, 
including Plumb island sound. The hills w, 
are the highest land in the co. Population 
1830, 2,044. 

RoxBORo', or Levering's p-o. in Roxboro* 
township, Philadelphia co. Pa., 8 ms. nrthrd. 
Phil. Pop. township 1830, 3,334. 

RoxBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Person co. N. 
C, by p-r. 60 ms. n. w. Raleigh, and 271 s. s. 



RossviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. on Miami r. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 24', long. W. C. 2° w. 
25 ms. N. Cincinnati. Pop. 1830, 639. Roxburv, p-t. Cheshire co. N. II., 5 miles 

Rotuerwood, p-v. estrn. part of Carroll co. e. Keene, 60 w. s. w. Concord, 7G n. w. Bos- 
Geo. 143 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. ton; is very small, with only 6,000 acres, 

Rotterdam, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 4! and separated from Keene by theN, branch c' 
61 



ROY 



482 



RUP 



Ashuelot r. This is joined s. vv. by Roaring 1 Montpelier, 25 n. w. Windsor ; first eetUed 



brook, which is in the s., and has good mead- 
ows. Roaring brook pond is E. The surface 
is uneven, with good grazing. Population 
1830, 32-2. 

RoxBURY, t. Washington co. Vt., 15 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor ; first set- 
tled 1789 ; is on the height of hind between 
Onion and White rs., into both which streams 
several brooks flow. The soil is uneven, but 
good for grass and grain, bearing hard wood, 
with some evergreens. Slate, v.'ith crystals 
of pyrites are found e Pop. 1830, 737. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 2i ms. s. 
w. Boston, lies s. Charles river or bay, on 
which are 1,000 acres of marsh, and commu- 
nicates witb Boston by a well built street ex- 
tending along the Neck. In the middle part 
of the town the soil is fertile and well cultiva 
ted ; and s. w. is Jamaica Pl-ain, 1 mile by 2 
covered with gardens and country seats 
About i part s. e. is rough and rocky land 
Settled 1630, by John Pyncheon and others. 
Rev. John Eliot, called the apostle to the In 
dians, became pastor of the church here in 
1632. He had great success in christianizing 
and civilizing the savages, and translated and 
published the scriptures in their language. 
Gen. Warren, who fell at Bunker's hill, was 
born here. Jamaica pond, a beautiful sheet 
of water, supplies the Boston aqueduct. Pop. 
1830, 5,247. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 46 ms. 
s. s. w. Hartford, 32 n. w. New Haven, n. N. 
Haven co. ; about 4 ms. by 6^ ; with about 26 
square ms. ; has a varied surface, bearing nut 
trees, &.c. The rocks are granite, with some 
variation ; and iron ore exists here. Shepaug 
river, a small branch of the Housatonic, runs 
nearly s. through the t. Pop. 1830, 1,122. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 56 ms. 
s. w. Albany, 22 e. Delhi, 49 w. Cattskill ; 
lies s. of Schoharie co., and w. of Greene 
CO. A pond gives rise to Papachton r., the 
E. branch of the Delaware, and on it are mill 
seats. The surface is mountainous, and some 
of the vallies have good land. It was settled 
from the eastern states about 1790. Popula- 
tion 1830, 3,234. 

RoxBURY, t. Morris co. N. J., 45 miles n. 
Trenton ; is divided on the n. w. and w. from 
Sussex and Warren cos. by Musconetcong r., 
which rises n. in Hopatung pond. The sur- 
face is elevated and mountainous ; Schooley's 
mountain extending into the w. part. On it 
is Budd's pond, which, with a smaller one 
near Hopatung pond, gives rise to the south 
branch of Raritan r. A very narrow ridge. 



1771, and the buildings were burnt by Indians 
from Canada in Oct. 1780. Several persons 
were killed, and 28 of the inhabitants were 
carried captive to Canada, all of whom ex- 
cept one were ransomed and returned. The 
soil is good, though the surface is mountain- 
ous. The town is crossed by White r. which 
is here joined by two branches', and along 
the banks are rich meadows. The v. is in a 
pleasant situation, on White r. near the cen- 
tre of the town, and contains an academy, 
&c., incorporated in 1807. Pop. 1830, 1,893. 
RoYALTON, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 26 ms. 
E. Lewiston, 6 e. Lockport, w. Genesee 
CO. ; has Tonawanta creek s., which divides 
it from Erie co. It is crossed by the moiin- 
tain ridge and Erie canal. Lockport village 
is situated at the spot where they cross each 
other. The canal descends by 5 double com- 
bined locks, after passing through a deep rock 
cutting for a great distance, and affords most 
valuable mill sites, which are supplied by the 
waste water, and some of them occupied. 
The land in this town, though until recently 
but little- occupied, is generall}' good. Pop. 
1830, 3,138. 

RoYALTON, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 
36 ms. s. E. Columbus. 

RoYALSTo.v, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 70 
ms. w. Boston ; has a good soil, but an une. 
ven surface, tSc- is watered by several streams, 
the principal of which is Miller's r. in the s. 
E., which, as well as Tully's r., affords good 
mill sites. There are several mills and fac- 
tories. The Royalston cotton and woollen 
factory on Miller's river, was incorporated 
1813, with a capital of $50,000. Settled 
1702. Pop. 1830, 1,493. 

RoYSE, mountain, Coos co. N. H., in the 
ungranted lands n. Chatham, near Me., and 
the Androscoggin. 

RucKERsviLLE, p.v. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 
108 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

RucKMANviLLE, p.v. Bath CO. Va., by p-r. 
180 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Rudkle's Mills, and p-o. Bourbon co. Ky., 
by p-r. 45 ms. e. Frankfort. 

RuGGLES, p.v. sthestrn. part Huron co. O., 
by p-r. lOU ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

RuMFORD, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 20 ms. n. 
Paris ; has Androscoggin river on its s. boun- 
dary, 2 branches e. and w., and several mtns. 
Pop. 1830, 1,126. 

RuMFORU Academy, and p-o. King William 
CO. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. a very little s. of w. 
W. C, and 32 n. e. Richmond. 

Ru.mxey, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 8 ms. 



in this land, therefore, divides the waters ofi w. Plymouth, 47 n. by w. Concord, 110 n. n. 
the Hudson and Delaware. Flanders, Drake-, w. Boston ; with 22,475 acres; crossed by 
town, Drakesville and Stanhope, are villages i Baker's river, and a branch from Stinson'a 



partly in this town. Pop. 1830, 2,262. 



: pond N., Stinson's and Webber's mtns. lie e.-, 



RoxBURY, p-v. northern part of Franklin co.' and part of Rattlesnake or Carr's mtn. n. w. 
Pa., by p-r. 13 ms. n. Chambersburg, the co.iThc soil is pretty good, bearing white pine, 



seat, and 103 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Royal Oak, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., 14 ms. 
northward Detroit. 



beech, sugar maple, oak and birch. Settled 
1765. Pop. 1830, 993. 

Rupert, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 26 ms. 



Royalton, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 31 ms. s. Bennington, 78 ms. s. w. Montpelier, lies e 



RUS 



483 



RUT 



N. Y., has Pawlot r. n. e., and gives rise to mountainous. 
White cr. The e. part is mountainous, but 1830, 6,714. 
there are many good farms. Pop. 1830, 
1,318. 



Chief towrt, Lebanon. Pop- 



RijssELi-.co. Ky. bounded s. by Wayne, s.w. 
-jjg (Cumberland co., vv. and n. w. Adair, n. e. 

Rupp's p-o. Marion CO. O. by p-r. 38 ms. ; Casey, and e. Wolf cr. separating it from 



nrthrd. Columbus 



Pulaski. Length from s. w. to n. k. 26 ms. 



tnra. ooiumous. ^ ......... ^-^..^.- -. 

Rural Valley, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. by mean breadth 10, and area 2fa0 sq. ms 

„-. tiT /-. Q-70 r,„A RO ,,, W C. infpi-spnf in tl 



p-r. 224 ms. n. w. W. C 

Rasii, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 
1830,2,101. 



, _-.. Lat. 

37° and 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. 
Population I Cumberland r. by a very circuitous channel 

,.J^^ ii It) I I traverses the sthrn. section in a nearly wstrly. 

Rush co Ind. bounded by Decatur s., I direction, the general slope is, however, to 
Shelby s w Hancock n. w., Henry n.. Fay- {the s. towards that stream, though the nrthrn. 
ettcN.E., and Franklin s. e. Length from s. to | extreme reaches into the valley of Green r. 
N. 24 ms., breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. t^^"-!- * T,^,o=.^,vn. Pon. m.iO. .^.H7y. 
Lat. 39° 35', long. W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope 
8. w. and drained by numerous branches of 
♦he Driftwood fork of White r. Chief town, 
RushviUe. Pop. 1830,9,707. 

Rusuford, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
w. Angelica, e. Cattaraugus co. There are 
few mill streams. Pop. 1830, 1,115. 

RusHviLLE, p-v. sthrn. part Susquehannah 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 265 ms. n. n. e. W. C. ^w , .....g. ■■• -• — -- ■■ - - - ^r 

RusHviLLE, p-v. near the eastern border of a branch of Bear cr. a confluent of Tennea 



Chief t., Jamestown. Pop. 1830, 3,879. 

Russell, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 141 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Russell Place, p-o. Kershaw dist. S. 0. 
by p-r. 61 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia. 

Russellville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 
99 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Russellville, p-v. and st. jus. Franklm co. 
Ala. by p-r. 127 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34«> 
28', long. W. C. 10° 46' w. It is situated on 



Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 38 ms.s. e. by e. Co 
Iambus. Pop. 1830, 234. 

RusnviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Rush co. Ind. 
by p-r. 46 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. Lat. 
39° 36', long. 8° 27' w. W. C. 

RusHviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Schuyler co. II. 
by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. Vandalia. Lat. 40° 06', 
long. W. C. 13° 33' w. 

Russell, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 108 ms. 
s. w. Boston, is crossed by Westfield r. n. w. 
and s. E., and Little Westfield r. from w. to 
E. Incorporated 1792. Pop. 1830, 507. 

Russell, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 28 
ms. s.E. Ogdensburgh, x. Herkimer co. The 
soil is favorable to pasturage ; the streams 
are numerous and small, except Oswegatchie 
r. s. Mill sites are abundant. First settled 
1805. There are quarries of free stone ; iron 
ore, pyrites, &c. are iound. Population 1830, 
54 1'. 

Russell co. Va. bounded s. by Scott, Lee 
8. w., Cumberland mtn. separating it from 
Pike CO. Ky. s. w., Tazewell co. Va.N. E.,and 
Clinch mtn. separating it from Washington 
CO. Va. s. E. Mean length between Clinch 
and Cumberland mtns. 40 ms., mean breadth 
35,and area 1,400 sq. ms. Lat. 37°, and long 
W. C. 5° 30' w., intersect in this co. Though 
bounded by 2 mtn. chains, Russell co. of Va 



Russellville, p-v. Claiborne parish, La. 
by p-r. 441 ms. n. w. by w. New Orleans. 

Rusellville, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. 
Ky. situated on the summit ground between 
the sources of Muddy r. branch of Green r. 
and those of Red r. a confluent of Cumberland 
r., by p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 
58 ms. a little w. of n. Nashville in Ten. Lat. 
36° 50', long. W. C. 9° 50' w. It is a flour- 
ishing v., containing besides the co. buddings 
an academy, some places of public worship, 
schools, stores, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,358. It is 
the largest town in sthrn. Ky. 

Russellville, p-v. Brown co.O.by p-r. 106 
ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

Russia, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 20 ms. N. 
Herkimer, has streams running in different 
directions, the principal of which is West 
Canada cr. Pop. 1830, 2,458. 

Russia, iron works, Peru, Clinton co. N. Y. 
6 ms. from Kceseville, 23 from Plattsburgh. 

Rutherford, co. N. C. bounded by Blue 
Ridge separating it from Buncombe w. ; a spur 
of the same chain separates it from Burk^e n.; 
it has Lincoln e., and Spartanburg dist. S, C. 
s. Length from E. to w. 42 ms. ; mean 
breadth 28, and area 1,176 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 
20' N., and long. W. C. 5° w. intersect near 



rra';ry;ema;kal>i;ubfri,"„"jTgi.ins.ource!.hc ce„,re„f.fii. co The main stream of 

EFra:.r^e?ie?c\fie,,ir'mr4,dr;::?,;:r«i's^ 

Tazewell assumes asouthwestrn course | Rutherford, co. Fen. boundeaoy iJeaoru 
Lwnle stJestrn. valley of Russell, giving to, s., Williamson s. w-, DavH^son n. -, W. son 
that section a slope at right angles to that of; n., and Warren e Length ^ «^^ ^ ° ^^^-^ 
the section bordered by the Cumberland chain . ms ; mean b ead.h 24, and '^«- '^.^.^ect 
The whole co. occupies a region which must Lat 36° and i^"f ^ .t" ^'^.e very nearly 
be elevated, independent of the mtn. ridges,;m this co. ^he outl.nes a e very y 

at least from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the|commensurate vvi h and ^1^^^^^^^^^^^ 
ocean tides. Surface rocky and in great part nearly the whole valley ol, bto.ie 



RUT 



484 



RYN 



ry o( Cumberland r. The slope n. w. Thef 
N.w. angle is about 6 ms. n. e. by e. Nashville. 
The soil excellent. Chief town, Murfrees- 
boro'. Pop. 1820, 19,552 ; 1830, 26,134. 

RuTHERFORDTON, p.v. and St. jus. Ruther- 
ford CO. N. C, by p-r. 223 ms. a little s. of w. 
Raleigh. It is situated on a branch of Broad 
r., and near the centre of the co. 

Rutland, co. Vt. bounded by Addison co. 
N., Windsor co. e., Bennington co. s., Wash- 
ington CO. w., 34 ms. by 42, with 958 sq. ms 



RuTLEDGE,p-v. and St. jua. Grainger co. 
Ten. 33 ms. n. e. by t. Knoxville, and by 
p-r. 232 ms. e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 15', long. 
W.C. 6° 16' w. 

Ryal's, p-o. Montgomery co. Geo. by p-r. 
101 ms. s. e. E. Milledgeville. 

Rye, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 6 ms. e. 
Portsmouth, which it separates from the 
ocean, 51 e. s. e. Concord, has Little Har- 
ibor N. E., the Atlantic e., and contains 7,780 
1 acres. It was first settled in 1635, when it 



Rutland, near the centre, is the chief t. Cas- belonged to Portsmouth ; incorporated 1719. 
tleton is another considerable v. Otter cr. Its name was probably derived from a town 
crosses the CO. from s. to n. Black, White, in England. The soil is poor and hard, but 



and Queechy rs. rise e. and run into Connec- 
ticut r. Pawlet r. is s. and Castleton and 
Hubbardton rs. w. The principal part of the 
county is hilly and mountainous, but excellent 
level land is found on Otter cr., and in the s. 
w. marble is quarried abundantly in a range 
of granular limestone along Otter cr., and 
iron ore is found at the base of the Green 
mtns., whose heights are included in the e. 

part of the co. Pop. 1820, 29,983 ; 1830, 

31,294. 

Rutland, p-t. st. jus. Rutland co.Vt. 50 ms. 

8. w. Montpelier, 60 s. Burlington, 52 n. e. 

Bennington, is of irregular form, containing 

above 26,000 acres. It was -first settled 



sea weed is used with great benefit as ma- 
nure. The sea coast extends 6 ms., nearly 
one-third of that possessed by the whole state, 
and embraces Sandy, Jenniss' and Wallis' 
beaches, which afford bathing places, much 
resorted to. There is a small harbor for 
vessels of 70 or 80 tons ; and many fish are 
caught in boats along the coast. A tract of 
300 acres has been drained of a fresh pond, 
which yields salt hay. At Breakfast hill, a 
party of Indians were surprized,! 696. That t. 
suffered considerably in the Indian wars. Pop. 
1830,1,172. 

Rye, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 29 ms. 
N. E. N. ¥., 5 s. E. Whiteplains, 142 s. Alba- 



about 1770. In the revolution 2 picket forts ny, w. Conn., n. Long Isl. sound, is small and 



wefe built here, one of which was near the 
site of the present court house in the e. v. It 
is crossed by Otter cr. from s. to n. West r. 
and East cr. fall into it in this t. and these 
streams afford mill sites, where several fac- 
tories are erected. The soil is very various, 
the rocks being primitive and secondary. Iron, 
limestone and clay are found. Marble quar 



of irregular form. It has Byram r. for a short 
distance on the e. boundary. Parsonage 
Point extends into the sound. There are 2 
small villages, Rye and Saw Pits, the latter 
on the sound, 28 ms. from N. Y. and a place 
of some trade. Several small isls. in the 
sound belong to this t. Pop. 1830, 1,602. 
Ryegate, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 33 ms. e. 



lies are wrought, both white and blue, in a Montpelier, 58 n. w. Windsor, 150 n. w. Bos- 
range extending from Berkshire co. Mass. ton, lies w. Conn, r., N.Orange co. opposite 
through a considerable part of Vt. The prin-i Path, Grafton co. N. H. and has 32 sq. ms. 
cipalv. is in the e. parish, and contains a court The original settlers, (except one family,) 



house, and other public buildings. In the w 
parish are 2 small villages. Population 1830, 
2,753. 

Rutland, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 56 ms. 
w. Boston, is a pleasant agricultural t. with 
good soil and varied surface, crossed by an 
E. branch of Wate r. It was purchased of 
the Indians in 1686. A tract 12 ms. sq. which 
included this and several adjacent towns, was 
purchased for £30. Several of the inhabitants 
were killed by Indians in 1723 and '24. 
Pop. 1830,1,276. 

Rutland, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 170 ms. 
N. w. Albany, 6 e. Watertown, s. Black r., n. 
Lewis CO., has light soil and favorable to grain 
and grass. Limestone rocks lie beneath at a 
considerable depth. The trees are maple, 
beach, elm, with some white pine, &c. near 
Black r. The remains of an ancient work 
like an encampment are seen on a hill, sur- 
rounded by a ditch. The place was over- 
grown with old trees, and human bones are 
found in the soil. Pop. 1830, 2,339. 

Rutland, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms. 
N. N. w.Harrisburg. 

Rutland, p-v. Meiga co.O. by p-r. 95 ms. 
a. E. Columbus. 



were from Scotland, a company with .£1,000 
sterling, being raised in 1772, by farmers of 
Renfrew and Lanark, and after a selection 
made by agents, the settlement was commenc- 
ed in 1774. New colonists were interrupted 
by the war, but afterwards arrived ; and about 
two-thirds of the population are of Scotch de- 
scent. The habits of their ancestors are still 
in some degree retained : oat meal and bar- 
ley form important articles of diet ; and fru- 
gality and industry prevail. The land is un- 
even, and in the north rough; but there is 
much pasturage, and very little waste. The 
western part has rich soil, and on the Conn, 
are three small meadows. Ticklenaked pond 
s., contains 64 acres, and its outlet enters 
Wells r. North pond discharges into Conn. r. 
over which is a dam, at Canoe falls, and a fer- 
ry. A part of Wells r. s. w. affords mill seats. 
Mill stones are obtained from Blue mtn. the 
only considerable eminence. Pop. 1830 1,119. 
Ryerson's station, p.v. nrthrn. part of Greene 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. s. s. w. of the borough 
of Washington in Washington co. Pa. and 249 
ms. N. w by w. W. C. 

Rvnd's, p-o. Venango co.. Pa. by p-r. 288 
ms. N. w. W. C. 



SAC 



465 



SAC 



s. 



Sabillisvii.le, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by 
p-r. 59 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Sabina, p-v. Clinton co. O. by p-r. 55 ms. 
8. w. Columbus. 

Sabine, r. La. and the Mexican province 
of Texas, rising in the latter about lat. 33°, 
and to the sthrd. ot" the great bend ef Red r. 
and to the n. w. of La. The country round 
its sources is generally prairies ; but before 
reaching lat. 32°, where it becomes a boun- 
dary between La. and Texas, this stream has 
entered a dense forest. From this point to 
the mouth it was navigated and surveyed by 
the author of this article in 1812 and 1813. 
At lat. 32° it is already a navigable stream for 
boats of considerable size at high water ; the 
breadth of tlie stream 60 or 70 yards. l:)elow 
32° the Sabine receives no tributary stream 
above the size of a large creek ; of these, 
however, there are several from both sides. 
The main stream, with a curve to the estrd., 
pursues a general southern course over two 
degrees of lat. to lat. 30°, where it is joined 
from the n. w. by the Nctchez, a branch from 
the vicinity of Nacogdoches. Before their 
junction both rivers have merged into prairie, 
which continues to the Gulf of Mexico. Im- 
mediately below the union of the Sabine and 



son, 8 ms. long ; has its sources in numerous 
ponds and small streams in Warren and Ha- 
milton COS., and after a crooked course, and 
receiving a number of good mill streams, 
joins the Hudson 8 ms. s. w. of lake George. 

Sacarappa, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 59 ms. 
from Augusta. 

Sachkm, Grand, mtn. N. Y., the highest of 
the Highlands on Hudson r. called also the 
Beacon. 

Sacket's Harbor, incorporated p-v. Houns- 
field, Jetfersoii co. N. Y. Itil ms. n. w. Alba- 
ny, 12 below Watertown, 8 from lake Ontario, 
is on a large and important bay and harbor, 
which was made a naval station during the 
late war, and is very convenient for ship 
building as well as for anchorage. Forts 
Tompkins and Pike were built here in the 
war. 

Saco, r. rises in N. H. and enters the At- 
lantic in Me. Its highest source is near the 
summit of one of the loftiest peaks of the 
White mtns. ; and during its course to the 
Notch, it flows in one place within about 200 
yards of the Lower -\monoosuc. After wind- 
ing slowly through a little narrow alluvial le- 
vel at the foot of the principal peaks, it passes 
through the Notch, which it appears to have 



Netchez, the united waters expand into a 'had much agency in reducing to its present 



shallow elliptical lake of about 30 ms. long, 
and from 1 to 7 or 8 ms. wide. At the lower 
end of the lake the water again coatracts into 
the size of a river of but little more width 
than above the lake. The whole length of 
this river, from the source to final outlat, into 
the Gulf of Mexico, is 70 ms. above and 250 
ms. below the point where it is crossed by 
lat. 32°. 

Though when swelled by rains the Sabine 
is navigable above lat. 32°, it is not of suffi- 
cient depth at the mouth or over its lake for 
vessels of 3 feet draught. Along the wstrn. 
side a range of high hills stretches with the Sa- 
bine, some parts of which are rocky and even 
precipitous ; but along the opposite shore I 
saw not one high bank, and with the prairies 
all eminences cease, and one immense plain 
extends on all sides. Tufts of trees gradu- 
ally cease, and from the mouth not a shrub is 
to be seen. The soil, as far as I couldjudge 
from the appearance along the banks, is ge- 
nerally sterile. At any considerable distance 
from the stream pine is the prevailing timber. 
Taken as a whole it is a river worthy of no- 
tice only as having become a political boun- 
dary between two great nations. 

Sable r. or River au-Sable, N. Y., empties 
into lake Champlain, after a course of 35 ms. 
from Essex co. where it has its source. It 
runs for some distance on the line c^f Essex 
and Clinton cos. with mill seats. Little Sa- 
ble r. empties into the lake 2 ms. n. of it. 

Sacandaga, r. N. Y. a branch of the Hud- 



form, and instantly changes its character to a 
furious and foaming little torrent, rushing im- 
petuously down a descent in a continued cas- 
cade, with few interruptions for several miles. 
On the upper part of the Notch it is about 4 
feet wide, and yet leaves barely room enough 
for the road to pass beside it. It pursues a s. 
course for about 12 nis. through many ro- 
mantic scenes, and then turning e. in Bart- 
lett receives Ellis's r., and in its s. course of 
10 ms. further is swelled by several other 
small tributaries. At Conway it flows across 
a level tract, receives Swift r., and then 
running e. passes into Fryeburgh, Maine, 
through which it pursues a remarkably tortu- 
ous course, running 36 ms. in a town 6 miles 
square, the ancient favorite habitation of 
the Pequawket Indians. It then pursues its 
way to the sea in Me., on the borders of 
which it makes a sudden descent, at a spot 
where its channel is divided by an island, on 
which, and the adjacent banks, large manu- 
factories were erected a few years since, with 
the prospect of operating with great advan- 
tage on account of its convenient communi- 
cation with navigable tide water, as well as 
the abundance of water power. The princi. 
pal buildings were unfortunately destroyed 
by fire. The r. is subject to sudden floods, 
especially in its upper parts. 

Saco, p-t. and port of entry, York co. Me. 
71 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 15 s. w. Portland, 
29 N. E. York, 103 n. n. e. Boston ; has Saco 
r. on the s. w., Cumberland co. n. k., and a 



SAG 



486 



SAI 



bay on the s. e. where the mouth of the river 
forms a harbor. The falls here afford water 
power for manufacturing. The village stands 
on Saco r. at the head of tide water, about 
3 ms. from its mouth, and at the falls, the 
descent of which is nearly 50 feet, and to 



water are navigated into, and some distance 
up Saginaw r. The distance is about 75 ms. 
N. jv. w. from the outlet of lake Huron into 
St. Clair r. to Transit point, or southern en. 
trance of the bay of Saginaw. 
Saginaw, r. of Mich, is formed by the rs. 



which vessels of 100 tons come up from sea. I Cass, Flint, Saginaw Proper, and Tittiba- 
The water power is always very abundant, wassee. Cass r. rises in Sanilac co., andflow- 
and numerous factories might be erected on ing wstrJ. by comparative courses 50 miles, 
the shore. About 20 saw mills are now falls into Saginaw nearly opposite to the 
moved by the water. The York manufac- mouth of Tittibawassee. Flint r. rises in 
furing com. own a site 34 feet in length, where Lapeer and Oakland cos., and flowing thence 
they have a new factory with 8,000 spindles, to the n. w. enters Saginaw co. and joins Sa- 
and other sites at Call's island. They have ginaw r. 3 or 4 ms. above the mouths of Cass 
also a rolling mill and nail factory, producing an4 Tittibawassee rs. Saginaw Proper rises 
400 tons of nails annually. There is one in Oakland, Washtenaw, and Shiawassee 
Episcopal, one Calvinist, and one Unitarian cos., and flowing nthrd. into Saginaw, joina 
church, besides congregations of Baptists Flint r. ; as already noticed the comparative 
and Methodists. The number of inhabitants length of the two streams above their junc- 



in the village by the last census was 3,219 ; 
the number the preceding year was over 
3,800. Only a few months before the census 
was taken, the large cotton mill which had 
employed 600 persons was burnt. Pop. 1830, 
3,219. 

Saddle, r. N. J. rises near the boundary 
in N. Y., and flows s. through Bergen co. 
into Pompton r. and forms the Passaic 



tion is nearly equal, and each about 55 miles. 
The Saginaw Proper has interlocking sources 
with those of Huron of Erie, and Grand r. 
of Michigan. The course of the Tittiba- 
wassee is almost directly opposite to that of 
Flint r. Rising between the sources of Thun- 
der r. of lake Huron, and Manistic of lake 
Michigan, it flows s. s. e. by comparative 
courses about 70 ms., and is the longest of 



Saddleback mtn. O.xford co. Me. n. ofl the constituent branches of Saginaw. This 
Androscoggin r. about 4,000 feet above the stream rises on the unappropriated territory 

'between Saginaw bay and lake Michigan, 
and in its course to its recipient traverses 
Gladwin and Midland cos., and is lost in Sa- 
ginaw r. in Saginaw co. Below the union of 
its constituent streams, the Saginaw flows n. 
N. E. by comparative courses to its final dis- 
charge into Saginaw bay. 

The valley of Saginaw occupied much of 
the central parts of the Mich, peninsula ; the 
greatest length, 120 ms. from the source of 
Flintr. to thatof Tittibawassee ; mean breadth 
35 ms., and area 42 sq. ms. Lying between 
lat. 42° 35', and 43° 20'. Contrary to ordi- 
nary cases the greatest length of this river 
valley is almost alright angles to the general 
course from the middle source to point of ul- 
timate discharge. 

Sacln'aw, CO. Mich, boimded n. e. and b. 
by Sanilac co., s. e. Lapeer, s. Shiawassee, w. 
Gratiot, n. w. Midland, and n. Saginaw bay. 
Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean breadth 
32, and area 1,216 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 43° 07' to 43° 39', and in long, from 6° 
3C' to 7° 21' w. W. C. Slope a little e. of n. 
The far greater part of the whole co. is in the 
valley of Saginaw r., and near its centre the 
constituent streams of that river converge 
and unite within 3 or 4 ms. of the same point. 
Chief t. Saginaw. 

Saginaw, st. of jus. Saginaw co. Mich., as 
laid down by Tanner, is on the left bank of 
Saginaw r. 20 ms. above its mouth, and 100 
ms. N. w. Detroit. Lat. 43° 25', long. 6° 55' 
w. W. C. 

Saint Alba.n's, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 30 



Saddle River, t. Bergen co. N. J. 4 miles 
N. w. Paterson ; has Pompton r. on the s. 
boundary, and much hilly or mountainous 
land. Paterson v. is at the falls, opposite this 
town. An aqueduct of the Morris canal 
crosses the river. Pop. 1830, 3,397. 

Sadsburyville, p-v. western part of Chester 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 43 ms. w. Phil. 

Saegersville, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 
85 ms. E. Harrisburg. 

Sagadahoc, r. Oxford co. Me. falls into the 
Androscoggin in Rumford, from the n. 

Sag Harbor, p.v. and port of entry, South- 
ampton, Suffolk CO. N. Y. in the n. e. corner 
of that town, 100 ms. e. N. Y., 244 from Al- 
bany, has a good harbor, and the seat of some 
trade, as well as of whale fishing, and the 
manufacture of salt from sea water. 

Saginaw, bay of lake Huron, in Mich. As 
laid down by Tanner in his recently improved 
map of the U. S. Saginaw bay opens from the 
lake between Transit point on the s., and 
Rock point on the n., by a mouth 32 ms. wide, 
and extending thence s. w. 50 ms., maintain, 
ing a general width of about 20 ms., and ter- 
minating in a wide base or shore exceeding 
in fact in width the mean breadth of the bay. 
This bay receives from the n. w. the rivers 
Thunder, Sable, Grindstone, and some of 
lesser note ; the inlets are small, and the 
main confluent of the bay, the Saginaw river, 
enters the extreme southwestern ehore. The 
bay of Saginaw is chequered with some is- 
lands, the principal groups are the Thunder 



islands off Rock point, and the Shaungum ms. e. Norridgewock, 46 n. n. e. Augusta, 
islands between the mouths of Grindstone touches Penobscot co. at the n. e. and s. e. 
and Saginaw rs. V^cssels drawing 5 or 6 ft.' angles, lying w. Corinna, which breaks the 



SAI 



487 



SAI 



line of that co. It is crossed n. e. and s. w. 
by a stream flowing into Sebasticook r. tlie 
main stream forming the w. boundary of this 
town. Pop. 1830, 920. 

Saint Alban's, p-t. and st.jus. Franklin co. 
Vt. 27 ms. N. Hurlington,46 n. w. Montpelier 
70 s. Montreal ; is situated on St. Alban's bay 
of lake Champlain on a handsome slope, com- 
mencing about 3 ms. from the shore. The 
streets of the village are regularly laid out, 
and the public edifices are built about a cen- 
tral square, the co. buildings, academy, 
ohurches, &c. The settlement of the town 
began in the revolutionary war. The streams 
are insignificant ; the soil is good, bearing ma- 
ple, beech and birch, and near the lake, oak. 
The trade of the town has been much in- 
creased by the opening of Champlain canal. 
Saint Alban's academy was incorporated in 
1799. Pop. 1830, 2,395. 

Saint AuGiisTiNE, p-v. Cecil co. Md.byp-r. 
99 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Saint Augustine, East Flor. (See Augus- 
tine, Saint.) 

Saint IJEiiNARn, parish of La., as laid down 
by Tanner, extends s.e. from the lower suburbs 
of New Orleans, and is bounded w. by the 
parish of Jefferson, n. by the parish of Orleans, 
N. E. by lake Borgne, and e. and s. e. by the 
parish of Plaquemines. Length 30 ms. from 
the vicinity of New Orleans to the junction of 
the bayous Levy and Terre aux Boeufs ; mean 
breadth 5 ms., area 150 sq. ms. Central lat. 
29° 54', long. 12° 46' W. C. This parish 
contains both banks of the Miss, from the vi- 
cinity of New Orleans to the Great Bend 
above Woodville, and the whole course of 
Terre aux Boeufs. The margin of these 
streams comprise the only arable part, the 
residue being impassable morass. The whole 
surface is a plain, being a part of the delta. 
Staples, sugar, rice, and cotton. There is 
neither co. st. nor p-o. named in this parish on 
the p-o. list. Pop. 1830, 3,356. 

Saint Charles, parish of La. bounded by 
Jefferson parish e., Lafourche parish s.. Saint 
John Baptist w., and lake Pontchartrain n. 
Length 34 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 
512 sq. ms. Lat. 30°, and long. 13° 18' w. W. 
C. intersect in this parish. What slight descent 
exists in the surface is to the s. e. by e. in 
the direction of the Miss, r., by which it is 
traversed. The alluvial banks of the Mis^.. 
afford most of the arable soil of the parish, 
which, like other parts of the delta, is a 
plain liable to annual, and in the present case, 
even diurnal submersion, except the margin 
of streams. Pop. 1820, 3,862, 1830, 5,147. 
Staples of this parish, sugar, rice, and cot- 
ton. 

Saint Charles, co. Mo. bounded by Mo. r. 
which separates it from Saint Louis co. _s. e. 
and 8., and from Franklin s. w. ; it has Mont- 
gomery CO. Mo. w., and Lincoln n. ; above 
the mouth of Illinois r. it is separated from 



Madison co. II. e. It occupies the point be- 
tween the Mo. and Miss, rs., and approaches 
the form of a triangle ; the hypothenuse or 
greatest length 52 ms. along the general 
course of the latter stream; perpendicular 
along Montgomery 21 ms. ; area about 500 
sq. ms. Lat. 38° 47', long. 13° 35' w. W. C. 
General slope to the e. Chief town. Saint 
Charles. Pop. 1820, 3,970, 1830 4,320. 

Saint Charles, p-v. and st. jus. St. Charles 
CO. Mo. situated on the left bank of Mo. r. 20 
ms. N. w. St. Louis. It is principally com- 
posed of one long street, on a superstratum 
underlaid by solid limestone. After rising 
the slope on which the town stands, an im- 
meiise plain extends, partly covered with 
woods, but more an open prairie. Accord- 
ing to Flint, about one-third of the population 
is French, and the whole about 1,200. Lat. 
38° 4.3', long. 13° 30' W. C. 

Saint Clair, r. of Mich, and Upper Cana- 
da, is the discharge of the inmiensc reservoir 
of lake Huron, or rather it is the drain of the 
basin of which lake Huron is itself the re- 
servoir. Towards its southern extremity 
this large sheet of water gradually contracts, 
and finally terminates in a river almost ex- 
actly at lat. 43°. This r. or strait, with age- 
neral width of about a half mile, flows by 
comparative courses 40 ms. a little w. of s. to 
its entrance into lake Saint Clair. The lower 
part of St. Clair r. is a real delta, the water 
separating into numerous channels, with low 
marshy or sandy intervening islands. The 
main channel of St. Clair r. admits in all it^ 
length the navigation of vessels drawing 7 or 
8 feet water. 

Saint Clair, lake, is a nearly circular sheet 
of water; greatest length or breadth 30 ms., 
and receiving from the n. the r. or strait of 
the same name. This lake is shallow, and 
the shores generally low, level, and in part 
marshy. It receives from Upper Canada the 
rs. Bear and Thames, and from Mich. Clin, 
ton r. It is discharged at the southwestern 
angle into Detroit r., and is navigable for 
vessels of 7 or 8 feet draught. 

Saint Clair, co. Ala. bounded by Shelby 
s. w., Jefferson w., Blount n. w., Wills creek 
or river n. e., and the main Coosa e. and s. e. 
Length from s. w. to n. e. 42 ms., mean 
breadth 20, and area 840 sq. ms. Lat. 33° 
45', long. 9° 24' w. W. C. Slope eastward 
towards Coosa r. Chief t. Ashville. Pop. 
1830, 5,975. 

Saint Clair, co. Mich, bounded by Ma- 
comb CO. s. w., Lapeer w., Sanilac n., lake 
Huron n. e.. Saint Clair r. e. and s. e., and 
lake Saint Clair s. Length from s. to n. 55 
ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,100 sq. ms. 
Lat. 43°, long. 5° 30' w. W. C. Slope s. e., 
and in that direction drained by the river Du- 
lude and Belle r. Pop. 1830, L.114. 

Saint Clair, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. 
Mich, by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Detroit. It is 



Calhoun co. II. by the Miss., and below the situated on Saint Clair river at the mouth 
mouth of II. to that of Mo. r. it is separated! of Pine river. Lat. 42° 47', long. 5° 25' w. 
by the Miss. r. from Greene co. II. n., and W. C. 



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SaiMT Clair, co. II., bounded n. by Madi- 1 southern direction, by comparative courses 80 
eon, N. E. Clinton, Washington s. e., Randolph miles, but with a very sinuous channel, to its 
8., Monroe s. w., and the Mississippi r. sep- entrance into, Mississippi at lat. 34° 35'. In 



arating it from St. Louis co. Missouri, n. w 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 22, 
and area GGO sq. ms. Lat. 38° 30', and long. 
13° w. W. C. intersect near the centre ol this 
CO. The southeastern angle is traversed in a 
southwestern direction by Kasknskias river. 
Silver creek rising in Macaupin, traverses by 
a southern course Madison and St. Clair, fal- 
ling into Kaskaskias river in the latter. The 
general slope of the co. is to the s., though a 
small section of the northwestern part de- 
clines to the westward towards the Missis- 
sippi. Chief town, Belleville. Pop. 1820, 5,- 
253, 1830, 7,078. 

Saint Clairsville, p-v. and st. jus. Belmont 
CO. O., by p-r. 11 ms. a little n. of w. Wheel- 
ing in Va., 275 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 
124 ms. E. Columbus. It is situated on a 
email branch of Indian or West Wheeling 
creek, in a very hilly but fertile country. This 
village stands on tlieU. S. road, contains the 



its entire course of 240 miles, the Saint Fran- 
cis flows so nearly parallel to the general 
course of Black river, and its continuation, 
White river, that the two streams vary in rel- 
ative distance from 10 to 40 ms. The mean 
breadth of Saint Francis valley is about 35 
miles ; area 8,400 sq. ms., filling the space 
between the valley of White river, and the 
opposing part of that of the Miss. The much 
greater part of Saint Francis valley is a plain, 
liable to annual submersion. In the lower 
part of its course it is in appearance, the Mis- 
sissippi on a smaller scale. 

Saint Francis, co. Missouri, bounded s. by 
Madison, Washington w., Jefierson n., and 
Saint Genevieve e. The outline is very ir- 
regular, but the greatest length is from s. to 
N. 30 miles ; mean breadth 20 ms., and area 
600 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 50', long. W. C. 13° 
30' w. The irregular eastern and northeast- 
ern borders of this co. follow the dividing 



common CO. buildings, with a printing office, j ridge or table land between the sources of 
market house, 3 places o( public worship, 1 Saint Francis and Maramec rivers, and those 
and several private schools. Pop. 1830, 789. J of small creeks falling into the Mississippi, 



Lat. 40° 0.5', long. W. C. 3° 51' w. 



after a brief course of 10 or 15 ms. The 



Saint Clement's Bay, and p-o. s. w. part [range of hills or mountains which reach the 



of Saint Mary's co. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. b. s 
E. W. C. 

Saint Croix, river Me., rises in a consid- 
erable lake on the borders of Washington 
CO. and New Brunswick, and after a devi- 
ous course of about 80 or 90 miles in a s. e. 
direction, on the e. boundary of the U. S., 
falls into Passamatiuoddy bay. It also bears 
the names of Passarnaquoddy, Cheputncte- 
coock, &c. It receives numerous small 
streams from Washington county, particularly 
the outlet of the Shordic lakes. It is nav- 
igable 12 ms. to the falls at Calais. 

Saint Francis, river, of Mo. and Ark., is 
composed of two branches, the eastern or 
While Water, and the western or Saint Fran- 
cis proper. White Water has its remote sour- 
ces in Cape Girardeau co. Mo., and derives 
some of its fountains within 10 ms. from the 
channel of the Mississippi. Flowing thence 
by a course a little w. of s. over Cape Girar- 
deau, Stoddard, Scott, and New Madrid cos.. 
Mo., enters Crittenden co. Ark., within which 
it joins the Saint Francis after a comparative 
course of 140 ms. Saint Francis rises in the 
Iron mountains. Saint Francis co. Mo., inter- 
locking sources with those of Black river, 
branch of White river, on the w. ; with those 
of Big river, branch of Maramec, and with 
those of Cold Water, Vase, and other small 
creeks flowing to e. into Miss. From this 
comparatively elevated and broken region. 
Saint Francis, in a general southern course of 
160 miles, unites with White Water, having 
traversed the southern part of Saint Francis, 



Mississippi near the village of Saint Gene- 
vieve, crosses Saint Francis co. in a western 
direction, and discharges the sources of Big 
river, branch of Maramec, n., and those of 
Saint Francis river s. The surface of the 
whole CO. is hilly, broken, and in part even 
mountainous. Chief town, Farmington. Pop. 
1830, 2,366. 

Saint Francis, co. Arkansas, is situated be- 
tween Saint Francis and White rivers, to the 
N. E. by E. of Little Rock, but the boundary is 
uncertain. Chief town, Franklin, the posi- 
tion of which is also uncertain. 

Saint P^RANCis, p-v. Saint Francis co. Ark., 
by p-r. 1 11 ms. n. e. by e. Little Rock. 

Saint Francisville, p-v. and st. jus. West 
Feliciana parish, Louisiana. It is on a hJl 
rising from the Miss, river about 1-4 m. from 
the mouth of bayou Sara, 64 ms. s. Natchez, 
and bv i)-r. 149 ms. n. w.by w.New Orleans. 
Lat. 30° 42', long. W. C. 14° 19' w. It is a 
neat village, in one street along the road from 
the mouth of bayou Sara to Fort Adams, Nat- 
chez, &.C. 

Saint Genevieve, co. of Mo., bounded by 
Perry s. e.. Saint Francis co. s. \f. and w., 
Jefferson n. w., and Mississippi river separa- 
ting it from Randolph co. Illinois n. e. It ap- 
proaches to the form of a square of 20 miles 
each side ; area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 50', 
long. W. C. 13° 14' w. The slope is to the 
N. e. towards the Mississippi river ; the wes- 
tern border following the dividing ridge of 
the sources of Saint Francis and Maramec, 
and those of creeks flowing over Saint Gen- 



the entire breadth of Madison and Wayne, evieve into the Miss. Chief t.. Saint Gene- 
Mo., and part of Lawrence, Monroe and Crit- vieve. Pop. 1830, 2,186. 
tenden counties. Ark. Below the union of its I Saint Genevieve, p-v. and st. jns. Saint 
main branches. Saint Francis maintains its 1 Genevieve co. Mo., situated, says Mr. Flint, 



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489 



SAi 



about one mile from the Mississippi river on 
Gabourie creek, and at the head of a fine al- 
luvial prairie. According to this author, the 
population is about 1,500, and yet not more 
than it was 30 years ago. The French in- 
habitants are most numerous. The village 
contains an academy and Catholic church. 
It is distant Gl ms. below Saint Louis, and 8 
westward of Kaskaskias in II. Lat. 38°, 
long. W. C. 13° 05 w. 

Saint George, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 38 ms. 
from Wiscasset, and 57 s. e. Augusta ; forms 
an irregular cape, running s. w. into the sea, 
with Saint George's river on the n. w. and w. 
Pop. 1830, 1,643. 

Saint George, town, Chittenden co. Vt., 
28 ms. E. Montpelier, 8 s. e. Burlington ; is 
of small size; first settled 1784; has an un- 
even surface, with some high hills ; maple, 
beech, and birch timber, but no considerable 
streams. Pop. 1830, 135. 

Saint Helena, parish of La., bounded by 
lake Pontchartraiu s. e., the Pass of Manchac, 
lake Maurcpas, and the lower part of Amite 
river separating it from the parishes of Saint 
.Tohn Baptist, Saint James, and Ascension ; 
the Amite river separating it from East Ba- 
ton Rouge s. w. and w., and New Feliciana 
N. w. ; on the n. it has the county of Amite 
n Mississippi, and on the e. the Tangipola 
river separating it from Washington n. e., 
and Saint Tammany e. Length from s. to 
N. 50 ms., mean breadth 34, and area 1,700 
sq. ms. {For lat. and long., see Saint Helena, 
the St. jus.) The slope is a little e. of s. 
There is some good soil along the streams, 
but the much greater part is sterile, and cov- 
ered with pine timber. Pop. 1820, 3,026, 
1830, 4,028. 

Saixt Helena, p-v. and st. jus. parish of 
Saint Helena, La., on Tickfah river, by p-r. 
98 ms. N. w. New Orleans ; and about 45 ms. 
a little N. of E. Baton Rouge. Lat. 30° 35', 
long. W. C. 13° 40' w. 

Saint Inigoes, p-v. on a small river of the 
same name, southern part of Saint Mary's co. 
Md., 27 ms. s. e. by e. Leonardstown, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 90 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Saint James, parish of La., bounded e. by 
Saint John Baptist, s. by the Miss, river sep- 
arating it from the parish of Assomption, w. 
by Ascension, and n. by Amite river separa- 
ting it from Saint Helena. Length 28 ms., 
mean width 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 
30° 10', long. W. C. 13° 45' w. The south- 
ern border of this parish rises only from 1 to 
4 minutes above lat. 30, «Sc is about the nrthrn. 
extreme in La. whei^ the orange tree will 
grow to any advantagd|^ and even here, its 
existence is precariousTN Sugar and cotton 
are the staples. In surface and soil it resem- 
bles other Louisiana parishes along the Mis- 
sissippi in the delta. Pop. 1820, 5,660, 1830, 
7,646. 

Saint James, p-o. St. James parish. La. 

Saint James' Church, and p-o. Bedford co. 
Va., by p-r. 217 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Sai.nt John Bai-tist, parish of Louisiana, 
62 



bounded by St. Charles e., bayou Cabanoso 
separating it from the parish of Lafourche s., 
Saint James and Assomption w., lake Maure- 
pas N. w.. Pass of Manchac n., and lake Pont. 
cliartrain n. e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., 
mean breadth 12 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. 
Lat. 40° and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect 
near the centre of this parish. A remark 
may be made here which applies to theprea. 
ent article, and all the other parishes of La., 
in the delta of the Miss., that is, that the area 
is in great part nominal as regards arable 
land. The only part sufficiently elevated for 
the plough is the margin of the streams, but 
where arable the soil is highly fertile. The 
Miss, winds over Saint John Baptist from w. 
to E. Staples, cotton and sugar. Pop. 1820, 
3,854, 1830, 5,677. 

Saint John's, river. Me., rises in Somer- 
set CO. in that state, near the middle of the 
w. boundary, where its head waters almost 
interlock with those of the Chaudiere, which 
flows into the Saint Lawrence, and with those 
of the Penobscot, and approach near to some 
of the sources of the Kennebec. The ca- 
noe navigation of the Penobscot is connected 
with that of the Saint John's, by a portage of 
only 2 ms. The first course of this great r. 
is n., then n. e. and e. to near the upper part 
of the boundary of Penobscot and Washing, 
ton counties, where it bends southerly, and 
crossing the latter county, it passes into New 
Brunswick. The Saint John's presents a 
bold and noble curve on the map ; and is nay. 
igable in sloops of 50 tons in N. Brunswick 
80 ms. from the Bay of Fundy. Its princi- 
pal branch, the Aroostic, rises in the w. part 
of Penobscot county, runs n, e., and enters N, 
Brunswick. 

Saint John's, river of Florida. This very 
remarkable river has evidently been formed 
from one of those sounds which exist along 
the Atlantic coast of the United States. In 
strictness it cannot be said to have any defi- 
nite source, as bolh branches, the Ocklawa- 
ha, and Saint John's proper, originate in one 
immense marsh, rising but very slightly above 
the level of the Atlantic ocean. As laid down 
by Tanner, both branches flow northwardly 
about CO miles, unite, and the combined wa- 
ter, continuing the original course 70 miles, 
inflects abruptly e. 20 ms. to its outlet into 
the Atlantic ocean at lat. 30° 20'. For such 
vessels as can enter the mouth, 6 or 7 feet 
draught, it is navigable more than two thirda 
of its entire course. The region it drains is 
generally sterile. " The bar at the mouth of 
this river is shifting ; the greatest depth on it 
is 15 feet at high tide ; but, on account of 
winds, it varies from 13 to 15 feet. At low 
tide the least depth is 6 feet, the greatest 7^ 
feet. As there is constantly more or less 
swell, a vessel drawing more than 11 feet, 
could not cross the bar with safety, but might 
ascend easily the river, as far up as the mouth 
of Black creek. On this distance of 47 ms, 
the channel is wide, and affords a depth nev. 
er less than 15 feet." By the same authority, 



SAI 



490 



SAI 



(report of U. S. engineer; before quoted, it 
appears that the Saint John's river of Florida 
can be safely navigated by vessels drawing 8 
feet water to lake George, 107 ras., following 
tlje stream, above the bar at its mouth. The 
engineers state that freshets (floods; do not 
exceed a rise of 2 feet, and that " the banks 
are principally marsh, hammock land, pine 
barren, and cypress swamp." Soil generally 
sterile. 

Saint John's, go. Flor. As laid down by 
Tanner, this county is very nearly commen- 
surate with the valley of Saint John's r., hav. 
ing extensive marshes s., Seminole Indians s 
w., Alachua co. vv., Duval co. n. w. and n., 
and the Atlantic e. Within these limits it is 
in length from s. to N. 130 ms., with a mean 
breadth of at least 40 ms., area 5,200 sq. ms 
Extending in lat. from 28° 40' to 3iJP 20', and 
in long, from 4° to 5° 30' w. W. C. The 
outlines it must, however, be premised, are 
arbitrary except to the n., and along the ocean 
This wide region is generally open prairie or 
marsh, with a very sterile soil. It may be 
remarked, that the alluvion of Florida is as 
sterile as that of La. is productive. Where 
sufficiently elevated and fertile, the soil of 
Saint John's produces sugar cane, cotton, rice, 
indigo, and an immense number of other val. 
uable vegetables. The climate is sufficient 
ly mild for the orange, olive, and perhaps the 
date palm. Chief t. Saint Augustine. The 
pop. 2,538, in 1830, marks the nature of the 
country ; not 1 person to 2 sq. ms. 

Saint John's Bluff, and p-o. Duval co., 
Florida, by p-r. 274 ms., though by direct 
distance only about 200 miles east Talla- 
hassee. 

Saint Joseph's, river, of Mich., Ohio and 
Ind., rises in Branch and Hillsdale counties 
of the former, and flowing s. s. w. traverses 
Williams co. Ohio, and entering Ind., unites 
in Allen county with the Saint Mary's river, 
to form Maumee, after a comparative course 
of 70 miles. The Saint Joseph's branch of 
Maumee has interlocking sources with those 
of the Saint Joseph's of lake Michigan, and 
Tiffin's river, branch of Maumee. 

Saint Joseph's, river of lake Michigan, has 
interlocking sources with those of Eel river, 
branch of Wabash ; those of Saint Joseph's 
of Maumee, Tiffin's of Maumee, the r. Rai- 
sin of lake Erie, and with those of Kallama- 
zoo river of lake Michigan. The most re- 
mote source is in Hillsdale co. Mich., but 
the numerous confluents drain nearly all 
Branch, Saint Joseph, Cass, and Berrien, 
with part of Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Van 
Buren cos. Mich. ; and all La Grange and 
Elkhart, with part of Saint Joseph's and La 
Porte cos. Ind. The various streams which 
contribute to form Saint Joseph's river, unite 
in Mich., and the main stream inclining s. w., 
enters Indiana in the n. e. part of Elkhart co., 
and thence sweeping an elliptic curve over 
the northern sections of Elkhart and Saint 
Joseph's COS., re-enters Mich, by a northwest. 
em course, which it maintains over Berrien 
CO. 'to its final entrance into lake Mich. The 



Saint Joseph's river of lake Michigan is a 
large stream in proportion to length. The 
utmost length of the valley it drains is 110 
ms., whilst the mean breadth is fully 40 ms. ; 
area 4,400 sq. ms. This valley is also amongst 
the finest regions of the Saint Lawrence ba- 
sin. In lat. it extends from 41° 15' to 42° 
20' ; and from about 80 to 180 ms. a little s. 
of w. from Detroit. The vallies of Saint Jo- 
seph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand rs. follow each 
other from s. to n. 

Saint Joseph's, an isl. in the straits of St. 
Mary, lies between Drummond's and Geor- 
ge's island. It is 20 ms. long, with a mean 
breadth of 8 ms. and in all its length sepa- 
rates the two channels of the straits of St. 
Mary. 

Saint Joseph, co. Mich, bounded w. by 
Cass, N. by Kalamazoo, e. by Branch, s. by 
La Grange co. Ind., and s. w. by Elkhart co. 
Ind. Length from e. to w. 24 ms., breadth 
21, and area 504 square ms. Lat. 42°, and 
long. W. C. 8° 35' w. intersect in this co. 
The main volume of St. Joseph's r. enters the 
estrn. border and winds southwestwardly over 
the CO. leaving it at the southwestern angle. 
The whole surface is in the valley of St. Jo- 
seph's r. 

Saint Joseph, co. of Indiana, bounded by 
Elkhart co. Indiana e., by the Putavvatomie 
country s. e., s. and s. w.. La Porte co. Ind., 
\y., Berrien co. Mich. n. w., and Cass county, 
Mich., N. E. Length from s. to n. 32 ms. 
width 21, and area 672 square ms. Lat. 41° 
35', long. W. C. 9° 20' w. Though a level 
country this co. comprises a table land. The 
northeastern angle is traversed by and drained 
into St. Joseph's r. From the northwestern 
part issue some creeks, which flow into lake 
Mich, by a wstrn. course. The central and 
wstrn. sections give source to the Kankakee 
branch of II. r. which leaves the co. by a s. w. 
by w. course, whilst the sthrn. border gives 
source to the Tippecanoe branch of the Wa- 
bash. 

Saint Landre', parish of La. bounded by 
Sabine r. on the w. separating it from the 
Mexican province of Texas, Natchitoches, 
La. N. w., Rapides parish La. n., Avoyelles 
parish n. e., Atchafalaya r. separating it from 
the parishes of Point Coupee, and West 
Baton Rouge east, St. Martin's parish south- 
east, the Queue Fortue bayou south, sep- 
arating it from the parish of Lafayette, 
and by the gulf of Mexico s. w. Length 
along the western border 100 miles, mean 
breadth 60 ms. and area 6,000 square miles. 
Extending in lat. from from 29° 25' to 31°, and 
in long, from W. C. 14° 48' to 17° w. This 
very extensive parish embraces most part of 
the region known from the name of an Indian 
tribe called Opelousas. It is the extreme 
southwestern angle of the U. S. Few, if any 
other continuous surfaces of equal extent, 
diff"er more in soil, features, and indige- 
nous vegetation. The nthrn. part towards 
Natchitoches rises into an undulating coun- 
try, covered generally with pine timber. The 
central and wstrn. sections assume the as- 



SAI 



491 



SAI 



pect of an immense plain, with lines of woods | between long. W. C. 15° and 16° w. interlock- 



winding with the streams, but the far greater 
part between the water courses, prairie. The 
southwestern part between the Mermentau 
and Sabine is a level sea marsh, with scat- 
tered clumps of trees, but mostly flooded 
prairie. All these three sections have ster- 
ile soil. But advancing eastward to the 
banks of the Teche, Courtableau, and Ver- 
million, the timber becomes more plentiful, 
and the soil exuberantly productive. This 
fine section is again followed by the inundated 
margin of Atchafalaya, and lower Courta- 
bleau. The ecclesiastical name which heads 
this article was imposed by the first civilized 
settlers, the French, which nation in numbers 
still predominate. Staples, cotton, live stock, 
hides, &.C. Chief town, St. Landre'. Pop. of 
the parish, in 1820, 10,085, 1830, 12,591. 

Saint Landre', post village and st. jus. 
parish of St. Landre', Opelousas, is situated 
on bayou Bourbee, the extreme head branch 
of Vermillion r; a branch of the Teche, how. 
ever, rises immediately in the rear of the v. 
Though, the adjacent country is level, it is 
in an uncommon degree pleasant. The lines 
of woods, the farm houses along their mar- 
gins, with the innumerable flocks of cattle 
and horses, and the rich products of the soil, 
yield a very animated picture. This place 
gains interest from being the most sthwestrn. 
post village in the U. S. In the p-o. list it is 
called Opelousas, and in the direction of let- 
ters that name ought to be used. {See Ope- 
lousas. ) 

St. Lawrence, co. N. Y. bounded by St. 
Lawrence r. n. w. which separates it from 
Upper Canada, Franklin co. e., Hamilton and 
Herkimer cos. s., and Herkimer, Lewis and 
Jefferson cos. s. w. The line on the St. Law- 
rence is G5 1-2 ms. without the sinuosities. 
It contains about 2,000 square ms. and 24 
towns ; the capital is Oswegatchie. Black 
lake is long and narrow, and a convenient 
channel of navigation from Rossie ironworks, 
running nearly n. to the St. Lawrence. O 
wegatchie. Grass, St. Regis, and Racket rs. 
are the principal streams, whose courses are 
long. The surface is broken and hilly, ex- 
cept s. and s. e. where it is nearly level. The 
soil belovv Ogdensburgh is light and produc- 
tive. Iron ore abounds, and the streams 
furnish mill sites. Oak, maple, birch, bass, 
beech, and white and Norway pine form the 
forests. There are extensive swamps in the 
s. E. A canal from the St. Lawrence to 
lake Champlain has been proposed, to cross 
this CO. and Franklin and Clinton cos. There 
is a state arsenal at Russell. Pop. 1820, 
16,037, 1825, 28,000, 1830, 36,354. 

Saint Lawrence, p-v. southwestern part 
Chatham co. N. C. 

Saint Leonard's, p-v. on Chesapeake bay, 
eatsern side of the peninsula between that 
sheet of water and Patuxent r. and in Calvert 
CO. Md. 12 ms. s. e. Prince Fredericktown, 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 75 ms. s. e. W. C. 
Saint Louis, r. of the U. S. in Huron, as 



ing sources with water courses flowmg into 
Rainy Lake r. and between the confluents of 
Miss, r., and those of the northwestern part of 
lake Superior. Flowing thence by compara- 
tive courses s. w. 100 ms. inflects to a s. e. 
by E. course about an equal distance to its 
efflux into the extreme western angle of lake 
Superior. Along the lower course of St. 
Louis r. and the Savannah r. branch of Miss, 
is one of the channels of intercommunication 
between the basin of St. Lawrence and Miss. 
According to Mr. Schoolcraft, it is, following 
the stream, 148 ms. from its mouth up St. 
Louis r. to the Portage into Savannah r., and 
the Portage plain has an elevation of 652 1-2 
feet above the level of lake Superior, or about 
1,270 feet above the level of the Atlantic. 
Such an elevation is fully equivalent to 3 1-2 
degrees of lat., therefore the region from 
which St. Louis r. flows, has a winter climate 
suitable to lat. 51 to 52° on the Atlantic coast. 
Saint Louis, co. Mo. bounded by Jefferson 
s., Franklin s. w., Missouri r. separating it 
from St. Charles co. w., northwest and north, 
Mississippi river separating it from Madi- 
son county, Illinois, n. e., St. Clair co. II. e. 
and Monroe co. II. s. e. Greatest length 
from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., greatest width 24 
ms. but mean width about 12 ms., area 480 
square ms. Lat. 38° 36', long. 13° 30', w. 
W. C. The sthrn. side is in part bounded 
and in part traversed by Maramec r. in an 
estrn. direction. The Mo. r. where it bounds 
St. Louis, flows to the n. e. by e. to its junction 
with Miss, at the northeastern angle of the 
CO. Below the mouth of Mo. the Miss, flows 
s. s. w. to the influx of the Maramec. Thus 
the three rivers render St. Louis co. literal- 
ly a peninsula, the neck from the Maramec 
to Mo. being only about 8 ms. wide. Short 
creeks flow from the centre into the respec- 
tive rs. The whole resting on a substratum 
of limestone. Soil productive. Chief town, 
St. Louis. Population 1820, 10,049, 1830, 
14,125. 

Saint Louis, p-t. city and st. jus. Saint Lou . 
is CO. Mo., on the right bank of Miss, river, 
20 ms. below the junction of that stream with 
Mo. river, 68 ms. s. w. by w. from Vandalia, 
in II., 116 ms. e. Jefferson, and by p-r. 856 
ms. a little s. of w. W. C. ; lat. 38° 36', long. 
W. C. 13° 14' w. This city was founded in 
1764, but during the existence of the French 
and Spanish colonial governments remained 
a mere village. The site is adx'antageous, 
similar to Cincinnati, and rises by two bot- 
toms or plains. The lower on the Miss, is 
alluvial, from which a limestone bank rises 
to the level of the adjacent country, which 
sweeps backwards as far as the eye can 
reach. The principal street exceeds a mile 
in length, and is tolerably compact. This 
place has now gained all the attributes of a 
commercial depot ; and contains a branch of 
the bank of the U. S., a Catholic cathedral, 
several other places of public worship, an 
academy, numerous schools, and a spacious 



laid down by Tanner rises at lat. 48°, and town house. Three or four gazettes are pub 



SAI 



492 



SAI 



lished weekly. In the harbor appears the 
activity of commerce ; the depth of water in 
the Miss, being always sufficient for the nav- 
igation of the largest steamboats, at all sea- 
sons, except when the r. is covered with ice, 
an obstruction which, however, occurs to a 
longer or shorter period annually. PopuFa- 
tion 1830, 6,694. 

Saint Marks, small river of Flor., which 
has gained importance from its position, ris- 
ing between the Ocklockonne and Oscilla rs., 
and to the s. of Tallahassee. P'rom this lime- 
stone region it flows 10 or 12 ms. to the s. e., 
receives the Walkully from the n. e., and 
takes the name of Appalache at the village 
of Saint Marks. (-SVp Appalache.) If we 
compare the navigable facilities of Saint 
Mark's r. by either branch, with the length of 
the streams, we are struck with the disparity. 
Neither branch has 35 nis. comparative course 
from head to entrance into the gulf of Mexico, 
and yet large boats ascend both branches to 
near their sources. " In the winter of l'ci26," 
says Williams in his Florida, "The Franklin 
schooner came up to the fort (Saint Marks) 
drawing 9 feet water ; but 7 is as much as 
can be depended on." 

Saint Marks, p-v. at the head of Appalache 
river, and junction of Saint Mark and Walkul- 
ly rivers, by p-r. 22 ms. s. s. e. Tallahassee. 
This is the port of Tallahassee for sail ves- 
sels, though boats are navigated 10 ms. still 
higher. {See art. Saint Mark^s r.) 

Saint Martin's, river, a small stream of 
the northeastern angle of Worcester co. Md. 
The extreme source is in Sussex co. Del., 
but flowing s. e. it enters Worcester co. Md., 
and falls into the northern arm of Sinepux- 
ent bay, and opposite Fenwick's isl. 

Saint Martins, p-v., nrthestrn. part Wor- 
cester CO. Md., on Saint Martin's r., 20 miles 
N. N. E. Snowhill, the co. seat, and by p-r. 144 
ms. s. E. by e. W. C. 

Saint Martins, upper parish of Attacapas, 
La., bounded by Lafayette parish s. w., Saint 
Landre or Opelousas w. n. w. and n., At- 
chafalaya r., separating it from West Baton 
Rouge N. E., parish of Iberville e.. Ascension 
s. E., and Saint Mary's or lower Attacapas s. 
Length from e. to w. 60 ms., mean breadth 
30, and area 1,800 sq. ms: Lat. 30° and long. 
W. C. 15° w., intersect near i\ew Iberia, 
the port of the parish. The eastern part of 
this parish between Atchafalaya r. and the 
prairies e. of Teche r., is liable vo annual sub- 
mersion, and covered with a dense forest of 
Buch trees as are natural to inundated land, 
such as water white oak, willow, bitter nut 
hickory, sweet gum, tupeeloo gum, cypress, 
&c. This section is uninhabitable, but with 
the prairie land a diflfercnt soil and aspect is 
presented. The central section is traversed 
by the Teche, and the western by Vermillion 
r., both streams flowing sthrdiy., and upon 
both, extend along fheir banks narrow lines of 
wood land ; the intermediate surface prairie. 
Near the r. banks the soil is exuberantly fer- 
tile, and sufficiently elevated for cultivation. 



Sugar cane has been cultivated on the Teche 
in this parish, but is evidently too far n., and 
too much exposed to the sweeping nrthwst. 
winds to be made a profitable staple. Cotton 
succeeds well, as also Indian corn, rice, indi- 
go, &c. The peach and fig are the principal 
fruits. Live stock is, however, the most val- 
uable staple. Chief t. Saint Martinsville. 
Pop. 1830, iJ,442, of whom 4,301 were slaves. 
Saint Martinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Saint 
Martin's parish. La., is on the right bank of 
Teche r. 35 ms. a little e. of s. Saint Landre, 
11 ms. s. New Iberia, and by p-r. 176 ms. a 
very little n. of w. New Orleans. This vil- 
lage rose, after the establishment of the U. S. 
governn»ent, around Saint Martin's church. 
It extends chieflly in one street along the hieh 
bank of Teche. Pop. about 300. Lat. 30° 
09', long. 14° 56' w. W. C. 

Sajnt Mary's, an important river of the 
Atlantic slope of the U. S. in Geo. and^'^lor. 
As delineated on our maps, this river has its 
extreme northwestern source in Ware county, 
Geo., at lat. 31°, between the Santilla r., and 
the Alapapaha, a branch of Suwannee. Flow 
ing thence by a course a little e. of s., and 
receiving large accessions of water from the 
westward, the Saint Mary's reaches its great 
bend at lat. 30° 21', having become a bounda- 
ry at lat. 30° 36' (nearly) between Geo. and 
Flor. Inflecting abruptly to the e. about 5 
ms., turns again equally abruptly to the north- 
ward, and flows about 35 miles comparative 
course almost reverse to its original direc- 
tion, to the influx of Spanisli,r. from the nrthrd. 
and from Geo. Once more this singular 
r. bends at very nearly right angles, and by a 
comparative course of a little s. of e., reaches 
the Atlantic between Amelia and Cumber- 
land isl. Thebasinof Saint Mary's river, ex- 
tending from lat. 30° to 31°, is aboift 80 me. 
in length from e. to w., with a mean breadth 
of 30 ms. ; area 2,400 his. ; having the basin 
of Saint John's s. e., Suwannee w., and San- 
tilla N. The following description is given 
by the U. S. engineers. " Saint Mary's riv- 
er takes its rise out of the extensive swamps 
which are on the Geo. line, and stretch be- 
tween the head branches of Saint Mary's and 
Suwannee rs. These swamps, called emphat- 
ically dismal swamps, are generally covered 
with a thick growth of bay trees, vines and 
undergrowth. At some places, short- bay 
bushes, at others sedge grass, are the only 
growth. No lake or natural reservoir of im- 
portance is to be found ; but on account of 
the great extent of the swamps, draining both 
ways, into the Suwannee and Saint Mary's rs., 
these streams are subject to high freshets 
during the rainy season, or after a sudden 
heavy rain. At the upper fork of Saint Ma- 
ry's r., the rise of freshets is about six feet. 
In following the windings of the r., the dis- 
tance from the Atlantic to the very head of 
the stream, 13 ms. above the upper fork, is 
about 105 ms. The summit point of the ridge 
between the Atlantic ocean and the gulf ol 
Mexico, has been found 152 feet. Saint Ma- 



SAI 



493 



SAI 



ry'sr. itself flows generally through narrow jPotomac s. which separates it from North- 
strips of wet hammocks. The banks inimedi- lumberland and Westmoreland counties, Va., 
ately adjoining are high, theirsoil sandy, their [Charles co. Md. w. and n. w., Patuxent river 
growth pine. The greatest depth of water separating it from Calvert co. Md. s. e., and 
on the bar, at the entrance of Saint Mary's IChesapeake bay e. Length from Point Look- 
harbor, is as much as 22 feet during spring out at the mouth of Potomac to the north- 
tides, when easterly winds have blown for a western angle 38 ms., mean breadth 10, and 
considerable time, and 13i feet only at low area 380 sq. ms. Lat. 3!>° 03' to 38° 30', 
tide. The tide is felt as far up as Barbour's' long. W. C. 0° 12' to 0° 41' e. Tho' bound- 



plantations, 50 ms. from the mouth of the r 
The commodious harbor at the mouth of Saint 
Mary's r., presenting on the bar a depth of 
I3i feet at low water, and 19^ feet at com- 
mon high tide, is susceptible of defence, and 
derives a great importance from the circum- 
stance of being the only good harbor from 
the boundaries of Geo. to Flor. Pomt." 

Saint Mary's, river of Ohio and Ind., has 
its remote source in Shelby co. Ohio, and as- 
suming a northwestern course traverses Mer- 
cer and Vanwert counties of Ohio, enters In- 
diana, and mingles at Fort Wayne, in Allen 
CO., with the Saint Joseph's river to form the 
Maumee, after a comparative course of 60 
ms. The valley of Saint Mary's lies between 
those of upper Wabash, and au Glaize, 
branch of Maumee. 

Saint Mary's strait, between Cliippeway 



ed by the Patuxent on the n. e., the slope is 
southward towards the Potomac, and in that 
direction flow the Saint Mary's, Hritton's and 
Wicomico rivers. These brief but important 
water courses are navigable b^ys for some 
distance from the Potomac, and the Wicomi 
CO by its relative course with the Patuxent, 
nearly insulates the co. ^ This pointer penin- 
sula, now Saint Mary's co., was the cradle ol 
Md. ; it was there, that in 1G32, Calvert's col 
ony was founded, and where the seat of the 
government of Md. continued 67 years, until 
in 1699 it was permanently fixed at Annapo- 
lis. Chief town, Leonardtown. Pop. 1820, 
12,974, 1830, 13,459. 

Saint Mary's, sea-port and p-v. at the 
mouth of Saint Mary's river, and in the sth- 
estrn. angle of Camden co. Geo. It is situa- 
ted dir(x;tly w. of the entrance between Cum- 



co. Mich., and Upper Canada, unites lakes! berland and Amelia isls., 80 ms. by land, a 
Huron and Superior. Taken in its utmost little w. of s. Darien, and 235 ms. s. s. e. 
extent, the straits of Saint Mary extend n. Milledgeville. Lat. 30° 42', long. W. C. 4° 
w. and s. e. 75 ms. from the passage between > 48' w. This place from its position must be- 
Drummond's and Saint Joseph's isls., to Ma- come one of great importance, but hitherto 



pie isls. in lake Superior. From Maple isls 
to the cataract of Saint Mary, is about 30 ms. 
In this higher section the strait gradually 
narrows, &, is but little interspersed with isls. 
At the Sanlt or Chute, between fort Brady, 
and the British Hudson's Bay company's fac- 
tory, the water is contracted to about ^ mile, 
and rushes over a ledge of rocks. This part 
of the strait is navigable, with some more 
difficulty than real danger, by vessels of 6 feet 
water. Below the cataract the strait becomes 
and continues to be divided into two channels 
by George and Saint Joseph's isls. These 
chaimels are similar to the Belts in Denmark 
which imite the Baltic and Scaggerac seas. 
The southwestern chaimel on the side of 
Michigan, is again subdivided by Sugar isl. 
20 ms. long, and some other smaller islands, 
but after winding 50 ms. opens into lake Hu- 
ron, between Drunnnond'sisl. & the promon- 
tory of The True Detour. The eastern chan- 
nel or strait along the Canada shore, stretch- 
es from the cataract of Saint Mary 40 miles, 
and terminates in Manitou bay of lake Hu- 
ron. The entire fall from the level of lake 
Superior to that of Huron is about 23 feet. 
From recent and accurate observation, it has 
been clearly established that the rocks in 
Saint Mary's strait are slowly yielding to the 
impression of floods and ice, and that the sur- 
face of lake Superior is lowering. (-See art. 
Sault de Saint Mary.) 

Saixt Mary's, p-o. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 
139 ms. ^•.E. W. C 



the want of pop. on the basin of Saint Ma- 
ry's >r. has retarded its increase. 

Saint Mary's, or Lower Attacapas, parish 
of La., bounded n. w. and n. by Saint Mar- 
tin's parish, Atchafalaya r. n. e. separating it ' 
from Ascension n. e., and Assomption e. ; 
parish of Terre Bonne s. e., the Gulf of Mex- 
ico s., and Vermillion bay separating it from 
the parish of Lafayette w. Length parallel 
to the Teche river 50 ms., and independent of 
the deep indentings of Vermillion, Cote 
Blanch, & Atchafalaya bays, and the surface 
of lake Chetimaches, the mean breadth of the 
land surface is about 20 ms. ; and area 1,000 
sq. ms. Central lat. 29° 45', long. W. C. 30° 
40' w. Lying entirely below lat. 30°, Saint 
Mary's parish is in all its extent within the 
climate suitable to the growth of sugar cane, 
and the soil being without exception highly 
fertile, where of sufficient elevation to admit 
culture ; sugar is a standing staple of the 
parish. The Atchafalaya river and Teche r. 
afford a navigable chaimel of 8 feet to the 
centre of Saint Mary's parish, and of 5 or 6 
feet to New Iberia in Saint Martin's. The 
general course of the Teche from New Ibe- 
ria to its mouth into Atchafalaya is s. e. by 
E., with a channel sweeping very large bends. 
The lines of woodland along this stream nar- 
row until near the mouth ; soil on both banks 
first rate. As in Saint Martin's, the annually 
inundated part of Saint Mary's towards At- 
chafalaya, is covered with a dense forest. 
On the contrary side of Teche towards the 



Saint Mary's, co. Md., bounded by the I Gulf of Mexico, the general surface is prai- 



SAI 



494 



SAL 



rie ; near the Teche, and some other streams 
comparatively high and arable, but sinking 
into immense grassy morasses near the Gulf 
bays ; timber, where found, mostly stands in 
detached clumps. Along the Gulf shore of 
this parish, occur those remarkable hills, cal- 
led Petite Anse, Grand Cote, Cote Blanche, 
and Belle Isle. These hills rise on the shores 
of the bays, and though surrounded by marsh, 
rise far above any other land s. of Upper Ope- 
lousas. They are composed of a very pro- 
ductive soil, and in their natural state were 
covered with dense forests. Neither of these 
hills exceed IJ ms. in length ; their timber 
distinct (except live oak which abounds on 
both), from that along the Teche, and other 
Streams of Saint Mary's. Sugar, cotton, rice, 
indigo, tobacco and live stock, are the staples ; 
fruits, fig, peach, and some apples. Chief t. 
Franklin. Pop. 1830, 6,442. 

Saint Mary's, p-v. on Saint Mary's r., and 
in the eastern part of Mercer co. Ohio, by 
p-r. Ill ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. Popula- 
tion 1830, 92. 

Saint Michael's, small river, or creek, of 
Talbot CO. Md., extends first southward 10 
ms. past the town of Saint Michael's, until 
within little more than 1 mile from Tread Ha- 
ven bay, when it bends 5 or 6 miles towards 
the N. E. To the w. of Saint Michael's river 
extends a peninsula, to which that name is 
ohen applied. 

Saint Michael's, sea-port, and p-v. on the 
western side of Saint Michael's bay, and in 
Talbot CO. Md., by p-r 12 ms. n. w. by w.j commenced 
Easton, the co. seat, and 72 a very little s. of 
E. W. C. 

Saint Regis, village, Saint Lawrence co. 
N. Y., 45 ms. e. n. e. Ogdensburgh, on Saint 
Regis r. at the mouth in the Saint Lawrence. 
Lat. 45°. 

Saint Stephens, p-v. and st. jus. Washing- 
ton CO. Ala., on the right bank of Tombigbee 
river, 70 ms. n. Mobile, and by p-r. 162 a lit- 
tle w. of s. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 33', long. 
W. C. 11° 10' w. It stands at the head of 
schooner navigation in Tombigbee, is the seat 
of an academy, contains a printing office, and 
a pop. of 1,000, or 1,200. 

Saint TaMiManv, parish of La., bounded n. 
w. by Tangipola r. separating it from Saint 
Helena, n. by the parish of Washington, e. 
Pearl river, separating it from Hancock co. 
Miss., and s. by lake PoQtchartrain. Length 
70 miles, from the mouth of Pearl river to 



Salem, p t. Rockingham co. N. H., 30 ms. 
s. w. Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord ; with 15,- 
600 acres ; has an uneven surface, a soil gen- 
erally good, and is crossed by Spiggot river, 
which, with its numerous tributaries, affords 
many mill seats. Policy, World's End, and 
Captain's ponds are the principal sheets of 
water. Pop. 1830, 1,302. 

Salem, town, Orleans co. Vt., 49 miles N. 
Montpelier ; first settled 1798; contains 17,- 
330 acres, and is crossed by Clyde r., which 
falls into Salem or Derby pond, on the boun- 
dary line. South bay of lake Memphremagog 
enters the town on the w. There are no mill 
sites. The soil is generally good, and the 
surface level. The trees are various. Pop. 
1830,230. 

Salem, p-t. seaport, and capital of Essex 
CO. Mass. 14 ms. n. n. e. Boston, 24 s. New- 
buryport, 4 ms. n. w. Marblehead, and 450 n. 
E. W. C. is the second town in the state for 
population, wealth, and commercial impor- 
tance, being inferior only to Boston. Its lat. 
is 42° 30' N., and its long. 6° e. W. C. 

Salem is the oldest settlement in New Eng- 
land except Plymouth, having been settled in 
1C28. Its Indian name was Naumkeag, or 
Naumkeek, by which title it was long desig- 
nated. Its settlement was commenced by 
John Endicott, for a company in England, 
which had purchased the place of the Ply- 
mouth company. He erected dwellings, &c. 
and in 1629, ships to the number of 11 came 
out, bringing 1,500 persons, by whom were 
the settlements at Boston, 
Charlestown, Dorchester, &lc. John Win- 
throp was appointed governor, and Thomas 
Dudley, deputy governor, by charter, and as 
they resided at Boston, that place became 
the seat of government for the colony. Two 
hundred of the settlers died at Salem in the 
first winter. The territory then included the 
present townships of Danvers, Beverly and 
Marblehead. The first cases of witchcraft, 
which excited public attention so much in the 
early periods of New England, occured here. 
The persons first tried on this singular accu- 
sation lived in what now is Danvers. Many , 
trials took place in Salem, and many execu- 
tions on the neighboring eminence called 
Witch-hill. Roger Williams, who colonized 
Rhode Island, was once a pastor here, and 
Bowditch, the mathematician, and Timothy 
Pickering, secretary of state of the U. S. 
were both natives of Salem. The British 



the extreme northwestern angle on Tangipo- authority was resisted in Salem before the 



la river ; mean breadth 15 ms.; and area 1, 
050 sq. ms. Lat. 30° and long. 13° w. W. C. 
intersect very near the centre of this parish. 
Slope s. e., and traversed by Chifuncte river. 
The surface rises from lake Pontchartrain in- 
to hills covered with pine and other timber. 
Soil generally sterile. Chief t. Covington. 
Pop. 1820, 1,723, 1830, 2,864. 

Saint Thomas, township, and p-v. Franklin 
CO. Pa., 9 ms. w. of Chambersburg, and by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. township 1830, 
1,771. 



battle of Lexington, for Col. Leslie, who had 
come from Boston to remove some cannon 
thither, was prevented from entering the 
town by the removal of a draw bridge, &c. 
so that he was unable to accomplish his ob- 
ject. 

The town, though low, is pleasantly situated 
at the head of the bay formed by two inlets 
from the sea, and including a peninsula run- 
ning E. The soil is generally poor. About 
the neck of the peninsula are collected the 



SAL 



495 



SAL 



principal part of the inhabitants, on a surface 
of about 1-2 a mile by 1 1-2 ms. The streets 
are generally beautiful and well built, mostly 
with wood, though with many brick, and some 
elegant buildings. They cross each other at 
right angles, with large open squares, border- 
ing on which are the public buildings, some 
of which make a fine appearance. The com- 
mon is beautiful, and planted with fine shade 
trees. The commercial prosperity of the 
place during the successful prosecution of an 
active trade with the East Indies and China, 
some years ago, adorned Salem with many 
splendid edifices. This trade is still exten- 
sive though not so much so as formerly. N. 
and S. rivers are two arms of the bay be- 
tween which the peninsula extends. They 
are crossed by bridges which unite Salem to 
two considerable villages, or suburbs. The 
bridge over North r. connecting Salem with 
Beverly is 1,500 feet long. The harbor has 
too little water at ebb tide to allow all desira- 
ble facilities for commerce ; vessels of large 
burden not being able to lie at the wharves, 
and those drawing more than 12 feet water 
being commonly lightened before coming up 
to the t. An important work has been com- 
menced, by which the town will be supplied 
with considerable water power. By a dain 
across the N. river, and a canal across the 
neck, the tide may be made to be put in mo- 
tion a large amount of machinery. By this 
enterprising improvement, the manufactures 
of Salem will doubtless be much increased. 
Among the public buildings, are a court- 
house, the market-house, the atheneum, the 
orphan asylum, churches, «fec. 'I'iie athene- 
um, alms-house, hospital, and 2 forts are on 
the neck. The atheneum has a library of 
5,000 volumes. The marine museum is a 
valuable collection ofrare curiosities from all 
parts of the vvorld, contributed by the mem- 
bers of the East India marine society, who 
are all nautical, or commercial men, and who 
established the society with a view to pro- 
mote a knowledge of East Indian navigation 
and trade, and to aid indigent members and 
their faiuiiies. There are in Salem 9 banks, 
which in 1831, made half yearly dividends of 
from 2 1-2 to 3 1-2 per cent. There are also 
6 insurance offices, 15 churches, school- 
houses, &-C. The schools, of which there 
are between 20 and 30, are flourishing and 
well supported, and common education is 
placed on a footing highly creditable to the 
people, and proportioned to its real impor- 
tance. The town also contains 16 taimeries, 
11 twine and cordage factories, and 2 white 
lead manufactories, to be moved by water 
power; one of thein makes 600 tons annual- 
ly, beside a large quantity of the sugar of lead, 
and the other 1,00),0:>U lbs., half of which is 
called German white lead, manufactured on a 
secret plan, for the knowledge of which 
$10,000 were paid. Ten thousand gallons 
of oil are consumed in the preparation of the 
German white lead alone. The iron compa- 
ny makes 500 tons into hoops annually.' 



There are 15 or 20 vessels employed in the 
coasting trade, and many others in lumber, 
wood, &c. In 1781, 52 vessels, mounting 
746 guns, which were engaged in privateer- 
ing, were owned in this place. The churches 
of Salem are 4 Unitarian, 3 Congregational, 
2 Baptists, 1 Episcopal, 1 'Roman Catholic, 1 
Methodist, I Quaker, 1 Christ-ians, and 1 
Universalist. Population 1810, 12,013, 1820, 
12,731, and in 1830, 13,895. 

Salem, p-t. New London co. Conn. 29 ms. 
S.E.Hartford, lies e. of East Haddam, Mid- 
dlesex CO., has Gadner's lake on the n. e. 
border, and a few small streams flowing s. w. 
into Conn. r. The surface is uneven. Pop. 
1830, 958. 

Salem, p-t. and half capital, Washington co. 
N. Y. 46 ms. n. e. Albany, 21 s. e. Sandy hill, 
w. Vermont, and has Battenkill creek s. 
Several streams flow into this, and the town 
is well supplied with mill sites. The land 
near the streams in some places presents fine 
meadows. Pop. 1830, 2,972. 

Salem, p-v. and incorporated village, Sa- 
lem, Washington co. N. Y. 46 ms. from Al- 
bany. 

Salem, co. N. J. bounded by Gloucester co. 
N. and N. E., Cumberland co. s. e. and s., Del- 
aware bay w., which separates it from Pa. 
contains 9 tsps. ; the capital is Salem. Old- 
man's creek forms the north boundary, Mau- 
rice r. part of the e. and Stow creek the s. e. 
Salem r. rises in the e. part, flows w. by n. 
then s. and empties into Salem cove, on the 
Delaware, a little below fort Delaware. South 
of this, and opposite Reedy island, is the 
mouth of Alloway's creek which, as well as 
Salem r. has a tract of marshy land along the 
lower part of its course. This co. enjoys the 
advantage of navigation on the w. where it 
is washed by the Delaware. The streams 
supply mill sites, which are used. A small 
canal extends from the bend of Salem river to 
the Delaware. Pop. Iu20, 12,791, 1830, 
14,155. 

Sale.m, p-t. and st. jus. Salem co. N. J. 65 
ms. s. w. Trenton, 20 ms. n. w. Bridgetown, 
and 37 s. w. Phila., is a small town at the 
head of navigation for vessels of 51) tons, on 
Salem river, 3 1-2 ms. from its mouth in Dela- 
ware bay. It has Fenwick's cr. n. and Salem 
r. on a part of its w. boundary. Pop. 1830, 
1,570. 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Botetourt co.Va., 
60 ms. a little s. of w. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 
256 ms. s. w. W. C. It is situated in the 
great valley between the Blue Ridge and 
Kittatinny or North mountain, at an eievat on 
of about 1,020 feet above the level of the At- 
lantic. The Roanoke is thus far navigable 
for boats. (See article roads and canals, head 
of Roanoke.) 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part Stokes co. N. C. by 
p-r. 113 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Sumpter district, 
S. C. by p-r. 72 ms. s. e. Columbia. 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Clarke co. Geo. 
by p-r. 58 ms. n. Milledgeville. 



SAL 



496 



SAL 



Sai.em, p-v. sthrn. part of Franklin co. 
Ten. by p-r. 10 ms. s. w. Winchester, the 
CO. St. and 92 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 
, Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Livingston co. 
Ky. by p-r. 245 miles s. w. by w. 1-2 w. 
Frankfort, and 35 ms. s. Shawneetown in 
II. lat. 37° 15', long 
Pop. 1830, 281 



the bank of the canal there is a large 
building, containing the immense reservoir 
which supplies the manufacturers for seve- 
ral miles around. Two immense iron pipes, 
on an inclined plane, throw up the water by 
two forcing pumps, which are worked by a 
W. C. 11° 20' west, jlarge water-wheel, driven by water taken 
from the canal. The spring supplies three 



Salem, p-v. Columbiana county Ohio, by I pumps with water. The reservoir, the house, 
p-r. 10 ms. N. w. New Lisbon, the co. st. land the buildings attached, have a singular 
and 157 miles n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop.! bronzed appearance, interspersed with salt 
1830, 56. incrustations. Close to this building there is 

Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co. I another reservoir and set of forcing pumps 
Indiana, by p-r. 91 miles s. Indianopolis, 'making, which will be ready for use when- 
and 33 miles n. w. Louisville, in Ky. Lat. ever they are required by the manufactures. 



38° 37', long. W. C. 9° 06' w. 

Salem, p.v. and st. jus. Marion co. II. by 
p-r. 26 ms. s. e. Vandalia, and 74 miles e. 
St. Louis in Mo. Lat. 38° 40', long. W. 
C. 12° w. 

Salem Cross Roads, and p-o. western 



The old spring in use a few years ago, is 
now superseded by a new one, recently 
discovered, which is much stronger and 
better than the old one. There is at Syr- 
acuse, a court house, several churches, 
large hotels, and handsome private edifices. 



part of Westmoreland co. Pa. 8 miles west- 1 with an active country trade. Pop. Salina, 

ward Greensburg, the co. st. and by p-r. j 1830, 6,929. 

200 ms. N. w. W. C. Saline, r. of La. rises in Claiborne par- 

Salem Fauquier, p-v. northern part Fau-'ish, between Dugdomen and Black rs., and 
quier co. Va. by p-r. 03 miles w. VV. C. flowing southward 50 miles, falls into the 

Salina, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga county Rigolet de Bordien, 8 or 9 miles e. of the 
N. Y. 130 ms. w. Albany, and 5 miles n. village of Natchitoches. 

Onondaga, is of irregular form, though bound-! Saline, river of Arkansas, draws its most 
ed by right lines, and includes the lower remote sources from the Masserne moun- 
part of Onondaga river, and all Onondaga i tains, about 20 miles w. little Rock and about 
or Salina lake, with many of the salt springs! lat. 34° 45'. Flowing thence by a course of 
on its shore, and extends to Oswego river. |a little e. of s. 120 miles falls into the left 
The manufacture of salt by artificial heat | bank of Ouachitta, lat. 33° 10'. The valley 
is carried on to a great extent in this town, of the Saline lies between those of the 



and creates an active business on the branch 
canal which extends from Syracuse to the 
village. The navigation has been opened 
in the opposite direction, by the Oswego 
canal, to the mouth of Oswego river and 
lake Ontario. The pumps by which water 
is si^plied to the salt works here, are at 
Syracuse and Geddes, which, as well as 
Liverpool, are salt making villages, in this 
town. Syracuse is large and very flourish- 
ing ; indeed the general increase of inhabi- 
tants and wealth in this town since this 
branch began to be extensively carried on, 
has been remarkably great. Th<3 number 
of manufactories of salt by artificial heat in 
Salina, is 135, containing 3,076 kettles. The 



main Ouachitta, main Arkansas, and Bar- 
thelemy. 

Saline, river of Illinois, rising by numer- 
ous branches in Johnson, Franklin, and Ham- 
ilton counties, which unite in Gallatin and 
fall into Ohio river about 5 miles below 
Shawneetown, after a general estrn. course 
of 55 miles. The country drained by it is 
very broken. The U.S. possess extensive 
salt works on it and from which the nanie is 
derived. 

Saline, county. Mo. bounded s. e. by Coop- 
er, s. uncertain, Lafayette w., and the Mo. 
river on all other sides ; independent of an un- 
certain southern extension that part on Mo. 
is about equal to a square of 30 miles each 



manufactories making salt by solar heat or side, 900 square miles. Latitude 39°, and 
evaporation, are, the Onondaga salt compa-j long. W. C. 16° w. intersect in this co. The 
ny, the Syracuse salt company and Henry Mo. river semicircling the co. gives it a bor 



Gifibrd's works ; in all, consisting of 1,303,. 
024 superficial feet of lots. In the 4 villa- 
ges above mentioned there are (1832,) 125 
manufactories of salt, besides two compa- 
nies whose vats for solar evaporation would 
extend in a continuous line about 15 miles 
each. In 1831, there were nearly a million 
and a half of bushels of salt manufactured. 
The great salt spring is situated on the edge 
of the Oswego canal, at a short distance 
from the shore of the lake, in the village 
of Salina. It is in a soft alluvial soil, and 
was formerly a marsh, till the surface of the 



der of near 70 miles on that stream, the low- 
er part of which Hows to the west of south. 
It is towards this bend of Mo. that the slope 
of the CO. falls ; it is consequently to the east- 
ward, and in that direction drained by Mine 
river and its branches. Chief town, as given 
in the p-o. list. Walnut Farm. Pop. 1830, 
2,873. 

Saline, p-v. sthrn. part Washtenau county, 
Mich., on the head of a creek of the same 
name, by p-r. 52 miles a little south of west 
Detroit. 

Salisbury, p-t. Merrimack county, N. H. 15 



lake was lowered a few years ago. On the miles n. Concord, 78 n. n. w. Boston, w 



SAL 



497 



SAL 



Pemigewasset and Merrimack rivers. The I while it is also favorable to other crops- 
latter is formed here by the junction of the There are 4 fish ponds, and Salmon river 



Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee rivers, 
near whicli point is the head of boat naviga- 
tion. Black river is in the west. Black and 
yellow oak, white, pitch, and Norway pine 
abound, and formerly the hills, which are 
now chiefly devoted to pasturage, were cov- 
ered with maple, beech, birch, &c. There 



which crosses the town s. e., affords valua- 
ble mill seats. First settled 1720, by three 
Dutch families, from the state of New York. 
Pop. 1830, 2,580. 

Salisbury, p-t. Herkimer county, N. Y., 21 
miles northeast Utica, nortrieast Hamilton 
CO. The West branch of East Canada creek. 



are valuable meadows on lilackwatcr river, and the East branch of West Canada creek 
and 300 acres in a bend of the Merrimack, j rise here, and East Canada creek forms part 
Kearsearge mountain in the n. w. corner, has; of the southeast boundary. Spruce creek is 



its summit a little beyond the line. It is a 
mass of granite, which rock prevails through 
the town. First settled, 1750. Several of the 
inhabitants were carried captive to Canada in 
the last French war. Pop. 1830, 1,379. 

Salisbury, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 34 miles s. 
w. Montpelier, 40 s. Burlington, is small and 
in the centre of the CO. First settled, 1775, 
by a single family. Otter creek bounds it w., 
Middlebury river is n., and Leicester river s. 
Iiake Dunmore, about 2 ms. by 4, lies partly 
in this town. Its outlet, I^eicester river, sup- 
plies water power lo a nltmufacturing village. 
The ?oil is good, the surface uneven except 
w. where are meadows. The Green moun- 



tains are e. There are several swamps, and 1,613. 



a valuable mill stream. Fop. 1830, 1,999. 

Salisbury Mills, p-v. Blooming Grove, 
Orange co. N. Y. on Murderer's creek 6 ms. 
west New Windsor. 

Salisbury, p-v. I^nncaster coimty, in a tsp. 
of the same name, 12 miles east Lancaster, 
and by p-r. 123 miles northeast W. C. 

Salisbury, p-v. on the extreme northeast- 
ern margin of Somerset co. Md. 17 ms. n. n. 
E. Princess Ann, the co. st. and by p-r. 128 
miles s. e. by e. W. C. 

Salisbury, p-v. and st. jus. Rowan county. 
North Carolina, by p-r. 118 miles west Ra- 
leigh, and 51 ms. a little n. of e. Lincolnton ; 
lat. 36° 40', long. W. C. 3° 24' w. Pop. 1830, 



a large cavern. Pop. 1830, 907 

Salisbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 35 miles 
N. E. Boston, s. New Hampshire, w. Atlantic, 
N. of Merrimack river, and k. of Powow river, 
enjoys great advantages for trade, agricul- 
ture and manufactures. It has 2 long and 
expensive inidges, one leading to Newbury 
and the other to Newburyport. One of the 
villages at the Point, has been a place of 
much ship building. The village of Amesbu- 
ry mills stands on both sides of the river and 
part of it is in this town. These mainifacto- 
ries here make excellent flannels, and a large 
amount of cotton goods, &c. The descent 
of the river at the falls is nearly 40 feot in 
about 220 yards, and the sites for machinery 
are very valuable. The soil of the town is 
generally good ; in the e. is an extensive salt 
iriarsh, and a beach on the shore, which is 



Salisbury, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 
!06 miles southeast Columbus. 

Salmon, r. Conn, rises in Tolland co. and 
with many small tributaries from that co., N. 
London, Hartford and Middlesex cos., flows 
southerly through a rough and romantic coun- 
try to Connecticut r. which it enters in East 
Haddam. It has a fall of 70 feet in that town, 
where it moves the machinery of several fac- 
tories. The banks of one of its branches 
were in ancient times the residence of a tribe 
called the Moodus Indians, who were famed 
as magicians. 

Salmon r. Oswego co. N. Y. crosses this 
CO. and falls into lake Ontario, where it forms 
a good harbor. Its cours^ is about 45 ms. 
It is naviiiable 1 mile from the mouth, and in 
boats, at high water, 14 ms. to the falls in 
Orwell, at which place it is about 180 yards 



frequented for bathing, &lc. First settled, i wide. 
1638, the first spot on Merrimack river in- Salmo.v, cr., N. Y. There are several 
habited by whites. The general court sat I streams bearing this name in the state, one ia 
here in 1737, in relation to the boundary. I Cayuga co. 19 ins. long ; one in Oswego co. 
Pop. 1830,2,519. . |28 ms. ; one in Franklin co. entering the St. 

Salisbury, p-t. Litchfield CO. Conn. 47 ms.i Lawrence ; another in Monroo co. entering 
N. vr, Hartford, 60 n. n. w. New Haven, is i Braddock's bay. Sec. &/C. 
rough and mountainous, and contains valuable I Salmon Falls r. N. H. a part of the Pia- 
iron mines and many forges, furnaces, cataquay, from its source to Berwick falls, 
and iron manufactories. Ilousatonic river i Salmon, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 82 
which bounds it east, affords abundant water ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 
power, descending in one place .30, and anoth- Salt, r. of Ky. This stream is composed 
cr 60 feet perpendicularly, and flows over | of two main and numerouo minor branches, 
rapids below about .550 yards. Scythes, an- |The main branches are Salt r. proper, and the 
chors, screws, gun barrels, &c. are made | Rolling Fork. Both branches have their ex- 
here, while, a largo amoimt of ore is smelt, treme sources in Casey co., but thence di- 
ted nnnnaily, and considerable quantities j verge. Salt r. flows a little n. of w. parallel 
transported. It is about 6 miles by 9, withj to and within 5 or 6 ms. of Kentucky r. about 
58 square miles. The vallies are generally! 3fi ms. over Mercer into Nelson co., and 
limestone, and the hills granite. Much of the! thence assuming a wstrn. direction by corn- 
soil is good, and bears a great deal of wheat, j parative courses 60 ms. rrcpivin;^ from the 

f.3 



SAN 



498 



SAN 



nrthrd. Broshear's and Floyd's forks, finally 
receives or rather unites with the Rolling 
fork between Meade and Bullitt cos. Roll- 
ing fork is composed of two nearly equal 
branches, Rolling fork proper and Chaplin's 
fork ; both having a s. w. by w. course of 
about 60 ms. above their junction, and 20 ms. 
below to the union of their waters with that 
of Salt r. Below the union of its 2 constituent 
branches Salt r. flows about 15 ms. compar- 
ative course to the n. w., and to its influx into 
Ohio r. at Shepherdsville, and almost on lat. 
38° and long. W. C. 9° w. Salt r. is a large 
etream in proportion to its length, and drains a 
triangle of 80 ms. base, with a perpendicular 
of 50 ms., area 2,000 sq. ms. : comprising 
all the cos. of Washington, Nelson, Bullitt, 
Spencer, and Shelby ; with part of Meade, 
Hardin, Casey, Mercer, Oldham, and Jefl^er- 
son ; of course one of the finest regions of 

Salt, r. of Mo., has indeed its most remote 
source in the n. w. territory to the n. of Mo. 
between the valleys of the Des Moines and 
Chariton rs. as high as lat. 40° 50'. Flowing 
sthrd. about 20 or 30 ms. it enters Mo., and in- 
clining to a direction a little e. of s. by compar- 
ative courses 100 ms. into Ralls co., where it 
receives numerous large creeks from the w. 
and s. and bends to an estrn. course, which it 
maintains about 50 ms. to its entrance into 
the Miss, in the northern part of Pike co. af- 
ter an entire comparative course of 180 ms. 
The valley of the Mo. Salt r. has that of Des 
Moines N. e. ; Miss. e. ; Missouri s. ; and 
Chariton w. 

Salt Creek, p-v. Muskingum co.O. by p-r. 
10 ms. 6. E Zanesville the co. st, and 69 ms 
E. Columbus. 

Salt Sulphur, springs and p-o. Munroe co. 
Va. by p-r. 270 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Saltzburg, p-v. wstrn. part Indiana co. Pa. 
situated on Kiskiminitas r. and on the Penn- 
sylvania canal, by p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Salubrity, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor. by p-r. 
14 ms. s. w. Tallahassee. 

Salvages, a reef of rocks off Sandy Bay,on 
the north shore of Cape Ann, Mass. 

Salvisa, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p-r. 21 ms. 
fi, Frankfort. Fop. 1830, 39. 

Sampson, co. of N. C. bounded by New 
Hanover s., the estrn. branch of Cape Fear r. 
separating it from Bladen s. w., and Cumber- 
land w. and N. w., by Johnson and Wayne 
N., and Duplin e. Length 40 ms., mean 
breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 
and long. W. C. 1° 20' w. intersect in this co. 
Slope nearly due s. and drained by Black r. 
branch of Little Cape Fear r. Chief t., Clin- 
ton. Pop. 1820, 8,903 ; 1830, 11,634. 

Samptown, v. Piscataway, Middlesex co. 
N. J. on a small branch of the Raritan, near 
the N. w. corner of the co. 

Sam's Creek, p-v. estrn. part Frederick 
CO. Md. about 20 ms. n. k. Frederick, and by 
p-r. 63 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. 

Sanbornton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 20 ms. 
from Concord, 9 from Guilford, and 60 from 



Portsmouth, occupies a peninsula, formed by 
Great and Little bays, and Winnipiseogee r. 
E. and s., and Pemigewasset r. w. The un- 
ion of these 2 streams in the s. w. angle of the 
t. forms the Merrimack, Salmon brook n.w. 
is the principal stream in the t. and affords a 
few mill seats, as does Winnipiseogee r. The 
land is rough, but goad, and almost all fit for 
cultivation. Sanbornton mtns. lie in the n. 
There is a remarkable chasm 38 feet deep, 
and a mile long, in a rocky ridge ; and on the 
banks of the Winnipiseogee are remains of an 
Indian fort. This work was formed of six 
stone walls, enclosing a piece of ground, with- 
in which implements of war, &c. have 
been found. The tsp. was first settled 1765. 
There is an academy, one or two social libra- 
ries, and a fund for the support of the preach- 
ing of the gospel. Pop. 1830, 2,866. 

Sancoty Head, the east point of Nantucket 
isl. Mass. in lat 41° 16', long. 7° 5' e. W.C. 
Sanders, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r» 
149 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Sanders, p-v. Grant co» Ky. by p-r. 54 ms* 
8,s. w. Frankfort. 

Sanderson's, p-o. Goochland co» Va. by 
p-r. 161 ms. s. s. w. W.C 

Sandersville, p-v. Chester dist, S^ C. by 
p-r. 67 ms. n. Columbia. 

Sandeksville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington - 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 27 ms. s. e. by e. Milledge- 
ville. Lat. 32° 52', long. W. C. 5° 55' w. 

Sandersville, p-v. Vanderburgh co. Ind- 
by P-r. 158 ms. s, w. Indianopolis. 

Sandford, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 24 ms. k.. 
Chenango point, or Binghampton, ands. Che- 
nango CO., has a hilly and stony surface, fa- 
vorable to pasturage, with some good vales.. 
A small stream in this t. flows info Cookqua- 
go cr., a branch of Del. r. on the s. e. line. 
Pop. 1830, 931. 

•Sandgate, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 20 ms. 
N. Bennington, 31 s. w. Rutland, e. N.Y. state, 
has a broken surface, with Shcltarack and 
Bald mtns. N. w., Swearing hill s. w., Red 
mtn. E. E., and part of Equinox mtn. n. e. It 
is watered by tributaries of White cr. and 
Battenkill, but ill supplied with mill seats. 
Pop. 1830, 933. 

Sandige's, p-o. Amherst CO. Va. by p-r. 142 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Sandisfield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 112 
ms. s. w. Boston, 22 s. e. Lenox, N. Conn., is 
crossed by Farmington r- s. e., on both sides 
of which rise steep and romantic banks. The 
soil is favorable to agriculture, and scattered 
with farm houses. Maple sugar is manufac- 
tured here in considerable quantities. Pop. 
1830, 1,655. 

Sandiston, p-t. Sussex co. N. J. 63 ms. n, 
Trenton, has Del. r. on the n. w. line, and the 
Blue mtn. ridge along the e. boundary. Big 
and Little Flat crs. cross the t. Pop. 1830, 
1,097. 

Sand Lake, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 11 
ms. e. Troy, has a rough surface, with 
many hills and much waste land. Crooked 
and Glass lakes are the principal of 6 



SAN 



499 



SAN 



ponds. There are few mill seats. Marie is 
found in considerable quantities. There are 
3 vs. Sand Lake, Rensselaer and Poeslenkill. 
Pop. 1830, 3,6J0. 

Sandover, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p.r. 90 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

Sandown, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 31 
ms. s. E. Concord, is small, with only 8,532 



private schools, numerous mechanics' shopsi 
hotels, taverns, and in brief all the substance 
of a great entrepot. The amount of merchan- 
dize which was landed there was, $1,319,- 
823. In J 830, upwards of 500 arrivals, in the 
port, and the arrival and departure of 2,000 
wagons.evinced the importance of its mercan- 
tile transactions. The site is high, dry and 



acres. It is uneven, favorable to grain and | pleasant. A turnpike ia constructing to con- 



grass, with several ponds, one of which, Phil 
lip's, gives rise to Squamscot r. This stream 
sometimes flows backwards towards its 
source. First settled 1736, then a part of 
Kingston. Pop. 1830, 557. 

Sands' Point, North Hempstead, Queen's 
CO. N. Y. , the extremity of Cow Neck, a cape 
running into Long Isl. sound, has a light 
house, a little e. from Cow Bay. 

Sandtox, p-v. Kershaw dist. S. C. by p-r. 
55 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Sandijsky, r. O. having its remote sources 
in Marion, Crawford, and Richland cos 



nectit with Columbus. Pop. 1830, 593. 

Sandusky Cross Roads and p-o. Knox co. 
O. by p-r. 48 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Sandwich, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 70 miles 
from Portsmouth, and 50 from Concord ; has 
part of the Sandwich mtn., a high ridge 
which terminates at Chocorua Peak in Bur- 
ton. There are several other mountains, 
particularly Squam mtn. Bearcamp pond, 
part of Squam lake and r., and Red Hill r. 
are the chief waters in the town, and there 
are several mills. Pop. 1830, 2,744. 

Sandwich, p-t. Darnstable co. Mass. 54 



terlocking sources on the w. with those of ms. s. e. Boston, occupies the isthmus of the 
Blariehard's fork of au Glaize r., on the s. (long and crooked peninsula of Cape Cod, and 
with those of Sciota; and on the e. with those lies between Barnstable and Buzzard's bays, 
of White Woman's r. or the nrthwstrn. sources The soil is generally light and sandy, with 
of Muskingum. Issuing from this table land extensive meadows, and the town is the most 
the Sandusky assumes a nrthrn. course, and devoted to agriculture of any in the co. It 
after traversing Crawford and Seneca cos., has been heretofore proposed to open a canal 
enters Sandusky co. where inflecting to the e. navigable for ships through this town, to save 
it opens into an oblong sheet of water from 1 the long and dangerous circuit of the Cape 



to 3 miles wide, and about 20 in length. This 
smallgulf is called Sandusky bay, but closed 
by two projecting points ; on the estrn. ex- 
treme the water is confined to a narrow 
■channel, admitting vessels of 6 or 7 feet 
draught. {See Sandusky vil.) 

Sandusky, co. O. bounded by Huron co. e., 
Seneca s., Wood w., Monroe co. of Mich. n. 
w., and lake Erie n. It is very nearly a square 
of 28 miles each side, area 784 sq. ms. Lat. 
41° 25', and long. 6° 06* w. intersect in this 
CO, The sthrn. section slopes to the n., but 
towards the centre all the streams which tra- 
verse its surface curve in common to s. e. 
This is the case with Sandusky, Muddy, Por- 
tage and Toussaint rs. Between Sandusky 
"bay and lake Erie extends a peninsula which is 
nearly equally divided between Sandusky and 
Huron cos. There are tracts of good land in 
Sandusky, but the general features of its sur- 
face are low, and it is consequently wet. The 
asperity of soil is shown by the progressive 
population, which was in 1820, 852 ; 1830, 
2,851. Chief t., Lower Sandusky. 

Sandusky, seaport and p-v. on tho s, side of 
Sandusky bay, Huron co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. 
a little e. of n. Columbus, and 415 ms. n. w. 
byw.W. C. Lat. 41° 28', long. W. C. 5=- 
40' w. The rise and progress of this flour 



to the coasting trade. Between Manumet 
and Scusset rs. the distance is short and the 
land low, so that the work might be accom- 
plished at a moderate expense. There is a' 
large pond near the centre, and mills are sup- 
plied by a fall. Here is a large manufactory 
of glass, owned by the Boston and Sandwich 
glass CO., by which more than one quarter 
of the population are supported ; 9G of the 
workmen are heads of families, and nearly 
200 men and boys are constantly employed. 
The first settlement was made from Lynn in 
1637, under a grant from Plymouth colony, 
Much salt is made here from sea water. The 
town is much resorted to for trout fishing, 
There are 4 churches, Methodist, Calvinist, 
Unitarian, and Roman Catholic. Pop. 1830, 
3,361. 

Sandy, r. Me. rises near the bounds of So- 
merset and Penobscot cos. flows s. into Ken- 
nebec CO., turns n. e. and enters Kennebec 
r. at Starks, Somerset co. 6 ms. n. Norridge- 
wock. 

Sandy, river, stream of Virginia and Ken- 
tucky, composed of two branches, called re- 
latively East fork and West fork. East fork, 
the main constituent of Sandy, rises in the 
Appalachian valleys, interlocking sources 
with those of Great Kenhawa to the e., and 



ishing place is one of those fine creations with those of Holslon and Clinch branches of 



made by the extension of commerce and ag 
riculture in the interior of "the great west." 
The writer of this article was on the spot 1818, 
a few months after the first establishment, 
and according to Mr. Flint, early in 1832, it 
contained 9 wharves, 10 stores, a ship yard 
and rope walk, also a printing ofHcc, several 



Ten. r. to the s. e. Issuing from this ele- 
vated region, and draining part of Tazewell 
and Logan cos , Va., the Sandy r. pursues a 
N. w. direction by comparative courses 50 
ms. to its passage through Cumberland mtn. 
Becoming a boundary between Va. and Ky. 
below the Cumberland chain, Sandy assumes 



SAN 



500 



SAN 



a direction of N. N. w. 70 ms. separating Lo-i near the main road from Baltimore to Rock- 



gan and Cabell cos. of Va. from Floyd, Law- 
rence, and Greenup cos. of Ky. to ita final 
influx into Ohio r. opi)osite Burlington, O 



ville, 28 ms. s. w. of the former, 9 rns. n. e. 
of the latter place, and 19 ms. nearly due n. 
W. C. . The adjacent country is peculiarly 



West Sandy rises in Russell and Tazewell healthful and pleasant, and is elevated above 
cos. Va., and assuming a n. w. direction tide w.iter about from 451) to 500 feet. It de- 
pierces the Cumberland chain, enters Ky., ] rives its name from a spring, 
and after traversing Pike and Floyd counties! Sa\dy SraiNo, p.v. s. e. part of Adams co. 
bends to the nthrd. and joins East Sandy in^O. by p-r. Ill ms. sthrd. Columbus. 
Lawrence co. The valley of Sandy r. has Sanuvvillk, i)-v. nortlu^astern part ot Tus- 
that of Ten. r. s., Ky. s. vv., lacking w., that jcarawas co. O. by p-r. 119 ms. n. e. by e. Co- 
of Ohio N., Guyandot e., and (ireat Konhawa jlumbus. 



It is about 100 ms. long, mean width 
35, and area 3,500 sq. ms. 

Sandy, p-o. Columbiana co. O. about 140 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Sandy Bay, v. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass. 
is near the e. extremity of Cape Ann, and has 
a convenient harbor, exposed on the n. e., but 
improved by a breakwater constructed by the 
U. S. The inhabitants are devoted to fishing, 
in which about 100 vessels are empi<jyed. 

Sandy Bluff and p-o. on II. r. western part 
of Morgan co. II. by p-r. ItJl ms. n. w. Van- 
dalia. 

Sandy Bridge and p-o. eastern part of Car- 
roll CO. Ten. by p-r. 94 ins. w. Nashville 



Sanfoiid, p-t. York co. Me. 94 ms. from 
Boston, 20 ms. north from York, is of irre- 
gular form, with Kemiebunk r. n., and a pond 
8., wliich flows into a tributary of the Pisca- 
taquay. Pop. 1830, 3,485. 

Sanford's Store and p-o. Hancock co. Geo. 
14 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Sancamon, r. of II. and branch of 11. r. 
This stream, the name of which is pro- 
nounced as if written Snngamo, has its re- 
mote fountains on the plains, from which flow 
to the N. w. the Vermillion branch of Illinois, 
[to the N. the Pickmink branch of Illinois, to 
the s. E. the Vermillion branch of Wabash, 
'and sthrd. the extreme sources of Kaskas- 



Sandy Creek, (ienesce co. N. Y. enters kias r. Flowing from this jdain the Sanga- 



lake Ontario at Murray. 

Sandy Furnace and p-o. Venango co. Pa. 
by p-r. 283 ms. x. w. W.C. 

Sandy Grove, p-o. Chatham co. N.C. by 
p-r. 64 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Sandy Hill, p.v. Kingsbury, Washington 
CO. N. Y. near Baker's falls, just e. of Hud- 
son r. on a pleasant level, 52 ms. n. Albany, 



moil Hows slhrd. about 30 ms., and thence 
sweeping an elliptic curve to the s. w., s. and 
w. about 100 ms., attains its greatest sthrn. 
bend a few ms. above the influx from the 8. 
of the Mowawequa r. deflecting to the n. 
w. 30 ms. to the influx from the n. e. of Sugar 
creek. Below the mouth of Sugar creek the 
Sangamon, turning to wstrd. 30 ms., falls into 



near the junction ot Champlain canal and I Illinois in Morgan co. Tlu: entire compara- 
Hudson r. It is a half capital of the co. | tive length of Sangamon may be stated at 

Sandy Hill, p-v. southeastern part of Wor- iSOO ms. The valley is in form of a triangle, 
cester co. Md. 10 ms. sthrd. Snow Hill, the base 110 ms., by aline fio;.i head to' mouth of 
CO. St. and by p-r. 174 ms. s. e. by e. W. C. the main stream ; shortest rside 50 ms. from 

Sandy Hook, Shrewsbury, Monmouth cj. the mouth of Sangamon to source of Mowa- 



N. J., the 8. cape of Raritan bay, throu 
which is the entrance to N. Y. bay. It is 
about 3 ms. long, with Shrewsbury r. and 
Sandy Hook bay w. ; and has a light-house 
erected by the U. S. The sand fast extends 
the cape n. so that two light-houses have 
been rendered useless by being left by the 
water. There are only 2 dwellings on the 
hook, with a few trees ; but the biy is often 
useful in e. storms. Shrewsbury r. some- 
times flows across and isolates the hook. 

Sandy Hooif, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by 
p-r. 8.) ms. s. w. W. C. 



wequa r. ; perpendicular G5 ms., area about 
3,570 sq. ms. The Mowawequa or southern 
branch of Sangamon rises in Shelby and 
Montgomery cos., and flowing n. w. joins the 
main stream in Sangamon co. ; its valley is 
the southern salient angle of the Sangamon 
valley. Etnbosomed in the long curve of the 
main stream o( Sangam jn, and to the nrthrd. 
of that channel, the country is drained by 
Sugar creek or the northern confluent of 
Sangamon. Sugar creek has a general wes. 
tern course of 70 ms., and joins the main 
stream in the northwestern part of Sangamon 



Sandy Mount, p-v. southern part of Green-1 CO. Much of the soil of Sangamon valley 
ville CO. Va. by p-r. 75 ms. s. Richmond. [has been represented as first rate ; but taken 

Sandy Point, the .n. extremity of Nan- 1 as a whole, too much of the surface is com- 
tucket isl., Mass., 70° w. long., 41° 23' n. lat.j posed of low and wet prairie. 



Sandy Point, n. e. extremity of Barnslal^le 
CO. Mass. 69° 35' w. long., 41° 24' n. lat. 



Sangamon or Sanoamo co. bounded s. e. by 
Shelby, Montgomery s., Macaupin s. w., Mor- 



Sandy River Church and p-o. sthrn. part of 1 gan vv., Tazewell n., MacLean n. e., and 
Prince Edward co. Va. by p-r. 79 ms. s. w. by Macon e. Length from s. to n. 50 ins., mean 
w. Richmond. This place takes its name I breadth 40, and area 2,000 sq. ms. Extend- 



from a small confluent of Appomattox r. 



m lat. from 39° 30' to 40° 13', and in 



Sandy Spring, or Stabler's p-o. and Friends i long, from 2° 10' to 13° w. W. C. This co. 
meeting house, northwestern part of Mont- embraces the central part of the valley of the 
gomery co, Md. The meeting house stands 'river from which the name is derived. The 



SAR 



501 



SAR 



main Sangamon traverses it by a eurve, first i sq. ms. The Hudson borders this co. it. k. 
wstrii. and thence round to northwstrd. ; and and e. for nearly 70 ms., and Sacondaga r. 
as Sugar creek traverses the northern part to • flows through the n. part. In the middle 
ilic wstrd. that course may be regarded as part is Kayderosseras r. or creek and Fish 
that of the general slope, though that of the creek. Anthony's and Snook's kills also flow 
western side is to the n. of n. w. Much of into the Hudson. Mill sites on its numerous 
the surface is flat, and of course wet, except; streams are abundant. Two primitive moun- 
after long drought ; but the soil is generally ' tainous ranges are in the n. w., Kayderosse- 
very highly productive. Chief t. Springfield, ras and Palmerblown, while there are valua- 



Pop. Id30, 12,960. 



ble meadows on the Hudson, Sec. and sandy 



SANGERSFiELn, p-t. Oncidaco. N. Y. 15 ms.lplains in the s. E. The secondary country is 
s. by w. Ulica, 94 w. n. w. Albany, x. and e.' most extensive, though there are also transi- 
Madison CO. ; contains head streams of Che- ition tracts. The river hills and meadows 
nango and Oriskany creeks, is on high land, 1 bear oak, walnut, chestnut, &,c. ; the loamy 
with hills s. and E., and good soil. Li tne- 1 plains, beech, maple, ash, &/C., and white and 
stone rocks abound, with impressions ol or- ' yellow pine grow on the sandy plains. Good 
ganizcd substances. The land is generally j sandstone for building is found at Greenfield, 
owned in fee. There is a large pine and ce-] &.c. Large beds of marie lie under the 
dar swamp. There are 2 villages, Sanger- [transition and secondary formations. Sara- 



field and Waterville. Pop. 1830, 2,272. 



[toga lake, Ballston lake. Round and Owl 



Sangeiiville, t. Penobscot CO. Me. 70 ms. Iponds are the principal sheets of water. This 
N. N. E. Augusta, and 35 n. w. Bangor; has;w. side of Hudson r. was an important mili- 
Somerset CO. w. and Piscataquis r. N. There itary route in the early as well as the late 
are several ponds, one of which sends a head | French war ; and in the revolution it was the 
stream to Sebasticook r. Population 1830, scene of important operations. Gen. Bur- 
776. Igoync, inl777, after two battles on the heights 

Sanilac, CO. Mich, as laid down on Tanner's I of Saratoga, retreated to Fish cr., and there 
improved map of the U. S. is bounded s. e. by j surrendered. At Milton, Moreau, Mechan- 
Saint Clair co., s. w. Lapeer, n. w. Saginaw | icsville and Schuylersville are manufactories 
bay, and n. e. and e. lake Huron. Length | of woollen and cotton; and there are 5 oil 
along the southern boundary 62 ms., mean mills in different parts of the co. The Cham- 
breadih 32. The area may be assumed in 'plain canal enters this co. at Miller's falls, 
round numbers at 2,000 sq. ms. Il is a table and passes along the bank of the Hudson to 
land, from the centre of which the waters Mohawk r. The Schenectady and Saratoga 



flow like radii from a common centre. From } rail-road runs chiefly in this co 
the southwestern angle flows the higher! 33,147, 1830, 38,679. 
branches of Cass r. a tributary of Saginaw 
r. From the southern side issue the nthrn. 
sources of Flint r. another branch of Sagi- 



Pop. 1820, 



Saratoga, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 32 ms. 
N. Albany, 15 e. Ballstown Spa ; has the t. of 
Saratoga Springs and Fish creek n., Hudson 



naw. The river Delude has its higher fouii-j river e., and Saratoga lake w. Fish creek 
tains in the sthestrn. angles, whilst Elm and [affords valuable mill seats. White and yel- 
Black rs. flow n. e. into lake Huron, and Su-,low pine grow on the light soil near Sara- 
gar r. and other streams n. w. into Saginaw j toga lake ; and oak, walnut, &,c., in the neigh- 
bay. The northern extremity of the co. isjborhood of Hudson river. The surface is 
Transit point, or the southern entrance into pleasantly diversified with fine ranges of hills. 



Saginaw bay. 



The Quaker Springs are in this town, but 



Saitony, creek. Cross Roads and p-o. in 'the other sources of mineral waters are in 
the southeastern part of Dinwiddle co. Va. j the adjoining t. of Saratoga Springs. Cham- 
The creek is a branch of Stony creek, and j plain canal passes along the bank of the Hiid- 
the latter a tributary of Nolta way r. Sappo- son. The remains of fort Hardy are to be 
ny Cross Roads p-o. is by p-r. 22 ms. s, s. w. seen near the mouth of Fish creek, where 



Petersburg. 



I Gen. Burgoyne surrendered in 1777. The 



Saracta, p-v. Duplin co. N.C. by p-r. 115 p-v. of Schuylersville, situated at that spot, ia 

a place of some importance. Pop. 1830, 



ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Saraxac, r. N. Y., rises in several ponda'2,461. 
in the s. part of Franklin co., flows n. e. Saratoga Springs, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 
through PVanklin and Clinton cos. and falls 32 ms. x. Albany, 5 N. e. fiallston Spa; con- 
into lake Champlain at Plattsburgh village, s. 'tains the famous sources of mineral waters, 
Cumberland head. Its head streams are and is the annual resort of many visitors from 

all parts of the country. The village built at 
that spot, in the n. part of the town, contains 
many lodging houses, several of which are 
very extensive. The surface of the town is 
nearly level, with a poor sandy soil, bearing 
pines, but capable of being much improved 
by gypsum or marlc, which latter is foimd in 
different parts. Limestone prevails near the 
springs. Part of Palinerstown mtn. is also 



near those of Racket, Saint Regis and Grass 
rs. and the .n. branch of the Hudson. 

Saranac, p-v. Lenawa co. Mich, by p-r. 70 
ms. 8. w. Detroit. 

Saratoga, co. N. Y. bounded by Warren 
CO. X., Hudson r. e dividing it from Wash- 
ington and Rensselaer cos., Mohawk r. s. se- 
parating it from Albany and Schenectady 
COS., and Montgomery co. w., with about 772 



SAV 



502 



SAY 



in this t. Kayderosseras, Fish, and Ellis' 
creeks, with some smaller streams, water 
different parts. In this township are the fa- 
mous Saratoga springs, situated 7 ms. n. e. 
Ballston Spa. The village is built on a low, 
sandy plain, beneath which is a limestone 
rock. The street runs on the west side of a 
narrow marshy tract, in which the springs 
are found ; there are numerous houses for 
the accommodation of visitors, who resort 
here annually in great numbers, particularly 
in July and August. Congress hall, U. S. 
hall. Union hall, and the Pavilion, are the 
principal. The most important springs are 
the Congress, Hamilton, Round Rock, and 
Flat Rock. Pop. Saratoga Springs township 
1830, 2,204. 

Saratoga Lake, Saratoga co. N. Y., 6 ms. 
s. E. village of Saratoga Springs, 6 n. e. Balls- 
ton Spa ; about 3 ms. by 9 ; has handsome, 
swelling and cultivated banks ; receives Kay- 
derosseras cr. w., and discharges into Hud- 
son r. by Fish creek, which affords valuable 
mill seats. This lake lies partly in 4 town- 
ships. Fish and fowl are abundant. The 
scenery is very agreeable, and it is a favorite 
resort during the summer months. 

Sardinia, p-t. Erie co. N. Y., 30 ms. s. e. 



Savannah, seaport, p-t. and st. jus. Chat- 
ham CO. Geo., on the right bank of Savannah 
river, about 15 miles above the mouth of Sa- 
vannah river into the Atlantic, 100 ms. s. w. 
Charleston, and by p-r. 167 miles s. e. by e. 
Millcdgeville. Lat. 32° 05', long. W. C. 4° 
10' w. Vessels drawing 12 feet water are 
navigated to Savannah. The site formerly 
unhealthy, was very much meliorated by the 
etl'ect of an act of assembly in 1817. The 
legislature voted )$70,000, to induce the plan- 
ters in the vicinity to abandon the wet, and 
adopt the dry mode of cultivating rice. Cot-, 
ton, rice, sugar and tobacco, are the most 
valuable staples exported from this port. The 
number of wooden buildings exposed this 
place to the ravages of fire, and in 1820, a 
most desructive conflagration consumed an 
amount of property valued at $4,000,000. It 
contains a number of fine public buildings, 
the most conspicuous of which are the Ex- 
change, Academy, and Presbyterian church. 
In all there are 8 or 9 places of public wor- 
ship, and 10 public squares. In 1820, it con- 
tained 7,523, and in 1830, 7,423 inhabitants. 
It has not yet entirely recovered from the 
disaster of 1820. 

Savannah, two small, but from their posi- 



Bufialo, 273 from Albany, w. of Genesee co., ; tion, important rivers of the territory of Hu 



and N. of Cattaraugus co., from which it is 
divided by Cattaraugus cr. Small streams of 
Cazenove and Seneca creeks flow in differ- 
ent parts of the t. Pop. 1830, 1,453. 

Saugerties, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 52 ms. s. 
Albany, 13 n. Kingston, 113 n. New York, s. 
Greene co., w. Hudson river, and e. Greene 
CO., and is crossed by Esopus creek. One 
mile w. of it is the v., and at its moutli is 
a manufacturing village, supplied with water 
power by a canal cut deep through a rock 
round the head of the falls, and which leads 



ron. One is a branch of Saint Louis river of 
lake Superior, and the other a branch of Mis- 
sissippi river ; both are links in the chain of 
navigable streams by which lake Superior is 
united to the upper Miss., by the Saint Louis 
river route. 

Savannah, p-v. and st. jus. Hardin co. Ten. 
by p-r. 1 12 ms. s. w. by w. Nashvillfe. 

Savannahville, p-v. Macon co. N. C, by 
p-r. 3 19 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Saugus, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 7 ms. n. e. 
Boston ; has much rocky and irregular land, 



into an artificial basin. The water is drawn with a large salt marsh s., and fine fresh wa- 
thence to supply a large foundry, a paper mill, tor meadows along the banks of Saugus riv- 



saw mill, &-c. The mouth of the creek 
navigable in sloops to tiiese mills. There is 
a horse boat ferry across the Hudson from 
this spot, to Upper Red Hook landing. The 
land is high and level, and the soil light and 
good, along much of the Hudson's bank in 
this town. The inhabitants were generally 
of Dutch origin. Pop. 1830, 3,747. 

Sault de Saint Makie, p-v. and st. justice, 
Chippewa y co. Mich., on the right bank of 
Saint Mary's strait, at the lower extremity of 
the cataract or falls of Saint Mary, and as 
stated in the p-o. list, 326 ms. n. w. Detroit. 
This place was founded on the 17th July, 
1822, by a detachment of U. S. troops from 
Detroit, under command of Col. Brady. Lat. 
46° 31', long. W. C. 7° 20' w. {See article 
Saint Mary's 7-iver, Mich, and Upper Canada.) 
Vessels of 6 feet draught can be navigated to 
this village, and it has been stated on good 
authority, that at an inconsiderable expense, 
(when compared with the advantages) vessels 
of 10 feet might be enabled to ascend to the 
foot of the falls. 

Savannah, town, Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 886. 



er, whicli flows through them, as well as the 
salt meadows, with a very crooked and pic- 
tures(iue course. This I. formerly belonged 
to Lyini, which was one of the earliest settle- 
ments, and bore the name of Saugus. Pop. 
1830, 900. 

Savov, p-t. BerKshire co. Mass., 120 ms. n. 
w. Boston, and 20 n. e. Lenox. It is on tlie 
s. base of Hoosic mtn., and gives rise to Hoo- 
sic and Deerfield rs. Pop. "1830, 927. 

Saw Pits, p-v. Rye, West Chester co. New 
Yurk, 28 ms. n. e. New York, 5 s. e. White 
plains, 142 s. Albany, and near Connecticut, 
on Long Island sound. 

Savurook, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 40 ms. 
s. e. Hartford, 1 8 w. New London, 34 e. N. 
I faven, and n. Long Island sound, on the w. 
side of Conn, river, at its mouth. It extends 
ms. e. and w., and 11 n. and s., with 70 sq. 
ms. ; is uneven and stony, but has some ex- 
tensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particu- 
larly about Saybrook v. The soil is general- 
ly good for grass. Some of the hills near the 
C'onn. have good granite quarries, convenient 
to navigable water. Pettipaug and Chester 



SCA 



503 



SCH 



are the principal streams, tributaries of Conn, 
r. which cross this town. There are several 
small harbors on the sound, and on Connec- 
ticut r., at Saybrook Point and Pettipaug, at 
the last of which much ship building has been 
carried on. The bar at the mouth of this 
great stream oilers an unfortunate impedi- 
ment to navigation, for even vessels of a mod- 
erate draught of water are often obliged to 
pass it with but a part of their cargoes. An 
important and lucrative trade was formerly 
carried on from this river to the West Indies, 
and New London often served in some degree 
as the port. Saybrook harbor is at the mouth 
of a handsome cove, making up from Conn, 
river w., almost to Saybrook village, and is 
often resorted to by coasting vessels in bad 
weather. Great quantities of fish are caught 
in this town. Sea fish are taken to other 
markets, and the shad fisheries are numer- 
ous and lucrative. The first settlement in 
the bounds of this state by Europeans, was 
made at Saybrook fort in 1G35. A small fort 
was erected on the Point, on a spot supposed 
to have been a little s. e. of the present fort, 
now encroached upon by the water, and in 
advance of the monument of Lady Arabella 
Fenwick. It was supposed that the Point 
would have become an important commercial 
place ; and the ground on that sandy peninsu- 
la was early laid out for a city, in right lines, 
as is still to be seen. The garrison of the 
fort were several times closely beset by the 
Indians until after the Pequod war ; and a 
palisade fence was kept up across the isthmus 
many years after. Yale college was seated 
in this town for several years after its remo- 
val from Kiilingworth, and a house on the 
Point was appropriated to its use. The pres- 
ent fort, which is a mere redoubt of earth, is 
no longer used. During the last war, the bo- 
rough of Pettipaug was occupied a few hours 
by a detachment of British, who proceeded 
up in boats from the squadion in Long Island 
sound. Pop. 1830, 5,018. 

Saybrook, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 
183 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Saysville, p-v. estrn. part Morgan co. O., 
by p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

ScAGHTicoKE, p-t. Reussclaer co. N. Y., 16 
ms. N. Albany, 10 n. Troy, e. Hudson river, s. 
Washington co. ; has a gently varied surface, 
with soil good for grain and grass, particular- 
ly on the Flats. The form is irregular. Hoo- 
sac river n. aflbrds many mill sites, as well 
as its branch, Tomhanoc cr. An early set- 
tlement was made on the Flats, by several 
Dutch and German families. Pop. 1830,3,002. 

Scarborough, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 65 
ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 10 s. w. Portland ; lies 
N. w. Atlantic ocean, n. e. Saco, York coun- 
ty, with one or two small streams, and Prout's 
neck running into the sea. Pop. 1830, 2,106. 

ScARSDALE, town. West Chester co. N. Y. 
25 ms. N. E. New York, 3 s. White Plains, 
has Bronx r. on the w. line, and is small, con- 
taining only 8 sq. ms., with pretty good soil. 
Pop. 1830, 317. 



ScARooN, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y., 25 ms. s. 8. 
w. Elizabethtown, and n. of Warren co. ; con- 
tains about half of Scaroon lake, with Para- 
dox lake, &c. The rocks are limestone, of- 
ten with vegetable impressions. Beech, ma- 
ple, pine, hemlock, &c., formed the forests. 
The surface is rough and mountainous. Pop. 
18.S0, 1,614. 

Scaroon, lake, Essex and Warren cos. N. 
Y., 12 ms. w. from the n. end of lake George ; 
is about 1 mile by 8 ; forms part of the n. e. 
branch of Hudson r. ; abounds with fish, and 
discharges by Scaroon r. 

Scaroon, river, Warren co. N. Y. ; is the 
outlet of Scaroon lake, and forms the n. e. 
branch of Hudson river,falling into the main 
branch, after a short course, in the same co. 

Sciiall's Store, and p-o. Berks co. Pa., by 
p-r. 157 ms. nrthestrd. W. C. 

ScHELLSBURG, p.v. Bedford co. Pa., on the 
main road from Bedford to Pittsburg, 9 ms. 
wstrd. of the former, and by p-r. 135 ms. n. 
w. W. C. It is a small v. in a single street 
along the road. Pop. IS30, 200. 

ScnENECTADV, city, and st. jus. Schenecta- 
dy CO. N. Y., 15^ ms. n. w. Albany ; has the . 
Mohawk r. and Albany co. n., and contains 
extensive alluvial meadows, with handsome 
uplands, and a sandy loam upon clay slate. 
Sand kill, flowing into the Mohawk, aflbrds 
mill sites, some of which are occupied by 
mills and manufactories. The Erie canal 
crosses the n. part, near the Hudson, but on 
account of the circuitous route, and the- nu- 
merous locks between this place and Albany, 
much of the navigation stops here. Packet 
boats run hence in numerous lines to Utica, 
and on as far as Buflulo, and many still ex- 
tend to Albany. Thus a vast amount of mer- 
chandize annually passes through this city. 
The Albany and Schenectady rail-road great- 
ly facilitates the communication with the 
Hudson ; and the Saratoga and Schenectady 
rail-road will tend to increase the travelling, 
especially during the warmer seasons. Nu- 
merous lines of stage coaches also pass thro' 
this city. Union college, which stands a short 
distance from the centre of the city, is a re- 
spectable and flourishing institution. It was 
founded by the Regents of the University in 
1794. The principal college buildings are 
each 200 feet long, and 4 stories high, built 
of brick and covered with white stucco. The 
institution possesses a library, cabinet, philo- 
sophical and chemical apparatus, &c. The 
spot was the site of a Mohawk village. The 
streets of the city are regular, and paved, but 
rather narrow ; 8 of them are crossed diag- 
onally by the Erie canal. Schenectady was 
early settled by a few Dutch, but on the night 
of Feb. 8ih, 1690, the village then containing 
63 houses and a church, was suddenly attack, 
ed and burnt, by French and Indians from 
Canada. 60 of the people were killed, 27 
carried captive, and 27 of the remainder lost 
limbs by exposure to the cold, in attempting 
to reach Albany. In 1748, 70 of the inhab- 
itants were massacred by savage invaders 



sen 



504 



SCH 



from the same quarter, and in 1819, 170 
buildings were burned to the ground. Pop. 
1830, 4,268. 

Schenectady, go. N. Y. bounded by Mont- 
gomery and Saratoga counties north and 
east, Albany county s., and Schoharie coun- 
ty west, is of a very irregular form, and is 
crossed by Mohawk river and the Erie canal, 
while Albany and Schenectady rail-road meet 
here at the city of Schenectady. Sand kill 
and Eel Place kill are the principal mill 
streams. Along the Mohawk the soil is a 
rich alluvion, and on the uplands a light san- 
dy loam, on clay state, with an undulating 
surface, well watered by springs. In Duanes- 
burgh, &c. the soil is argillaceous, and the 
surface more hilly ; streams flow n. to Mo- 
hawk river, e. to Hudson river, and w. to 
Schoharie creek, on the w. line, which af- 
fords good mill seats. The Schenectady man- 
ufacturing company at Rotterdam, is the only 
incorporated company for manufacturing 
purposes in the county. They make about 
400,000 yards of cotton goods annually, and 
20 or 30,000 lbs. of yarn. It has 2,000 spin- 
dles, and 50 looms. There are also satinet, 
paper, and carpet manufactories, and oil mill 
and iron foundries, all large ; and in other 
places 11 tanneries, 1 foundry. Pop. 1820, 
13,081, 1830, 12,347. 

SciiLOSsER, fort Niagara, Niagara county, 
N. Y. ancient work, long disused. 

SciioDAC, p-t. Rensselaer county, N. Y. 
9 miles s. Albany, 15 s. Troy, n. Columbia 
CO. w. Hudson r. separating it from Albany 
county, has a variety of soils, generally good, 
with some pine plains. The inhabitants are 
of Dutch extraction. Moordcnars' kill, <fcc. 
supply mill seats on their course to the Hud- 
son. There are 2 landings, with post villa 
ges. Hogebcrg or High Hill is on the bank 
of the Hudson, 9 miles below Albany. Pop 
1830, 3,794. 

Schoharie, county, New York, bounded by 
Montgomery county n., Schenectady and 
Albany counties e., Greene and Delaware 
counties s., and Otsego county w., is partly 
broken by a range of the Catskill and H elder- 
berg hills, and crossed centrally by Schoha- 
rie creek. It has also Cobuskill creek and in 
the E. rises Catskill creek. The rocks are of 
limestone, and on Schoharie creek, are ex- 
tensive and very fertile meadows, 26 miles 
long, where settlements were begun by Ger- 
mans and Dutch about 100 years since, while 
the 3 townships are inhabited by people from 
the K. states. Schoharie village was des- 
troyed by the English and Indians in the rev- 
olutionary war. There are 10 townships. 
Schoharie, the st. jus. of the county, stands on 
the meadows. In the county are 1 furnace, 
1 paper mill, 1 woollen, and 2 leather manu- 
factories. Pop. 1820, 23,154, 1830, 27,902. 

Schoharie, p-t. and st. jus. Schoharie co. 
N. Y. 32 miles w. Albany, 22 miles s. w. 
Schenectady, 24 s. Johnston, s. Montgomery 
ccamty, and w. of Schenectady and Albany 
counties, is crossed by Helderberg hills, and 



Schoharie cr. which here receives Cobuskill 
and Fox creek. On the Schoharie are very 
rich meadows, which have been under con- 
stant culture for 100 years. The inhabitants 
are of Dutch and German extraction. Here 
are 3 villages, Schoharie, Esperance. and 
Sloansville. Pop. 1830, .5,1.57. 

Schoharie, creek, or kill, N. Y. rises on 
the w. side of the C'atskill mtns. Greene co. 
and after winding 23 miles, enters Schoharie 
CO. flows N. 40 miles and empties into the 
Mohawk in Montgomery county, opposite 
Tril)e's hill. It is rapid, has several bran- 
ches, and waters some fine alluvial meadows, 
as well as some hilly regions. 

Sciioonic, or St. Croix river Maine. 
Schooi.ey's, mountain, N. J. a high range 
in Washington and Roxbury, Morris county, 
forming a part of the mountainous region in 
that part of the state. 

Schooi.ey's, mountain, p-v. and mineral 
springs, Washington, Morris county, N. J., 56 
miles N. Trenton, 50 n. n. w. Nevv York, 20 
s. Newton, and 70 s. Philadelphia, is on an 
elevation on Schooley's mountain, where the 
air is pure and the scenery bold and varied. 
The place is a favorite resort for health and 
pleasure during the summer months, and 
there are two large hotels for visitors, be- 
sides more private accommodations. The 
roads are rough, but a line of stage coaches 
runs daily to the place from Elizabethtown 
Point, connected with the New York steam- 
boat, and passing through Morristown. The 
water of the spring", holds in solution muriate 
of soda, magnesia and lime, sulphate of lime, 
and oxide of iron. 

ScHRooN, river. New York. (See Scaroon 
.river.) 

Schroon, lake, N. Y. (5ee Scaroon lake.) 
Schroon, p-t. Essex county. New York. 
(See Scaroon.) 

Schultz's, range, and p-o. Wood county, 
Virginia, by p-r. 324 miles wstrd. W. C. 

Schuyler, p-t. Herkimer county, N. Y. 86 
ms. w. Albany, 8 n. w. Herkimer, 6 ms. e. 
from Utica, n. of Mohawk river, and e. of 
Oneida county, has several small mill 
streams, a good soil, and is somewhat hilly. 
Pop. 1830, 2,074. 

Schuyler, county of Illinois, bounded by 
Pike s., Adams w., Hancock n. w., Macdo- 
nough N., Fulton n. e., and Illinois river sep- 
arating it from Morgan e., and s. e. I>ength 
from s. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 22, and 
area 6G0 square ms. Lat. 40° and long. W. 
C. 13° 40' w. intersect in this county. It is 
traversed and drained by Crooked creek, a 
confluent of Illinois river. Slope to the s. e. 
It is represented by recent travellers, as 
amongst (he finest counties of Illinois. Chief 
town, Rushville. In the census returns for 
1830, Schuyler and Macdonough counties 
are comprised under one head, and contained 
together a pop. of 2,959. 

Schuylersville, p-v. Saratoga county, N. 
Y. 6 ms. w. Union village, n. Fish creek, on 
the w. bank of Hudson river, and upon the 



SCI 



505 



SCO 



Champlain canal. On the meadows adjoining 
tlie village, the army of Gen. Burgoyne sur- 
rendered to the Americans in 1777, after their 
defeat on the heights of Saratoga, 7 miles 
below. 

SciiijTLKii.L, river. Pa. great southwestern 
branch of Delaware river. The valley of 
Schuylkill has that of Susquehannah s., s. vv., 
w., and N. w., that of Lehigh n., and that of 
Delaware above tide n. e. The range of the 
vrdley is from n. w. to s. e. 90 ms. in length. 
The breadth above Blue Ridge about 35 ms., 
but below that chain the utmost breadth is 
25 ms. and mean width about 12 ms. The 
mean breadth of the entire valley about 22, 
and area 1,980 square ms. The tide ascends 
this river about 5 ms. to the primitive ledge 



tween the towns of Columbus and Franklin* 
after each branch having flowed by compara- 
tive courses 70 miles. Below Columbus the 
general course is almost exactly a., and com- 
parativc length 100 ms. to its influx into Ohio 
river between the villages of Alexandria and 
Portsmouth. The Sciota valley, lying be- 
tween hit. 33° 42' and 40° 50', and cut" into 
two very nearly equal sections by long. W. 
C. 6° w., is about 150 ms. long, and 60 milea 
wide, area 9,000 square ms. Below Colum- 
bus the main stream traverses the counties of 
Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and Sciota. 
Though without direct falls, the Sciota is a 
very rapid stream. (See article rail-roads 
and canals.) The Sciota valley lies between 
those of Great Miami and Muskingum, and 



in the city of Phila., from whence a chain of has that of Sandusky n., and Maumee n. w. 



canals, locks and rail-roads have been con 
structed along this stream to near the utmost 
sources, opening the fine country along and 
near its banks to the Atlantic tide water, and 
providing a means to bring to market the im- 
mense masses of mineral coal drawn from the 
bowels of the earth along its higher tributa- 
ries. (See articles Pa., Delaware river, and 
roads and canals.) 

Schuylkill, county, Pa., bounded s. w. by 
Dauphin, w. by Northumberland, Columbia 
N. vv., Luzerne n., Northampton n. e., and the 
Kittatinny mtn. separating it from Lehigh co. 
E. and Berks s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 
37 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 660 square 
ms. Lat. 40° 40', and long. VV. C. 0° 47' e. 
Though along the border of this county con- 
tiguous to Dauphin, Northumberland, Co- 
lumbia, and Luzerne counties, creeks rise 
which have the Susquehannah as their recip- 
ient, the body of the county is drained into 
Schuylkill river, and slopes southeastward. 
The face of the county is perhaps more di- 
versified by valley, hill, and mountain, than 
any other in Pa. The mean elevation of the 
arable soil is about 800 feet above tide water, 
and with all its mountainous appearance 
much of the soil is excellent. But what ren 
ders this co. an object of peculiar interest, is 
the vast deposits of mineral coal it contains 
Since 1806, upwards of a million of dollars 
have been expended to facilitate the trans- 
portation of this fuel to the Atlantic markets. 
[See article roads and canals.) Chief town, 
Orwigsburg. Population 1820, 11,339, 1830, 
20,744. 

Schuylkill, p-o. northern part of Chester 
county, Pa., by p-r. 134 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Schuylkill Haven, p-v. Schuylkill county. 
Pa. 55 ms. n. e. Harrisburg, and 171 n. n. e. 
W. C. 

Scio, p.t. Alleghany county, N. Y. 14 ms. 
s. Angelica, n. Pa. Pop. 1830, 602. 

Sciota, r., O., having its remote sources in 
Richland, Marion, Crawford, and Hardin cos. 
It is composed of two branches. Whetstone 
on the E., and Sciota proper w. Both branch, 
es issuing from Marion county, assume a 
nearly parallel course to s. s. e., traversing 
Delaware and uniting in Frankhn county, be- 

64 



Sciota, co. Ohio, bounded by Adams w.. 
Pike N., Jackson n. e., Lawrence e., and O. 
river separating it from Greenup county, Ky., 
s., and Lewis county, Ky., s. w. Length from 
E. to w. 34 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 
512 square ms. Lat 38° 50', and long. W. 
C. 6° w. intersect near its centre. It is di- 
vided into two not very unequal sections by 
Sciota river which traverses it from n. to 3. 
The general slope is southward ; surface 
hilly, and soil tolerably fertile. Chieftown, 
Portsmouth. Pop. 1820, 5,749, 1830, 8,740. 
Sciota, p-v. Sciota co. Ohio, by p-r. 92 ma. 
s. Columbus. 

Scipio, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. IfiO miles w. 
Albany, and 11 s. of Auburn, is bounded w. 
by Cayuga Lake which separates it from 
Seneca co., has Owaco lake e., and includes 
a part of the Cayuga Indian reserved lands. 
The inhabitants are generally farmers. Sal- 
mon creek and other brooks supply many 
mill seats, but the springs are affected by 
drought. Slate rock lies under the soil. It 
has Aurora and other small villages. Pop. 
1830, 2,691. 

SciPio, p-v. Seneca co. Ohio, by p-r. 88 
ms. N. Columbus. 

SciTUATE, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 17 ms. 
s. Boston on the Atlantic coast. Its harbor 
is protected against the storms by small is- 
lands, and it has some coasting trade. It is 
crossed by Satuit brook, whence it derives its 
name. It was an early settlement, and in 
1676, during Philip's war, had 19 houses and 
barns burnt by the savages. Thomas Clapp, 
President of Yule College, C'onn. was born 
here, 1703. Pop. l!i3(), 3,468. 

SciTUATE, p-t. Providence co. R. I. 12 ms. 
vv. Providence, about 6 ms. by 8, has a rocky 
and varied surface, with good building stone 
in the w. ; soil generally favorable to grass. 
It has 2 small streams of Pawtuxet r. The 
mackerel fishery here is important ; 21 ves- 
sels were engaged in 1832. It also contains 
several cotton factories, a bank, a foundry of 
bells and cannon, and an academy. Pop. 
1830, 3,394. 

ScoNONDOA, p-v. Oneida co. N. Y. 23 ms. w. 
Utica, 11 .s. Rome, and 1 s. Erie canal, 
stands on Sconondou creek. 



SCO 



506 



SEA 



Scotch Plains, p-v. Westfield, Essex co. \ Scott's Ferry, p-o. Albermarle co. Va. by 
N. J. on Green Brook, 14 ms. s. w. Newark, p-r. 150 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and near the borders of Somerset CO. Scottsville, p-v. Wheatland, Monroe co, 

ScoTCHTOwN, p-v. Wallkill, Orange county, JN.Y. 12 ms. s. Rochester,and 1 from Genesee 
N. Y. 6 ms. N. w. Goshen. ' r., stands on Allan's cr. 

Scotia, p-v., and as named in the p-o. list i Scottsville, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Lu- 
of 1831, St. jus. Pope county, Arkansas, by -zerne co. Pa. 40 ms. n. n. w. Wilkes-Barre. 
p-r. 81 ms. northwestward Little Rock. Ex-| Scottsvile, p-v. and st. jus. Powhatan co. 
act position uncertain. Va. 32 ms. w. Richmond, and by p-r. 138 ms. 

Scott, p.t. Cortlandt co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37° 32', long. W. C. 0° 
Skeneateles, 9 from Cortlandt, s. Onondaga ,56' w. 

CO., and E.Cayuga co., has small streams of Scottsville, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 
Tioughnioga creek, and an inlet of Ske- 56 ms. n. n. w. Raleigh. 



neateles lake, with ridges of land extending 
N. and 8. and a productive soil, bearing grass 
best on the hills. The soil is held in fee 
simple. Pop. 1830, 1,452. 

Scott, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 283 me. 

N. N. E. W. C. 



Scottsville, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co. Ky. 
situated on a branch of Green r. by p-r. l.'il 
ms. s. s. w. Frankfort, and 67 ms. n. e. Nash- 
ville, Ten. Lat. 36° 45', long. W. C. 9° 06' 
w. Pop. 1830, 180. 

ScRiBA, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 173 ms. n. 



Scott, co. Va., bounded by Russell county, i w. Albany, 60 w. n. w. Rome, s. of lake 
Va., N. and n. n. e., Washington co. Va. e., j Ontario, and n. e. Oswego r., has a nearly 



Sullivan and Hawkins cos. Tenn. s., and Lee 
CO. Va. w. and n. w. Length along Ten. 40 
ms., mean width 15, and area 600 square ms. 
Lat. 36° 47', long. W. C. 5° 40' w. Slope s. 
w. and traversed in that direction by the 
main volume of Clynch, and N. fork ofHol- 
Bton rivers, and between those streams by 
Clinch mountain. The surface is broken and 
soil of middling quality. Chief town, Estill- 
ville. Population 1820, 4,263, and in 1830, 
5,724. 

Scott, co. Ky. bounded by Lafayette s. e., 
Woodford s. w.. Franklin w., Owen n. w., 
and Harrison n. and n. e. Length 18 ms., 
mean breadth 14, and area 252 square ms. 
Lat. 38° 15', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. Slope 
N. w. and drained by Elkhorn and Eagle rs. 
confluents of Kentucky river ; soil excellent. 
Chief town, Georgetown. Pop. 1820, 12,219, 
1830, 14,677. 

Scott, co. of Indiana, bounded by Clark s., 
Washington w., Jaclison n. w.', Jennings n., 
and Jefferson n. e., and e. Length 20 ms., 



level surface and good soil, with few mill 
sites. Oswego fort is in this town. It has 
a triangular form, enclosing 3 or 4 acres, 50 
feet above the lake, and was the first military 
work erected at the mouth of Oswego r. in 
the old French wars, in 1727. Fort Oswego 
was afterward erected near it : and both were 
captured by the French in 1756. It was sur- 
rendered to the Americans by the British un- 
der Jay's treaty, in 1790. The British, dur- 
ing the late war, once landed here, and occu- 
pied the V. at the mouth of the r. for a few 
hours. Pop. 1830, 2,073, 

Scriven, CO. of Geo. bounded by Effingham 
s. E., Great Ogeechee r. separating it from 
Bullock S.W., and Emanuel w., Burke n. w., 
and Savannah r. separating it from Barnwell 
dist. S. C. N. E., and Beaufort dist. S. C. e. 
Lat. 32° 40', long. W. C. 4° 30' w. The 
nrthrn. section of this co. is traversed in a 
sthestrn. direction by Brier cr. branch of Sa- 
vannah r. ; but the sthrn. and central sec- 
tions slope sthrd. and are drained into Great 



mean width 10, and area 200 square miles.! Ogeechee r. Length in the direction of its 
Lat. 40° 40', long. VV. C. 8° 45' vv. Slope n. I bounding rivers, that is, from s. E. to n. w. 34 
w. by w., and in that direction drained by ! ms., mean breadth 22, and area 748 sq. ma. 
creeks falling into Graham's Fork of White | Pop. 1820, 3,941; 1830, 4,776. 
river. Chief town. New Lexington. Pop.' Scroggsfield, p-v. Columbiana co. O. by 
1820, 2,334, 1830, 3,092. I p-r. 146 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Scott, co. Mo. bounded by New Madrid I Scuffletown, p-v. nrthrn. part of Laurens 
B. w., Stoddard w., Cape Girardenu x. w., | dist. S. C. about 10 ms. n. n. e. Laurensville, 
Mississippi r. above the mouth of Ohio, sep-l and by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. Columbia, 
arating it from Alexander co. II. n., and the| Scull Camp, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Surry co. 
Miss. r. below the mouth of Ohio separating : N. C. by p-r. 182 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
it from MacCracken and Hickman cos. Ky.l Scull Shoals, and p-o. Greene co. Geo. 
E. Length from the Miss. r. on the s. e. toi by p-r. 58 ms. n. Milledgeville. 
the border of Cape Girardeau co. 50 ms. ; Seabrook, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 17 ms. 
mean breath 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Lat.' s. s. w. Portsmouth, 7 n. Newburyport, forms 
37° and long. 12° 30' w. intersect in this co. | the s. e. corner of the state, having the Atlan- 
Slope sthrd. The nrthwstrn. angle traversed ' tic ocean e. and Mass. s. First settled 1638. 
by White water branch of St. Francis, and the I It is watered by Black, Brown's, and Wal- 
residue by crs. flowing into Miss. r. Chief ton's rs., and on many of the brooks is found 
t., Benton. Pop. 1830, 2,136. , bog iron ore. The building of whale boats 

Scott, p-v. Adams co. O. by p-r. 94 me. a | has been extensively carried on here, and the 



little w. of s. Columbus. 

ScoTT3BURGii p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 
835 ms. 8. s. w. W. C. 



inhabitants are chiefly sailors and mechanics. 
Pop. 1830, 1,093. 

Seaconnet, point and rocks, Newport, 



SEE 



507 



SEN 



ewport CO. R. I. the B. end of the E. shore} important maufacturing town. Pop. 1830, 



N 

of Nnrragansett bay, 6 ms. E. b. e. Newport. 

Seaford, p-v. on Nanticoke r. nrthwstrn. 
part Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 107 ma. a little s. 
E. W. C. 

Searcv's, p-o. Montgomery co.Ten. by p-r. 
58 ms. N.w.by w. Nashville. 

SisARiGHT, p-o. Fayette co. Fa. by p-r. 199 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Searsburoh, t. Bennington co. Vt. 12 ms. 
B. Bennington, has a rough surface and much 
poor soil, so that it sustains but few families. 
Pop. 1830, 40. 

Searsmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 25 ms. 
w. Castine, 30 e. Augusta, has a large pond 
in the centre, which discharges s. by an out- 
let into St. George r. The form of the town 
is irregular. Pop. 1830, 1,151. 

Seay's, p-o. Merriwether co. Geo. by p-r. 
119 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Sebago, lake, Cumberland co. Me. is 13 
ms. long, and about 20 wide in the broadest 
parts, but nearly divided by a long and narrow 
cape, extending 3, w. from the e. shore in 
Raymond. It forms a part of the boundary of 
5 tsps. clustered around it, Standish, Bald- 
win, Sebago, Raymond and Windham. 
Crooked r. falls into the lake on the N.,into the 
lower part of whose course, (which bears the 
name of Sungo,) empties Long lake, in thcN. 
part of the co. Presumpscut r. flows from the 



2,133 

Selby's, store and p-o. Wake co. N. C. by 
p-r. 20 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh. 

Selin's Grove, and p-o. Union co. Pa. sit- 
uated on the right bank of the Susquehannah 
r., between Penn's and Middle creek, by 
p-r. 50 ms. above and nthrd. Harrisburg and 4 
ms. below Sunbury. 

Seller's, tavern and p-o. Bucks co. Pa. 
about 30 ms. n. Phil. 

Selma, p-v. on the right bank of Alabama 
r. nrthrn. part Dallas co. Ala. by p-r. 86 ms. 
s. 8. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Selma, p-v. Jefferson co.3Io. by p-r. 30 ms. 
sthrd. St. Louis. 

Seminole, Agency and p-o. on Ocklawaha 
r. Alachua CO. Flor. about 80 ms. s. w. by w. 
St. Augustine, and by p-r. 238 ms. s. k. by e. 
Tallahassee. 

Sempronius, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
s. E. Auburn, 160 w. Albany, has Onondaga 
CO. N., Skeneateles lake e., Onondaga and 
Cortlandt cos. e., with many hills, some ex. 
tensive valleys, and a soil generally rich and 
arable. Owasco lake in the w. has an inlet 
in the s. part, whose streams afford mill seats, 
as do other brooks running in different direc- 
tions. There are several marshes, the larg. 
est of which is along the lower part of Owas- 
co inlet. Owasco flats s.w. are fertile, and con- 
s. e., part of the lake s. e. into Casco bay. | tain Moravia v. One mile distant is Montville 
Boat navigation extends by this route to Port- where are mills. Pop. 1830, 5,705. 



land. 



Seneca lake, N. Y. lies between 4 coun- 



Seb.4go, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 65 ms. s.jties, w. of Cayuga lake, and in one part only 
w. Augusta, lies on the n. w. side of Sebago j 6 ms. distant. It is about 35 ms. long. n. and 



lake, with Oxford co. w., has an irregular 
form, and is watered by small streams flow- 
ing into the lake. Pop. 1830, 586. 



s., from 2 to 4 wide and of great depth. Its 
outlet, Seneca r., runs from tlie n. end e. to 
Cayuga lake. There is a great marsh s. 



Sebasticook r. Me. rises in Penobscot and chiefly in Tioga co. through which run sev- 
Somerset cos. flosvs across the s. e. corner of: eral small streams. On the w. side, the out- 
the latter, and passing into the N. E. corner of i let of Crooked lake falls into Seneca lake. 



Kennebec co. falls into Kennebec 
Winslow opposite Waterville. 

Sebec, P-t. Penobscot co. Me. 87 ms. n. e. 
Augusta, embraces the end of Sebec pond 
and the head of Sebec r. which rises in it, and 
is well watered by these and Piscataquis r. on 
the s. line. Pop. 1830, 906. 

Second Fork, p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
154 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 



The surface of this sheet of water is 431 feet 
above the level of tide water at Albany. Ge- 
neva, one of the prettiest vs. in the state, is 
situated at the n. w. corner of the lake, partly 
on the low ground, and partly on the elevated 
bank. The water has a gradual periodical 
rise and fall, once in several years, the cause 
of which has never been ascertained. The 
water never freezes, which is probably owing 



Section Creek, and p-o. Clay co. Ky. by, to its depth. The land gradually rises for sev. 



p-r. 106 ms. s. e. Frankford. On Tanner's 
map of the U. S. this cr. is named Seztoii's, 
which is probably the real name, but in di- 
recting letters the p-o. list perhaps ought to be 
followed. 



eral miles, by those broad, natural terraces 
or successive parallel ridges, running n. and 
s. over a considerable tract of country. The 
view from the height of land between Seneca 
and the adjacent lakes is extensive and agree- 



Sedgwick, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 6 ms. e. able. The region has the appearance ofhav. 
Castine, 87 e. by s. Augusta, has Blue Hill; ing been swept by a powerful current of wa- 
bay e. and a strait s. which separates it from, ter from the n. 

Deer isl., being situated principally on a pen- 1 Seneca r. N. Y. rises at the n. end of Sen- 
insula, with a coast made irregular by points, i eca la!\e. and crosses Seneca, Cayuga and 



coves, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,604. 



I Onondaga cos. GO ms. to Oswego r. in Cicero. 



Seecatchke, V. Mass. on the e. shore of| Its branches are Cayugn, Canandagua, Owas. 
Nantucket, and on the verge of the ocean. j co, Skeneateles and Onondaga outlets. It is 

Seekonk, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 38 ms. s. e. rendered navigable by a canal and locks by 
Boston, N. Barrington,R. I., andE. Providence j Waterloo to the Erie canal. At Montezuma it 
r., there the line of the same state. It is an is 371 ft. higher than the Hudson is at Albany. 



SEN 



508 



SEW 



Seneca r. of N. C. and Geo., has its re- 
mote sources in Blue Ridge, Haywood co. N. 
C. but it is a mere creek where it leaves that 
state and enters Pickens dist. S. C. Thence 
augmented by numerous crs. from both sides, 
the Seneca flows by comparative courses 45 
ms. in a direction a little e. of s. to its junc- 
tion with Tugaloo to form Savannah r. This 
r. and its confluents drain the greater part oi 
Pickens dist. It is a mtn. stream, and com- 
pared with length of course contains a large 
volume of water. 

Seneca, co. N. Y. bounded by Wayne co. 
N., Cayuga co. e., Tompkins co. s., Ontario 
and part of Stuben cos. w. It lies chiefly be- 
tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and is cross- 
ed in the n. by a part of Seneca r., which here 
runs from the foot of Seneca lake to the foot 
of Cayuga lake, and then n. The other 
streams are small. It contains 10 towns, of 
which Ovid and Waterloo are the chief. It 
is about 187 ms. w. Albany, has an agreeably 
varied surface, with a calcareous loam and 
vegetable mould. There are some salt springs, 
iron ore and limestone. The village of Sen- 
eca falls has rapidly increased in business and 
population. In 1825 there were 265 inhabit- 
ants, and in 1830, 1,610. The fall is 46 feet, 
and affords abundant power, part of which is 
employed in 4 flour mills, 1 gristmill, 1 cotton 
factory with 4,000 spindles, 1 paper mill, 1 
tannery, 1 sash factory, 2 furnaces and 1 oil 
mill. At Waterloo are 5 flour mills, 2 saw 
mills, 1 clover seed mill, 1 hemp factory, 1 
patent pail factory, 1 tub factory, 1 paper mill, 
1 oil mill, 3 carding mills, a lath factory and 1 
forge. At Ovid, 1 steam flour mill and 1 
carding mill. Population 1820, 23,619 ; 1830, 
21,041. 

Seneca, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 176 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 r. Canandiiigua, w. Seneca lake 
and CO., and is crossed by the road from Al- 
bany to Buffalo. The land is arable and fa- 
vorable to grass, and the surface s. hilly. The 
v. of Geneva, one of the pleasantest in the 
state, is at the N. E. corner of the lake. Pop. 
1830, 6,161. 

Seneca, co. O. bounded by Crawford s., 
Hancock s. w.. Wood n. w., Sandusky n., and 
Huron e. Length from e. to w. 32 ms., breadth 
20, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long. 
W. C 6° 00' w. Sandusky r. traverses this 
CO. flowing to the nrthrd. The general slope 
is of course in that direction, but from the s. w. 
angle issues the extreme fountains of Blanch- 
ard's branch ofau Glaize r. Chief town. Tif- 
fin. Pop. 1830, 5,159. 

Seneca Falls, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 167 
ms. w. Albany ; contains a flourishing ma- 
nufacturing village, which has increased in 
population from 265 to 1,610 between 1825 
and 1830. The water falls here 42 feet, and 
aflTords abundance of power for several mills 
and factories. [See Seneca co.) A canal 
here passes round the falls. Here are 18 
dry goods stores in the village , besides 2 hard- 
ware do., 2 druggist's do., 5 flouring mills, 1 
large cotton factory, 1 woollen do., 1 paper 



mill, 1 distillery, 1 large tannery, 1 sash fac- 
tory, 1 carriage factory, besides numerous 
other smaller manufacturing establishments. 
The prosperity of the village is owing to its 
valuable hydraulic privileges. Pop. 1830, 
2,603. 

Senecas, Indians, N. Y. hold several re- 
servations in the state, but their principal set- 
tlement is near Buffalo, on a tract 7 ms. by 
18, on Buffalo creek. 

Seneca IVfills and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Md. by p-r. 23 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Senecaville, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 
99 ms. e. Columbus. 

Sennet, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
2,297. 

Setauket, p-v. Brookhaven, Suffolk co. N. 
Y. 58 ms. E. N.Y. 

Setzler's Store and p-o. Chester co. Pa. 
by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Seven Mile Ford and p-o. eastern part 
of Washington co. Va. 362 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Seventy Six, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 
256 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Severn, creek and p-o. Owen co. Ky. by 
p-r. 21 ms. nrthrd. Frankfort. 

Sevier, co. Ten. bounded s. w. and w. by 
Blount, Knox n. w., Jefferson n. e., Cocke e., 
and the Iron mtn. separating it from Hay- 
wood CO. N. C. s. e. Length from s. e. to n. 
w. 28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 500 
sq. ms. Lat. 35° 45', long. 6° 25' w. W. C. 
The northern part of this co. is traversed in 
a westerly direction by the Nolechucky r. ; 
but the southern and much the most extensive 
section of the co. is drained to the n. w. by 
Little Pigeon r. and its confluents, flowing 
from the Iron mtns. into Nolechucky r. Chief 
t. Sevierville, or Sevier C'. H. Pop. 1820, 
4,772, 1830, 5,717. 

Sevierville or Sevier C". H., p-v. and st. 
jus. Sevier CO. Ten. situated on Little Pigeon 
r. 25 ms. s. e. by e. Knoxvitle, and by p-r. 225 
ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. Lat. 35° 50', 
long. 6° 21' w. AV. C. 

Sewell creek and mtn. western part of 
Greenbrier co. Va. Sewell cr. is one of the 
extreme sthrn. sources of Gauly r. 

Sevvell mtns., p o. western part of Green- 
brier CO. Va. by p-r. 294 ms. s. w. by w. W. 
C. 

Sewell Valley, p-o. western part of Green. 
brier co. Va. by p-r. 288 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Sewicklev, the name of three creeks of 
western Pa. The most considerable is a 
stream of Westmoreland co. rising opposite to 
the Loyalhanna r., and flowing wstrd. into 
Youghioghany r. The second a small creek, 
though relatively called Big Scwickley, and 
for a fewms. constituting part of the bounda- 
ry between Alleghany and Beaver cos. The 
third or Little Sewickley, is a mere brook 
of Alleghany co. The two latter Sewickleys 
fall into the right side of Ohio r. 

Sewicklev Bottom, p-o. wstrn. part of Al- 
leghany CO. Pa. 14 me. n. v/. Pittsburg. 



SHA 



509 



SHA 



Sexton's p-v. western part of Boone co 
Mo. by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. Jefierson. 

Shade creek, one of llio higher branches 
of Uoiioniaugli r. Hovving from the Alleghany 
mtn. in the northwestern pa'rt of Somerset 
CO. Pa. 

Shade mtn., a ridge extending from the 
great bend ol Juniata r., below Lcwiston, and 
separating Juniata from Mifilin eo. Pa. 

SnADE, p-o. on Siiade creek, n. e. part o 
Somerset co. Pa., about 20 ms. n. e. the bo 
rough of Somerset, and by p-r. IGO ms. n. w 
W. C. 

Shade Gap and p-o. eastern part of Hun- 
tingdon CO. Pa. 117 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Shady Dale, p-o. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. 43 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Shady Grove, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r 
305 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Shadv Grove, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 277 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Sn\DY Grove, p-o. Union dist. S. C. by p-r 
86 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Shafer's p-o. Northampton eo. Pa. by p-r 
210 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Shaferstown, p-v. eastern part of Lebanon 
CO. Pa. 9 ms. e. Lebanon, and by p-r. 129 ms. 

N. N. E. W. C. 

Shaftsbury, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 97 
ms. s. w. iVIontpelier, 46 fiom Rutland, 31 
from Brattleboro' ; first settled about 1763; 
lies e. N. Y. between Walloomsac and Bat- 
tenkill creeks, and has no large streams. VV 
mtn. extends into this town about 3 ms. The 
soil is generally good, and excellent in the s 
w. Iron ore and marble are found in the 
town. There is a fund of $10,000 for the 
support of schools. Pop. 1830, 2,142. 

Shakleford's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. 
by p-r. 160 ms. s. W. C. 

Shalersville, p-v. northern part of For 
tage CO. O. 5 ms, n. Raveima, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1830, 757. 

Shallow Ford and p-o. Anderson district, 
S. C. by p-r. 145 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

SitAMOKiN, creek and p-o. central part of 
Northumberland co. Pa. by p-r. 04 ms. n. 
Harrisburg. The Shamokin creek falls into 
the left side of Susquehannali r. immediately 
below the borough of Sunbury. 

Shandakan, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. 
Kingston, 83 s. by w. Albany, lies s. (^reene 
CO., N. Sullivan co., and e. Delaware co. It 
is mountainous, and several streams flow 
hence to Del. r. and Esopus creek. Pine hill 
mtn. lies on the borders of Del. co. Pop. 1830, 
966. 

Shane's Crossings, over St. Mary's r., or 
as marked on Tanner's map, Shanesville, p-v. 
on St. Mary's r. northern part of Mercer co. 
O. 18 ms. N. w. St. Mary's, the co. St., and by 
p-r. 129 ms. n. w. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 46. 

SuANEsviLLE, P-V. Tuscarawas co. O. by 
p-r. 96 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 
160. 

Shannon, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 55 ms. 
N. E. by E. Frankfort. 



Shannon Hill, p-o. Goochland co. Va. by 
p-r. 147 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Shannon's Store and p-o. Randolph co. XL 
by p-r. 74 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Shannonville, p-v., and named in p-o. list 
as St. jus. Perry co. Ten., by p-r. 114 ms. s. w. 
by w. Nashville. 

Shapleigh, p-t. York co. Me. 163 ms. s. w. 
Augusta, 35 n. w. York, k. N. M. ; contains 
several ponds, one of which, partly in the 
adjoining state, gives rise to Salmon Falls r. 
Pop. 1830, 1,479. 

SiL\RON, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 18 ms. 
from Amherst, 48 from Concord, and e. of 
Cheshire co., gives rise in the s. e. to 
branches of Contoocook r., but is almost des- 
titute of mill seats. Boundary mtn. 200 feet 
high, is on the E. boundary. Pop. 1830, 
371. 

Sharon, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 22 ms. n. 
Windsor, lies n. White r. Population 1830, 
1,4.59. 

Sharon, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 18 ms. s. 
Boston, is at the head of Neponset r. which 
furnishes good mill seats, occupied by several 
manufactories. The Sharon cotton manufac- 
turing company was incorporated 1811, with 
.$100,000 ; and the Mass. file manufacturing 
company have a factory here. Mashapoag 
pond gives rise to one of the chief branches 
of Neponset r. and gave the Indian name to 
the town. Pop. 1830, 1,023. 

Sharon, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 ms. w. 
Hartford, lies w. Housatonic r., and e. N. Y. 
It is hilly E. with granite rocks. The soil is 
various, generally stony, with fine calcareous 
levels w. Grain succeeds better than in 
most other parts of the state. Pop. 1830, 
2,615. 

Sharon, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 45 miles 
from Albany, 16 n. w. Schoharie, s. Montgo- 
mery CO., and e. Otsego co. ; has some low 
ridges of the Helderbergs. The soil is fa- 
vorable to wheat. Cobuskill creek rises here 
and supplies mill seats. The inhabitants are 
of German descent. Pop. 1830,4,247. 

Sharon, tsp. and p-v. wstrn. part of Mercer 
CO. Pa. The p-v. is very near the border be- 
tween Mercer co. Pa. and Trumbull of O., 
and stands on Shenango cr. about 16 ms. \r. 
of the borough of Mercer. 

Sharon, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 99 ms. 
s. E. by E. Columbus. 

Sharonville, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 
14 ms. N. E. Cincinnati. 

Sharpe's Store and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. 
by p-r. 203 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Sharpshurg, p-v. sthrn. part Washington 
CO. Md. on the left bank of Potomac r., 18 ms. 
s. nagerstown,the co. St., and by p-r. 66 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Sharpsburg, p-v. wstrn. part Bath co. Ky. 
U ms. wstrd. Owingsville, the co. st., and 62 
ms. e. Frankfort. 

Sharp's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa. by 
p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Shartlesville, p-v. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 
156 ms. N. N. K. W. C. 



SHE 



510 



SHE 



Shauck's, p-o. Richland co. O. by p-r. 57 

ms. N. N. E. Columbus. I 

Shaver's cr. and p-o. nrthrn. part Hunting- 
don CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. the borough of Hunt- 
ingdon, and by p-r, 152 ms. a little n. of n. w. 
W.C. 

Shawangunk, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 91. ms. 
from Albany, 26 s. w. Kingston, 17 w. n, w. 
Newburgh, has Montgomery co. s., and 
reaches the base of Shawangunk mtn. w. 
Shaw cr. w. and Wallkill cr. e. meet near the 
N. boundary. The soil is strong loam, with 
some clay, and the surface nearly level. Oak 
prevails in the woods. Mill stones are ob- 
tained here. The skeleton of the mammoth 
in Peal's museum, Philadelphia, was taken 
from a swamp here, and 9 others have been 
found in this and an adjoining t. The inhabit- 
ants are of Dutch origin. Population 1830, 
3,681. 

Shawangunk mtns. N. Y. cross Ulster and 
Orange cos. being a spur of the small range 
of the Catsbergs. 



ment was soon commenced from West- 
field. Pop. 1830, 2,382. 

Sheffield, p-v. on lake Erie, nrthrn. part 
Lorain co. O. by p-r. 14 ms. n. Elyria, the co. 
St., and 144 ms. n. n.e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 
1830, 215. 

Shegag's, store and p-o. about 60 ms. wstrd. 
Nashville. 

Shelburne, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. Ill ms. 
from Concord, w. of Maine, is crossed by An- 
droscoggin r. which receives Rattle r. &c. 
and has good soil on its banks ; but the land 
is generally rough, and often useless for cul- 
tivation. Mt. Moriah, of the White mtn. 
range, is in the s. Moses' rock is a singular 
block of stone, 90 feet long and 60 high. 
First settled 1775. Pop. 1830, 3l2. 

Shelburn, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 33 ms. w. 
Montpelier, and 26 n. w. Middlebury, was 
first settled before the revolution by Logan 
and Pottier, on points in the lake which still 
bear their names. They and ten other fam- 



ilies soon after abandoned the place, but after 
Shawneetown, p-v. on Ohio r. estrn. partjthe war it was occupied by settlers from Con- 
Gallatin CO. II. 9 ms. below the mouth of Wa- 1 necticut. There is a bay of the lake, nam- 
bash r. and by p-r. 127 ms. s. e. Vandalia. ed after the t. into the head of which falls 
Lat. 37°42', long. W. C. 11° 14' w. It is a Laplatte r. Shelburn pond in the n. e. covers 
flourishing V. containing a bank, printing of- 1 about 600 acres. The soil is very good, tim- 
fice, land office, and a number of taverns, I ber hard wood. Pop. 1830, 1,122. 



stores, &c. It is the depot for the U. S. Sa- 
line near the v. of Equality, 12 ms. wstrd. 

Shaw's Meadows, and p-o. nrthrn. part 
Northampton co. Pa. about 36 ms. n. of Eas- 
ton, the CO. St., and 226 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Sheboygon r. of Huron Ter. rises to the 
estrd. and near the sthrn. end of Winnebago 
lake, interlocking sources with Rock r. and 
flowing thence estrdly. into lake Michigan. 

Sheepscot, r. Lincoln CO. Me. runs a short 
distance in Kennebec co. and empties into 
the Atlantic, at Wiscasset, meeting some of 
those arms of the sea which form so many 
isls. on that part of the coast. 

Sheetz's Mill and p-o. Hampshire co.Va. 
by p-r. 126 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Sheffield, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 35 ms. 
n. Montpelier, 40 n. Newbury, with 22,607 
acres. First settled 1792. It is on the height 
of lands dividing the waters of Conn. r. and 
lake Champlain, containing head streams of 
Barton and Passumpsic rs. on which are mill 
seats. Pop. 1830, 720. 



Sheffield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 125ms. Shelbyville. 



Shelburne, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 100 
ms. N. w. Boston, n. e. Deerfield r., compriz- 
ing a valuable fall of 20 ft., has a pleasant sit, 
nation, and was formerly a part of Deerfield. 
The schools, library, &.c. have proved par- 
ticularly useful. Mr. Fisk, missionary to Pal- 
estine, was born here, 1792. Pop. 1830, 995. 

Shelby, p-t. Orlean-s co. N. Y. 263 ms. from 
Albany, 14 n. n. w. Batavia, e. Niagara co., 
and N. Tonawanta reservation, is watered by 
Oak Orchard cr. and its branches, crossed by 
the Mtn. Ridge n. and touched n. w. by Erie 
canal. There are several mills, &c. Pop. 
1830, 2,043. 

Shelby, co. Ky. bounded s. e. by Ander- 
son, Spencer s., Jefferson w., Oldham n. w., 
Henry n., and Franklin e. Length from e. 
to w. 26 ms., breadth 17, area 442 sq. ms. 
Lat. 38° 15', long. W. C. 8° 10' w. Though 
the estrn. border approaches very near Ken- 
tucky r. the slope of this co. is s. w., and in 
that direction is drained by diff'erent conflu- 
ents of Salt r. Pop. 1830, 19,030. Chief t., 



w. Boston, N. Conn., was incorporated 1733, 
6 years before any other t. in this co. • The 
surface is agreeably varied, and there is 
much good land, watered by Housatonic r. 
and several of its branches. The v. is situa- 
ted in a valley surrounded by several eminen- 
ces, of which Taughkannic mtn. w. is the lof- 
tiest, being about 3,000 feet high. Along the 
course of the Housatonic, here slow and 
crooked, are extensive and valuable mead- 
ows, on the w. side of which runs the princi. 
pal street 4i ms. A grant was made by the 
general court of Mass. in 1720, which includ- 
ed part of two neighboring towns, and left a 



Shelby, the extreme sthwstrn. co. of Ten. 
bounded by Tipton co. Ten. n., and Lafayette 
CO. Ten. e., on the s. it has the Chickasaw 
territory in the state of Miss., and on the w. 
the Miss. r. separating it from Crittenden co. 
Ark. Lat. 35° 15' and long. W. C. 13° w. 
intersect in the wstrn. part of this co. The 
slope is wstrd. and in that direction is travers- 
ed and drained by the various confluents of 
Wolf r. and Nanconnah cr. The high land 
of the interior reaches the Miss. r. at the n.w. 
angle and at the mouth of Wolf r. in this co. 
These hills arc called Chickasaw Blufis from 
the Indian nation who formerly owned and 



reserved tract for the Indians. The settle- 1 inhabited the country. The soil is good. Sta- 



SHE 



511 



SHE 



Pop. 1820, 



ole, cotton. Chief t., Memphis 
354 ; 1830, 5,648. 

Shelby, co. Ohio, bounded by Miami co. 
s.. Dark co. s. w., Mercer n. w., Allen n., 
Logan N. E., and Champaign s. e. It is about 
20 ms. each side ; area 400 eq. ms. Lat. 40° 



fort. Lat. 38° 11', long. W. C. 8° 12' w. It 
is a flourishing village. Pop. 1830, 1,201. 

Shelbvvili.e, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. 
Ind., by p-r. 30 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 
39° 32', long. W. C. 8° 4G' w. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. 



20', long. W. C. 7° 12' w. The extreme sour- II., on Kaskaskias r., 40 ms. above and n. n. 
ces of Saint Mary's and au Glaize rivers rise e. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 22', long. W. C. 11° 
on the northwestern and northern borders, 52' w. 



but the much greater part slopes southward, 
and gives source to great Miami r. The ex- 
treme higher sources of Wabash rise also in 
Mercer co., very near the northwestern angle 
of Shelby. The latter comprises, therefore, 
a part of the high and flat table land of Ohio. 
Chief town, Sidney. Pop. 1820, 2,106, 18.30, 
3,671. 

Shelby, co. Ind., bounded s. e. by Deca- 
tur, Bartholomew s., Johnson w., Marion n. 
w., Hancock n., and Rush e. Length from 
s. to N. 24 ms., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. 
ms. Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 8° 45' w. 
Slope s. s. w., and in that direction drained 
by different branches of Driftwood fork of 
White r. Chief t. Shelbyville. Pop. 1830, 
6,295. 

Shelby, co. II., bounded s. e. by Effingham, 
Fayette s., Montgomery w., Sangamo .n. w., 
Macon n., and Coles e. Length from e. to 
w. 40 ms., width 32, and area 1,280 sq. ms 



SHELDo^f, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 46 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, 32 n. e. Burlington ; was set- 
tled 1790, and is watered by Missisque r., and 
Black r. its branch, on the latter of which are 
mill seats. Tlie surface is varied, and the 
soil generally good. Pop. 1830, 1,427. 

SiiELuoN, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 270 ms. 
w. Albany. 24 s. w. Hatavia, and e. of Erie 
CO. ; is watered by Tonawanta cr. and two 
branches of Butfalo cr. The land is high, 
but moist, and more favorable to grass than 
grain. Pop. 1U30, 1,731. 

Shelter Island, t. Suffolk co. N. Y., lies 
off' the E. end of Lon;? Island, 100 miles e. 
New York, and 250 from Albany, by the com- 
mon route. This town is formed of two isls., 
which lie in the bay between Southold and 
Southampton. Shelter island contains 8,000 
acres, of varied surface, with a soil generally 
light and sandy, but in some parts rich, level 
and well cultivated. Hog Neck isl. ^ a mile 



Lat. 39° 22', long. W. C. 11° 45' w. The! distant, and connected by a ferry, has a ship 
northwestern angle gives source to the Mow- 1 channel all round it. In the revolutionary 
awequa branch of Sangamon river, and slopes war, the British deprived this isl. of its tim- 
to the N. w. ; and the opposite or southeast-' ber. Pop. 1830, 330. 

em angle gives source to Little Wabash, and Shenandoah, river of Va., and one of the 
slopes to the sthrd. Full 9-lOths of the co. I great southern branches of Potomac river, is 
is, however, drained by the Kaskaskias, and j composed of two branches, called with no 
branches ; the main stream traversing it diag-j great relative correctness, North Branch and 
onally from N. N. E. to s. s. w. Chief t. Shel-j South Branch. The southern and main 
byville. Pop. 1830, 2,972. branch rises in Augusta co., as far south as 

Shelby, CO. Ala., bounded by Autauga co.j lat. 38°, and long. 2° w. W. C. Flowing 
s., Bibb s. w., Jefferson N. w. and n., St. Clair thence northeastward along the northwestern 



N. E., and Coosa river separating it from the 
Creek country e. Length from s. to n. 50 
ms., mean breadth 22, and area 1,100 sq. ms. 
Lat. 33° and long. W. C. 10° w. intersect in 
the southwestern angle of this co. The East 



slope of Blue Ridge, over Augusta, Rocking- 
ham, and Page counties, receives the North 
Branch in the southern angle of Frederick 
CO., after a comparative course of 90 ms. 
The North Branch of Shenandoah river has 



fork of Cahaba r., rising in JeflTerson andl its source in Rockingham co., from which it 
Saint Clair counties, enters and traverses the 1 flows by comparative courses n. n. e. 50 ms. 
northwestern side of Shelby, flowing in a s. lover Rockingham and Shenandoah counties, 
s. w. direction into Bibb co. Between the enters Frederick, bends to the eastward, and 
Cahaba and Coosa vallies extends a ridge, | joins the South Branch as already noticed, 
from which creeks flow eastward towards the Below the junction of its two branches, the 
Coosa. The Coosa slope comprises full two Shenandoah flows n. e. along the northwest 



thirds of the whole surface of the co. Chief 
town, Shelbyville. Pop. 1830, 5,704. 

Shelby, p-v. northeastern part Macomb co. 
Mich., 11 ms. northward Mount Clemens, the 
CO. seat, and 37 ms. n. n. e. Detroit. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co 



slope of Blue Ridge 40 ms. to its junction with 
the Potomac at Harper's Ferry. (See art. 
Potomac.) 

Shenandoah, county, Va., bounded s. w. by 
Rockingham, Hardy w. and n. w., Frederick 
N. and N. e., and Page e. and s. e. Length 



Ala., by p-r. 73 ms. a little n. of e. Tuscaloo- i from s. w. to n. e. 32 ms., mean breadth 12, 
sa. Lat. 33° 16', long. W. C. 9° 52' w. land area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', long. W. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Bedford co.!c.l°30' w. The whole co. is a part of the 



Ten., situated on Duck r., by p-r. 52 ms. s. s 
E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 28', long. W. C. 9° 
24' w. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. 
Ky., on a branch of Salt r., 21 ms. w. Frank. 



valley of the North fork uf Shenandoah r. 
Since the census of 1830, Page co. was de. 
tachcd from Shenandoah, which latter former- 
ly comprised upwards of 1,000 sq. ms. In 
the census tables of 1830, w hit ia now Shen- 



srii 



512 



SHR 



andoah co., is called West Shenandoah, and 
contained a pop. of 11,423. Both cos., or the 
original Shenandoah, contained in 1820, an 
aggregate pop. of 18,926. 

Shepiierdstown, p-v. eastern part Cum- 
berland co. Pa., byp-r. 8 miles from Harris- 
burg, and l02ms.N^W. C. 

Shepherdstown, p-v. on the Potomac r., 
northeastern part Jetlerson co. Va., 10 miles 
above Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. 62 ms. n. 

w. W. C. 

Shepuerdsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bullitt 
CO. Ky., on the North fork of Salt r., 23 ms. 
s Louisville, and by p-r. a httle s. of w. Frank- 
fort. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. C. 8° 42' w. 
Pop. 1830, 278. 

Sherburne, town, Rutland co. Vt., 22 miles 
N. w. Windsor, and 9 N. e. Rutland. First 
settled 1785. It gives rise to Queechy river 
N. w., and has several small mill streams, 
particularly Thundering brook, which rises in 
one of the ponds. There is some meadow 
land on Queechy r., but the surface is gener- 
ally mountainous. Killington peak, of the 
Green mtns., is south and 3,924 feet high. 
Pop. 1830, 432. 

Sherburne, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., ^i 
ms. s. w. Boston, w. Charles river, e. and n. 
E. Nashua river. The town is agricultural, 
and possesses a good soil. Pop. 1830, 899. 

Sherburne, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 98 
ms. w. Albany, 11 n. Norwich, lies s. Madi- 
son CO., and is crossed by Chenango river, on 
which are rich meadows. The soil general- 
ly is good for both grain and grass. The v. 
is on the e. bank of the r. Pop. 1830, 2,601. 

Sherburne, p-v. Beaufort district, S. C, by 
p-r. 165 ms. s. Columbia. 

Sherburne Mills, and p-o, Fleming co. 
Ky., by p-r. 84 ms. estrd. Frankfort. 

Sheridan, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 319 
miles from Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,666. 

Sherman, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 60 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, is in the s. w. corner of the 
CO., with Litchfield co. n. and N. Y. w. The 
surface is hilly, the soil various, and some 
iron ore is found. Several streams flow into 
Housatonic r. Pop. 1830, 947. 

Sherman, p v. sthrn. part Huron co. O., by 
p.r. 96 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 153. 

Sherman, p-v. Saint Joseph's co. Mich., by 
p-r. 145 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Sheruaru's Store, and p-o. Hampshire co. 
Va., byp-r. 95 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Suerrill's Foru, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. 
C, by p-r. 148 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Sheshequin, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
136 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Shetucket, river, Conn., is formed by the 
junction of Willimantic and Mount Hope rs., 
and after flowing s. e. joins the Quinebaug, 
and at Norwich takes the name of the 
Thames. 

Shickshinny, mountain, rises above and 
stretches along the right bank of Susquehan- 
nah r., sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa. 

Shickshinny, p-o. near ihe right bank of 



Susquehannah r., southern part Luzerne co- 
Pa., by p-r. 101 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Shiloah, p-v. Camden co. N. C, by p-r. 
200 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Shiloh, p-v. sthrn. part Marengo co. Ala., 
by p-r. 97 ins. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Shinersville, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., by 
p-r. 224 ms. nrthrd. W. C. 

Shinnston, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. 
236 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Shippen, p-v. MacKean co. Pa., by p-r. i9d 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Shippensburg, borough and p-v. Cumber- 
land CO. Pa., by p-r. 39 ms. s. w. by w. Har- 
risburg, and 100 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Pop. 
1830, 1,621. It is a close built v., principally 
of one street along the main road. 

Shippensville, p-v. Venango co. Pa., by 
p-r. 256 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Shippingport, p-v. on the Ohio r., 2 miles 
below the centre of Louisville, and at the 
lower end of the Rapids, Jeflerson co. Ky. 
Though a separate p-v. and under a different 
corporate establishment, it is commercially a 
suburb of Louisville. Pop. 1830, 606. 

Shippingport, p-v. Tazewell co. II., about 
150 ms. N. N. w. Vandalia. 

Shiremantown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 
by p-r. 4 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Shirly, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 ms. n. 
w. Boston, s. w. Nashua river, with Squani- 
cook, a branch of it, on the n. on both of 
which streams are rich meadows. Chairs 
have been made here to a great amount. Pop. 
1830, 991. 

SiiiRLEVSBURG, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. M 
ms. s. s. E. the borough ol Huntingdon. 

Shiver's Mills, and p-o. Warren co. Geo., 
by p-r. 45 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. 

Shoals ofOgeechee, p-v. Hancock county, 
Geo., by p-r. 47 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Shober's Mills, and p-o. Jefferson county, 
Ohio, byp-r. 142 ms. n. E.by e. Columbus. 

Shoreham, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 12 ms. s. w. 
Middlebury, 49 ms. s. Burlington, &-onthe E. 
side of lake Champhiin, has a surface nearly 
level, with good soil, and is one of the best 
farming towns in the state. It lies opposite 
fort Ticonderoga, and commands a view of 
the ruins of that fortress, and the interesting 
scenery in its vicinity. The lake is general- 
ly about a 1-2 mile wide here, and there is a 
ferry across it. The shore is generally a 
little ele vated,and the rocks of dark calcareous 
stone, containing impressions of shells, &c. 
A variety of fish are taken from the lake. 
Pop. 1830, 2,137. 

Short Mountain, p-o. Ill ms. westward 
Little Rock, Arkansas, given in the p-o. list 
as in Crawford co. 

Short Pump, p-v. Henrico county, Va. by 
p.r. !2 ms. from Richmond. 

Shrewsbury, river, Monmouth co. N. J. 
divided into the North or Navesink and South 
rivers, is navigable for vessels of 50 tons, 
and navigated by a steamboat from N. Y. 
twice a day. This river formerly discharged 
into the sea 9 ms. s. Sandy Hook, but the out- 



SID 



513 



SIN 



let was closed by a storm in 1810, arid the 
river discharged into Rarilan or Sandy Hook 
bav. The outlet is again open and the waters 
discharged by both channels, (1832.) 

SiiRi-.wsnuRv, p-t. Rutland co. Vt.22ms.w. 
Windsor, 9 ms. s. e. Rutland, lies chiefly on 
the Green mnts. and is very high e. Shrews, 
bury peak N. 4,100 feet high, is one of the 
most lofty summits of the range. Mill river 
s. w. and Cold river n., are mill streams. 
Pearl's and Ashley's ponds lie s. The soil 
is good for grass. Pop. 1830, 1,289. 

SiiREwsnimv, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 
ms. w. Boston, 5 e. Worcester, is varied by 
hills and vallies, and divided near the middle, 
N. and s. by a high ridge. The soil is fertile, 
and the inhabitants farmers. Quinsigamond 
or Long pond, nearly 4 ms. long, and from 
50 to 70 feet deep, lies between this town 
and Worcester, and is crossed by a floating 
bridge, principally of hewn timber, 525 feet 
long. Artemas Ward, the first major general 
of the United States, died here, in 1800. Pop. 
1830, 1,386. 

SniiEwsnuRY, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. 25 
ms. from N. Y. city and 14 s. e. Middleiown 
Point. Here are several large Peach or- 
chards, two of which are said to be the largest 
in the United States, covering together 150 
acres, and containing 22,000 trees, the first 
of which were planted about 1822. The fruit 
is principally carried to New York market. 
The soil is even inferior to that of the adja- 
cent pine plains, yet the fruit is remarkably 
fine. Beds of marie are found in some parts 
of this town, containing bones, shark's teeth, 
&c. Pop. 1830,4,700. 

Shrewsbury, tsp. and p-v. southern side of 
York county. Pa. The p-o. is about 14 miles 
southwardly from the borough of York, and 
by p-r. 72 miles n. W. C. Pop. of the town- 
ship 1820, 1,983, 1830,2,571. 

Shutesbury, p-t. Franklin co., Mass., 82 ms. 
w. Boston, is very rocky, siony, and hilly, 
and unfavorable to agriculture. It is crossed 
by the w. branch of Swift r. n. and s. which 
furnishes valuable mill seats. Settled 1754, 
from Sudbury. Pop. 1830, 986. 



post-road 138 miles northwest Vandalia. 
Silver Creek, p-v. on Silver creek, wstm. 
side Madison county, Ky., by p-r. 8 miles 
westward Richmond, the co. st. and 58 miles 
s. E. Frankfort. 

I Silver Gladr, p.v. Anderson district, S. 
C., by p-r. 148 miles n. w. Columbia. 

Silver Lake, p-o. Susquehannah county, 
i Pa. by p-r. 280 miles n. n. e. W. C. 6 miles 
N. w. Montrose, the co. st. Pop. of the tsp. 
1820, 456, 1830, 516, 

Silver Sprino, p-v. western part of Wilson 
county, Ten., 22 miles eastward Nashville. 

SiMi'SON, county. Miss., bounded by Cov- 
ington s. E., Lawrence s. w., Copiah w., 
Hinds N. w., and Rankin n. ; length from e. 
to w. 36 miles, breadth 28, and area 1,008 
square miles. Lat. 32° and long. W. C. 13" 
w. intersect in this county near Westville, the 
CO. St. The slope is to the southward, and 
in that direction it is traversed by Pearl river 
and drained by several of its branches. Fop. 
1030, 2,680. 

Simpson, cotmty, Ky., bounded w. and n. w. 
by Logan, Warren n., Allen k., Sumner co. 
Tennessee, southeast, and Robertson county, 
Ten., .<!. w. The length along Ten. 35 ms., 
mean breath 12, and area 420 square miles. 
Lat. 36° 45', long. W. C. 9° 35' w. The estrn, 
part of this county slopes northward, and in 
that direction is drained by some of the south- 
ern branches of Big Barren river ; whilst 
froin the western section issue the extreme 
northeastern source of Red river, branch of 
the Cumberland. The county is therefore a 
table land between the vallies of Green and 
Cumberland rivers. Chief town, Franklin. 
Pop. 1820, 4,852, 1830, 5,815. 

SiMPsom'iLLE, p-v. Montgomery county, Md., 
by p-r. 7 miles from W. C 

SiMPSoNvii.LE, p-v. Shelby county, Ky., by 
p-r. 8 miles westward Shclbyville, the co. at., 
and 29 ms. westrd. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 77. 
SiMSBURY, p-t. Hartford county, Conn., 12 
miles N. w. Hartford, first settled 1670, from 
Windsor, deserted in 1676, and then burnt by 
Indians, but was soon after reoccupied. It 
is crossed by Farmington river, and has a 



Sl\sconset, village, Mass., on the e. side ofi rocky range e., on which is much usele-.s land, 



Nantucket, a little s. of Sicacache. 

Sidney, p-t. Kennebec county. Me., 8 ms. 
N. Augusta, has Kennebec river e. and a 
small lake on the w. line, which is connected 
with several others, and flows by an outlet 
into the Kennebec. Pop. 1830,2,191. 
Sidney, p-t. Delaware county, N. Y. 95 ms 



and which is broken through by the river on 
a part of whose course lie some rich meadows. 
Salmon and shad formerly abounded in this 
stream but have now deserted it, Pop. 1830, 
2,2'2l. 

SiNEPUXENT Inlet, on the Atlantic coast of 
Maryland, Worcester county. It is the en- 



S. w. Albany, 24 ms. w. Delhi'; has Oswegoj trance between Assateague and Fenwick's 
river n., which separates it from Otsego co. ;; islands, into a long narrow sound which bears 



Chenango county is w. The Susquehannah 
is N. w. and Ouleout creek n. e. and both 
have fine meadows on their banks, though the 
surface of the town is generally hilly. Pop. 
1830, 1,410. 

Sidney, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby county, O., 
by p-r. 86 miles n. w. by w. Columbia, on 
Great Miami river at lat. 40° 17', long. 7° 8' 
w. Pop. 18.30, 240. 

Sllvan Grove, p-v. Morgan co. Illinois, by 

65 



the same name with the entrance, and admits 
small coasting vessels. 

SiNGsiNG, p-v. Mount Pleasant, Westches, 
ter county, N. Y., is situated at the foot and 
on the acclivity of the steep bank of Hud- 
son r. just below the mouth of Croton river. It 
has 4 churches, a male and female academy, 
and 2 landings, with one of which a fine steam, 
boat communicates twice daily on the way 
between Peekskill and New York. There 



SIX 



514 



SLO 



are several handsome country seats, and 
many fine points of view. One of the state 
prisons is situated a little s. from the village, 
on the bank of the river, is built of white mar- 
ble, forming 3 sides of a square, with 1,000 
cells for convicts, ranged in 5 stories, a chap- 
el, 2 hospitals, superintendants' and keepers', 
dwellings, work sheds, and a wharf. The 
system of discipline is essentially that of the 
Auburn prison. The convicts are employed in 
quarrying and working white marble from a 
quarry in the rearj on the grounds belonging 
to the prison. They are guarded by 24 cen- 
tinels, and work without chains or bonds of 
any kind. Tliere is not even a wall or fence 
about the quarry. From the high grounds in 
the upper parts of the village, the eye embra 
ces a view of Hudson river for about 30 ms., 
including Haverstraw and Tappan bays, with 
a large part of the Highland range, &c. 

Sinking Cane, p-o. Overton county, Ten., 
by p-r. ] 13 miles eastward Nashville. 

Sinking Spring, p-v. Highland county, O., 
by p-r. 78 miles s. s. w, Columbus. 

Sinking Valley Mills, and p-o. Hunting- 
don county Pa., by p-r. 170 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 
SiNNAMAHONiNG, rivcr. Pa., the extreme 
northwestern branch of the West Branch of 
Susquehannah. This river, formed by nu 
merous branches flowing from Potter, Mac 
Kean, Jefferson, and Clearfield counties, is a 
true mountain stream joining the main w. 
branch in the western part of Lycoming co. 
It interlocks sources to the n. with tiiose of 
Genesee river ; to the n. vv^.with those of Al- 
leghany river and W. Clarion river. 

SiNNAMAiioNiNG, p-0. Western part of Ly- 
coming county, Pa., about 120 miles n. w. 
Harrisburg. 

SipicAN, p-v. Rochester, Plymouth county, 
Mass. on Sipican river, which empties into 
Buzzard's bay. 

SisTERSviLLE, p-v. Tyler county, Va., by p-r. 
274 miles a little n. of w. W. C. on Ohio river 
about 50 miles n. w.byw. Clarksburg. 

Six Nations, ol Indians, N. Y. This gen. 
oral name includes the principal tribes or 
rather nations of Indians, who formerly 
occupied the principal part of the present 
state of New York, and exercised author, 
ity far into New England. They have grad- 
ually become scattered and reduced, having 
sold most of their land. But numbers oftliem 
all, except the Mohawks, still dwell Upon 
small tracts of reserved land in different cos. 
of the state. The names of these were Onon- 
dagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas, Mo- 
hawks, and Tuscaroras. The Onondagas 
were highest in authority. The Tuscaroras 
came from the south, and were in modern 
times admitted into the confederacy. The 
language of this tribe is said to bear no re- 
semblance to the others beyond the general 
principles of construction, in whicli all the 
tongues and dialects of the American savages 
agree (with two exceptions.) The other 5 
nations, though differing in this respect, speak 
languUt^^a which have a greater affinity. 



Skaneateles Lake, N. Y., lies chiefly in 
Onondaga county, and is 15 miles long, by 
1-2 to 1 1-2 wide. It yields trout and other 
small fish, and its outlet flows from the n. end 
into Seneca river 10 miles, supplying many 
mill sites. 
Skaneateles, p-t. Onondaga county, N.Y., 
149 miles from Albany. Population 1830, 
3,812. 

Skaneateles, p-v. Marsellus, Onandaga 
county, N. Y., at the outlet of Skaneateles 
lake, 145 west Albany, contains several 
mills, &c. 

Skinner's Eddy, and p-o. Luzerne county, 
Pa., on Susquehannah r. 44 ms. above Wilkes 
Barre, and 2G7 miles n. n. e. W. C. 

Skippack, creek and p-o. The creek is the 
eastern branch of Perkiomen river, Montgom- 
ery county. Pa., by p-r. the p-o. is about 25 
miles N. w. Phila. 

Slab Point, and p-o. western part of Mont- 
gomery county, Illinois, by pr. 46 ms. n. w. 
Vandalia. 

Slabtown, p-v. Anderson district, S. C, by 
p-r. 139 miles n. w. Columbia. 

Slate, p-o. Bath county, Ky., by p-r. 80 ms. 
e. Frankfort. 

Slate Mills, and p-o. Culpepper county, 
Va., by p-r. 91 miles s. w. W. C. 

Slaterville, village, s. Oxford and Dudley, 
6 miles from Uxbridge, and 6 miles from 
Douglass, contains seven mills, two of stone, 
three of brick, and two of wood. Five of 
these derive their power from French river, 
the other two are in the centre of the village, 
and obtain their power from Slater's lake ; 
the Indian of which is Chargoggagoggman- 
choggo. It is four miles long, and never fail- 
ing. They use 6,000 spindles, 90 looms, and 
employ 190 hands, and work up 1,000 bales 
of cotton, which produces 15,000 yards a 
week, beside large quantities of satinet warps, 
and sewing thread. They manufacture, also, 
broadcloths, cassimeres, and satinets. In 
this branch of their business, they use 600 lbs. 
of wool a day, or 180,000 lbs. a year. 

These factories are owned by Messrs. 
Slater & Sons. Mr. Samuel Slater, who 
resides here, has been said to have a larger 
amount of property vested in manufactures, 
than any other man in the United States, 
He invented cotton thread, in 1794. 

Slinkard's Mills, and p-o. Greene county, 
Indiana, by p-r. 88 miles s. w. Indianopolis. 

Slippery Rock, creek, the northern branch 
of Conequenessing river. It rises in Mercer 
and Butler counties, and flowing s. s. w. about 
3j miles joins the Conequenessing about 3 or 
4 miles above the influx of the latter into Big 
Beaver. (See Conequenessing.') 

Slippery Rock, township and p-o. north- 
western part of Butler county. Pa. The p-o. 
is 18 miles n. w. the borough of Butler, and 
by p-r. 254 miles n. w. W. C. 

Sloanesville, p-v. Schoharie, Schoharie 
CO. New York, 4 miles w. Esperance. 

•Sloanesville, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
146 miles s. w. by w. W. C. 



SMI 



515 



SMY 



Smelsor's Mills, and p-o. Rush co. Ind., 
by p-r. 4G miles s. k. I)y k. Indianopolis. 



Smith's, r. Grafion co. N. H., rises in sev- 
eral ponds, flows about 15 nris., and enters the 



SMicKsniTRG, p-v. Indiana county, Pa., by 'Pemigewasset between New Chester and 



p-r. 1212 miles n. w. W. C. 

Smith, county. Ten., bounded by Jackson e.. 
White s. E., Warren south, Wilson southwest, 
Sumner west, Allen county, Kentucky, north- 
west, and Monroe county, Ky., n. e. Length 
from s. to N. 40 miles, mean breadth 16, and 
area G40 square miles. Lat. 3tj° 5i5', and 
long. W. C. 9° w. intersect in this county. 
The extreme border on Ky. slopes northward, 
and is drained by small confluents of Big 
Heaver river. The much greater part is in 
the valley of Cumberland river, and the main 
volume of that stream traverses it from e. to 
w. Chief town, Carthage. Population 1820, 
17,580, 1830, 19,906. 

Smithborough, p-v. Tioga county, N. Y., 
10 miles w. Owego. 

Smithdale, p-o. Amite county. Miss., about 
30 miles s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Smitufield, p-t. Providence co. R. I., 9 ms. 
N. w. Providence, has Blackstone r. n. e. and 
Mass. N. ; has a varied surface, and lime- 
stone rocks below, which are quarried for the 
extensive manufacture of lime. Whetstones 
are found in large quantities. The soil is 
generally good. Blackstone river, one of its 
branches, and several smaller streams, sup- 
ply mill sites. The manufactures of this t. 
are very important. At Woonsocket falls, 
on the Blackstone, is also a large manufac- 
turing i)lace. Pop. 1830, 0,857. 

Smithfield, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., 108 
ms. w. N. w. Albany, 6 n. Morrisville, and 
has Oneida co. e. Has excellent soil, and is 
well watered by the head streams of Oneida 
creek, with other streams of Oneida lake, 
and Chenango river, and was settled from 
New England. New Stockbridge, a tract of 
land given to the remains of eastern tribes by 
the Oneidas, is in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,636. I 



Bristol. 

Smithsburgh, p-v. western part Washing- 
ton CO. Md., by p-r. 76 ms. n. w, W. C, and 
12 ms. westward Hagerslown. 

.Smith's Creek, and p-o.nrlhrn. part Rock- 
ingham CO. Va. The p-o. is by p-r. 130 ms. 
a little s. of w. W. C. The creek is the ex- 
treme southern branch of the West fork of 
Shenandoah. 

Smith's Cross Roads, and p-o. Rhea coun- 
ty,Ten., by p-r. 126 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Smith's Farm, and p-o. Alleghany co. Md., 
by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Smith's Ford, and p-o. York dist., S. C, 
by p-r. 92 ms. n. Columbia. 

Smith's Grove, and p-v. Warren co. Ky., 
by p-r. 133 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Smith's Island, mouth of Cape Fear river, 
Brunswick co. N. C, is a long narrow sandy 
slip which divides the r. into two channels. 
The light house stands s. e. from Smithville, 
on the western side of the isl., and on the 
main channel. Cape Fear, the extreme sali- 
ent point of the isl., is at lat. 33° 54^', long. 
W. C. 1° 01' w. 

Smith's Mills, and p-o. Clearfield co. Fa., 
by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Smith's Mills, and p-o. Henderson county, 
Ky., by p-r. 191 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania county, 
Va., by p-r. 244 ms. s. w. W.C. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
N. C, by p-r. 159 ms. h. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Spartenburgh dist. 
S.C., by p-r. 104 ms. n. \v. Columbia. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala., 
by p-r. 141 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Smithsville, p-v. Powhattan co. Va., by 
p-r. 38 ms. westward Richmond. 

Smithsville, p-v. Dickson co.Ten., by p-r. 



Smitufield, p-v. s. vv. part Fayette co. Pa., 57 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 



by p-r. 2u2 ms. n. w. by w. W. C 

Smithfield, p-v. nrthrn. part Isle of Wiglit 
CO. Va., by p-r. 80 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 
It is situated on a small creek or bay of James 
river, 15 ms. above Hampton Roads. 

Smithfield, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co. N. 
C, by p-r. 29 ms. s. e. Raleigh, on the left 
bank of Neuse r. Lat. 35° 31', long. W. C. 
1° 20' w. 



Smithtown, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y., 53 ms. 
E. N. Y., and s. of Long Island sound ; con- 
tains several small vs., with a pond s. which 
flows into the sound. It has some coasting 
trade. Pop. 1830, 1,686. 

Smithville, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 13 
ms. s. w. Noi^vich, and e. of Broome co. It 
is supplied with mill seats by Chenango river 
and branches. This town includes some rich 



Smithfield, p-v. Hamilton co. Ten., by p-r. meadows, the principal of which is called the 



135 ms. s. E. by e. Nashvill 
Smithfield, p-v. Jefl'erson co. O., by p-r. 

136 IDS. N. E. by E. Columbus. 
Smithfield, p.v. Delaware co. Ind., by p-r. 

66 ms. N. E. Indianopolis. 

Smithfield, p-v. on the Ohio r. immediatG- 
iy below the mouth of Cumberland r., Liv- 
ingston CO. Ky., by p-r. 260 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 388. 

Smithi'ort, as in p-o. list, though usually 
Smethport, p-v. and st. jus. MacKcan co. Pa,, 
by p-r. 20O ms. n. w. Harrisburg. It is situ- 
ated on one of the highest branches of Alle- 
ghany r., 25 ms. s. Hamilton, Cattaraugus co. 
N. Y. Lat. 41° 50', long. W. C. lo 32' w. 



Big Flats. Pop. 1830, 1,686. 

Smithville, p.v. and st. jus. Brunswick co. 
N. C, by p-r. 178 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh. It is 
a seaport of some importance, situated on the 
right side of the western channel of Cape 
Fear r., one or two miles above its mouth in. 
10 the Atlantic, and almost exactly on lat. 3l°. 

Smockville, p-v. Jetl'erson co. Ind., by p-r. 
94 ms. s. s. E. Indiauopulis. 

Smyrna, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 13 miles 
N. N. w. N'orwich, 105 w. Albany, and s. Mad- 
ison county. It is hilly n. e., where waters of 
Chenango r. ail'ord many mill seats. The 
surface is generally uneven, but the vallies 
are large and fertile, and favorable to hemp. 



SOL 516 

1792! PoiTuktbirTrn'sSO,"" 



SOM 



First settled 
1,839. 

Smyrna, formerly Duck creek cross roads, 
p-v. on Duck creek, Kent county, Delaware, 
12 miles a little w. of .\. Dover, and by p-r. 
102 miles n, e. by e.W. C. 

Smyrna, p-v. Harrison county, Ohio, by 
p-r. 106 miles a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Sneedsboro', p-v. on Yadkin river, and in 
the s. E. angle of Anson county, N. C, by 
p-r. 14 miles s. s. e. Wadesboro', the co. st. 
and 134 miles s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Snickersville, p-v. western part Loudon 



SoMERFiELD, p-v. Somerset county, Pa., 
by p-r. 170 miles n. w. W. C. 

SoMiiKs, p-t. Tolland county. Conn., 22 ms. 
N. E. Hartford, 12 miles s. e. Springrield, 56 
miles w. Providence, s. Mass. and w. Hart- 
ford county. It is nearly level w. with fetv 
stones, but hilly e. with some eminences 
which command a view of Hartford and the 
valley of Coiui. river. Orchard grass flour- 
ishes well, and it is crossed by Scantic river 
and other streams. Pop. 1830, 1,4'J9. 

SoMERs, p-t., Westchester county, N. Y., 
50 miles n. e. New York, 120 miles s. Alba- 



W. C. and 21 miles eastward Winchester. 

Snoddvville, p-o. Jefferson county. Ten., 
about 240 miles e. Nashville. 

Snow Camp, p-v. Orange county, N. C, 
by p-r. 53 miles n. w. Raleigh. 

Snow Hill, p-v. and st. jus. Worcester co., 
Maryland, on Pocomoke river, IG4 miles s. 
E. W. C. Latitude 38° 12', longitude W. C. 
1° 3G' E. 

Snow Hill, p-v. eastern part of Clinton co.. 

Ohio, by p-r. 71 miles s. w. Columbus, and 

about an equal distance n. e. by e. Cincinnati. 

Snydersville, p-v. Northampton county, 

Fa., about 20 miles northward Easton. 

Social Circle, p-o. Walton county, Geo., 
by p-r. 71 miles n. w. Milledgeville. 

Society Hill, p-o. on Great Pedee river, 
and in the extreme n. e. angle of Darlington 
district. South Carolina, 14 ms. n. Darlington, 
the St. jus. and 101 ms, N. e. by e. Columbia. 
Society Land, town, Hillsboro' county, 
N. H., 17 miles from Amherst, and 33 miles 
from Concord, has Contoocock river w., and 
a surface generally uneven. Crotched mtn. 
is an eminence s. It is destitute of mill sites. 
Pop. 1830, 164. 

SoDDv, p-v. Hamilton county, Ten., by p-r. 
144 miles s. e. by e. Nashville. 

SoDLTs Bay, Wayne county. New York, a 
bay of lake Ontario, and the best harbor on 
this shore, is about 6 miles long, and from 2 
to 4 miles wide, with good depth of water. 

SoDDS, p-t. Wayne county, New- York, 208 
miles w. by n. Albany, 30 miles n. Geneva, 
lies s. lake Ontario, and has a surface varied 
by N. and s. ridges, with good soil, well wa- 
tered and timbered. Great Sodus bay is n. 
E., and Sodus village stands <jn a point pro- 
jecting into it ; 2 miles from this is the mouth 
of Sodus creek, which affords mill seats. 
Iron ore is found in the town. Pop. 1830, 
3,528. 

Solon, p-t. Somerset county, Maine, 44 
miles N. Augusta, 18 miles n. Norridgewock, 
44 w. by N. Hallowell, e. Kennebec river, 
and has a pond e. with small streams empt- 
mg into that river. Pop. 1830, 768. 

Solon, p-t. Cortlandt county. New York, 
132 miles w. Albany, 10 e. Cortlandt, 31 s. 
Salina, has Tioughnioga creek n. w., Otselic 
creek s. e., and other smaller streams with 
mill sites. The soil is good for farms, and 
the timber, maple, beech, elm, ash, &.c. Pop. 
1^30, 2,033. 



county, Virginia, by p-r. 49 miles westward ny, lies s. Putnam county, with Croton r. for 

the N. boundary, whose branches afford mill 
seats. The soil is good, and the village, I 
1-2 miles from the n. line, is a great "market 
for lean cattle and sheep to supply the places 
of the fat taken for N. Y. market. Pop, 1830, 
1,997. 

Somerset, county. Me., bounded by Lower 
Canada n. and n'. w., Penobscot county, e., 
corner of Waldo county s. e., Kennebec 
county s., and Oxford county w., is the 
second county in respect to size in the state. 
ItsN. boundary is the range of highland divi- 
ding the waters of the St. Lawrence from 
those of the Atlantic, and it gives rise to the 
principal rivers of the state, the St. John's, 
the Penobscot and the Kennebec almost in- 
terlocking their head streams near the mid- 
dle of the w. boundary line. 

The 2 first mentioned afford a connected 
boat navigation, interrupted only by a portage 
of 2 ins., and between a branch of the Penob- 
scot and the Allagash, a branch of St. John's, 
there is a portage of similar length. Moose- 
head lake, the source of Kennebec river, and 
which receives Aloose river from the w., is 
long, irregular, and contains several consid- 
erable islands. Sebasticook lake, through 
which flows the Penobscot, is nearly of equal 
length, and extending nearly n. w. and s. E. 
ends on the line of Penobscot county. There 
are several lakes also on the course of the 
Allagash, chiefly in this county ; a large part 
of the surface is uneven and even mountain- 
ous ; several considerable clusters and ridges 
of mountains breaking the surface, especially 
s. and w. There arc Mount Abraham, Mount 
Bigelow, BaW Mountain ridge, &c. n. 
and N. w, the surface is more uniform, but 
the land very high. The s. half of the coun- 
ty is indeed much varied by eminences, 
lakes, ponds, and streams, and there are col- 
Iccted almost all the inhabitants ; the upper 
half being little known. The new road to 
Quebec crosses this county, following the 
course of the Keimcbec a considerable dis- 
tance and passing through a wilderness across 
the height of land to the sources of the Chau- 
diere in Lower Canada, then pursuing the 
course of that stream towards the St. Law- 
rence. The Kennebec and its branches wa- 
tering a large part of this county, and that part 
which embraces nearly the whole population, 
is an important channel of trade, and has of- 
'fercd a route for the transnortation of vast 



SOM 



517 



SOM 



quantities of lumber. It contains 52 town- 
ships (some of which arc only luid out and not 
named,) besides a number of plantations, pur- 
chases, &-C. The county town, is Norridge- 
wock. Pop. 1«20, 2] ,787, 1830, 35,787. 

Somerset, town, Windham county, Vt., 
14 miles N. E. Bennington, IG n. w. Brattle- 
borough, is very mountainous, and crossed 
by Deerfield river n. and s. and the Moose 
branch in the w. Mount Pisgah, the hifrhest 
range in the town, is in the E. Pop. 1830, 
245. 

Somerset, p-t. Bristol county, Mass., 13 
miles s. Taunton, 42 s. Boston, on Taunton r. 
Pop. 1830, i,023. 

Somerset, p-t. Niagara county, N. Y., 15 
miles N. E. Lockport, s. lake Ontario, w. 
Genesee county, is watered by (Jolden Hill 
creek and Keg harbor and Fish creeks. Pop> 
1830, 871. 

Somerset, county, N. J. bounded by Mor- 
ris county N., Essex and Middlesex cos. e., 
Middlesex and Hunterdon counties s. and w. 
Raritan river runs through it from w. to e., 
part of it and one of its branches also forming 
much of the e. bound. The n. and s. bran- 
ches and Millstone river, another branch, are 
partly in this county. There is a handsome 
variety of surface, with much good land, par- 
ticularly on the level borders of Raritan river. 
Agriculture is more flourishing than in many 
other pans of N. J. Among the eminences 
in different parts are Rock mountain, Rocky 
hill. Stone mountain. Basking ridge, tStc. 
In the revolutionary war the battle of Prince. 
ton was fought near the s. w. boundary of this 
county, and Gen. Charles Leo was captured 
by a small party of British dragoons at Bask- 
ing Ridge. Chief town, Somerville. Pop. 
1820,10,506, 1830, !7,689. 

Somerset, county. Pa., bounded w. by Fay- 
ette, Westmoreland n. w., .\. by Cambria, e. 
by Bedford, and s. by Alleghany county, Md. 
Length 38 miles, mean breadth 28, and area 
1,064 square miles. N. lat. 40° and long. W. 
C. 2° w., intersect near its centre. Somer- 
set is a real mountain valley between Alle- 
ghany mountain and Laurel hill. The south- 
ern part slopes westward, and is traversed by 
Cassellman's river, a branch of Youghiogha- 
ny river. The northern section slopes to the 
northward, and in that direction is drained by 
the higher sources of the Kiskiminitas river. 
The surface ofSomerset is much less hilly 
and the soil better than could be generally 
expected amid mountain chains. The mean 
elevation above the Atlantic tides must ex- 
ceed 1,500 feet, as Smithfield on Youghiogha- 
ny river near its southwestern angle exceeds 
1,400 feet above the ocean tides. It is a grain 
and pasture region. CJhieftown, Somerset. 
Pop. 1820, 13,374, and in 1830, 17,762. 

Somerset, borough, p-v. and st. jus. Som- 
erset county. Pa., is situated on a small 
branch of Cassellman's river, by p-r. 58 miles 
8. E. by e. Pittsburg, 143 miles a little s. of w. 
Harrieburg, and 165 miles northwestward 
W. C. Pop. 1820, 442, and in 1830, 049. 



Somerset, county, Md., bounded s. by Po- 
comoke bay, s. w. Chesapeake bay, n. w. 
Fishing bay and Nanticoke river, the latter 
separating it from Dorchester county, n. Sus- 
sex county, Del., Worcester county, Md. e., 
and the mouth of Pocomoke river separating 
it from Acdomac county, Va., s. e. Greatest 
length 40 miles, mean breadth 13 miles, and 
area 540 square miles. Lat. 38° 16', long. 
W. C. 1° 20' E. Slope southwestward. Be- 
side the mouth of Pocomoke and Nanticoke 
rivers which form part of its boundaries, this 
county is comparatively deeply penetrated by 
Manokin, and Wicomico rivers. Chief town'. 
Princess Ann. Pop. 1820, 19,579, and in 
1830, 20,168. 

Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski county, 
Ky., by p-r. 85 miles s. s. e. Frankfort. It is 
situated about 5 miles n. Cumberland river, 
between Fighting and Pitman's creeks, n. laC. 
37° 03', long. W. C. 7° 30' w. Pop. 1830, 
231. 

Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Perry county, 
Ky., by p-r. 46 ms. e. C/olumbus, and 18 s. w. 
Zanesville, n. lat. 39° 52', long. W. C. 5° 20' 
w. Pop. 1830, 576. 

Somerset, p-v. in the southwestern part of 
Franklin county, Indiana, by p-r. 15 miles n. 
vv. by w. Brookville, the co. st., and 55 s. K. 
by E. Indianopolis. 

Somersworth, p-t. Strafford county, N. H., 
11 miles from Portsmouth, 45 Concord, has 
Salmon Falls river n. e. which separates it 
from Berwick, Me., Fresh creek and Coche- 
co river s. Otis' hill commands a view of 
the White mountains, and Portsmouth. The 
soil bears oak, pine, walnut, &c. and is favor- 
able to grain and grass. The river has water 
for vessels of 250 tons to within 1 mile of 
Quamphegan falls, where are several largo 
factories. Iron ore and ochre are found. 
First settled 1750, and suffered in the French 
war. The village of Great Falls has been 
formed out of a wilderness within 8 years. 
It had then one house and a saw mil!. It 
now contains five large factory mills, two 
large hotels, ten blocks [three stories high) of 
brick, and about one hundred frame dwelling 
houses, three churches, and eight or ten 
stores, and about two thousand inhabitants. 
There are four cotton and one woollen mills. 
The cotton mills contain thirty-one thousand 
spindles, with preparations surticient to sup- 
ply nine hundred looms, which produce six 
millions of yards of cotton cloth per annum. 
These mills consume annually, above 3,000 
bales of cotton, weighing 1,250,000 lbs. The 
largest mill is 400 feet long and 6 stories 
high, and contains 22,000 spindles and 650 
looms. The cotton mills alone give employ- 
ment to 90 men, over 100 boys, and 600 fe- 
males. They use from 7 to 8,000 gallons of 
oil, 200 tons of anthracite coal, 5u0 bbls. of 
flour for sizing, and 300 sides of leather. The 
nulls, which are of brick, are arranged along 
a fine canal, 30 feet wide and from 6 to 7 feet 
deep, extending from the dam at the north of 
the village to the southern extremity of it. 



sou 



518 



SOU 



The woollen mill is a fine 6 story brick, build- 
ing, 220 feet in length, containing machinery 
for the manufacture of from 120 to 130,000 
yards of fine broadcloth yearly. This is said 
to be the largest woollen manufactory in 
America. The consumption of the raw ma- 
terial, and various articles of commerce, is 
immense. Upwards of 200,000 pounds of 
wool, 5,000 gallons of oil, 150 tons of anthra- 
cite coal, annually giving employment within 
the establishment to 300 individuals. Con- 
nected with the woollen, is a carpet manufac- 
tory, where the best description of ingrain 
carpeting is made. This factory is capable of 
producing 150,000 yards annually. This 
company, " The Great Falls Manufactory," 
have a capital one million of dollars, and own 
most of the property in and around the vil- 
lage. The churches are on rising ground 
south of the village, one each for Congrega- 
tionalists, Methodists, and Baptists. The 
cotton mills give employ to 90 men, 100 boys, 
and GOO females. The capital of the compa- 
ny owning these establishments is one million 
of dollars. Pop. 1830, 3,090. 

SoMERTON, p-v. northern part of Philadel- 
phia county. Pa., 15 miles northward Phila- 
delphia. 

SoMKRTON, or Somertown, p-v. near the 
southern side of Nansemond county, Va., fol- 
lowing the road about 40 miles s. w. Norfolk, 
and by p-r. 120 miles s. e. Richmond. 

SoMERTON, p-v. Belmont county, Ohio, by 
p-r. 139 miles e. Columbus. 

SoMERViLLE, p-v. and St jus. Somerset co., 
N. J. in the town of Bridgewater, 38 miles n. 
Trenton, 1 n. Raritan river, 11 n. n. w. New 
Brunswick, contains a church, court house, 
and academy, and is a thriving and populous 
village. 

SoMERViLLE, p-v. Fauquier county, Va., by 
p-r. 73 miles westward W. C. 

SoMERViLLE, p-o. Orange county, N. C. by 
p-r. 66 miles n. w. Raleigh. 

SoMERViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Lafayette co., 
Ten., by p-r. 184 miles s. w. by w. Nashville. 
N. lat. 35° 12', long. W. C. 12^ 25' w. It is 
situated on one of the head branches of Loosa- 
hatchie river. 

SounEUAN, river, HiUsboro' county, N H., 
which, after receiving numerous tributaries, 
falls into the Merrimack river in Merrimack. 
South Amboy, p-t. Middlesex county, N. J., 
is of an irregular oblong shape, with the low- 
er part of Raritan river and Raritan bay n. and 
N. E., South river n. w., and Monmouth co., 
s. w. It has the advantage of navigation, and 
is crossed by several streams of Raritan river. 
Tiie New York and New Brunswick steam- 
boats touch at the landing daily. The Am- 
boy and Camden rail-road commences there, 
at the landing, and will render the town a 
great thoroughfare. Pop. 1830, 3,782. 

Southampton, p-t. Rockingham county, 
N. H., 50 miles from Concord, 18 miles from 
Portsmouth, 45 from Boston, has Amesbury 
Mass. s., with a surface nearly level, good 
•soil, and excellent mill seats on Powow river. 



which crosses it. Population 1830, 487 
Southampton, p-t. Hampshire co., Mass., 
110 miles w. Boston, 9 s. w. Northampton, is 
twice crossed by Manhan river, which affords 
ood mill sites. There is a lead mine n. 
where a variety of interesting minerals are 
found. The e. part of this town is crossed by 
the Hampshire and Hampden canal. There 
are living 21 ministers of the gospel who are 
natives ofthis town. Pop. 1830, 1,244. 

Southampton, p-t. Suffolk county, N. Y., 
on Long Island, 98 miles e. New York, lies 
N. of the Atlantic, with Peconct river and bay 
N. Sag Harbor is in the n. e. corner, the 
capital of Suffolk county. It is about 4 1-2 
miles by 23. The soil is light, but improved 
by manure, for which fish are used. First 
settled about 1639, chiefly from Lynn, Mass., 
as a separate colony. In 1644 it came under 
the jurisdiction of Connecticut. Deer are 
found in the unsettled tracts of this extensive 
township. There are 4 principal settlements. 
Pop. 1830, 4,850. 

Southampton, p-v. Somerset co. Pa. 
Southampton, co. Va. bounded s. w. by 
Sussex, Surry n., Blackwater r. separating 
it from Isle of Wight co. e., and Nanse- 
mond CO. s. E., Hertford and Northampton 
cos. N. C. s., and Meherin r. separating it 
from Greenville s. w. Length 40, mean 
breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. N. lat. 36° 
40', and the meridian of W. C. intersect in 
this CO. Slope sthestrd. and in that direction 
it is traversed by the Nottaway r. Chief t., 
Jerusalem. Pop. 1820, 14,170 ; and in 1830, 
16,074. 

South Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk co. N. Y., 
on Long Island. 

South Bay, Dresden, Washington ccv N. 
Y., sets up from lake Champlain, between 
the s. part of the latter and lake George. 

South Bend, p-v. Allen co. Ind_., by p-r. 
about 200 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. 

South Berwick, p-t. York co. Me., 91 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, is of an irregular triangular 
form, bordered s. w. by Salmon Falls r., and 
is crossed by a small stream flowing into it. 
Pop. 1830, 1,577. 

South Blomfield, p-v. Pickaway co. O., 
by p-r. 17 ms. s. Columbus. 

Southborough, P-t. Worcester co. Mass. 
30 ms. w. Boston, 15 e. Worcester, formerly 
a part of Marlboro', contains 8,350 acres of 
good soil, with a small stream of Concord 
r. Pop. 1830, 1,080. 

Southbridge, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 65 
ms. s. w. Boston, n. Woodstock, Conn., has 
several manufactories on Quinebaug r., as 
the Southbr. woollen manufac, the Wool- 
cott do. Pop. 1830, 1,444. 

Southbridge, p-v. Southbridge, Worces- 
ter CO. Mass., 61 ms. s. w. Boston, is a flour. 
ishing manufacturing place, deriving water 
power from Quinebaug r. There are 5 cot- 
ton and 3 woUen factories, and 2 more are 
nearly completed. 

South Brunswick, t. Middlesex co. N. J., 
has Somerset co. n. w.. Sandhills js., with 



sou 



519 



SOU 



small streams of the Raritan, and is crossed i tuary of Pedec ai^dW ^ccamaw ra TK • " 



rail-road. Pop. 1830, 2,557. 

SouTHBURY, p.t. New Havcii CO. Ct., 40 ms. 
s. w. Hanfoid, on the n. side Housatonic r. 
and s. of Litchfield co. II. r. separates it 
trom Fairfield co. The surface is gently va- 
ried, and the soil pretty good. Shad are 
caught in the Housatonic, and Shepaug and 
Pomperaugrs. its branches, afford mill sites. 
Pop. 1830, 1,557. 

South Canaan, p.v. Wayne co. Pa., by n-r 
248 ms. N. N. E. W. C. > / »- • 

South Carolina, state of the U. S., bound, 
ed by the Savannah r. separating it from Geo 
8. w.. It has N. C. on the n. w. n. and n. e., 
and the Atlantic ocean s. e. The ocean bor- 
der reaches 185 ms. from Little Inlet on the 
N.E. to the mouth of Savannah r. s. w. Mono- 
the Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chatuga rs. in 
coninion with Geo. 270 ms. ; and in common 
withN. e. 300 m.?. Entire outline 755 ms. 
The longest line that can be drawn over S.C. 
is from Littler, inlet, to the wstrn. angle of 
Pickens dist. 275 ms. The area of S.C, even 
by the author of this article, has been hitherto 
underrated. Measured carefully on the re- 
cent state map of that state, it comes out 
from the rhombs to so near 33,000 sq. ms. as 
to justify the adoption of that superficies. 
The mean width is 120 ms. The state ex- 
tends in lat. from 32° 01' to 35° 10' n., and 
in long, from W. C. 1° 44' to G° 20' w. To 
, the s. w. of the Susquehannah r. and Chesa- 
peake bay, the Atlantic slope of the U.S. is 
divided into three zones, which at their mar- 
gins mingle their respective features, but at 
or near their individual central lines are very 
distinct in soil and natural vegetable produc 
tion. These zones merely nerceptible in Va. 
are bold and prominent in the Carolinas and 
Geo. The first next to the Atlantic, is that 
of sea sand alluvion, below the lower falls of 
the rs. about 60 ms. wide in S. C, and in 
most part penetrated by the tide. The sec- 
ond commences along or near the lower falls 
and primitive ledge. The sea-sand zone is 
very nearly a dead plain, but at its inner mar- 
gin hills begin to appear, springs of water be- 
come plentiful, the soil meliorates, and the 
whole face of nature assumes an agreeable 



ing of the streams cease before reaching the 
middle zone. In a state of nature the sea- 
sand alluvial coast of South Carolina was 
covered with a dense forest, amongst which 
rose the gigantic palm or cabbage tree. Great 
part of the middle zone is composed of what 
13 called"the sand hills." Here the arable 
land or at least the best and most extensive 
part of it skirts the streams ; pine timber 
abounds. It contains the dists. of Barnwell 
Orangeburg, Lexington, Sumner, Darlington' 
Marlborough, with part of Richland, Ker' 
Shaw, and Chesterfield. The great primitive 
ledge, so remarkable in the states to the 
nrthestrd. crosses the middle zone of S. 
passing the Wateree near Camden, the Con' 
garee at Columbia, and the Savannah near 
Hamburg,and Augusta. Above this ledo-e and 
the river falls, the face of the country chang 
esto that hill and dale character, which so 
very finely distinguishes the whole zone of 
the U. S. to the sthestrd. of the Appalachian 
chains. The eye now every where meets the 
lulls bold, swelling, and varied in form. The 
rivers wind their way amid smiling valleys 
and by their rapid and rippling currents show 
the descent of the plain down which they 
flow. Here we discover in rapid succession 
the meadow, orchard, and field of email 
grain. 

There is no straining to suit a theory in stat. 
ingthat S.C. has its temperate and torrid 
zone. The extremes of lat. exceed 3°, and 2 
more may be added for difference of level,giv- 
ing to the whole state extremes of 5° of Fah- 
renheit in temperature. Objects of agricul. 
ture, are controlled in quantity and position ; 
cotton and rice are staples near the ocean • 
cotton admixed with small grain in the mid-' 
die zone ; and the latter and the apple in the 
mtns. region. Indian corn succeds well over 
all sections of the state. In Beaufort, or 
the extreme s., sugar cane has been cultiva- 
ted with success. 

Taken under one sweep of view S. C.is a 
fine physical and political section, and a pros, 
perous state. The indigenous vegetation 
combines the oaks and palms ; the pines and 
hickorys; and in exotic plants, nearly every 



Hn^P Lf ii "'°",f ''"°"' '°""' *''"g^^ l^^rff^^ "° ^^^P harbor, of course excludes 

Krl::t;n.^!^f^s:r;^-arEl^--^^- 

on the Blue Ridge chain. The Atlantic zone 
comprising the districts of Beaufort, Colle- 
ton, Charleston, Georgetown, Marlborough, 
Horry, and Marion, is near the ocean, cut 'by 



ous pours to an active coasting commerce. 
Similar to every section of the Atlantic slope 
s. w. of the Susquehannah and Chesapeake, 
the rs. of S.C. are more navigable at the cen' 
tre of the state than near the sea or ocean 



=s: ^^^M-%^-f'ii"i -? i=?=.:^s: ::^zj:z 



considerable part it is marshy. The entrances 
are numerous and in no one, however, admit 
large vessels. Beside many of lesser .note, 
this coast is accessible, advancing from s. w. 
tON. E. into the Savannah, by Port Royal en. 
trance, St. Helena sound, Soutli and North 
Edistos, Stono, Charleston, Santee r. by two 
mouths, and the Georgetown entrance, or es- 



reader will bo able to see what has been ef. 
fectcd in water and rail-road improvement in 
S. C. H/stori/ and progressive pop. — The 
name of both Carolinas is derived from that 
of Charles IX. king of France, and imposed 
by a colony of Frenchmen who made an ab. 
ortive attempt (o form a settlement on the 
coast. As early as 1670, a century, however, 



sou 



after the reign of Charles IX, settlements of 
English began to be formed, and about lb«u, 
a few settlers fixed themselves between Ash- 
ley and Cooper rs. and founded Charleston. 
In 1662, Charles II. granted the whole ot 
what is now both Carolinas to Lord Claren- 
don and others, which with Locke's impertect 
plan of government, retarded the settlement 
and distracted the country, until 1719, when 
the two Carolinas were definitively separated. 
Amid political contests a most salutary revo- 
lution was efi-ected by the introduction of nee 
in 1695. Indigo, and cotton, were mtroduc- 
ed subsequemly, and laid the foundation oi 
wealth and independence. Though her fron- 
tier felt the frequent and and severe wounds 
inflicted by savage war, her advance was 
steady to the revolutionary war. In that con- 
test S. C. was an illustrious actor and suf- 
ferer. Perhaps no other section of the U. fe. 
felt the evils of that struggle so long and bit- 
terly Many of her most distinguished sons 
fell martyrs to the cause, and to its consum. 
mation their survivors met the storm with un 
bending courage. A halo of glory was in 
deed thrown round the state by the actions ot 
such men as Hayne, Marion, Lee and Sump- 
ter It is only this year (1832) that Sumpter 
went to rest with 97 years of honor pressing 
on his head. The character of Marion is that 
of history and romance commingled ; he was 
a hero worthy of the richest pages of either. 
In 1790, S.C. contained 240,073 inhabit- 
ants; in 1800 they amounted to 345,591 ; in 
1810, 415,1 15 ; in 1820, 501,154, and m 1830, 
they had augmented to 581,185, or at the ra- 
tio of 242 per cent, in 40 years. The state is 
subdivided into the following districts,the pop 
ulation of which for 1820 and 1830 is annexed 



Of the population of 1830, were white per 

sons — 

Males. 

25,132 

20,259 

16,497 . 

13,961 

22,164 

13,969 

8,334 

5,644 

3,042 

1,210 

298 

66 

14 



Under 5 years of age 
5 to 10 
10 to 15 
15 to 20 
20 to 30 
30 to 40 
40 to 50 
60 to 60 
60 to 70 
70 to 80 
80 to 90 
90 to 100 
100 and upwards 



Feinales. 

2.3,691 

19,043 

15,632 

15.122 

21,866 

13,438 

8,468 

5,455 

2,929 

1,181 

361 

80 

17 



Tota\ 



130,590 



1,175 

740 

545 

399 

6 



Slaves. 
Males. Fern. 
51,820 51,524 



44,600 

29,710 

21,674 

7,567 



45,517 

32,689 

22,006 

8,112 

84 



Anderson, 

Abbeville, 

Barrnrell, 

Beaufort, 

Cbarlestoii, 

Chester, 

Chestprfield, 

Colleton, 

Darlington, 

Edgefield, 

Fairfield, 

Georgetown, 

Greenville, 

Horry, 

Kershaw, 

Lancaster, 

Laurens, 

Lexington, 

Marion, 

Marlborough, 

Newbury, 

Orangeburg, 

Pickens, 

Richland, 

SparUtnburg, 

Sumpter, 

Union, 

Williamsburg, 

York, 

Toial, 



Pop. 1820. 

18,000 

23,189 

14,750 

32,199 

80,212 

14,379 

6,645 

26,373 

10,949 

24,309 

17,174 

17,603 

14,530 

5,025 

12,442 

8,746 

17,682 

8,083 

10,201 

6,425 

16,104 

15,655 

9,022 

12,321 

16,989 

25,369 

14,126 

8,716 

14,936 

501,154 



Pop. 1830. 
17,169 
28,140 
19,236 
37,032 
86,33R 
17,182 
8,472 
27,250 
1.3,728 
30,509 
21,5-16 
19,913 
16,476 
5,245 
13,545 
10,361 
20,203 
9,005 
11,0U8 
8, .582 
17,4.11 
18,453 
14,473 
14,772 
21,160 
2fi,277 
17,906 
9,018 
17,790 

561, IPS 



127,273 
Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 
years of age, 60 ; 14 to 25, 52; 25 and up- 
wards 62. Blind 102. Of the colored popu- 
lation were — 

Free. 
Males. Females. 
Under 10 venrs of age 1,314 1,378 
From 10 to 24 95« 
24 to 36 622 
30 to 55 424 
55 to 100 335 
100 and upwards 19 

Total 3^ 4I49" 155,469 159,932 

Free colored persons deaf and dumb under 
14 years of age, 9 ; 14 to 25, 27 ; 25 and up- 
wards 23. Blind, 136. 
Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Totnl 
257,863 7,921 315,401 591,185 
It may be noticed, that S. C. is the only 
state in the Union, in which the slave popula- 
tion exceeds in number the free. 

Comtitution.— Government.— Education.— 

The constitution of S. C. was adopter! the 3d 
of June, 1790, and under the provisions of the 
Uth art., was amended the 1/th Dec. 180S, 
and on the 19th Dec. 1816. 

The legislative body, under the name ot 
general assembly, is composed of two hous 
es The senators are chosen for four years , 
and to be eligible to a seat in the senate, de- 
mands the candidate to be a white man of 30_ 
Tars of age. resident in the state 5 years 
previous tf election; he maybe e ected 
'whTer resident in or out of the district for 
which he is elected ; but if a resident he must 
be possessed in the district of a settled free- 
hold estate of X300 sterling, clear of debt, 
and if non-resident, he must with sim.^ oth 
er requisites, possess an estate of ±l,Wi) 

sterlinfif. 

Members of the house of representatives, 
must be a white man of 21 years of age, resi- 
dent in the state 3 years immediately before 
the election; must, if resident m the district 
from which elected, possess a freehold ot 
500 acres ofland, or 10 negroes or a real es- 
tate of i:i50 sterling, clear of debt, or, it 
non-resident, all other requisites, and a clear 
freehold estate of JE500 sterlmg, clear of 

/^^The governor is chosen for 2 years, by 



sou 



521 



SON 



joint ballot of both houses of the legislature ; 
and is ineligible for the next 4 years suc- 
ceeding his term. He must be a citizen 
white man of 30 years of age, and a resident 
in the state 10 years next preceding his elec- 
tion. When elected, he must possess a set- 
tled estate within the state, in his own ri^ht, 
of £1,500 sterling, clear of debt. The lieu- 
tenant governor is chosen at the same time, 
for a like term of office, and must be render- 
ed eligible by similar qualifications as the 
governor. 

To exercise the right of suffrage, demands 
the person to be a white man of 21 years of 
age ; paupers, and non-commissioned ofHcers, 
and privates of the U. S. army excepted; 
must have resided in the state 2 years, imme- 
diately before the day of election, have a 
freehold of 50 acres of land, or a town lot, of 
which property he must be seised and pos- 
sessed 6 months before the day of election; 
or, not having such freehold property, he 
must have been a resident of the election dis- 
trict at least 6 months immediately before the 
day of election, at which he gives his vote. 

The constitution provides that no conven- 
tion of the people shall be called, unless by 
the concurrence of two thirds of both branch- 
es of the whole representation ; that no part 
of this constitution shall be altered, unless a 
bill to alter the same shall have been read 
three times in the house of representatives, 
and three times in the senate, and agreed to 
by two thirds of both branches of the whole 
representation ; neither shall any alteration 
take place until the bill so agreed to, be pub- 
lished three months previous to a new elec- 
tion for members to the house of representa- 
tives ; and if the alteration proposed by the 
legislature shall be agreed to in their first 
session, by two thirds of the whole represen- 
tation in both branches of the legislature, af- 
ter the same shall have been read three times, 
on three several days in each house ; then, 
and not otherwise, the same shall become a 
part of the constitution. The interests of ed- 
ucation have not been neglected in S. C. 
"The college of South Carolina," located at 
Columbia, was established in IBOl, by the 
legislature of the state, and has been support- 
ed in great part by legislative bounty. The 
edifices, libraries, philosophical apparatus, 
with some other contingencies, have subject- 
ed the state to an expenditure of $200,000 at 
least, and an annua! -ippropriation of . '$15, 000. 
The Charleston college, in Charleston, was 
established in 1785, and of consequence is 
more ancient than the state seminary. This 
institution (1832,) has 111 students, and a li- 
brary of 3,000 vols. ; and the Charleston sem- 
inary 61 students, and a library of 3,000 vols. 
Free schools have been established, and are 
supported at the expense of the state, or more 
correctly by the people. In 1828, by a re- 
port of the commissioners of free schools, 
there were then established 1540 schools, in 
which 9,036 pupils were taught, at an annual 
expense of $39,716. In 1829, the appropria- 

66 



tion for free schools was $37,200. By refer- 
ence to the tables in this article, the reader 
may see that in 1830, there were in S. C. 100,- 
614 white persons, from 5 to 20 yrs. of age in- 
cfusive ; in the previous year, about 37 2-10 
cents had been appropriated for their instruc- 
tion, admit all to have claimed a share. In 
this unequal and inadequate provision for the 
greatest of all human interests, S. C. is far 
from being alone, and very far frcjm deserv- 
ing censure not applicable to a great majority 
of the states of the U. S. 

South Charleston, p-v. in the sthestrn. 
part of Clarke co. O., by p-r. 40 ms. s. w. by 
w. Columbus. 

South East, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 18 ms. 
E. West Point, has Connecticut e., Westches- 
ter CO. s,, with a hilly surface and pretty good 
soil for grain, &-c., well watered, abounding 
in iron ore, and crossed by Croton r., which 
furnishes mill sites. Joe's hill, a mountain- 
ous ridge, extends from the centre into Con- 
necticut. There are 5 ponds in this t. Pop. 
1830, 2,036. 

South Farms, p-v. and parish, Litchfield, 
Litchfield co. Conn., 36 ms. w. Hartford. 
Part of Great lake, or Litchfield pond, lies 
in the parish, which gives rise to Uantam r., 
a branch of the Housatonic. 

SouTUFiELD, parish of Sandisfield, Berk- 
shire CO. Mass., has the boundary of Conn. s. 

SouTHFiELD, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 9 ms. 
s. New York, on Staten island, has the nar- 
rows E., Raritan bay s., with a coast on those 
sides of about 10 ms. It is level s., with 
good soil. Clams are caught at the Great 
Kills, and shad and other fish at the narrows. 
At Old Town was formerly a defensive work, 
erected for protection against Indians ; Rich- 
mond V. w. contains the co. buildings, and 
sloops conic up the Fresh Kills to within J 
m. of the V. On the e. side, opposite Long 
isl. are erected forts Richmo;id, Tompkins, 
and Hudson. On the heights, near the latter 
forts, are also the telegraphs erected to com- 
municate with New York and vessels in the 
offing. Pop. 183 ), 971. 

South Florence, p-v. on the left bank of 
Tennessee r. Franklin co. Ala., nearly oppo- 
site Florence in Lauderdale co., and by p-r. 
145 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

South Hadley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 
90 ms. vv. Boston, on the e. bank of Conn, r., 
where is a fall of 40 ft. in about 80 yards. 
There are several manufactories at the falls, 
and it is a 'place of considerable business. 
Here also great quantities of shad are caught, 
the falls generally causing those fish to stop 
here in great numbers in (he spring. There 
is a canal round the falls here, two miles 
long, 300 feet distance of which is cut to the 
depth of 40 feet through solid rock. It was 
the first constructed on this river. Pop. 
1830, 1,185. 

South Hanover, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by 
p-r. 90 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

South Hero, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt., 12 ms. 
N. w. Burlington, 16 s. w. St. Albans, has 



sou 



522 



SOU 



lake Charoplain on all eidcs except the n., and 
contains 9,065 acres. First settled 1784. A 
sand bar extending to Chittenden, renders 
the lake in that place fordable a part of the 
year. The rocks are limestone, as well as 
those of the neighboring isls. The soil is 
very good, and the surface nearly level. Marl, 
with shells, is found even on the higher parts ; 
and the lime stone is sometimes burnt, and 
sometimes used for building. These islands 
were formerly a favorite resort of Indians ; 
and they made implements of quartz, &c. on 
the shore, bringing the stone from a distance. 
Pop. 1830, 717. 

SouTHiNGTON, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 18 
ms. s. w. Hartford, 21 n. New Haven, lies in 
the s. w. corner of the co., with N. Haven co. 
s. and w., about 6 ms. sq., with an uneven sur- 
face, agreeably varied, except the Green, 
stone range in the e. and some considerable 
eminences w. The soil is various, but gen- 
erally good for rye, maize, &c. It is crossed 
by 2 branches of Qiiinipiack r., which supply 
mill seats. The Farmington canal crosses 
the t. N. and s., and affords a convenient chan- 
nel of transportation. Pop. 1830, 1,844. 

SouTniNGTON, p-v. TrumbuU co. O. by p-r. 
166 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

South Killingly, v. Killingly, Windham 
CO. Conn., 44 ms. e. by n. Hartford, and 9 n. 
Plainfreld ; is a flourishing manufacturing 
place, at the confluence of Five Mile and 
Quinaboug rs. Here, at the falls at the mouth 
of Five Mile r., the Danielson manufacturing 
company have a mill of 1,840 spindles, 44 
looms, employ 65 hands, consume 90,000 lbs. 
of cotton, and make 350,000 yards of 4-4 
sheetings. 

Cundalland Woodruff have a small factory 
of broadcloths, connected with their dressing 
and fulling mill, and make 4,500 yards of 
broadcloths. On the Quineboug, about 100 
yards below. Comfort Tiffany has a cotton 
mill ofl,000spindles,and24 looms, and makes 
150,000 yards of 7-8 shirtings. 

At Chesnut Hill, five ms. n. e. of South Kil- 
lingly, on Whitcstone brook, Ebenezer Young 
owns a stone mill, in which he runs 2,100 
spindles, and 36 looms, and consumes 100,000 
lbs. of cotton. 

South Kingston, p-t. and st. jus. Washing- 
ton county, R. I., 30 miles s. w. Providence, 
has the Atlantic and Narragansetbay e., and 
the Atlantic s. It has an uneven surface, 
with primitive rocks, and a soil generally rich 
and strong, favorable to grass and grain. 
There are several small streams, many fresh 
water ponds, (one of 3,000 or 4,000 acres,) 
and one salt water pond, called Point Judith 
pond. Northeast on Narraganset bay is a good 
harbor ; and considerable coasting trade is 
carried on, as well as much fresh and salt 
water fishing. The first settlement was made 
about 1670, when the town was connected 
with N. Kingston. Pop. 1830, 3,663. 

SouTHOLD, p-t. Suffolk county, N. Y., 103 
miles E. New York, embraces the N. e. cor- 
oer of Long Island, which extends in a long 



nock bounding the sound on the s. e. On the 
8. w. side of the point are eereral bays, 
channels, and islands, and Plumb island lie§ 
off the extremity of the cape, in a line with 
the Gull islands, the Race and Fisher's isl. 
These islands belong to the town with Ram 
and Robin's island. The soil is various, with 
few stones and much sand. The coast is 
generally a sand bank. Fish are taken in 
great numbers. There are several villages, 
Mattatu:^, Cutchogue. Southold town. Sec. 
The two Gull islands are small, 3 miles E. 
by N. of Plumb island. Great Gull con- 
tains 14 acres, and Little Gull 1, chiefly 
rocks, on which are erected a light house of 
the United States, with a house for the keep- 
er. These, with walls for protection against 
the sea, were built at the expense of $24,000, 
of stone brought from the Connecticut shore. 
The dashing of the waves in an e. storm 
shakes the very foundation of this fabric. 
The light being in the entrance of Long Is- 
land sound, is a very important one. Pop. 
1830, 2,900. 

South Landing, p-v. Cabell county, Va., 
and by p-r. 349 miles westward W. C. 

South Plymouth, p-v. northwestern part 
of Wayne county, Mich., by p-r. 22 miles n. 
w. Detroit. 

SouTHPORT, town, Tioga county, N. Y., 5 
miles s. w. Elmira, is in the s. w. corner of the 
county, with Pennsylvania s. and Steuben co. 
Chemung river which flows through it, 
has a large quantity of excellent meadow land 
on its banks. Pop. 1830, 1,454. 

South Quay, p-v. Nansemond county, Va., 
95 miles s. s. e. Richmond. 

South Reading, p-t. Middlesex county, 
Mass., 10 miles n. e. Boston, contains a plea- 
sant village and a pond near it. Pop. 1830, 
1,311. 

South River, river, Middlesex county, N. 
J., formed by the Manalapan and Matchepo- 
nix which rise in Monmouth county, and unite 
at Spotswood. It enters the Raritan 5 miles 
below New Brunswick, and is navigable for 
sloops 6 miles. 

South Salem, p-t. Westchester county, N. 
Y., 50 miles n. New York, 6. n. Bed- 
ford, and has Conn, river on the e. It is of 
irregular form, with several ponds, and is bor- 
dered w. by Croton river. Population 1830, 
1,537. 

South Union, p-v. Jasper county, Georgia, 
by p-r. 24 miles n. w. Milledgeville. 

South Union, p-v. Logan county, Ky., by 
p-r. 157 miles s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

South Warren, p-v. Bradford county, Pa., 
by p-r. 270 miles northward W. C. 

South White Hall, p-v. Lehigh county. 
Pa., by p-r. 179 miles n. ^. e. W. C. 

Southwick, P-t. Hampden county, Mass., 
1 10 miles s. by w. Boston, and n. of Connec- 
ticut line, and contains several large ponds, 
that serve as a part of the route of the 
Hampshire and Hampden canal, which passes 
through the town. It is crossed by a consid- 
eral stream. Pop. 1830, 1,355. 



SHE 



523 



SPO 



Spafford, p.t. Onondaga county, N. Y., iBifield, and 950 above Boston harbor. On a 
miles a. s. w. Onondaga, 14 n. Ilomer, lies route surveyed for a. canal between those two 
N. of Cortlandt county, and e. Cayuga county points, this was the eununit level. Pop. 1830i 
or Skaneateles lake. The surface is varied, 1,018. 
with a rich soil, bearing niajile, beech, bass, Spencer, p-t. and st. jus. Tioga county, N. 



&c. Slopes rapidly e. to Otisco r. the val- 
ley of which lies partly in this town. The 
inlet of Otisco lake forms part of the E. line, 
and there are several smaller streams. First 
settled about 1806 from the e. states. Pop. 
1830, 2,647. 

Spanish Grove, p-v. Mecklenburg county, 
Va., by p-r. 116 miles s. w. Richmond. 

Sparta, p-t. Livingston county, N. Y., 25 
miles s. w. Canandaigua, 13 s. Gcncseo, has 
Steuben county e., Steuben and Alleghany 
counties s., and Alleghany county w., is wa- 
tered by a branch of Hemlock lake and Can- 
aseraga creek; has generally a poor soil. Pop. 
1830, 3,777. 

Sparta, p-v. Washington county, Pa., by 
p-r. 10 miles westward the borough of Wash- 
ington, and 229 miles n. w. by w. W. C. 

Sparta, p-v. Caroline county, Va., by p-r. 
89 miles a little w. of s. W. C. 

Sparta, p-v. Edgecombe county, N. C, by 
p-r. 81 miles n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. Conecuh county, 
Alabama, on Murder creek, another branch 
of Conecuh river, about 85 miles n. e. Mobile, 
and by p-r. 205 miles a little e. of s. Tusca 
loosa. Lat. 31° 20', long. W. C. 10° 10' w. 
Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. White county, 
Ten., by p-r. 92 miles s. e. by e. Nashville 
Spartanburg, district, S. C, bounded n. f,. 
by Broad river, separating it from York dis- 
trict. Union e. and s. e., Ennoree river sepa- 
rating it from Laurens s., Greenville s. w. and 
w., and Rutherford county, N. C, n. Length 
from s. to N. 40 miles, mean breadth 28, and 
area 1,120 square miles. Lat. 35° and long. 
5° w. intersect near the centre of this district. 
Slope s. e. and in that direction advancing 
from s. to N. it is drained by the rivers En- 
noree, Tyger, Hair Forest, and Pacolet. 
Chief town, Spartanburg. Pop. 1820. 16,989, 
1830, 21,150. 

Spartanruro, p-v. and st. jus. Spartanburg 
district, S. C, by p-r. 104 miles n. w. Colum- 
bia. Lat. 34° 56', long. W. C. 5° w. 

Speckled Mountain, Oxford county, Me., 
K. of Androscoggin river, on the n. line of Ri- 
ley, is one of the highest eminences in the 
state, and supposed to be about 4,000 feet 
above the sea. 

SpEEDWEr.L, p-v. Barnwell district, S. C, 

by p-r. HI miles southwestward Columbia. 

Speedwell, p-v. western part of Claiborne 

county, Ten., by p-r. 238 miles a little n. of e. 

Nashville. 

Speight's Bridge, and p-o. Greene county, 
N. C, by p-r. 74 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Spencer, p-t. Worcester county, Mass., 51 
miles w. Boston, lis. w. Worcester, has a 
pleasant variety of surface, and a good soil. 
It is watered by branches of Chicopee river 
which furnish mill sites. The land is eleva- 
ted 880 feet above Connecticut r. at Spring- 



Y., 190 ms. w. by s. Albany, and 18 n. w. 
Owego, has Cayuta on the w. line, and a pond 
N. which gives rise to Catetant creek, with 
Cayuga inlet. The surface and soil arc va- 
rious. Pop. 1830. 1,278. 

Spencer, p. v. Davidson county, N. C, by 
p-r. 92 ms. westward Raleigh. 

Spencer, co., Ky., bounded s. by Nelson, 
Bullitt w., Jefferson n. w., Shelby n., and An- 
derson e. Length 22 ms., mean breadth 12, 
and area 264 square ms. Lat. 38°, and long. 
W. C. 8° 14' vv., intersect in this co. Slope 
westward, and in that direction drained by 
Salt river. Chief town, Taylorsville. Pop. 
1830, 6,812. 

Spencer, county, Indiana, bounded w. by 
Little Pigeon river separating it from War- 
rick, Dubois N., Anderson's creek E., separa- 
ting it from Perry, and the Ohio river separa- 
ting it from Hancock county, Ky., s. e., Da- 
viess county, Ky., s., and Henderson co., Ky., 
s. w. Length from s. to n. 32 miles, mean 
width 14, and area 448 square ms. Lat. 38° 
and long. 10° w. intersect in the southeastern 
part of this county, general slope is south- 
ward towards Ohio river. Chief town. Rock- 
port, no unapt name, as the whole county is 
hilly, and in part rocky. Pop. 1820, 1,882, 
1830, 3,196. 

Spencer, p-v. and st. jus. Owen county, 
Indiana, by p-r. 52 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. It 
is situated on Kaskaskias river. Lat. 39° 
17', long. W. C. y°48'w. 

Spencertown, p-v. Austerlitz,' Columbia 
county. New York, 30 miles s. w. Albany. 

Spermaceti Cove, Monmouth county. New 
Jersey, a safe and convenient harbor, for ves- 
sels of light draught of water, at the s. w. 
part of Sandy Hook, e. of the Highlands. 

Spesutia, p-v, Harford county, Md., by p-r. 
65 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Spinxerstown, p-v. Bucks county. Pa., by 
p-r. 171 ms.N. E. W. C. 

Split Rock, p-v. Essex, Essex county, N. 
Y., 2 ms. s. Essex village, on the w. side of 
lake Champlain. 

Spoon Island, Hancock county, Maine. 
Spotswood, p-v. Middlesex county. New. 
Jersey, 9 ms. s. e. New Brunswick, 10 w. by 
8. Middletown Point, on the n. side of South r. 
a branch of the Raritan. Snuff and powder 
are manufactured here. 

Spottedville, p-v. Stafford county, Va., 
by p-r. 80 ms. s. s. w. W . C. 

Spottsylvania, county, Va., bounded by 
Caroline s. e.. North Anna river separating 
it from Hanover s. and Louisa s. w.. Orange 
N. w., Rapid Ann river separating it from 
Culpepper N., and Rappahannoc river separa- 
ting it from Stafford .v. e. Length from s. w. 
to N. E. 24 miles, mean breadth 17 miles, and 
area 408 square ms. Lat. 38° 12', long. W. 
C.0°40'w. The extreme sources of Mata- 



SPR 



524 



SPR 



pony river rise mostly in this county, and flow 
to the southeastward as do the two bounding 
streams North Anna and Rappahannoc rivers ; 
the slope of the county is of course in the di- 
rection of its waters. Surface though hilly, 
is pleasantly and in many places finely diver- 
sified. Chief town, Fredericksburg. Pop. 
1820,14,254, 1830,15,134. 

Spread Eagle, p-v. northwestern part of 
Del. CO. Pa. byp-r. 136 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Spring Bank, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. by p-r 
51 ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Springboro', p-v. Warren co. O. by p-r. 8t 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Spring Cottage, p-v. near the southwstrn 
angle of Hancock co. Miss, about 120 ms. s 
E. by E. Natchez. 

Spring Creek, p-v. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 
335 ms. N.w.W.C. 

Spring Creek, p-o. Greenbrier co. Va. by 
p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Spring Creek, p-o. Madison co. Ten. by 
p-r. 132 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Spring Dale, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. byp-r. 
235 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Dale, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 
Ill ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Spring Farm and p-o. Augusta co. Va. by 
p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Springfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 ms. 
from Concord, 90 from Boston, lies in the n. 
E. corner of the co. with Grafton co. n., and 
Merrimack co. e., and contains 28,330 acres. 
It gives rise to a branch of Sugar r., and one 
of the streams of Blackwater r., thus divid- 
ing the waters of Connecticut and Merrimack 
rs. It contains several small ponds, and has 
a rough surface, but a pretty good soil. There 
is a quarry of valuable stone e. First settled, 
1772. Pop. 1830, 1,192. 

Springfield, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 13 ms. 
s. Windsor, 68 from Montpelier, 30 n. Brat- 
tleboro', w. Conn, r., and is crossed s. e. by 
Black r. There are fine meadows on Conn. 
r. ; a village at the falls of Black r., and 
another in the n. w. part. Pop. 1830, 1,498. 
Springfield, p-t. and st. jus. Hampden co. 
Mass., lies on the e. side of Conn. r. 87 ms. 
w. Boston, 26 n. Hartford, 47 w. s. w. Wor- 
cester, and 20 s. Northampton. It is one of 
the most thriving towns in the state, contain- 
ing a court-house, jail, bank, 2 insurance of- 
fices, besides other public buildings ; among 
these are 4 churches, 1 each for Congregation- 
alists, Unitarians, Baptists and Methodists. 
It also contains the largest armory of the U. 
S., and many elegant private edifices, highly 
creditable to the taste of its inhabitants. In 
this town is Chickapee, an important manu- 
facturing village, which contains about 1,300 
inhabitants, a Congregational and Methodist 
church, post office, and about 100 houses of 
brick, belonging to the manufacturers. In 
the town in 1830, there were 6,784 inhabit, 
ants, and in 1831 there were 1,453 polls, 722 
dwelling houses, 118 stores, warehouses and 
mechanic shops, 580 barns and other build- 
ings, 3 cotton factories, 370 looms, and 13,824 



spindles, 1 bleachery, 3 paper mills, 5 print- 
ing oft'ices, 5 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 2 card 
factories, 1 carding machine, 1 fulling mill, 3 
breweries, 2 distilleries, 3 Ian-houses, 5,301 
acres of tillage land, 1,807 acres of mowing 
land. 389 horses, 321 oxen, 474 cows, 237 
steers and heifers, and 954 sheep. Abridge, 
1 ,234 ft. long, crosses the Conn, to W. Spring- 
field. Stage coaches run daily to Boston, 
Albany, Northampton and Hartford ; and 
small stea^iboats also to Hartford, carrying 
passengers, &c. ifcc. The armory of the U. 
S. was established in 1795, at an expense, 
with additions from time to time since, of 
f 251,857. From that time up to 1821, there 
were expended in work and materials 
,$2,553,352. The annual expense is f 180,- 
000. The present production is 16,500 mus- 
kets a year, and there are on hand, prepared 
for distribution, more than one hundred thou- 
sand stand. The number of workmen is 
nearly 300. According to the statement of 
the superintendent, about two-thirds of the 
amount appropriated to this establishment is 
paid for labor, and one-third for stock and 
materials. Of the latter the following com- 
prise the most important items, viz : — 165 
tons of iron, $23,100; 49,500 lbs. of steel, 
$7,820 ; 16,500 files, $3,300; 140,000 bush- 
els charcoal, $9,100; 10,000 bushels pit 
coal, $3,500 ; 100 tons Lehigh coal, $1,000. 
Total, $47,820. There are employed in the 
estimate 275 men, whose pay amounts for 
the year to $120,000, leaving for stock and 
materials $60,000. Total $180,000. The 
number of arms manufactured per year, with 
all appendages, is 16,500. Amount of per- 
manent improvements, miscellaneous ex- 
penses, &c. say $12,000; leaving for fhe 
manufacture of arms, gun boxes, screwdri- 
vers, wipers, ball screws, spring vices, and 
all the appendages, say $168,000. 

The greater part of the buildings belonging 
to the armory are situated on the hill half a 
mile E. of the river; the water-shops con- 
nected with the arsenal lying one mile s. on 
Mill r. Chickapee v., which has been men- 
tioned, is situated on, a river, from which it 
derives its name, and which affords abundant 
water power for its manufactures. It is about 
4 ms. n. of the village of Springfield, and 
contains 4 large cotton factories and a bleach- 
ing establishment. Three of the manufacto- 
ries employ 600 persons, using 900,000 lbs. 
of cotton annually, and making 3,300,(iOO 
yds. of printing cottons, fine sheetings and 
shirtings. The other factory is 254 ft. long, 
and 4 stories high. There are also iron 
works in the village. 

Springfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 58 ms. 
w. Albany, 12 n. Cooperstown, in the n. w. 
corner of the co., has Otsego lake and co. w., 
and is of a varied surface, with a soil gener- 
ally rich. There are several small mill 
streams. The town was settled and deserted 
before the revolution, and has since beea 
settled by English, Scotch and Irish. Pop. 
1C30, 2,816. 



SPR 



525 



SQU 



Springfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. 18 nis. 
s. Trenton and 18 from Burlington ; has As- 
siscunk creek n., and is crossed by a small 
branch. The soil is good and very well cul- 
tivated. Pop. 1830, 1,534. 

Springfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 7 ms. w. 
Newark, 15 w. N. Y., 6 n. w. Elizabethtown ; 
has a pleasant village on Rahway r. which 
flows through it and aflbrds several mill sites. 
The Short hills cross the n. part s. e. and n. 
w. The surface is varied, the soil good, and 
the inhabitants farmers. A large British fo- 
raging party was resisted and stopped at the 
river during the w^ar ; but on another occa- 
sion the village was occupied by the enemy 
one night, and burnt after the battle of Spring- 
field, which was severely contested, and was 
continued, as the Americans retreated, e. of 
the village to the Short hills, where the Bri- 
tish received a check. This place the enemy 
were unable to retain possession of, and they 
retreated the next day. Population 1830, 
1,656. 

Springfield, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 
255 ms. N. VV. C. 

Springfield, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. by 
p-r. 1 18 ms. N. w. by w. VV. C. 

Springfield, p-v. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 
61 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

.Springfield, p-v. southeastern part of St. 
Helena parish, La., by p-r. 11 ms. s. e. St. 
Helena, the st. jus. of the parish, and via 
Madisonville about 80 ms. n. w. New Or- 
leans. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Robertson co. 
Ten. by p-r. 25 ms. a little w. of n. Nashville. 
Lat. 36° 30', long. 9° 54' w. W. C. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Ky. bv p-r. 50 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 
37° 42', long. 8° 16' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 
618. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. O. 
43 ms. almost due w. Columbus, and 25 n. E. 
by e. Dayton. Lat. 39° 54', long. 6° 48' w. 
W. C. It is situated on a small branch of 
Mad r., contains the ordinary co. buildings, 
with several manufactures. Pop. 1830, 
1,080. 

Springfield, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 
77 ms. s. E. by e. Indianopolis. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Sangamon co. 
II. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. Vandalia, and as laid 
down by Tanner, about 5 ms. wstrd. of the 
junction of Sangamon proper with the Mo- 
wawequa. Lat. 39° 48', long. 12° 40' w. VV. 
C. It is one of the new towns rising as if by 
miracle from the wilds of the west. 

Springfield Cross Roads and p-o. Erie co. 
Pa. by p-r. 330 ms. n. w. VV. C. 

Springfield Furnace, and p-o. Huntingdon 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 150 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Spring Four Corners, p-v. southern part 
Susquehannah co. Pa., about 6 miles sthrd. 
Montrose, the co. seat. In directing letters 
it ought to be observed that though in the 
same township, Springville and Springville 
Four Corners are different offices. 

Spring Garden, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., 
by p-r. 250 ma. s. w. W. C. 



Spring Garden, p-v. Rockingham co. N. 
C, by p-r. 124 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by 
p-r. nrthestrd. W. C. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Iredell co. N. C, by 
p-r. 137 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Laurena district, S. C, 
by p-r. 69 nis. n. w. Columbia. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Alachua co. Florida, 
by p-r. l93 ms. s. e. Tallahassee. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Fayette co. Pa., by p-r. 
221 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Lewis co. N. C„ by p-r. 
67 ms. s. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Spring Hill, p-o. York district, S. C, by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. Columbia. 

Spring Hill, p-v. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r. 
7 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Spring Hill, p-v. Maury co. Ten., 30 ms. 
s. s. w. Nashville. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Decatur co. Ten., 53 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

Spring Hoi se, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., 
19 ms. N. Philadelphia. 

Spring Mill, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by 
p-r. 82 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. This is 
the same place formerly called Arcole. (See 
the latter art. first column, page 88.) 

Spring Mills, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 
187 ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Mount, p-o. eastern part Dyer co. 
Ten. by p-r. I6i) ms. w. Nashville, and 8 ma. 
E. Dyersburg, the co. seat. 

SprIxNG Place, p-o. Cherokee Nation, by 
p-r. 212 ms. n. w. Milledgeville, and 623 ma. 
s. w. by w. W. C. 

Springport, town, Cayuga co. N. Y., 10 
ms. a. w. Auburn ; has Cayuga lake and Sen- 
eca CO. w. ; contains the v. of Union Springa. 
Pop. 1830, 1,528. 

Spring Rock, p-o. York district, S. C, by 
p-r. 80 ms. n. Columbia. 

Spring's Mills, p-o. Lincoln co. N, C, by 
p-r. 172 ms. westward Raleigh. 

Springtown, village, Morris co. N. J., 18 
ms. w. Morristown, on the acclivity of Schoo- 
ley's mountain. 

Springtown, p-v. near the northwestern 
border of Bucks co. Pa., 7 ms. s. e. Bethle- 
hem, and 43 ms. n. Philadelphia. 

Springville, p-v. Susquenannah co. Pa., by 
p-r. 261 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Springville, p-v. Darlington dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 91 ms. eastward Columbia. 

Springville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by 
p-r. 62 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Springwater, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 18 
ms. s. E. Geneseo ; has Ontario co. n. and e., 
and Steuben co. w. ; a pretty good soil, tho' 
a rough surface, and is watered by several 
small streams. Pop. 1830, 2,253. 

Spring Wells, p-v. Wayne co. Mich., by 
p-r. 10 ms. northward Detroit. 

Squam, lake, Grafton and Coos counties, N. 
H., 3 ms. by 6; is a beautiful sheet of water, 
almost surrounded by high hills, and diversi- 
fied with coves, capes and islands, and affor- 
ding fine trout. It extends over about 6,000 



STA 



526 



STA 



acres. A canal from this to Winnipiseogee ' 12, and area 240 sq. ms., surface hilly. Chief 
lake 2 ms. distant, has been proposed. | town, Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 9,517 ; 1830, 

SauAM, r. Grafton co. N. H., the outlet of j 9,362. 
Squam lake, crosses part of Holderncss, and j ~ Stafford, C. H. p-o. and st. jus. Stafford 
falls into Pemigewasset r. |co. Va., by p-r. 76 ms. a little E. of n. Rich- 

SauAM, village, Gloucester, Essex county, i mond, and 46 s. w. W. C. 
Mass., on the n. shore of Cape Ann ; has an Stafford, springs and p-o. wstm. partStaf- 



excellent and convenient harbor, and a popu 
lation devoted to fishing and commerce. 

Squamanagonick, v. Rochester, Strafford 
CO. N. H., at the falls of Cocheco r. 

SdUAM, bay, Essex co. Mass., on the north 
ahore of Cape Ann, opposite Gloucester har- 
bor, with which it is connected by a short 
canal, which crosses the isthmus of that cape 
or peninsula. This bay is also called Squam 
harbor. 

Squam Beach, Morris co. N. J., on the sea 
coast, s. of Manasquam r. 

Squamscot, or Exeter r., N. H. 

Stafford, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 26 ms. n. 
E. Hartford, and 74 w. s. w. Boston ; is an 
elevated tract, with Mass. line n. The sur- 



ford CO. Va. 

Stagville, p-v. Orange CO. N. C. 

Stahler's, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa., 10 ms. 
nrthrd. Allentown,- the co. st. 

Stallixg's, store and p-o. Monroe co.Geo., 
49 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Stamford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 ms. s. e. 
Bennington, 21 s. Bratlleborough, n. Mass., 
is uneven, and has much waste land. Some 
of the head streams of Hoosac r. rise in the 
s., and in the n. part are Moose, Fish, and 
other ponds, from which waters run into Wal- 
loomsac r. Pop. 1830, 563. 

Stamford, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 76 ms. 
s.w. Hartford, 49 s. s. w. New Haven, 43 n.jb. 
New York, has N. Y. n. w. and Long Island 



face is rough, with some. pleasant vallies, and [sound s. w., is crossed by two or three mill 
much wild scenery. The rocks are primitive, 1 streams, and is penetrated by a bay from the 
and the soil generally favorable to grass. Iron sound. The surface is agreeably varied, the 



ore, (chiefly bog ore,) is found in many pla- 
ces, and there are several mines and forges. 
Willimantic r. and Roaring brook afford mill 
Beats ; and there are several manufactories. 



soil is fertile and favorable to cultivation. At 
the mouth of Mill r. is a harbor, with 8i feet 
of water at comn-.on tides, and a place of 
some coasting trade. There are two small- 



Straw braiding is carried on to some extent er harbors in the town, and here are two 



by females. The v. is on a pleasant elevated 
plain, with a large open square in the centre, 
affording an extensive view over a varied 
country. The springs are situated in a nar- 



large flour mills. Pop. 183i), 3,7 12. 

Stamford, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
E. Delhi, 50 w. Catskill, 60 w. s. w. Albany, 
has the head stream of Delaware r. n., and 



row valley, 1 mile w. of the v., on the bank 'Schoharie co. e. The surface is broken, the 
of the Willimantic, and in the midst of pic- 1 mill sites good, and it contains two or three 
turesque scenery, about 100 yards s. of the small villages. Pop. 1830, 1,597. 
turnpike road from Boston to Hartford. Near Standing Peach Tree, and p-o. Dekalb co. 
at hand is a large house for the accommoda- Geo.; by p-r. 127 ms. .n. w. Milledgeville. 
tion of visitors. One of the springs is a fee- Standing stone, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., on 
ble chalybeate, and the other is impregnated the Susqnehannah r., 6 ms. n. Towanda, the 
with sulphuretted hydrogen. First settled co. st. and by p-r. 245 ms. n. W. C. 



about 1718. The Indians were acquainted 
with the valuable properties of the springs, 
which they made known to the settlers. Pop. 
1830, 2,515. 

Stafford, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 6 ms. e. 
Batavia, has a slightly varied surface, with 
pretty good soil, watered by Black cr. Pop. 
1830, 2,368. 

Stafford, t. Monmouth co. N. J., forms the 
8. angle of the co., and is nearly in the form 
of a triangle. The w. part comprehends a 
great part of Little Egg Harbor, with several 
isls. and much of Long Beach, which shuts 
it in from the ocean. There is also a consid- 
erable extent of swamps on the borders of the 
harbor, through which Manahocking r. and 
other small streams discharge. Pop. 1830, 
2,059. 



Standish, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 6 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, 21 N. w. Portland, has Saco r. 
an4 York co. s. w., and Sebago pond n. e., 
and contains several ponds, connected by a 
stream flowing into it. Pop. 1830, 2,023. 

Stanford, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 18 
ms. N. E. Poughkeepsie, has a surface a little 
varied, with pretty good soil, and is well wa- 
tered by a branch of Wappinger's cr. Pop. 
1830, 2,521. 

Stanford, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Ky. 
situated on a small branch of Dick's r. by p-r. 
51 ms. a little e. of s. Franklort. Lat. 37° 
32', long. W. C. 7° 32' w. Pop. 1830, 363. 

Stanford's Cross Roads, and p-o. Putnam 
CO. Geo. 21 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Stanhope, p-v. Sussex co, N. J., on the 
Muskonetcong cr. and Morris canal, 16 ms. 



Stafford, CO. Va. bounded by King George N. w. Morristown and 12 s. Newton, is the 
8. E., Rappahannoc r. separating it from Car- seat of extensive iron works. 
oline s., Spottsylvania co. s. w., and Culpep-I Stanhope, p-v. nrthrn. part Northampton co. 
per w., on the ^. w. it has Fauquier, King! Pa., by p-r. 32 ms. nthrd. Easton, the co. St., 
William n., and the Potomac r. separating it! and 222 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 
from Charles CO. Md. e. Lat. 38° 25', long., Stannardsville, p-v. in the extreme wes- 
W.C. Qo 22' w. Length 20 ma., mean breadth 'tern part Orange co. Va., by p-r. 114 ms, s. w- 



STA 



527 



STE 



by w. W. C, and 92 ms. N. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Stantonburgh, p-v. sthrn. part Edgccomb 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 66 ma. a Utile s. of e. Ra- 
leigh. 

8TANT0Nvir,r,E, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of 
Anderson dist. S. C, by p-r. 113 ma. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Star, p-v. Hocking co. O., by p-r. 57 ms. 
B. E. Columbus. 

Stark, co. O., bounded by Jefferson s. E., 
Tuscarawas s., Holmes s. w., Wayne w., Me- 
dina N. w., Portage n., and Columbiana e. 
Length along eastern border 33 ms., mean 
breadth 25, and area 825 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
30', long. W. C. 4° 26' w. The extreme 
source of Big Beaver rises in the nrthest. an- 
gle of this CO., but the far greater part of the 
surface is drained by the Tuscarawas and its 
branches ; general slope sthrd. The main 
volume of Tuscarawas crosses the co. from n. 
to s. nearly, along the valley of which the 
Ohio and Erie canal has been constructed. 
The level of the canal at Massillon, near the 
middle of the co. is 9 12 feet above tide water ; 
the whole arable surface no doubt exceeding 
a mean of 1,000 feet of similar comparative 
height. The soil is fertile in grain, pasturage 
and fruit. Chief town, Canton. I'op. 1820, 
14,506 ; 1830, 26,588. 

Starkey, p-t. Yates co. N. Y., 10 ms. s. e. 
Penn Yan. Pop. 1830, 2,285. 
. Starks, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 7 ms. w. 
Norridgewock, and 37 n. n. w. Augusta, forms 
nearly a complete square, the s. w. corner 
of which almost touches the co. of Kennebec, 
and the n. e. boundary is formed by Kenne. 
bee r. Pop. 1830, 1,471. 

STARKSBOR0UGH,p-t. Addison co.Vt., 22 ms. 
s. w. Montpelier, and 20 s. e. Burlington, first 
settled 1788, from Conn, and N. Y. Lewis 
cr. and Huntington r. are the principal 
streams, and mill seats are abundant, espe- 
cially on the former where are several facto- 
ries. Hogback mtn. lies on the west boun- 
dary, and East mtn. crosses the middle. The 
soil is loam, and the timber chiefly hard wood. 
Pop. 1830, 1,342. 

Staritcca, p-v. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 19 
ras. nrthrd. Bethany, the co. st., and 284 ms. 

N. N. E. W. C. 

State-line, p-v. sthrn. part Franklin co. 
Pa., by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Staten Island, N. Y., forms the county of 
Richmond, 9 ms. a. w. N. Y., is 14 ms. long, 
and 8 wide, bounded by New York bay n., 
the Narrows e., which separate it from Long 
Island south, by Raritan bay w., and by the 
Kills lying opposite New .Jersey on the 2 last 
mentioned sides. (5ee Richmond co., and 
Richmond.) 

Statesburoii, p-v. nrthwstm. part of Sump- 
ter dist. S. C, 10 ms. n. w. by w. Sumpter- 
vilie, the st. jus., and by p-r. 32 ms. a little s. 
of E. Columbia. 

Statesville, p-v. and st. jus. Iredell co. 
N. C, by p-r. 40 ms. s. s. e. Wilkesville, and 
146 ms. W.Raleigh. Lat. 35° 13', long. W. 
C.30 54'w. 



Statesville, p-v. estrn. part Wilson co. 
Ten., by p-r. 48 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Station Camp, p-v. Estill co. Ky., by p-r. 6 
ms. sthrd. Irvine, the st. jus., and by p-r. 75 
ms. B. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Staunton, p-v. Newcastle CO. Del., situ- 
ated at the junction of Red Clay and White 
Clay crs., 6 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington, 
and by p-r. 51 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Staunton, p-v. and st. jus. Augusta co. Va., 
on one of the extreme head branches of the 
R. fork of Shenandoah r. 36 ms. a little n. of 
w. of Charlotte ville, and by p-r. 163 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C, and 121 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. Lat. 38= 09', long W. C. 2° 03' w. It 
stands on the fine valley between the Blue 
Ridge and Kittalinny, or as there expressed 
between Blue Ridge and North mtn. chains, a 
little north Madison's Cave. It contains 3 or 
4 places of public worship, numerous stores, 
taverns and mechanics' shops. It is a cor- 
porate town, and contains houses for the chan- 
cery, circuit and corporation courts. The 
population is not given in the census tables, 
but is probably about 1,000. It is on the 
whole one of the most flourishing interior 
towns ofVa. 

Steele Creek, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. 
C, 8 ms. sthrd. Charlotte, the co. St., and by 
p-r. 158 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Steel's Mills and p-o. sthrn. part Rich- 
mond CO. N. C, 12 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 125 s. w. Raleigh. 

Steele's Mills and p-o. sthrn. part Ran- 
dolph CO. II., by p.r. Ill ms. s. w. Vandalia. 
Steele's Tavern and p-o. Augusta co. Va., 
by P-r., 180 ms. s. w. by^w. W C. 

Steen's cr. and p-o. Rankin co. Miss., by 
p-r. 126 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Stei'iiensport, p-v. on Ohio r., just below 
the mouth of Sinking cr. and in the extreme 
nrthrn. angle of Breckenridge co. Ky., 16 ms. 
N. N. w. Hardinsburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 
1 18 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 
64. 

Stephentown, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 
20 ms. s. E. Albany, has the boundary of Mass. 
on the E. line, and Columbia co. s., with a very 
hilly surface E., and various soils. There is 
a broad valley in the middle, in which rises 
a branch of Lebanon cr. w.; the soil is poor, 
and occupied by the green woods. Lime- 
stone abounds and is wrought. Pop. 1830, 
2,716. 

Sterling, t. Franklin co. Vt., 24 ms. n. k. 
Burlington, and 24 n. w. Montpelier, first 
settled 1799, has no large streams. Sterling 
peak, s. E., is one of the highest eminences 
of the Green mtns., and the surface is gener- 
erally very rough. Pop. 1830, 183. 

Sterling, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 46 
ms. w. Boston and 12 n. Worcester, was 
chiefly purchased ofthe Indians in 1701, and 
is crossed by Still r. a branch of Nashua r. 
It has a surface generally hilly, with a pine 
plain s. w. Chairs and hats have been made 
here in great numbers for some years. A 
battle was fought here in 1707, between some 



STE 



523 



STE 



troops from Lancaster and Marlborough, and 
a party of Indians, in which the latter were 
defeated. A variety of minerals are found in 
the rocks. First settled, 1720. Pop. 1830, 
1,794. 

Sterling, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 44 ms 
E. Hartford, has the boundary of R. I. E., an 
uneven surface, with some pine plains, and a 
light soil, best appropriate to grain. Quan 
duck r. is a small stream, but there are several 
manufactories in the town. Near the centre 
is the Devil's Den, a remarkable cavern in a 
ledge of rocks. Pop. 1830, 1,240. 

Sterling, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 28 ms. n 
Auburn, has lake Ontario n., and Oswego co 
E., with Little Sodus bay n. w., into which 
flows Nine-mile creek. Pop. 1830, 1,436. 

Sterling, p-v. sthrn. part Wayne co. Pa., 
by p-r. 237 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Sterrett's Gap, and p-o. nrthrn. part Cum- 
berland CO. Pa., by p-r. 25 ms., but by direct 
distance 18 ms. almost due w. Harrisburg, 
and 8 ms. a little e. of n. Carlisle. This is 
one of those remarkable depressions in the 
Appalachian chains called " Gaps." The 
particular gap here described is highly worthy 
a visit from the traveller. From it the whole 
of Cumberland co. seems to spread an im- 
mense map, and in a clear day the cupola of 
the state house in Harrisburg is distinctly to 
be seen. On the contrary side, or to the n. 
and w. the congeries of mtn. chains seem to 
extend in endless variety. It is amongst the 
finest positions in the U. S. in regard to per- 
spective, having 2 immense landscapes con- 
nected in the eye of the spectator. 

Steuben, p-t. Washington co. Me., 35 ms. 
w. Machias, has Narragaugus r. on thcN.E. 
line, and Hancock w., with the Atlantic s.. 
from which 3 long bays extend farN. into this 
t. Dyer's bay in the middle, and Goldsboro' 
harbor w. Pop. 1830, 695. 

Steuben, co. N. Y., bounded by Livingston 
and Ontario cos. n., Seneca lake e. which sep- 
arates it from Seneca and Tompkins cos., 
Tioga CO. Pa. s., and Alleghany CO. w. Several 
streams of the Tioga or Chemung cr. (which 
is a branch of the Susquehannah) spread over 
this CO. and afford a navigation for boats. 
Conhocton, Canisteo and Tioga are the prin- 
cipal of tliese, and atl'ord boat navigation to 
Bath, Hornellsville and Tyrone. The route 
of the Chemung canal extends 18 miles 
from Elmira, on the Chemung r. to the head 
waters of Seneca lake, and a navigable feed- 
er is brought from the Chemung at Painted 
Post, l3ms. tothe summit level. The land 
in this CO. is very uneven, and often mountain- 
ous, with some large and fertile meadows. 
The banks of the streams are generally steep 
and covered with evergreen forests. It is 
a remarkable fact that at some of the fords 
the ice forms in winter on the bottom of swift 
streams, in such a degree as to render the 
the passage difficult and even dangerous. 
This CO. contains 24 towns. Fop. in 1820, 
21,989 ; 1830, 33,851. ! 

Steuben, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. 



Utica, and 110 w. Albany, was nearly all 
granted to Frederick William, Baron de Steu- 
ben, an officer of the revolutionary army, and 
named after him, and was for some years his 
residence. The surface is varied, the land 
high, and the soil moist and favorable for grass. 
Steuben and Cincinnati crs. are the principal 
streams, but there are few mill seats. Baron 
Steuben died here in X796. Pop. 1830, 
2,094. 

Steihsen, p-v. estrn. part Huron co. O., by 
p-r. 100 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Steubenville, p-v. corporate town, and st. 
jus. Jefferson co. O., by p-r. 149 ms. a little s. 
of N. E. by e. Columbus, 39 ms. by land and 
70 by water from Pittsburg, 260 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. Lat. 40° 21', long. W. C. 3° 45' w. 

The site of this fine town has something 
peculiar amongst those along the Ohio river. 
Generally, the first rise from that stream has 
a depression backwards towards the hills 
of considerable depth ; at Steubenville the 
acclivity from the river ascends with very 
little depression. Along this slope the town 
was laid out in 1798, in streets running at 
right angles. The opposite side of the river 
rises into abrupt and even precipitous banks, 
of from 400 to 460 feet elevation. Though 
laboring under the disadvantage of not lying 
in the grrat western thoroughfare, Steuben- 
ville has become a flourishing place with an 
enlightened society. According to Flint, it 
contained early in 1832, two printing offices, 
an academy, market house, woollen factory, 
cotton factory, steam paper and flour mill ; 27 
mercantile stores, air foundry and other me- 
chanical establishments. It contains three 
churches and several private schools. Pop. 
1820, 2,539 ; 1830, 2,937. 

Steven's, r. Caledonia co. Vt., a mill stream 
which falls into Conn. r. atBarnet. 

Stevensburg, p-v. sthrn. part Culpepper 
CO. Va., 30 ms. nrthwstrd. Fredericksburg, 
and by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Stevensburg, p-v. Hardin co. Ky. by p-r. 
90 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Stevensburg, p-v. Hamilton co. Ind., by 
p-r. 31 ms. nrthrd. Indianopolis. 

Stevensville, p-v. King and Queen co. Va., 
by p-r. 30 ms. a little n. of e. Richmond, and 
130 ms. s. W. C. 

Stewart, co. Ten., bounded by Montgom. 
ery n. e., Dickson s. e., Humphries s.. Ten. 
r. separating it from Henry s. w. and w., and 
from Calloway co. Ky. n. w., on the n. it has 
Trigg CO. Ky. Length from s. to n. 28 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° 25', and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect near 
its centre. Cumberland r. enters the ex- 
treme estrn. angle, and flowing to the n. w. 
traverses the co. innearly its greatest length. 
Tennessee r., where forming part of its boun- 
dary, also flows to the n. w. ; the general 
slope is of course in the direction of its two 
large rs. Chief town, Dover. Pop. 1830, 
6,968. 

Stewart's Mills, and p-o. Guilford co. N. 
C, by p-r. 99 ms. n. w.by w. Raleigh. 



STO 



529 



STO 



Stewartstown, p-t. Coos CO. N. H., 150 
ms. from Concord, 170 from Portsmouth, and 
150 from Portland, with 27,000 acres ; has 



whom a mission was established in 1734. 
They afterwards removed to New Stock- 
bridge, Oneida co. N. Y., where land was 



Conn. r. w., here about 80 yards wide. Lit- 1 given them by the Oneida Indians ; and some 
tie and Great Diamond ponds discharge into of the few survivors have since emigrated to 
a branch of Androscoggin r., while several Green Bay and other places. In the last 
brooks flow into Conn. r. There are some French war, the settlement here was twice 
hills, the soil 13 rich on the meadows, and attacked by Indians. Pop. 1830, 1,580. 



pretty good on the uplands. Pop. 1830, 529 
Stewartsville, p-v. near the western bor 
der of Westmoreland co. Pa., 13 ms. n. w. by 
w. Greensburg, 19 s. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 
204 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Stewartsville, p-v. Richmond co. N. C, 
by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Stillwater, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 22 
ms. N. Albany, and 10 s. e. Ballston Spa, on 
the w. side of Hudson r., has Round lake and 
its outlet on the s. line, is generally almost 
level, and traversed by Champlain canal par- 
allel to the r., Uemis' Heights, where the 
battle of Saratoga was fought in 1777. An- 
thony's kill, the outlet of Round lake, is led 
off to the Hudson by a short canal, which af- 
fords mill seats. At Mechanicville, in the 
s. E. corner, are a manufactory and several 
mills. The scenery in the n. is very pleas- 
ant, beautifully swelling in line ridges, the 
highest of which, and those nearest the Hud- 
son, are Bemis' Heights. Pop. 1830, 2,601 . 
Stillwater, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 78 ms. 
N. Trenton, has Warren co. s. w., the Blue 
Hills w., and is crossed in the e. by Paw- 
ling's kill, into which flows Swartwout's pond, 
which lies in this t. Pop. 1830, 1,381. 

Stillwater, p-v. Stillwater, Sussex co. N. 
J., 76 ms. N. Trenton, and 6 s. w. Newton, 
on Pawling's kill. 

Still Water, r. or creek of O., is the s. w. 
branch of Great Miami, rising in Randolph 
CO. Ind., and Dark co. O., and flowing cstrd. 
over the latter, enters Miami co. O. ; inflects 
to s. s. E. over Miami and Montgomery, and 



Stockbridge Indians, originally a tribe of 
the Moheekanuk, or Indians of the race gen- 
erally spread over New England, and resi- 
ding at Stockbridge, Mass., afterwards lemo- 
ved to New Stockbridge, Oneida co., and 
since have nearly all emigrated to Green 
Bay. They have had missionaries among 
them many years, and have been in a con- 
siderable degree civilized. 

Stockertown, p.v. Northampton co. Pa., 7 
ms. above Easton. 

Stockholm, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 
30 ms. E. Ogdensburg, is watered by several 
branches of St. Regis r., has a rich soil, and 
was settled in 1803, from Mass. Pop. 1830, 
1,944. 

STOCKHOLM; p-v. Jcflersou, Morris co. N. 
J., 83 ms. N. by e. Trenton, on Pequannock 
r., at the foot of the Wallkill mtns., and on the 
borders of Bergen co. 

Stockport, p-v. situated on the right bank 
of Del. r., about 3 ms. below the junction of 
the Coquago and Popachton branches, 20 ms. 
N, Bethany, the co. St., and by p-r. 291 ms. n. 
N. E. W. C. 

Stockton, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 6 ms. 
E. Mayville, has Cosdaga lake e., and part of 
the outlet, and an undulated surface, with 
rich vallies. Pop. 1830, 1,605. 

Stock Township, p-v. Harrison co. O., by 
p-r. 134 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. In the dU 
rection of letters, care must be taken to write 
this name as at the head of this article ; such 
is the title in the p-o. list. 

Stoddard, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 14 ms. 



falls into Great Miami a short distance above from Keene, 42 s. s. w. Concord, 20 from 



Dayton, after a comparative course of 50 ms. 

Still Water, p-v. on the preceding cr., 
nnd in the nrthwstrn. angle of Miami co. O., 
about 15 ms. n. w. Troy, the co. St., and by 
p-r. 86 ms. a little n. of w. Columbus. 

Stillwell, p-v. Perry CO. Ten., by p-r. 1J2 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Stockbridge, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 26 ms. 
N. w. Windsor, and 36 s. vv. Montpelier ; first 
settled 1784, has White r. n. w., which here 
flows in a very narrow channel, and there are 
but few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,333. 



Charlestown, and w. Hillsboro' co., with 35,. 
925 acres, is elevated, rocky, and mountain- 
ous, with a deep and cold clayey soil, unfa- 
vorable to Indian corn, but good for grazing. 
Streams rise here, flowing into Conn, and 
Merrimack rs. Here are 14 ponds, some of 
them large. First settled 1769, Pop. 1830, 
1,159. 

Stoddartsville, p-v. on a branch of Lehigh 
r., on the extreme sfhestrn. border of Luzerne 
CO. Pa., on the direct road from Easton on 
Del. r., to Wilkes-Barre on Susquehannah 



vStockbridge, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 32 ms. n. w. the former, and 20 s. e. by e. the 

~ " ' '" latter borough. This v. is situated in a re- 

gion comparatively alpine, being elevated 
1,384 feet above the mean level of the Atlan- 
tic tides, at lat. 41° 8', long. 1° 14' e. W. C. 
In regard to relative climate, the elevation of 
Stoddartsville is equivalent to at least 3^ de- 
grees of lat., placing it above 44° 30' when 
compared with places on the sea coast. 
Stoeelev, p-v. sthwetrn. part Rutherford 



ms. w. Boston, 5 s. Lenox, is divided by Hou 
satonic r., on the banks of which are fine 
meadows; and the scenery is various and 
beautiful, while the soil is generally very pro- 
ductive. Marble and limestone for burning, 
are quarried here; and there are several 
manufactories on the Housatonic, which af- 
fords much water power. The v. is beautiful- 
ly situated, on the n. side of the r. A tract 



of land 6 ms. square was formerly reserved ico. Ten. by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. 



by the state for a tribe of Indians, amongst! 

67 



Stokes, co. N. C. bounded by Rockingham 



STO 



530 



STO 



N. E., Guilford s. e., Davidson b., Yadkin r., 
separating it from Rowan s. w., and from the 
southern part of Surry vv., b)' the northern 
part of Surry N. w., and by Patrick co. Va. n. 
Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean width 22, 
and area 836 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 02' to ?6o 33', and in Iouk- from 3° 2' to 
3° 32' w. VV.C. Stokes co. comprises part 
of a table land, from which the streams are 
discharged like radii from the centre of a cir- 
cle. Bounded on the s. w. by Yadkin, that 
river receives in that direction a number of 
creeks from the southeastern angle ; the ex- 
treme western sources of Haw r. flow to the 
southestrd. Dan r. rising in Patrick co. Va. 
sweeps an elliptic curve over the northern 
part of Stokes and Rockingham, and again 
into Va. in Pii'sylvania co. Surface rather 
hilly, but soil fertile in grain, pasturage and 
fruit. Chief town, Germanlown. Pop. 1820, 
14,033, 1830, 16,196. 

Stone Church and p-o. Northampton co. 
Pa. by p-r. 205 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Stone Fort, p-v. on one of the extreme 
higher branches of Duck r. in the northern 
part of Franklin co. Ten. 10 ms. N.Winches- 
ter, the CO. scat, and by p-r. 65 ms. s. e. Nash- 
ville. 

Stoneham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms. 
N. Boston, is uneven, rocky, with some good 
soil. Pop. 1830, 732. 

Stonerstown, p-v. on Raystown branch of 
Juniata r. northeastern part of Bedford co. 
Pa. by p-r. 124 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Stonesville, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 128 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Stones River of Ten. falls into the left 
side of Cumberland r. a short distance above 
Nashville. Rutherford co. is nearly com- 
mensurate with the valley of this stream. 

Stonev Creek or Shryock, p-v. on Stoney 
creek, the North fork of Shenandoah r., and 
in Shenandoah co. Va. about 8 ms. s. s. w. 
Woodstock, the co. St., 35 ms. in a similar di- 
rection from Winchester, and 105 a little s. 

of w. w. (.;. 

Stoney Creek, p-o. on a creek of that 
name, a branch of Shenandoah r., s. w. angle 
of Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Stoney Creek, a considerable northern 
branch of Nottaway r. rising in Dinwiddle co. 
and falling into the Nottaway Sussex. 

Stoney Creek, p-o. on a creek of the same 
name in the northwestern part of Orange co. 
N. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Stoney Creek, p-o. northwestern part of 
Oakland CO. Mich, by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. De- 
troit. 

Stone Wall Mills and p-o. southwestern 
part Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 108 ms. a 
little s. of w. Richmond. 

Stoney Battery, p-v. sthestrn. part New. 
berry disl. S. C. 10 ms. s. e. Newberry ('. H., 
and by p-r. 36 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Stoney Fork, p-o. sthni. part Montgomery 
CO. Va. 25 ms. sthrd. Chrisliansburg, by p-r. 
307 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 229 a little s. 
of w. Richmond. 



Stoney Point, Haverstraw, Orange co. N. 
Y., is a high and rocky peninsula, stretching 
into Hudson r., the channel of which it com- 
mands, near the head of Haverstraw bay, on 
which a fort was erected in the revolutionary 
war, which was taken by storm from the Bri- 
tish in 1779, in the night, by Gen. Wayne, at 
the head of American troops. There is now 
a light-house on its summit, on the site of the 
old fort. 

Stoney Point, p-v. northestrn. part Albe- 
marie co. Va. 71 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Stoney Point, p-v. wstrn. part Iredell co. 
N. C. 14 ms. westerly Statesville, the co. St., 
and by p-r. 160 ms. in a similar direction from 
Raleigh. 

Stoney Point, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 100 ms. westerly Columbia. 

Stoney Point, Mills and p-o. sthwstrn. part 
Cumberland co. Va. by p-r. 61 ms. s. v/. by w. 
Richmond. 

Stonington, p-t. and borough, New London 
CO. Conn. 12 ms. e. New London, 55 s. e. 
Hartford, and 62 e. New Haven, has Paw. 
tucket r. e., the boundary of Rhode Island, 
Fisher's island sound, and Pawtuckct bay s. 
and Mystic r. w. The surface is uneven, the 
soil, though rough and stony, favorable to 
grazing, &c. It has a harbor, whence a con- 
siderable amount of business is carried on, 
particularly sealing in the Pacific ocean, and 
fishing on the coast. Ten sealing vessels, 
wholly or partly owned here, brought in, in 
1831, skins worth ^100,000. First settled, 
1658, from Rehoboth, Mass. On the 9th 
Aug. 1814, the borough was bravely defended 
by the inhabitants against an attack from a 
British squadron of one 74, a frigate, an 18 
gun ship, and a bomb vessel. Pop. 1830, 
3,397. 

Storey's Mills and p-o. wstrn. part Jackson 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 114 ms. n. n. w. Milledge- 
ville. 

Stoughstown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 13 
ms. s. w. by w. Carlisle, and 31 in a similar 
direction from Harrisburg. 

Stoughton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ms» 
s. Boston, gives rise to the head waters of 
Neponset r., and was formerly the residence 
of some Christian Indians, who removed 
from Dorchester. There is some manufac- 
turing carried on here. Pop. 1830, 1,591. 

Stow, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 15 ms. n. w. 
Montpeher. Pop. 1830, 1,570. 

Stow, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 ms. N. 
w. Boston, has a surface but little elevated, 
with sandy plains, and very ordinary soil on 
the uplands. Pop. 1830, 1,220. 

Stow, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. 
N. e. Columbus. 

Stow Creek, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 55 
ms. s. s. w. Trenton, is a small town with 
Stow creek >. w., which divides it from Sa- 
lem CO. and Newport creek, its tributary, s. 
There is a swampy tract along the streams. 
Pop. 1830, 791. 

Stowesville, p-v. Lincoln CO. N.C. by p-r. 
165 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 



STR 



531 



STU 



Stoystown, p-v. on the great wstrn. road i few stones, and a very rich alluvial tract ol 
from Phil, to Pittsburg, 28 ms. westerly Hed- meadows on tlie river and harbor. Shad and 



ford, 11 N. E. the borough of Somerset, and 
by p-r. 155 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 133 w. 
Harrisburg. 

Strabana, p-v. estrn. part Lenoir co. N.C. 
by p-r. 92 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Strafford co. N. H. bounded by Coos co. 
N., the state of Maine e., Rockingham co. s. 
and 8. w., and Pemigewasset r. w. which sc. 
parates it from Grafton and Hillsboro' cos., 
and Grafton co. n. w., 33 ms. by 63 greatest 
dimensions, with 1,345^ sq. ms. The mtns. 
are Chocorna, Sandwich, Osipee, Effingham, 
Gunstock, Moose, &c. Red hill, between 
Winnipiseogee and Squam lakes, commands 
one of the finest views in the country. There 
are several smaller lakes, and Merrymeeting, 
Long and Great bays connected with Winni- 
piseogee lake. The principal rs. are Pisca- 
taqua, Salmon Falls, Saco, Cocheco and Swift 
rs. The soil, as well as the surface, is very 
various, but generally good, and productive 
when well cultivate^l. There are many ma- 
nufactories of cotton and woollen. Dover is 
a considerable manufacturing town. There 
are several incorporated academies in differ- 
ent towns. The first settlement was made in 
the CO. in 1623 at Dover, and the second at 
Portsmouth, in the same year. The co. was 
formed in 1771. Pop. 1820, 51,117, 1830, 
58,910. 

Strafford, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 25 ms. 
from Concord, 15 from Dover, and 56 from 
Boston, has Bow pond s. which flows into 
Isinglass r. and several other small ponds. 
The Blue hills cross the n. w. part. The soil 
is generally good. Pop. 1830, 2,201. 

Strafford, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 30 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 30 n. Windsor, stands on a 
branch of Ompompanoosuc r., affords abun- 
dance of disintegrated pyrites, from which 
large quantities of copperas are manufac- 
tured. Pop. 1830, 1,935. 

Strasburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. on a 
branch of Pecquea creek, 8 ins. s. e. by e. the 
city of Lancaster, and 55 ms. w. Phil. 

Strasburg, p-v. nthrn. part Shenandoah co. 
Va. on the road from VVoodstock to Winches- 
ter, 15 ms. N. E. the former, 22 s. w. the latter 
place, and by p-r. 89 w. W. C 

Strasburg, p-v. sthrn. part Fairfield co. O. 
by p-r. 37 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 

Stratford, r. or Housatonic r. rises in 
Berkshire co. Mass., crosses Conn, and emp- 
ties into Long Island sound between Millord 
and Stratford. 

Stratford, p-t. Coos co. N. II. 133 ms. n. 
Concord, has a broad and valuable tract of 
meadows on the e. bank of Coiui. r. The e. 
and N. parts are mountainous, with cold and 
rocky or gravelly soil. The peaks in this 
town are conspicuous from a distance. Nash's 
stream. Bog brook, &,c. water the town. Pop. 
1830, 443. 

Stratford, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 13 ms. 
8. w. New Haven, has Housatonic r. e., and 
Long Island sound s., with a level surface. 



shell fish are taken in abundance, and there 
is coasting trade. The borough of Bridge- 
port is on the w. side of a small arm of the 
sound, forming a harbor. A draw bridge 
crosses it, through which sloops can pass. A 
natural canal connects this harbor with Hou- 
satonic r. which might be made more useful 
to navigation. Pop. 1830, l,8l4. 

Stratford, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 15 
ms. N. w. Johnstown, occupies the n. w. cor- 
ner of the CO. having Hamilton co. n., and 
Herkimer co. w. It has much marshy 
ground and many hills, with a poor soil, bear- 
ing evergreens. Pop. 1830, 552. 

Stratham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 39 
ms. from Concord, 3 from Exeter, 51 from 
Boston, on the e. side of the W. branch of 
Piscataqua r., n. of Piscataqua bay, and is 
about 8 ms. from the oce^n. The soil is 
good. There is a large peat swamp e. Pop. 
1830, 939. 

Stratiier's Mills and p-o. nthrn. part Fay- 
ette CO. Geo. by p-r. 119 ms. n. w. by w. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Stratton, t. Windham co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 22 n. w. Brattleboro' ; was settled 
irom Mass. It gives rise to Bald mtn., a 
branch of West r. e., which furnishes mill 
sites, and to Deerfield r. w. Holman's and 
Jones's ponds, each of about 100 acres, dis- 
charge in different directions. Pop. 1830, 
312. 

Strattonsville, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by 
p-r. '249 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Straw iNTowN, p-v. on Tohiccon creek, 
nthwstrn. part Bucks co. Pa. 40 ms. a little 
w. of N. Phil, and 20 s. Easton. 

Streetsboro', p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 
134 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Strickersville, p.v. Chester co. Pa. by 
p-r. 99 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Strong, t. Somerset co. Me. 24 ms. n. w. 
Norridgewock, has Kennebec co. on the s. 
line, is crossed by Sandy r., and has a pond 
on the e. boundary, which flows into Seven. 
Mile brook. This t. is quite hilly on the s. 
Pop. 1830, 985. 

Strong svij.LE, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. by p-r. 
123 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Stroudsburg, p-v. in the forks of Broad. 
head's creek, and in the northestrn. part 
Northampton co. Pa. 3 ms. w. Del. Water 
gap, and 23 ms. n. Easton. It is built on one 
long street, and is the third village in size in 
the CO. 

Strykersville. (^See Strickersville, Ches- 
ter CO. Pa.) 

Stumpstown, p-v. nthrn. part Lebanon co. 
Pa. 8 ms. N. Lebanon borough, and by p-r. 29 
ms. N. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Sturbridge, p-t. \\'orcester CO. Mass. 70 
ms. s. w. Boston, 22 a. w. Worcester, in the 
s. vv. corner of the co., having Hampden co. 
w., and Conn, s., is crossed by Quinebaug r. 
and other streams, and his several manufac, 
tories, with a large supply of water power. 



SUF 



532 



SUG 



The surface is rough, the soil rocky and hard 1 1643. (.See Boston and Chelsea, Mass.) Pop. 



to cultivate. Pop. 1830, 1,G85. 

Sturgeonville, p-v. nlhestrn. part Bruns- 



1820,43,940, 1830, 62,163. 

Suffolk, CO. N. Y., comprises about 2-3d3 



wick CO. Va. by p-r. 60 nis. s. s. w. Rich- of Long Island, and is bounded by Long Isl- 



mond. 



j and sound n., the Atlantic e. and s., and w. by 



Stuyvesant, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 12 ms.| Queens co. ; is 83 ms. by 2O2, greatest di- 
N. Hudson, has Hudson r. w. ; contains Kin- mensions, contains about 798 sq. ms., and in- 



derhook landing, and is crossed s. e. by Kin 
derhook creek, which forms the boundary in 
the s. w. Pop. 1830, 2,331. 

Sublett's Tavern and p-o. eastern part 
Powhatan co. Va. 23 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Success, t. Coos co. N. H. 143 ms. from 
Concord, w. Maine ; contains 2 or 3 ponds, 
and several mountains, and gives rise to Nar- 
marcungawack and Live rs. Pop. 1830, 14. 

SucKAsuNNY, p-v. Morris co. N. J. 63 ms. 
N. by E. Trenton, 10 n. w. Morristown, on 
Suckasunny plain, has some large iron mines 
in the vicinity, particularly Dickerson's, 
which yields excellent ore in great quan- 
tities. The opening of the Morris canal of- 
fers great advantages for transportation. 

Sudbury, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 47 miles s. 
Burlington, 65 n. Bennington, and 43 s. w. 
Montpelier; was settled from Connecticut. 
Otter creek touches it e. There are several 
ponds and small streams ; the surface is une- 
ven, with a rich soil. It is crossed by a ridge 
of high land. In the w. is a small v. Pop. 
1830, 812. 

Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 ms. 
w. Boston, has Concord r. on the e. bounda- 
ry, and is crossed by one of its branches. First 
settled 1635. In 1676 a party of 70 men un- 
der captain Wadsworth, were ambushed here 
by 500 Indians, who killed 26 of them, and 
took most of the others. A monument of this 
event is 1 mile s. of the church. Pop. 1830, 
1,423. 

Sudler's Cross Roads, and p-o. northern 
part Queen Ann co. Md., on the road from 
Centreville to Elkton, 45 ms. a little s. of e. 
Baltimore, and by p-r. 47 n. e. by e. Annap- 
olis. 

Suffield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 17 ms. 
N. Hartford, and 10 s. Springfield ; has the 
boundary of Mass. on the n. line, and Conn, 
river e. ; about 5 ms. by 8 ; has a variety of 
soil and surface, and a beautiful village, the 
principal street of which is lonu;, broad and 
strait, running n. and s. on the ridge of a fine 
hill, which slopes gradually e. towards the r.,' 
2 ins. distant, and w. commands a view over 
a diversified country. In the n. w. are part 
of the Greenstone mountainous range, and 
part of two Southwick ponds. There is a 
spring, called Suffield pool, near the s. line, 
impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 
where a house of entertainment has been 
erected. There are several manufactories 
in this t. Pop. 1830, 2,690. 

Suffolk, co. Mass., bounded by Middlesex 
CO. N. and w., Massachusetts and Boston bays 
E., and Boston bay and a small part of Nor- 
folk CO. s. It is the smallest county in the 
state, but the most important, embracing Bos- 
ton and Chelsea. It was incorporated in 



eludes several islands, the most remote of 
which is Fisher's isl. on the Conn, coast. It 
contains 9 townships, and Great, South, and 
and Drowned Meadow bays, and several 
smaller ones on the south side. The points, 
coves, &c., are numerous. The principal 
islands are Long, Gardiner's, Shelter, Plumb, 
Great-Hog-Neck, Robins', &c. The surface 
is broken n., and more level in the middle and 
s., where are extensive, and almost barren 
plains, and much salt marsh, with abundance 
of pine, which is sent in great quantities to 
New York. Salt is made by evaporation on 
the Atlantic shore, and there is a considera- 
ble number of coasting vessels employed. At 
Sag Harbor is a port of entry, a considera. 
ble village, and foreign trade and whaling. 
A light house was erected on Montauk point, 
the E. extremity of Long Island, in 1796. 
There are light houses also on Eaton's neck, 
Old Field point, and Little Gull isl. The first 
settlement was made is 1640 at Southold. 
Most of the first inhabitants came from New 
England. Pop. 1820, 24,756, 1830, 26,780. 

Suffolk, p-v. and st. jus. Nansemond co. 
Va., on the right bank of Nansemond r., 28 
ms. N. w. by w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 102 miles 
s. e. by E. Richmond, and 224 a little e. of s. 
W. C. Lat. 36° 43', long. 0° 27' e. W. C. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12 
ms. s. E. by e. MeadviUe, and by p-r. 291 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Sugar Creek, stream of the state of Illi- 
nois and of Huron territory, the main nrthrn. 
confluent of Peektano, branch of Rock river. 
Sugar creek, or more correctly river, rises in 
Huron near the southern side of Ouisconsin 
river, flows in 2 branches by a general sthrn. 
course about 45 ms. to their junction, 2 or 3 
ms. above the northern boundary of II., bend- 
ing thence s. e. enters II., and unites with 
the Peektano, after an entire comparative 
course of 60 ms. It drains the space between 
Gooskehawn and Peektano rs. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. on a creek of the same 
name, Hancock co. Ind., 15 ms. s. Indianop. 
olis. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. northern part Sangamon 
CO. II., 23 ms. N. of Springfield, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 65 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia. 

Sugar Grove, p-v. northern part Warren 
CO. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. Warren, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sugar Grove, p-v. Putnam co. Ohio, by p-r. 
148 ms. N. w. Columbus. 

Sugar Lake, and p-o. Crawford co. Pa., by 
p-r. 307 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sugar Loaf, p-v. northern part Columbia 
CO. Pa., 91 ms. a. Harrisburg. 

Sugar Tree, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., 20 
rus. southwestward Competition or Pittsylva- 



SUM 



533 



SUN 



niaC. H., and by p-r. 280 ms. s. s. w. W. C, 

and 187 s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Sugar Valley, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 
210 ms. N. w. W. C. 

SuGGsviLLE, p-v. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 159 
ms. S.Tuscaloosa. 

Sullivan, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 30 ms. e. 



SUMMERSVILLE, p-V. &, St. jUS. Nicliolas CO. 

Va., on a branch of Gauley r., by p-r. 310 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C, and 268 ms. s. w. by w. 
Riclimond. Lat. 38° 19', long. 3° 47' w. W. C. 
Summit, p-t. Scoharie co. N. Y., 16 ms. w. 
Scoharie, has Otsego and Delaware cos. w., 
and is elevated, with a few streams which 



Castine, 93 e. Augusta; has Hog and Taun-|flow into the Susquehannah. Pop. 1830, 1, 
ton bays, and an arm of Frenchman's bay s. 
w. and %v. A bridge, 1,400 feet long, sjftfosses 
Hog bay to Hancock. Pop. 1830, 538. 

Sullivan, co. N. H., bounded by Grafton 
CO. N., Merrimack co. e., Cheshire co. s., and 
Conn. r. w. which separates it from Vermont. 
Sugar r. which rises partly in Sunapee lake, 
on the borders of Merrimack co., flows w. into 
Conn, r., and tiiere are several other streams. 
It has been newly formed. Pop. 1830, 19,- 
669. 

Sullivan, t. Cheshire co. N. H., 42 miles 
from Concord, and 6 from Keene ; has Ash- 
uelot r. s., but no very striking natural fea- 
tures. Pop. 1830,557. 

SuLLrvAN, CO. N. Y., bounded by Delaware 
CO. N., Ulster co. e.. Orange co. s., and Dela- 
ware river w., which separates it from Penn 



733. 

Summit Bridge, and p-o., 17 ms. s. w. Wil- 
mington, 33 a little w. of n. Dover, and by 
p-r. 112 ms. n. e. W. C. The bridge which 
heads this article extends over the Chesa- 
peake and Delaware canal, at the Deep Cut 
through the summit level, between the wa- 
ters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays. 

Sumner, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 6 ms. n. e. 
Paris, 44 w. Augusta ; has several ponds, and 
is crossed by a small tributary of Androscog- 
gin r. Pop. 1830, 1,098. 

SiTMNER, CO. Ten., bounded by Smith e., 
Cumberland r. separating it from Wilson s., 
Manscoes creek, separating it from David- 
son s. w., by Robertson w., Simpson co. of 
Ky. N. w., and by Allen co. of Ky. n. e. 
Length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., 



sylvania ; has a broken surface, with fertile mean width 16, and area 640 sq. ms. Exten- 
vallies, several ponds or small lakes, and Nav- ding in lat. from 36° 12' to 36° 37', and in 
isink, Mongaup, Collakoon, Beaver, Willive- long, from 9° 08' to 9° 42' w. W. C. Sum. 
mock, and Ten Mile creeks. In the town of ner occupies a part of the table land between 



Thompson are 3 large tanneries. 
8,900, 1830, 12,364. 



Pop. 1820, i Cumberland and Big Barren, branch of Green 
river, the two declivities falling from each 



Sullivan, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., 129 ms. other in a northern and southern direction. 
N. w. Albany, has Oneida lake n., and Onon-i Surface waving rather than hilly. Soil ex- 
daga CO. w. ; first settled about 1798. It is cellent. Chief town. Gallatin. Pop. 1820, 



hilly s. and level n. ; watered by Canasaraga 
and Chilteningo crs., which furnish good mill 
seats. Much gypsum is found here, as well 
as iron ore, limestone and water lime. Pop. 
1830, 4,077. 

SuLLrvAN, p-v. Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 142 
ms. a little w. of n. Harrisburg. 

Sullivan, one of the nrtheslrn. cos. of Ten., 
bounded by Carter e. and s. e., Washington 
8., Hawkins w., Scott co. of Va. n. w., and 
Washington CO. of Va. n. e. Length 43 ms., 
mean width 12, and area 516 sq. ms. Ex- 



19,211, 1830, 20,569. 

Sumnersville, p-v. Gates co. N. C, by p-r. 
152 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Sumpter, district, S. C, bounded e. and s. 
E. by Williamsburg, s. by Santee river, sepa- 
rating it from Charleston, Santee river s. w., 
separating it from Orangeburg, Wateree riv- 
er w. separating it from Richland, Kershaw 
district n. w., and Lynches creek separating 
it from Darlington n. e. Length northwardly 
from Santee river to the northern angle 62 
ms., mean width 20, and area 1,240 sq. ms. 



tending in lat. from 36° 22' to 36° 35', and in Extending in lat. from 33° 2:i' to 34° 17', and 
long, from 4° 48' to 5° 30' w. W. C. The de- in long, from 2° 51' to 3° 38' w. W. C. The 
clivity is westward, and traversed by the mainj central part is drained by Black river, flowing 
or middle branch of Holston. This stream | similar to Santee and Lynches rs., in a south, 
enters the northeastern angle of the co., flows ! eastwardly direction. Chief t. Sumpterville. 



s. w. 25 ms., receives the Watauga from the 
E., and inflecting to the n. w., unites with the 
North fork of Holston on the border between 
Sullivan and Hawkins cos. It is a mountain, 
ous tract. Chief town, Blountville. Popula- 
tion 1820, 7,015. 

Sullivan, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 160 
ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Sullivan, p.v. Lorain co. O., by p-r. 101 
ms. N. N. E. Columbus. 

Sulphur Springs, p-o. Union co. Ky., by 
p-r. 210 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. 

Summerfield, p-v. Monroe co. O., by p-r. 
112 ms. eastward Columbus. 

SuMMERFiELD, p-v. Guilford CO. N. C. 
■ SuMMERviLLE. (See Somerville, seat jus. 
Fayette co. Ten.) 



Pop. 1820, 25,369, and in 1830, 28,277. 

Sumpterville, p-v. and st. jus. Sumpter 
district, S. C, situated between the branches 
of Black river, 44 ms. a little s. of E.Colum- 
bia, and by p-r. 481 ms. s. s. w. W. C. n. 
lat. 33° 53°, long. 3° 22' w. W. C. 

SuMNEYTowN, p-V. Montgomery co. Pa., by 
p-r. 30 ms. northwestward Phil. 

Sumrall's Church, and p-o. Perry co. Mis- 
sissippi, about 140 nis. s. e. by. e. Natchez. 

Sunapee, lake, Hillsborough and Sullivan 
cos. N. H. ; li ms. by 9 ; discharges w. by 
Sugar r. The centre is in lat. 43° 22'. The 
level is more than 820 feet above Connecticut 
and Merrimack rs. 

SuNBURY, p-v., borough, and st.jus. North- 



SUR 



534 



sus 



umberland co. Pa., on the left bank of Sus-j northeastern part declines in that direction 
quehannah river, on the point above the mouth i towards James r. Chief town, Surry C. H. 
of Shamokincreek, 2 ms. below the borough j Pop. 1820, 6,591, 1830, 7,109. 
of Northumberland, and the junction of the Surry, co. N. C, bounded by Stokes n. e., 
two main branches of Susquehannah river. , Yadkin separating it from the southern part 
Lat. 40° 53', long. 0° 10' E. W. C. It is dis- of Stokes s. e., Rowan s., Iredell s. w.. 



tant 52 ms. n. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 162 ms. 
a very little e. of n. W. C. 

SuNBURY, p-v. and seaport, on Medway riv- 
er, Liberty co. Geo., 10 ms. e. Riceboro', the 
CO. seat, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. e. by e. Mil- 
ledgeville. Lat. 31° 45', long. 4° 22' w. W. 



Wilkes w., the Blue Ridge separating it from 
Ashe N. w., and Grayson and Patrick cos. of 
Va. >'. Length from s. to n. 33 ms., mean 
width 22, and area 726 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 36° 04' to 36° 33', and in long, 
from 3° 26' to 3° 58' w. W. C. This county 



C. It stands about 8 miles above the open is divided into two very nearly equal sections 
ocean. The harbor is wide, but is defended by Yadkin river, which traverses it in a di- 
on the sea side by the northern point of Saint 'rection a little n. of e. both sections are 
Catharine's isl. It is the seat of an academy, [drained by creeks falling into Yadkin. The 



SuNBURY, p-v. Gates co. 
ms. N. E. byE. Raleigh. 



N. 



C, by p-r. 160 [general declivity eastward ; surface broken, 
and in part mountainous, with much excellent 



SuNBURY, p-v. southeastern part Delaware soil. Chief towns, Rockford and Huntsville. 



CO. Ohio, by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Columbus 
SuNcooK, river, N. H., rises in a pond near 



(Pop. 1820, 12,320, 1830, 14,501. 

Surry, C. H., p-v. and st. jus. Surry coun. 



the top of one of the Suncook mountains, .ty, Va., by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by E.Richmond, 



900 feet high. After receiving several branch 
es, it enters the Merrimack between Aliens- 
town and Pembroke. 

Sunderland, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 15 



[ and 183 a very little e. of s. W. C. 

Surveyorsville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. 
C, by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

SusuuEHAX.vii, river of N. Y., Pa., and MJ. 



ms. N. E. Bennington, 87 s. w. Montpelier ; Obeying the correct principles of physical ge- 
first settled 1765 ; has Battenkill river n. w., jography, Chesapeake bay ought to be regard- 
on which are fine meadows, and Roaring led as the continuation of Susquehannah river, 
brook E. Lead ore is found here. Popula- ibut custom has restricted the name to that 



tion 1830, 463. 



part of the river above tide water. Under 



Sunderland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 90 the articles Chesapeake, James river, Poto- 
ms. w. Boston, has Connecticut river on the mac, &c. the lower part of the basin will be 
w. boundary, parallel to which lies the prin- found noticed in this treatise ; the present ar- 
cipal street of the v. A large tract of mead- iticle will be restricted to a survey of Susque- 
ows borders that stream. Mount Toby is i hannah proper. Measured by the rhombs on 
near the line of this town, and Leverett. The Tanner's United States, the valley of Sus- 



mitierals are various. Pop. 1830, 666. 



quehannah above the head of Chesapeake 



SuNFisH, p-o. on a creek of the same name, bay comes out 28,600 square ms. Extend, 
falling into Ohio river, northeastern part Mon- ing in lat. from 39° 33' to 42° 55', and in long.' 



roe CO. Ohio. 

SuRGOINSVILLE, p.V, 



jfrom 2° 25' e. to 1° 50' w. W. C. A small 
on Holston r., Haw- fraction of about 350 square ms. comprising 



kins CO. Ten., 76 ms. above and n. e. by e. the lower part of this valley is in Md. Above 
Knoxville, 11 ms. n. e. Rogersville, the co. lat. 42° and in the state ofN. Y. spreads 
St., and by p-r. 274 a little n. of e. Nasliville. i 7,6l;0 square ms. drained by the two northern 
Surry, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 18 ms. n. e. branches and their numerous confluents. But 
Castine, 87 w. by N.Augusta; has Union r. the main part of the valley, comprising 20,650 
E., Newbury neck s. e. stretching into it, and square ms., lies within and forms the central 
2 or 3 large ponds which are connected, and and upwards of (our tenths of the whole state 
divide the town near the middle. Pop. 1830, ' of Pa. The Susquehannah is formed by two 



561. 



Surry, town, Chesliire co. N. H., 54 miles 



! main branches called, with soine inconsisten- 
'cy, the northern and western branches. The 



from Concord ; is crossed by Ashuelot river, northern and principal branch rises in Otse- 
which has valuable meadows on its banks. 'go county, N. Y., in two confluents, the Una- 
East of this stream is a pond of three acres, dilla and Chenango. The extreme northern 
25 feet deep, on the summit of a mountain, sources of the Unadilla rise within less than 
First settled 1764. Pop. 1830, 539. '5 ms. of the Mohawk river at the Little Falls, 

Surry, CO. Va., bounded by Isle of Wight [but other sources rise from the Catsberg 
CO. E. and s. e., Southanqjton s., Blackwater mountains opposite those of the Schoharie, 
river, separating it from Sussex s. w.. Prince : flow generally to the southwestward, unite 
George w. and n. w., and James river separa- between Delaware and Chenango counties, 
ting it from Charles City n. w., and James and turning southward approach to within 12 
City N. and N. e. Length and breadth nearly nis. of the Coquago branch of Del., enters 
equal, or 18 ms., area 324 sq. ms. Extend- i Pa., and curving to the w. and thence n. w. 
ing in lat. from 36° 50' to 37° ll', and in long, lover Susquehannah county, enters N. Y., re- 
fromO° 19'e. to 0°08' w.W.C. The sthrn. and ceiving the Chenango at Binghamton in 
western part of Surry slopes to the southeast- Brooine county, and winding over Broome 
ward, and is drained into Blackwater r. ; the and Tioga by an elliptic curve,- gradually as- 



sus 



535 



SUS 



sumes a southwestern course and again re- 
turns into Pu., about 3 ms. within which it re- 
ceives the Tioga branch from the n. w. The 
Tioga or Chemung is composed ot 3 branches, 
the Tioga proper, Canisteo, and Conhocton. 
The Tioga river rises in and drains the north. 
em part of Tioga county, Pa., and flowing 
northward enters Steuben co., N. Y., within 
which it first receives the Canisteo from the 



basin, to the northern streams of that of Sua- 
quehannah. After its entrance into the mtns. 
the Susquehannah flows about 50 ms. to the 
s. E. by a direct comparative course, but with 
a very sinuous and obstructed channel, to its 
entrance into Wyoming valley, at the mouth 
of Lackawannock river. Here this stream 
bends nearly at right angles, and again by a 
channel of about 70 ms. comparative course 



westward, and next the Conhocton from the i s. w., winds its way down the mountain 
N. w. The two latter drain the larger part j vallies to the entrance of the West br.inch at 
of Steuben county, on the eastern side of i the borough of Northumberland. The W. 
which, as has been stated, they unite with branch is entirely a river of Pa., iiaving its 
the Tioga. The river thus formed, assuming niost remote western fountain in Indiana, but 
the name of Tioga, flows a little e. of s. e., ' deriving sources in a line of 80 miles from 
enters Pa., and joining the Susquehannah at | Cambria, Clearfield, and McKean counties. 
Athens, or Tioga Point, the now large stream ; The general course of the confluents is east- 
turns to nearly due s. In the latter direction, ward by comparative courses 150 ms. on the 
it flows about 5 ms., gradually inclining east- ! western secondary formation, to where it 
ward to the mouth ofTowanda creek 10 ms.| passes the main Appalachian chain between 
farther to the northwestern limit of the Ap- j Williamsport and Pennsboro', thence bends to 
palachian system. This higher section of .nearly due s. 25 ms. to its junction with the 
Susquehannah valley presents some very re- northern branch, as already stated. Canals 
markable features. The sources interlock on [ have been designed along bolli branches, and 
the w. with those of Alleghany branch of O., i their routes partially designated. The main 
on the northwest with those of Genesee, I trunk is to leave the traverse division of the 
on the N. with those of Seneca, n. e. with i Pa. canal at Duncan's island near the mouth 
those of Mohawk and Schoharie, and e. with l of the Juniata, and follow the Susquehannah 
those of the Delaware. Spreading like the valley to the N. Y. line, distance 204 ms. with 
head of a tree along a line of 170 ms. on the ! a rise of 423 feet. The West branch trunk 
secondary formation, the declivity of the ; commences at Northumberland, and follows 
plain not from, but directly towards, an exten- 1 the valley of the latter stream 70 miles to 
sive system of mountains, aflbrding a decisive j Dunnstown, at the mouth of Eagle creek, 
proof that the Appalachian system does not : rise 109 feet. Entire elevation of water 
form the dividing ridge of the water courses of level at Dunnstown 540 feet. The two prin- 
the United States. When the Susquehannah ! cipal branches having united between the bor- 
has reached the mountain base, it has drained oughs of Northumberland and Sunbury, as- 
upwards of 8,000 square miles and is a large : sumes a course of a little w. of s.40 ms. to the 
navigable river. The country above the j influx of Juniata, from the wstrd.^^peJunmta. ) 
mountains is in general composed of high but Augmented by the last of its large tributa- 
rounded hills, and deep fertile vallies. The | ries, the Susquehannah inflects to s. e. 80 
rivers are rapid in their courses, but without miles, receiving from the right Sherman's, 
direct falls. There is another circumstance iConedogwinet, Yellow Breeches, Conewago, 
in the natural features and relative connection ! Codorus, and Deer creeks, and from the left 
of the upper Susquehannah valley, which de- j Swatara, Conestoga, Pequea, and Uctoraro, 
serves particular notice. The mean water with numerous smaller streams, finally is lost 
level at Tioga Point is 723 feet above the At- in Chesapeake bay, after falling over the low. 
lantic ocean, and from the latter point to er primitive lodge of the Appalachian system. 
Newton, or Elmira on Tioga river, the rise j Viewing the entire valley of Susquehannah, 
is 103, giving to the water level at Newton a i we have before us some very remarkable 
comparative elevation of 826 feet. Though (features of the physical geography of the U. 
the hills are very high in the vicinity of New- |S. This great stream, deriving its most re- 
town, there is a natural valley stretching from ! mote sources from the western secondary, 
the Tioga northwards to the head of Seneca both in N. Y. and Pa., and in the course of 
lake. The middle ground, or summit level its great confluents and main volume travers. 
of this valley is only 59 feet above the Tioga |ing obliquely the whole Appalachian system 
river, but falls so rapidly toward Seneca as to 'at the widest part, presents no one direct fall 
have a descent into that lake of 445 feet in 10 jof sufficient pitch to prevent navigation. In 
or 11 ms. The summit level is 885 feet, reality the mountain chains stretch along the 
above the ocean, but is the lowest gap in the declivity of the Susquehannah valley. With 
Appalachian system, admitting a canal to be .innumerable partial windings, the large and 
formed southward from the valley of the Mo- 1 even matiy of the smaller streams, flow in chan- 
hawk to lower Georgia. A single glance at'nels which pursue the mountain vallies in the 
a map of this physical region will serve to ex- general direction of the chains, or traverse 
hibit the singular natural navigable facilities the latter at right angles. This gives a 
aflbrded by the depression of the summit lev-' striking physiognomy to the courses of the 
el of the vallies between them, and the ap- rivers which can only be understood by a viesv 
proximation of the lakes of the St. Lawrence of a good map. In its course the Susquehan. 



sus 



536 



SWA 



nah traverses also all the great formations of 
the earth. Rising on the horizontal, or as 
technically denominated, the secondary or 
floetz, and breaking immense gaps through 
the mnts. of transition and primitive rocks, 
makes its final exit on the inner margin of sea 
sand alluvion. The relative height of the ex- 
tremes of this valley deserve particular no- 
tice, as element in a theory of its climate. Re- 
jecting the mtn. ridges, the arable soil beyond 
the principal spine of the Appalachian system, 
is from 600 to perhaps 1,200 feet, the mean 
height rather less than a mean term of the 
extremes of elevation, affording as has been 
however shown, a valley from the Atlantic to 
the St. Lawrence lakes, in its highest part 
falling below 900 feel. The mineral produc 
tions of the Susquehannah valley yet explored, 
have amongst numerous other specimens, 
presented immense masses of iron ore and 
fossil coal. The former even more widely 
disseminated than the latter. [See articles 
Juniata and Pennsylvania.) 

Susquehannah, co. Pa., bounded by Wayne 
CO. E., Luzerne s., Bradford w., and Broome 
CO. of N. Y. N. Length 35 ms. from e. to w., 
width 25, and area 875 square ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from 41° 40' to 42°, and in long, 
from 0° 50'to 1° 32' e. W. C. The northern 
branch of Susquehannah r. enters and again 
retires from the northern border of this co., 
and hence by a curve of 80 ms. again ap- 
proaches the s. w. angle to within one mile. 
Thus encircling the co. on three sides and 
receiving its numerous creeks like radii from 
a common centre. The surface is hilly and 
broken, but soil excellent. Chief town, 
Montrose. Pop. 1820, 996, 1830, 16,677. 

Sussex, co. N. J., the n. co. of the state, 
bounded by N. Y. state n. e., Bergen and 
Morris cos. s. e., Warren co. s. w., and Dela- 
ware r. N. w., is hilly and mountainous, with 
many good dairy farms, and well tilled land 
near Del. r., abounds in valuable iron mines. 
It is the highest land in the state, and gives 
rise to Wallkill creek of Hudson r., Pequan- 
nock r., Pequest creek, and Paulins kill of the 
Del. and has the whole course of Flat kill. 
Hopatung pond, which supplies the summit 
level of Morris canal, is on the s. e. bound. 
The Hlue mtns. cross the n. w. part parallel 
to Del. r., between it and which flows Flat kill. 
Chief town, Newton. Pop. 1820, 32,752, 
1830, 20,346. 

Sussex, southernmost co. of the state of 
Del., bounded n. by Kent co. Del., n. e. by 
Del. bay, e. by the Atlantic, s. by Worcester 
CO. Md., s. w. by Somerset, Md., w. by Dor- 
chester, Md., and n. w. by Caroline, Md. 
Length from w. to e. 35 ms., mean width 25, 
and area 875 square ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 27' to 38° 58', and in long, from 1° 
14' to 1° 58' E. W. C. Though the surface 
of this CO. is level and in part marshy, it is 
nevertheless a table land, from which flow 
southwestwardly the sources of Nantikoke r., 
sthrdly. those of Pocomoke, estrdly. the vari- 
ous confluents of Rehobolh bay, and north- 



eastward creeks falHng into Del. bay. Chief 
towns, Georgetown and Lewis. Pop. 1820, 
24,057, and in 1830, 27,115. 

Sussex, co. of Va. bounded by Southamp- 
ton s. E. and s., by Greensville s. w., Dinwid- 
dle w.. Prince George n. w., Blackwater r. 
separating it from a part of Surry n., and by 
the southern angle of Surry n. e. Length 
from s. w. to n. e. 37 ms., mean width 16, 
and area 592 square ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 42' to 37° 07', and in long, from 0° 
02' E. to 0° 46' w. W. C. The southern and 
central parts are drained by the Nottaway, 
and the northern by Blackwater river. Chief 
town, Sussex C. H. Pop. 1820, 11,884, 1830, 
12,720. 

Sussex, C. H. p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co. 
Va., by p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond, and 172 
a little w. of s. W. C. 

Sutherland, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Sutherland's, p-o. Edgar co. II., by p-r. 
97 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

Sutton, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 25 ms. 
from Concord, 17 from Hopkinton, 65 from 
Portsmouth, and 85 from Boston, has the S. 
branch of Warner r. s., and is crossed by the 
N. branch nearly in the centre. On these 
streams are good inill sites, and valuable 
meadows ; there are several other streams, 
and a few ponds. Kearsearge is a lofty mtn. 
in the e. part, which gives rise to several 
streams. King's hill w., also affords an ex- 
tensive view. Valuable stone quarries and 
clay beds exist in this town. The surface is 
rough, and the soil various. The forest 
trees were of many different kinds. First - 
settled 1769. Pop. 1830, 1,424. 

Sutton, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 54 ms. from 
Montpelier. Pop. 1830, 1,005. 

Sutton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 46 ms. 
s. w. Boston, was purchased of the Indians 
1704, and included Millburg. There are many 
good mill sites, and many manufactories. 
TThe town is crossed by Blackstone river and ^ 
canal. Wilkinsonville, n. w., contains manu- 
factories which derive water power from the 
r. Granite is quarried in the town in great 
quantities ; s. e. is a large and curious chasm ■ 
in the rocks, sometimes called purgatory. 
Pop. 1830, 2,186. 

Suttonsville, p-v. southern part Nicholas 
CO. Va. by p-r. 312 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
300 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Swainsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Emanuel co. 
Geo., by p-r. 79 ms. s. e. by e. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 32° 40', long. 5° 28' w. W. C. 

Swanano, p-v. estrn. part Buncombe co. 
N. C. 22 ms. N. E. Asheville, the co. St., and 
247 w. Raleigh. 

Swankesville, p-v. Putnam co. II., by p-r. 
57 ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Swansboro', p-v. and sea port of Onslow 
CO. N. C, situated at the mouth of Whittock 
r. opposite Boync inlet, by p-r. 160 ms. s. e. 
Raleigh, and 377 a little w. of s. W. C. 

Swansey, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 m.«. 
s. w. Concord, 6 from Keene, and 68 from 



TAF 



537 



TAL 



Boston, is crossed by Ashuelot r. and its s. 
branch. Nearly one third of the town is 
level, and free from ^tonps. There is some 
iron ore, and a mineral spring, several manu- 
factories and mills. Between 1741 and 1747, 
this town sufTcred much from Indian attacks. 
The settlement was. on this account abandon- 
ed for 3 years, and the dwellings burnt by 
the savages. Pop. 1830, 1,816. 

SwANSEY, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 47 ms. s. 
Boston, has Rhode Island s. and w., and en- 
joys a pleasant situation on Cole's r. which 
flows into Taunton r. and is navigable for 
small vessels. It was early settled by a num- 
ber of Baptists from Rehoboth, under a grant 
from Plymouth colony, and was the first town 
attacked by the Indians in Philip's war, 1675. 
Here are several manufactories. Fop. 1830, 
1,678. 

S WANTON, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 28 m.s. n. 
Burlington, 50 ms. n. w. Montpelier, e. lake 
Chaniplain, opposite North Hero, was first 
settled 1787, when it was occupied by St. 
Francis Indians. Missisque creek crosses 
this town and has meadows on its banks, 
while a fall of 20 feet supplies mill sites. 
From this fall to the lake the r. is navigable 
for vessels of 50 tons. Mc Quam creek and 
several smaller streams also water this town. 
There are marshes n. w. much resorted to 
by wild fowl. Iron and marble are found 
here. The marble is cut at the falls, and 
transported to N. Y. &c. The v. of Missisque 
stands on both sides of the r. 6 ms. from its 
mouth, and 1 mile in a strait line from the 
lake. Boats which navigate the lake, Champ- 
lain canal and Hudson r., come up to the v. 
Pop. 1830, 2,158. 

SwANviLLE, t. Waldo CO. Me. 15 ms. n. w. 
Cabtinc, and n. Belfast, is of irregular form, 



Paris, has the boundary of Cumberland cO' 
on the 3. w. line, and contains several ponds 
which discharge by an outlet into Loud pond. 
A tributary of Sunapee lake crosses the w. 
part. Pop. 1830, 487. 

SwEDiiN, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 16 ms. w. 
Rochester, lies n. and w. of Genesee co., and 
is on elevated land, crossed by the Mountain 
ridge and Erie canal. It gives rise to Salmon 
creek. Brockport v. on the canal, is in the n. 
Pop. 1830, 2,938. 

Sweden-, p-v. n. w. part Potter co. Pa. by 
p-r. 290 ms. n.n.w. W. C. 

SwEEDSBURGii, p-v. Woolwich, Gloucester 
CO. N. J. 20 ms. s. Phil, on Raccoon creek. 

Sweetzer's Bridge and p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md. by p-r. 42 ms. from VV. C. and 26 from 
Annapolis. 

Sweet Springs, p-v. and watering place, 
northestrn. part Monroe co. Va. These 
springs are situated in one of the mountain 
vallies, from which flow the western sources 
of James r. at an elevation of about 2,400 feet 
above the Atlantic tides, 84 ms. n. w. by w. 
Lynchburg, 263 s. w. by w. VV. C. and 204 w. 
Richmond. 

Swirr, r. N. H. a branch of Saco r. falls 
into that stream in Conway, after a rapid 
course. 

Swift Creek Bridge and p-o. nthrn. part 
Craven co. N. C. 17 ms. n. Newbern, and by 
p-r. 137 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Swindell, p-o. Hyde co. N. C. by p-r. 195 
ms. E. Raleigh. 

fcycAMORE Alley and p-o. sthrn. part Hali- 
fax CO. N. C. 22 ms. s. Halifax, the co. st., and 
84 N. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Sycamore, creek and p-o. nthrn. part Craw- 
ford co.O. by p-r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. 
Sylvan Hill and p-o. sthrn. part Hancock 



bounded by straight lines, and crossed by a co. Geo. by p-r. 16 ms. e. Milledgeville. 



small stream flowing into Belfast bay. Pop. 
1830, 633. 

Svv'atara, r. Pa. rises by numerous branches 
from the mtn. vallies in the sthrn. part of 
Schuylkill co. It thence traverses the wstm. 
part of Lebanon and tlie sthestrn. of Dauphin, 
falling into Susquehannah 8 ms. below [lar- 
risburg, after a sthwstm. comparative course 
of 40 ms. For nearly one-half of the course 
of this stream the Union canal follows the 
channel.. This artificial navigation is in full 
operation. 

Sweden, t. Oxford co. Mc. 20 ms. s. w. 



Sylvania, p-v. nthrn. part Bradford co. Pa. 
by p-r. 147 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

SyiIvanos, p-v. Hillsdale co. Mich, by p-r. 
108 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Syracuse, p-v. Salina, st. jus. Onondaga 
CO. N. Y. 4 ms. n. Onondaga, 133 w. Albany, 
is situated on the Erie canal, adjoining a vast 
collection of saltpans, and at the junction of 
the canal with the branch to Salina v. and the 
Oswego canal. It is a large, handsome, and 
flourishing village, and has attained a most 
rapid growth, having been of insignificant 
size before the opening of Erie canal. 



T. 



Taberg, p-v. Annsvillc, Oneida co. N. Y. 
112 ms. w. Albany, 7 n. Erie canal, 11 w. 
Rome, 27 n. w. Utica, is the seat of extensive 
iron works. 

Taboji (^ hurch and p-o. in the watrn. part 
Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Ra- 
leigh. 

Tafton, p-v. in the nthrn. part Pike co. Fa. 
by p-r. 271 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

68 



Taghkanic, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. w. 
Mass., is watered by Claverack, Ancram, 
Rocleff and Jansen's crs., whicH supply many 
mill seats. The Taghkanic mtns. rise here, 
but their greatest elevations are in Mass. Th« 
land is held on lease. Iron ore is found in 
plenty. Pop. 1830, 1,654. 

Talbot, one of the Eastern ^hore cos. of 
Md., bounded s. and s. e. by Choplank r. so- 



TAL 



538 



TAN 



parating it from Dorchester, e. by Choptank 
and Tuckiihoe rs. separating it from Caroline, 
N. by St. Michael'a bay, separating it from 
Queen Anne, and w. and s. w. by Chesapeake 
bay. Length from s. to n. 2.5 ms., mean 
width 10, and area 250 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 34' to 38° 56' n., and in long, 
from 0° 42' to 1° 10' e. W. C. This co. is a 
real peninsula between Choptank r. and Che- 
sapeake bay; and is again cut into three mi- 
nor peninsulas by Treadhaven and St. Mi- 
chael's bays. What little declivity exists is 
to the sihrd. Chief t. Easton. Pop. 1820, 
14,389, and in 1830, 12,947. 

Talbot, co. of Geo. bounded s. by Marion, 
s. w. by Muscogee, w. by Harris, n. w. by 
Merriwethcr, and by Flint r. separating it 
from Upson n. e., and Crawford e. Length 
along the sthrn. boundary 40 ms., mean width 
16, and area GOO sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 32° 35' to 32° 54' n., and in long, from 
7° 10' to 7° 54' w. W. C. The wstrn. part 
gives source to some creeks which flow 
southwstrd. towards the Chattahoochee; but 
the greatest part of the co. slopes eastwardly 
toward Flint r. Chief t. Talbotton. Pop. 
1830, 5,940. 

Talbotton, p-v. and st. jus. Talbot co. Geo. 
situated on a small creek of Flint r. by p-r. 
lis ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. N. lat. 
32° 43', long. 7° 36' w. W. C- 

Talcot, mtn. Hartford co. Conn., a part of 
the ridge which extends many miles on the 
w. of Conn, r., dividing its waters from those 
of Farmington r. 

Taliaferro, co. of Geo. bounded n. by 
Oglethorpe co., n. e. and e. by Wilkes, s. e. 
and s. by Hancock and w. by Greene. Length 
from s. to N. 17 ms., mean width 8, and area 
136 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 28' 
to 33° 43' N. In long, it is traversed by 6° 
w. W. C. Declivity southcstrd., and tra- 
versed in that direction by the higher branches 
of Little r. and those of Great Ogechee. 
Chief town, Crawfordsville. Pop. 1830, 
4,934. 

Tallahassee, p-t. and st. jus. Leon co.. 



ms. inland and northwards from Ocklockonne 
bay, about 200 ms. n. w. 8t. Augustine, a si- 
milar distance a little n. of e. Pensacola, and 
by a calculation on Mercalor's principles, s. 
36° 10', w. 725 statute miles, but by the post 
list 896 from W. C. N. lat. 30° 27', long. 7° 
30 w. W. C. The city is recent ; the build- 
ings were commenced in the summer of 1824. 
The site is comparatively elevated, affording 
a good view of the vicinity. The adjacent 
country is rolling rather than hilly ; the soil 
excellent. A pleasant mill stream formed by 
fine springs winds along the eastern border 
of the town, from whence it is precipitated 
over a fall of 15 feet, and disappears in the 
calcareous strata. Springs of good water 



rated as a city in 1825. When Mr. John Lee 
Williams published his View of West Flori- 
da, in 1827, he estimated the population at 
800. He observes, " few towns iii America 
have increased more rapidly; and population 
and improvement continue without any abate- 
ment. It must in a few years become a 
charming place of residence, though it will 
probably never be a place of great commer- 
cial importance." 

Tallapoosa, r. of Geo. and Ala. rises in 
the Cherokee territory, and in the northwest, 
em part of the former, lat. 34°, between the 
Etowah and Chattahoochee rs. Flowing s. s. 
w. it enters Ala., and continuing that course 
130 ms., turns abruptly to the w. 25 ms., and 
falls into the Coosa, or rather, from the great 
difference of volume, joins the Coosa to form 
Ala. The junction is made between Mont- 
gomery and Autauga cos. 

The valley of the Tallapoosa lies entirely 
between those of Coosa and Chattahoochee. 
It is about 150 miles in length, with a mean 
width of 25, area 3,750 sq. ms. Lying be- 
tween latitudes 32° and 34°, and long. 8° and 
9° 20' w. W. C. 

Tallmansville, p-o. Wayne co. Pa., by 
p-r. 278 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Tallyho, p-v. northern part of Granville co. 
N. C, by p-r. 57 ms. n. n. e. Raleigh. 

Talmadge, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 115 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Tamaqua, p-o. northern part of Schuylkill 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 191 ms. n. n. e. W. C, and 
83 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Tamaqua, the Indian name of Little Schuyl- 
kill, and on which the p-o. of the same name 
is situated. 

Tamworth, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 58 
ms. from Concord, 58 from Portland, 30 from 
Gilford, 120 from Boston ; has part of the 
Burton mtns., and south part of the Ossipee. 
Bearcamp r. runs through it e. into Ossipee 
lake, after receiving 2 branches which rise 
here, and afford many mill sites. First set- 
tled 1771. Pop. 1830, 1,554. 

Taneytown, p-v. in the northeastern part 



and of government Flor., situated about 30 of Frederick co. Md., 22 ms. n. n. e. the city 



of Frederick, and 68 ms. a little w. of n. 
W. C. 

Tangepao, river of La. and Miss., has its 
most remote sources in Amite and Pike cos. 
of the latter, and flowing s. s. e. enters La., 
separating the parish of Saint Helena from 
Washington and Saint Tammany, and falls 
into the northwestern part of lake Pontchar- 
train, after a comparative course of between 
70 and 80 ms. The valley of Tangipao lies 
between those of Amite and I^ogue Chito, 
in the higher part of its course, but in La. be- 
tween the Tchefonte and Tickfah. 

Tangier, islands and sound. The Tangier 
islands is a group of small islands in Chesa- 
peake bay, evidently an extension of the pen- 



abound, and well water is obtained by digging insula between Choptank and Nantikoke rs. 
from 6 or 10 to 30 feet. The first legislature ; They follow each other from n. to s., and are 
sat in this new-born city the first winter after! partly in Somerset co. Md., and Accomac co. 
its ercition, or in Jl 824-5. It was incorpo-l Va. The sound spreads between the isls. 



TAR 



539 



TAY 



and main shore. This group lies opposite 
the nioutli of Potomac r. 

Tanner's Storf,, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
Va., by p-r. 215 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Tan Yard, and p-o. Northumberland co. 
Va., by p-r. s. s. e. W. C. 

T:\pr /OFANNOc, p-v. and st. of jus. Essex 
CO. Va., situated on the right bank of Rappa- 
hannock river, by p-r. 109 ms. a little e. of 
8. W. C, and 50 n. e. Richmond, n. lat. 37° 
58', long. 0° 10' E. W. C. The site is low 
and flat, and in summer the inhabitants are 
liable to fevers and agues ; it is, however, a 
place of considerable trade, as even large 
merchant vessels can ascend far above, and 
here find a safe harbor, which is about 50 
ms. from the open Chesapeake bay. 

Tappan, p-v. Orangetown, Rockland co. N 
v., 28 ms. N. New York, is on the w. side of 
Hudson r., which is there 4 ms. across. 

Tak, or in the lower part of its course, 
Pamlico, river of N. C, having the extreme 
higher fountain in Person co., interlocking 
sources with Neuse and the lower creeks of 
Dan r. Flowing thence by a general course 
of s. E. by E. over Granville, Franklin, Nash, 
Edgecombe, and Pitt cos., and receiving large 
accessions from Warren and Halifax, opens 
into a wide bay, below the harbor of Wash- 
ington, in Beaufort co. {See Pamlico buy.) 

The valley of Tar river, including Pamlico 
bay, is 160 miles in length, with a mean width 
of 30 ms., area 4,800 sq. ms. ; and lying be- 
twoen those of Neuse and Roanoke. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 35° 15' to 36° 25' N., and in 
long, from 0° 25' e. to 2° 15' w. W. C. It is 
navigable for vessels of nine feet draught to 
Washington, and for river boats to Tarboro', 
at the confluence of the two main branches. 

Tarboro', p-v. and st. of jus. Edgecombe 
CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of Tar 
r., below the influx of Fishing creek, by p-r. 
72 ms. a Httle n. of e. Raleigh, and 252 a lit- 
tle w. of s. W. C. N. Lat. 35° 53', long. 0° 
36' w. W. C. 

Tarentum, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., by p-r. 
231 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Tariff, p-v. Huiler co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Tariffvij.le, p-v. Simsbury, Hartford co. 
Conn., is a manufacturing village, pleasantly 
situated at the falls of Farmington r., at the 
w. base of the hilly range which crosses that 
part of the state, at the spot where the river 
bursts through it, between two precipitous 
banks. The carpet manufactory here em- 
ploys 95 male weavers, and 3G7 were imme- 
diately dependant on it in 1831. The capi- 
tal invested is f 123,000 ; 237,000 pounds of 
wool, and 24,000 pounds of yarn are manu- 
factured, producing about 114,000 yards of 
Ingrain or Kidderminster carpeting. Above 
$30,000 is paid for labor annually. 

Tarlton, p-v. sthestrn. part of Pickaway 
CO. O., by p-r. 36 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 

Tarpaui-in Cove, Martha's Vineyard, Ms., 
is a convenient Uttle harbor for vessels bound- 
ed w. in contrary winds. It is 9 ms. n. n. w. 
Holmes' Hole. 



Tarrvtown, p-v. Greensburgh, Westches- 
ter CO. N. Y., 30 ms. n. New York, on the 
e. side Hudson r., has a landing in a cove 
between two points, where a steamboat 
touches daily from and for New York. 

Tarver's Store and p-o., in the sthrn. part 
of Twiggs CO. Geo., 10 ms. from Marion, the 
CO. St., and 47 ms. s. w. Milledgville. 

Tatnall, CO. of Geo., bounded by Mont- 
gomery w., Emanuel n., Cannouchce r. sep- 
arating it from Bullock, n. e. and e., Liberty 
s. E., and Altamaha river, separating it from 
Appling s. and s. w. Length 52 ms., mean 
width 24, and area 1,248 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 31° 48' to 32° 26' n., and in long, 
from 4° 44' to 5° 38' w. W. C. The western 
part is drained into the Altamaha by the 
Great Ohoopee and other streams, whilst the 
estrn. section is in the valley of Cannouchee. 
The Altamaha is formed by the union of the 
Oconee and Ocmulgee rs., at the extrerne 
western angle of Tatnall. General declivity 
s. K. C. H. at Percy's mills. Pop. 1820, 
2,644 ; and in 1830, 2,039. 

Taunton r. Mass., navigable 21 ms. from 
Narragansett bay to Taunton, in sloops. It 
has its rise in Plymouth co., and its course is 
about s. w. 

Taunton-, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. Bristol 
CO. Mass., is pleasantly situated on Taunton 
r., which is navigable to this place for sloops. 
It was first settled in 1637, and was called 
Cohannet by the Indians : within the present 
limits of the town was the Indian v. Teticut. 
Taunton is 32 ms. s. Boston, and 20 n. of E. 
Providence. It contains a bank, several 
churches, an academy, and one or two coun- 
ty buildings. Canoe, Rumford, and Taunton 
rs. unite here, and furnish excellent water 
privileges. The first extensive iron works in 
America were erected in this town, in 1652, 
and at present it is famous for its manufac- 
tures. The nail factories make from 8 to 10 
tons daily. It has 7 cotton factories — 1 rol- 
ling and slitting mill — 1 forge — 1 shovel fac 
tory — 1 copper and lead rolling mill — 1 paper 
mill — 1 carding and fulling mill — 1 calico 
printing establishment, which furnishes from 
4 to 6,000 pieces a week — 2 breweries— 1 
large factory of britannia ware, and many 
other establishments of different kinds ; be- 
sides 8 or 9,000,000 of brick are manufactur- 
ed annually. Pop. 18,50, 6,042. 

Taxahaw, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C, 19 
ms. N. w. Lancaster, and by p-r. 91 ms. N. n. 
E. Columbia. 

Taylor's store and p-o. Franklin co. Va., 
12 ms. estrd. Rocky Mount, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 173 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

"Tavlor's store and p-o., Anson co. N. C, 
by p-r. 160 ms. s. w.by w. Raleigh. 

Tayi.orsville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 
36 ms. nrthrd. Philadelphia. 

Tavlorsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va., 28 
ms. nrthrd. Richmond. 

Tavlorsville, or Patrick C. IL, p-o. and 
St. jus. Patrick co. Va., situated on Mays r., 
90 ms. s. w. Lynchburg, 35 a little e. of s. 



TEC 



540 



TEM 



Christiansburg, and byp.r. 241 ms. s. w. by 1 8 ms., divide into 2 channels ; one flows north- 



w. Richmond, and 333 s. w. W. C, n. lat. 36° 
38', long. 3° 14'w. W.C. 

Taylorsville, p-v. and st. jus. Spencer co. 
Ky., situated on Salt r., 35 ms. s. e. Louis- 
ville, by p-r. 35 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 
586 a little s. of w. W. C. ; n. lat. 38°, long. 
8° 20' w. W. C. 

Tazewell, co. of Va., bounded n. by Tug 
Fork of Sandy r., separating it from Logan, 
N. E. by Giles, e. and s. e. by Walker's moun- 
tains, separating it from Wythe, s. by Clinch 
mtn., separating it from Washington, s. w. by 
Russel, and w. by Floyd co. Ky. Length 
from w. to E. 80 ms., mean width 20, and area 
1,600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
54' to 37° 32' N., and in long, from 4° to 5° 
12' w. W. C. The central part of this co. is 
a very elevated mtn. table land. The estrn. 
part declining nrthestrd., and drained by the 
confluents of Great Kenhawa ; the southern 
gives source to Clinch and Ilolston rs., the 
extreme nrthrn. constituents of Tennessee r.; 
whilst the western and most extensive sec- 
tion has a nrthwstrn. declivity, and gives 
source to the highest branches of Sandy r. 
Compared with the ascertained elevation of 
the water in Great Kenhawa at the influx of 
Greenbrier, 1,333 feet, the lowest elevation 
that can be given to the central mountain val- 
lies of Tazewell, must be 1,500 feet ; and the 
mean relative height of the arable soil of the 
CO., must be, at the lowest estimate, 1,200 ft. 
Chief town, JefFersonville. Pop. 1820, inclu- 
ding a part of what now constitutes Logan, 
3,916 ; that of Tazewell proper in 1830, 5,749. 
Tazewell, p-v. and st. jus. Claiborne co. 
Ten., situated between the rs. Clinch and 
^Powell's Valley r., by p-r. 248 ms. a little n. 
of E. Nashville, and 63 ms. n. e. Knoxville. 
Lat. 36° 31', long. W. C. 6° 20' w. 

Tazewell, co. II., bounded by MacLean e.. 
Sangamo s., the Illinois r., separating it from 
Fulton w., and Peoria n. w. ; on the n. it has 



wardly into Courtableau, and the other pur- 
sues a sthestrn. course. This separation of 
currents is the head of the stream called Te- 
che, or the sthestrn. branch. Flowing be- 
tween the waters of the Courtableau and Ver- 
million 10 ms., it receives an inlet from the 
latter, and enters Attakapas. The residue of 
the course of Teche, presents a stream with 
great specific resemblance to the Miss, in the 
delta. Though on a very reduced scale, the 
Teche, similar to its immense prototype, flows 
in long sweeping bends, with banks above any 
other part of the adjacent country. From this 
feature the streams flow from the very mar- 
gin, and in a channel of upwards of 180 ms., 
no water course is discharged into the Teche. 
With slight selvedges ol wood, prairies ex- 
tend along the entire right, and, for more than 
half the higher part of its course, along the 
left bank of this interesting river. The chan- 
nel is comparatively very deep, and the tide 
rises to New Iberia, n. lat. 30° 02', upwards 
of 100 ms. above the mouth, affording one ve- 
ry remarkable contrast to the Mississippi. 
New Iberia, at the head of tide water in Te- 
che, is a port of entry, and vessels of 7 feet 
draught can ascend there in safety. The 
Teche falls into Atchafalaya, after a compar- 
ative course of 120, but falling little, if any, 
short of 200 ms. by the bends. The banks 
present two continuous zones of the very fust 
rate soil, between latitudes 29° 44' and 30° 
40' N. 

Tek.\toko, p-o. Crawford co. Ark., situated 
near the Dardanelles mountains, by p-r. 76 
ms. N. w. by w. Little Rock. 

Telfair, co. of Geo., bounded n. e. by 
Montgomery, e. s. e. and s. by Appling, s. w. 
by Ocmulgee r., separating it from Irwin, w. 
by Dooley, and n. w. by Puluski. Length 
from s. to N. 28 ms, mean width 22, and area 
830 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 39' 
to 32° 12' N., and in long, from 5° 4G' to G° 20' 



the sthestrn. angle of Putnam. As laid down I w. V/. C. The southern part of this co. slopes 
by Tanner, in his improved map of the U. S., (to the sthestrd. giving source to many of the 



it lies nearly in form of a right angled trian- 
gle, hypothenuse parallel to the general 
course of II. r., 66 ms., base along Sangamo, 
and perpendicular along MacLean equal, or 
50 ms. each ; area 1,250 sq. ms. : n. lat. 40° 
40', long. W. C. 12° 30' w. The general 
course of II. r. along this co. is about a. w. di- 
lating into Peoria and Mackinaw lakes. The 
slope of the co. is nearly to the w. [See 
Mackinaw r.) The general surface is level, 
and part liable to annual submersion, though 
it contains much eood soil. Chief t. Macki- 
naw. Pop. 1830r 4,716. 

Tazewell, C. H. (See Jeffersonville, 
Tazewell co. Va.) 

Tlaze's Valley, p-o. in the western part of 
Kenhawa co. Va., 20 ms. westward Charles- 
ton, the CO. St., and by p-r. 376 ms. a little s. of 
w. W.C. 

Teche, r. of La., rises from the northern 
prairies of Opelousas, n. lat. 30° 40'. The 
drains of those savannahs, after flowing 7 or 



higher branches of Santilla, which rise al- 
most on the margin of Ocmulgee. The lat- 
ter stream, forming the sthwstrn. border, 
thence traverses the co. in a nrlhestrn. direc- 
tion, serving as a common recipient for the 
confluents which drain the nrthrn. section to- 
wards Pulnski. Chief town, Jacksonville. 
Pop. 1820, 2,104, and in 1830, 2,146. 

Tellico, p-v. Monroe co. Ten. [See Mad- 
isonville, Monroe co. Ten.) 

Tellico Plains, p-o.' Monroe co. Ten., 15 
ms. southward Madisooville, the st. of just, 
of the CO., and by p-r. 183 ms. s. e. by e. 
Nashville. 

Tellico, (Mouth of,) p-o. at the mouth of 
Tellico cr., 12 ms. n. e. Madisonville, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 180 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Temperance, p-v. Greene co. Geo. by p-r. 
53 ms. nrthrd. Millcdgeville. 

Temperance Riuge, p-o. Yazoo co. Miss., 
by p-r. about 120 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

Templr, p.t. Kennebec co. Me., 40 ms. n. 



TEN 



541 



TEN 



w. Augusta, in the n. \v. corner of the co., has 
Oxford CO. w., and Somerset co. n., and is 
mountainous, having i)art of Blue mtn. w. 
Pop. 1830, 79.7. 

Temple, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 40 
ms. Concord, 12 Amherst, gives rise to sever- 
al branches of Souhegan r. The situation is 
high, with a line and extensive view e. and s., 
a rocky surface, and pretty good soil. Here 
is a social library. Pop. Ib30, 648. 

Temi'leton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., GO 
ms. w. Boston, has an uneven surface, with 
rich vallies, and a soil generally good, water- 
ed by several streams, wliich flow partly into 
the Chickapee, and partly into Miller's r., 
and afford mill seats The v. is neat and 
pleasant. It was granted to soldiers who 
h«d served in Phili])'s war, under the name 
of Narragansett, No. 6. Pop. 1830, 1,552. 

Temple of Health, p-o. in the wstrn. part 
of Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r. 114 ms. w. 
Columbia. 

Templetox, p-v. Prince George's co. Va., 
36 ms. southeastward Richmond. 

Ten Mile Stand, and p-o. Rhea co. Tenn., 
by p-r. 17! ms. s. e. by e. NasliviUe. 

Tennessee, r. of the states of Tenn., N. C, 
and Geo., though a very minor branch, is the 
stream from which the general name has 
been, by custom, arising from the route of 
original discovery, communicated to the great 
recipient. Tenn. proper rises in Raban co. 
Geo., by its extreme sthestrn. source, quick- 
ly entering Macon, and receiving numerous 
creeks from Haywood co. N. C, and flowing 
N. w. passes the Unika mtn. into Tenn. 
Within the latter state it continues n. w. 40 
ms., between Blount and Monroe, joins the 
Holston on the southeastern border of Roan 
CO., after a comparative course of about 85 
ms., of which 5 are in Geo.,- and 40 in each of 
the other two states. Though so much infe 
rior in volume and length of course to the 
Holston, the name of Tennessee is perpetua- 
ted below their union. 

Tennrssise, r. of the state of ihe same 
name, and of the states of Ky., Miss., Ala., 
Geo., N. C, and Va., is the great sthestrn. 
constituent of the Ohio. Under the respec- 
tive heads of Clinch, llolstun, Frenuh Broad, 
Tenn. proper, and Duck rivers, the constitu- 
ents of Tenn. will be found described. The 
very peculiar features of the valley of Tenn., 
demand a general and particular notice. This 
valley is naturally divided into two physical 
sections ; the higher or mountainous, and the 
lower or hilly. The most remote sources of 
Tenn. are found in those of Clinch in Taze- 
well, and of Holston in Wythe, cos. of Va., in- 
terlocking sources with those of Sandy and 
Great Kenhawa. From this elevated origin, 
the main confluents pursue a sthwstrn. course 
between the two parallel chains of the Appa- 
lachian system, Cumberland, and the main 
spine, both stretching in a similar direction 
with the rivers, at a mean distance of about 
70 ms. asunder. Besides this principal val 
ley, another of less width between the main 



chain and Blue Ridge, is also drained by the 
constituents of Tenn. ; but this more eastern 
and more elevated valley slopes to the n. w., 
at rigiit angles to the mtn. chains. The lat- 
ter mtn. valley comprises the N. C. and Geo. 
part of the valley of Tenn., and will be found 
noticed under the heads of Macon, Haywood, 
and Buncombe counties, of the former state, 
and under the heads of Tenn. proper, and 
French Broad rivers. Including both minor 
vallies, upper Tenn. drains an elongated el-, 
lipse of 350 ms. longer axis ; shorter axis 120 
ms. from the Clue Ridge at the sources of 
French Broad, to Cumberland mtn., where it 
separates the sources of Powell's river from 
those of Cumberland : mean breadth 80 ms., 
and area 24,000 sq. ms. Descending from 
the extreme fountains in Va., the valley wi- 
dens as the mountain chains recede from each 
other, and again contracts as the same chains 
gradually re-approach each other at the north- 
western angle of Geo., and nrthestrn. of Ala. 
At the latter point, well known by the name 
ofNickajack, all the large confluents have 
united, and the Blue Ridge and Cumberland 
chains have inclined to within less than 40 
ms. of each other. Below Nickajack, the 
now large volume of Tenn. continues s. w. 60 
ms., without receiving a single creek of 20 
ms. course, the two bounding mountain chains 
still inclining upon each other, till their ap- 
proaching bases force the river through the 
Cumberland chain. To one whose eye first 
glanced on the volume of Tenn., below its 
passage through Cumberland mtn., without 
previous knowledge of the valley above, no 
adequate idea would occur, that before it, 
flowed the accumulated waters of a moun- 
tainous region of 24,000 sq. ms. extent. In 
fact, to an observer, thus placed, the main vol- 
ume of Term, would appear as one of the con- 
stituents of a river valley below the Cumber- 
land chain. About 20 ms. below the pas- 
sage of Tenn r. through it, the Cumberland 
mountain receives the Blue Ridge, if such a 
term can be correctly applied to the merging 
of two mtn. chains. Here, along the nrthrn. 
sources of Mobile basin, the Appalachian 
system changes its distinctive character, and 
the confused masses of hills follow each other 
wstrdly. toward the Miss. The Tenn. river 
deflects rather more than does the mtn. sys- 
tem, and flows n. w. by w. by comparative 
courses 120 ms., to -the nrthvvstrn. angle of 
Ala., and the nrthestrn. of Miss., where this 
l.-irge stream again bends at nearly right an- 
gles, and pursues a course of a very little w. 
of N. 150 ms., to Its entrance into the Ohio, 
after an entire comparative course of 680 ms. 
The second great section of Tenn., and the 
lower part of the first, below Nickajack, are 
comprised in tlie fine northern valley of Ala. 
The main volume flowing along the base of a 
physical, extending from the Ohio valley in 
the vicinity of Pittsburg, to the nrthrn. part of 
the basin of Mobile. The very striking coin- 
cidence of tiic river inflections between the 
extremes of this region, must appear to the 



TEN 



542 



TEN 



most inattentive observer of a good map ofi Tennessee, state of the U.S., bounded by 
that part of the U. S. This regularity oflN. C. e., Geo. s. e., Ala. s., state of Miss, 
structure is evinced by the great inflections of| s. w., river Miss, separating it from Ark. w., 
Ohio, Kenhawa, Kentucky, Green, Cumber- and state of Mo. n. \v., state of Kentucky n., 
land, and Tennessee rivers. The Tenn. it-i and Va. n. e. If we commence the outline of 
self literally occupies the base of the physical, this state on the southern boundary of Va. it 
region indicated, as in all its comparative ( will thence have a boundary, in common with 
course below Nickajack, or its entrance into; N. C, along the mainspine of the Appalachian 
Ala., of 330 ms., it does not receive a singlej mtns. to the northwestrn angle of Macon co. 
confluent above the size of a large creek, nori 168 ms. ; due s. along the western boundary 



does the outer selvedge of its valley on the 
left, in Ala., Miss., Tenn., and Ky., exceed a 
mean breadth of 20 ms. On the right, embo- 
somed between Tenn. and Cumberland rivers, 
and comprising central Tenn., and northern 
Ala., spreads a physical region, extending 
from Cumberland mtn. to the lower reach of 
Tenn. r., 130 ms., with a mean breadth of 80 
ms., and an area of 10,400 sq. ms. This 
beautiful tract is semicircled by the main vol- 
ume of Tenn., and drained by Elk r.. Duck 
r., and innumerable creeks. Below Duck r., 
however, Tenn. receives no confluent from 
either side of any magnitude worthy notice in 
a general view. Including all its sections, 
the lower valley of Tenn. comprises an area 
of 17,600 sq. ms. ; and the whole valley em- 
braces a superficies of 41,600 sq. ms. This 
extent of Tenn. valley, if compared with the 
whole valley of Ohio, spreads over very nearly 
1-5 part, and gives to Tenn. the first rank 
among the confluents of Ohio. Amongst the 
peculiar features of the course of Tenn., the 
most remarkable is, that rising as far A', as 
lat. 37° 10', and curving thence southward to 
lat. 34° 23', it again recurves back to its ori- 
ginal lat., and falls into the Ohio r. almost ex- 
actly due w. from its primitive springs in 
Tazewell co. ; thus embosoming nearly the 
whole large valley of Cumberland, and part 
of that of Green river. Geographically, Ten. 
valley lies between n. lat. 34° 10' and 37° 10', 
and in long, between 4° 15' and 1 1° 40' vv. W. 
C. It is the first and largest, advancing from 
the s., of those streams gushing from the ele- 
vated slopes of the Appalachian ridges, and 
which flow vvstrd. into the great basin of the 
Miss. In relative height, there is above 1,700 
feet difTcrence between the highest and low- 
est extremes of Tenn. valley. The arable 
surface of Tazewell and Wythe cos., from 
where the fountains of Kenhawa and Holston 
have their origin, must be at least 2,000 feet 
above the Atlantic tides ; whilst that of Ohio 
r., at the influx of Tenn., but little exceeds 
300 feet. The dilference is fully an equiva- 
lent for 4° of lat., and accounts for the rapid 
changes of climate experienced on lines of 
lat. in Tenn. The current of every branch of 
Tenn. is very rapid, though direct falls are 
rare, and even dangerous shoals are not com- 
mon. Of the latter, those particularly called 
Muscle Shoals, between Lauderdale and Law. 
rence cos. Al., are most renuirkable and dif- 
ficult to navigate. The whole river, howev. 
er, having a mean fall exceeding 2 feet to the 
mile, is only favorable to down stream navi- 



of Macon co. to the northern boundary of 
Georgia, 20 ms. ; due w. along the northern 
boundary of Geo. and n, lat. 35°, to the north- 
western angle of Alabama, 90 ms. ; continu- 
ing the last noted line along the northern 
boundary of Ala. to Ten. river, and to the 
north eastern angle of the state of Miss. 145 
ms. ; still continuing due w. along the north- 
ern boundary of the state of Miss, to the Miss, 
river, 110 ms. ; thence up the latter stream 
by comparative courses, opposite the Terri- 
tory Ark. and sthestrn. angle of the state of 
Mo. 100 ms. ; continuing up the Miss, river 
to the northwestern angle of Ten. and to the 
southwestern of Kentucky, 70 ms. ; thence 
due E. along the southern boundary of Ken- 
tucky to Tennessee river, 80 ms. ; thence up 
Tennessee r., 12 ms. ; thence by a line a lit- 
tle s. of E. along the sthrn. boundary of Ky. 
to Cumberland mtns. and to the s. w. angle 
of Virginia, 268 miles ; thence along the 
southern boundary of Va. and to place of be- 
ginning, 108 ms. ; having an entire outline 
of 1,171 ms. Lying between lat. 35° and 
36°37'N., and long. 4° 39' and 13° 14' w. 
VV. C. The longest line that can be drawn 
on any state of the U. S. is a diagonal over 
Ten., from the nrthestrn. to the stlnvstrn. an- 
gle, by calculation, s. 77°, w. or n. 77°, e. 
within a fraction of 500 ms. The mean 
length is about 400 ms., and the mean width 
being 114, the area of the state comes out 45,- 
600 sq. ms. , equal to 29, 184,000 statute acres. 
This area exceeds what is commonly assign- 
ed to Ten., but following the most recent and 
accurate delineations on Tanner's map, is 
very near the real superficies of that state. 
By reference to our notice of Ten. river and 
valley, it will be seen how much the physiog- 
nomy of the state of the same name is influ- 
enced by the peculiar course of its rivers. 
Dividing this state into physical sections, and 
taking the mtns. as lines of demarcation, it 
presents two unequal sections ; one the small, 
er above, and the second and larger below, 
the Cumberland chain. The higlier and in- 
ferior section is entirely in the valley of Ten., 
and in length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 
280 ins., with a mean width of 57, and area 
15,960, or very nearly one third of the state. 
This comparatively elevated and diversified 
region, is, in air, water, and surface, amongst 
the most delightful portions of the U. S. 
The soil is also much of it excellent, but the 
relative elevation gives to vegetable life a 
more northern effect than that found on sim- 
ilar lat. s., either on the Atlantic coast, or on 



gallon, which it admits in most of its branches 'the wstrn. section of Ten. near the I\liss. 
to near their sources. 'On lower Ten., cotton is a staple production, 



TEN 



543 



whilst the climate of the upper section is Uonnties 
more congenial to grasses, including the 
bread grain, or cerealia. The declivity of 
upper Ten. is to the s. w., and as already 
shown, by a rather rapid descent. Lower or 
western Ten. is subdivided by ifs rivers into 
two sections. That part comprised in the 
valley of Ten. river, has been noticed un- 
der the head of that stream, but to the nrthrd. 
of Ten. valley, the state embraces a large 
and very important section of that of Cumber- 
land river. The latter tract is 250 ms. in 
length, along the line of demarcation between 
the states of Ky. and Ten., with a mean 
width of 40 ms., or 10,000 sq. ms. The area 
comprised in the valley of Ten. is about 170 
ms. long., with a mean breadth of 70, or em- 
bracing an area of 11, 900 sq. ms. Including 
the part of Ten. comprised in both the val- 
leys of Ten. and Cumberland, below Cum- 
berland mtn., we have an area of 21,900 sq. 
ms., which added to 15,960 comprised in up- 
per Ten. yield 37,860 sq. ms. in the eastern 
and middle sections of the state. The gen- 
,eral declivity of central or middle Ten. is 
wstrd., though the course of Ten. r. is here 
almost to the due n. Advancing still wstrd. of 
the valley of Ten. we arrive on a slope drain. 
ed by numerous small streams direct into the 
Miss. This wstrn. inclined plane, comprising 
7,740 sq. ms. may be both politically and natur- 
ally denominated wstrn. Ten. It is drained by 
Obion, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee, and Wolf 
rivers. These streams have corresponding 
curves, first flowing northwestardly, thence 
w. and s. w., giving a general western decliv. 
ity to the plain of descent, which commenc- 
ing about 25 ms. from the main channel of 
Ten. falls gently toward the Mississippi. In 
its natural state Ten. was covered with a 
dense forest. The great features along its 
very elongated declivity of 500 ms., are vari- 
ed and strongly contrasted. E. Ten. mountain- 
ous or very hilly, with excellent river soil, pre- 
sents a most seductive region to the eye : 
middle, or central Ten. less bold in its phys- 
iognomy, but with a much larger proportion 
of productive soil, is followed by the western 
section ; the features of nature from the Cum- 
berland chain, imperceptibly softening, until 
finally sunk into the annually inundated banks 
of the Miss. The whole state has sufficient 
soil to admit a dense population. Agreeable 
to the returns of the recent congress of 1830, 
Middle and Western Ten., containing, as 
stated in this article, 29,640 sq. ms., has a 
pop. of 488,448, having had in 1820 only 287,- 
501, exhibiting a gain in the 10 years, from 
1820 to 1830, of almost 70 per cent. The pro- 
digious capacity for future increase may be 
estimated by the fact, that the existing pop. of 
the two lower sections of Ten. is distributive- 
ly only 16 to the sq. mile ; and this on a re- 
gion, over which 10 fold more on an equal sur- 1 sons 

face, would be far from too great density for 
the soil. 

Political subdivisions. — Tennessee is di- 
vided into the counties of : 



TEN 

Pop. 1820. 



Pop. 1830. 



Anioi, 






Anderson, 


4,668 


5,312 


Bedford, 


16,012 


30,444 


Bledsoe, 


4,005 


6,448 


Blount, 


1 l,2.i8 


11,027 


Ctimphell, 


4,244 


5,110 


Carroll, 




9,378 


Carter, 


4,835 


6,418 


Clierokee NiUion, 






Claiborne, 


5,508 


8,470 


L-'oclce, 


4,s;)2 


6,048 


Dai'idson, 


20, 1 5 1 


28,122 


Dickson, 


6,190 


7,261 


Dyer, 




1,904 


Fayette, 




8,654 


Fentress, 




2,760 


Fr.-inkliii, 


16,5?1 


15,644 


Gibson, 




5,801 


Giles, 


12,5.58 


18,920 


Grainger, 


7,651 


1(1,066 


Greene, 


11,221 


14,110 


Hardiman, 




11,628 


Hamilton, 


S2I 


2,274 


Hardin, 


1,462 


4,867 


Hawkins, 


10,949 


13,683 


Haywood, 




5,366 


Henderson, 




8,741 


Henry, 




12,230 


Hickman 


6,080 


8,132 


Hninphries, 


4,067 


6,189 


Jackson, 


7,593 


9,902 


.JelFerson, 


S,9,^3 


11,799 


Knox, 


13,034 


14,498 


Lawrence, 


3,271 


5,412 


Lincoln, 


14,701 


22,086 


McMinn, 


6,623 


14,497 


McNairy, 




5,097 


Madison, 




11,750 


Marion, 


3,888 


5,516 


Maury, 


22,141 


28,1.53 


Monroe, 


2,529 


13,709 


Montgomery, 


12,219 


14,365 


Morgan, 


1,676 


2,5S2 


Obion, 




2,099 


Overton, 


7,IR8 


8,246 


Perry, 


2,.SS4' 


7,038 


Rhea, 


4,215 


8,182 


Rhoan, 


7,895 


11,340 


Robertson, 


7,270 


13,802 


Kntherford, 


19,552 


26,133 


■Sevier, 


4,772 


5,117 


Shrby, 


354 


5,652 


Smith, 


17,580 


21,492 


Stewart, 


8,397 


6,988 


Sullivan, 


7,015 


10,073 


Sumner, 


19,211 


20,606 


Tipton, 




.5,317 


Warren, 


10,348 


1.5,351 


Wa.shington, 


9,557 


10,995 


Wayne, 


2,459 


6,013 


Weakly, 




4,796 


White, 


8,701 


9,967 


WiIliami3on, 


20,640 


26,608 


Wilson, 


18,730 


25,477 


Of whom in 1830 


, there were 


white per- 


sons — 








Males. 


Fenialps. 


^Tnder 5 years of age 


59,576 


65,399 


Prom 5 to lU 


45,355 


42,9/5 


10 to lo 


36,044 


33,556 



TEN 



544 



TEN 



From 15 10 20 


29,247 


20 to 30 


44,982 


30 to 40 


25,111 


40 to 50 


!.-,,! 10 


50 to GO 


11,188 


60 to 70 


5,543 


70 to 80 


2,102 


80 to OO 


657 


no to ion 


lOu 


100 r\n<[ ipwaids 


32 



T.-,' 



275,068 



42,970 

23,545 

15,264 

9,279 

4; 541 

1,855 

542 

114 

28 

260,680 ! 



Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 
years of age, 129 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and up- 
wards 54. Blind 176. Of the colored popu- 
lation were — 

Free. 

Male. Female, 

Under 10 years of age 842 

From 10 to 24 583 

24 to 36 361 

36 to 55 321 

55 to 100 216 

100 and upwards 7 



27-2 


27,713 


626 


23,431 


359 


11,260 


285 


6,020 


187 


1,729 


6 


63 



Total 



2,330 2,225 



70,216 



30,616] continued nevertheless between the parties 
through the revolutionary war. As early as 
1776, vA^en the first repulican constitution of 
N. C. was framed and went inlo operation, 
deputies from Ten. appeared in the first 
state assembly. Though many previous, but 
abortive attempts had been made to settle w. 
Ten., the country around where Nashville 
now stands, was found a wilderness in 1779. 
The militia of Ten. gave themselves conse- 
quence in the eyes of their countrymen by the 
share they had on Oct. 7th, 1780, in defeat- 
ing the British and tories at King's Moun- 
tain. In 1783, a land office was opened ; 
courts of justice had been established and 
opened the previous year. In 1784, by a law 
of N. C. a provisional cession of what now 
constitutes Ten. was made to the U. S. This 
24,145 j act was repealed, but had permanent effect, 
6519 i ^^ under its influence the people formed an in- 
l^SOi j cipienl independent state government, under 
41 , the name of Frankland. These steps led to 
^"~~: anarchy. N. C. claimed jurisdiction, as did 
' '■ 'also the constituted authorities of the state-of 
Frankland. In the contest power prevailed, 
and the state of Frankland disappeared. The 
struggle led to many acts of civil commotion, 
which were not terminated until after 1790, 
when Ten. was finally ceded to the U. S. la 
May 1790, by a law of congress, the country 
was made a territory by the nam^ of " the 
Territory s. of the river Ohio." In Nov. 1791, 
the first printing press was established at 



Slaves. 
Male. Fem. 

26,568 i 



Of the colored pop. were deaf and dumb un- 
der 14 years of age, 13 ; from 14 to 25, 9 ; 25 
and upwards 6. Blind, 37. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 
535,748 4,555 141,603 681,906 

History. — The territory now comprised in 
Ten. was included in the 2d charter of N.C., 
granted by Charles II. in 1664, but no settle- 
ment of whites was made so far westward JRogersville, and on the 5th of the same month 
tintil 1754, when a few families fixed them- kvas issued the first newspaper.the Knoxville 
selves on Cumberland river, but were driven | Gazette. On June 1st, 1796, Ten. was for- 
away by the savages. The first permanenti mally admitted into the Union as a state of the 
■settlement in Ten., was made by the found- confederacy. Since her introduction into the 
ingof fort London in 1757. According to family of republics, the advance of Ten. in 
Flint, fort London stood on Little Ten., a j population and wealth has been constant and 
mile above the mouth of Tellico. This! peaceable. In the late war her troops acted 
place is now included in Blount co. Before , a most honorable part, as they have in reality 
me lies Pownall's map, founded on Evan's ;| since the original settlement in the middle of 
the latter published in 1755. On this sheet j the last century. Governmant. — Vested in 
it is noted that the farthest settlements of Va. a biennally chosen general assembly, corn- 



westward in 1755, were on the heads of Blue 
Stone branch of Great Kenhawa, and those of 
Clinch and Holston. Ten. was then one 
wide wilderness. As noticed in the article 
Ten. Proper, the course of original settle- 
ment was from N. C. into the valley of that 
stream, and fort London was the cradle. This 
fort was attacked, however, and taken by the 
Indians in 1760, when upwards of 200 men. 



posed of senators and members of assembly ; 
who to be eligible must have resided in the 
state three years, and in the co. whence se- 
lected one year next before their election ; 
and must have in possession, in full right, 200 
acres of land. The number of representa- 
tives never to exceed 40, and the senators 
never to be more than one half, or less than 
one third of the representatives. The exec- 



women, and children were massacred. In utive power is vested in a governor biennial 



1761, the important campaign under Col 
Grant broke the power of the savages. A 
treaty was made which encouraged emi- 
grants. About 1765, settlements began on 
Holston and gradually increased. Though 
harrassed by Indian warfare, the hardy fron- 
tier men penetrated deeper and deeper into 
the forest, and at the opening of the revolu- 
tionary war, were sufficiently strong to meet 



ly elected, and eligible 6 years in 8 ; and to be 
eligible must possess, in full right, a free hold 
of 500 acres of land, have arrived at the age 
of 35 years, and have beenn resident in the 
state 4 years next preceding his election. 
The judiciary is vested in such superior and 
inferior courts as the legislature may, from 
time to time appoint. Judges appointed by 
joint ballot of both houses of the general as- 



their savage enemies. Col. John Sevier was sembly, hold their offices during good be- 
the Tennessean hero of that period. In June, I havior, and removable by impeachment. The 
1776, the inhabitants, aided by a few Virginia i right of suffrage secured to every free white 
soldiers, defeated the Indians. Hostilities! male citizen of 21 years of age and upwards, 



TER 



545 



THE 



who either possesses a free hold in the coun- 
ty where he oflere to vote, or who has resid- 
ed in the county six months previous to the 
election day. Staple productions. — To enu- 
merate the staples of this state would be to 
give a list of nearly every vegetable and me- 
tallic substance produced in the U. S, The 
higher part of the state is most favorable 
to grain ; the lower to cotton. Iron is made 
in several places. The Cumberland river is 
navigated by steamboats to Nashville, and all 
the large rivers of the state, for down boats 
to near their sources. Ediicaiioji. — For the 
advancement of the higher branches of edu- 
cation, the principal seminaries in Ten. are 
the Nashville university, at Nashville ; East 
Ten. college at Knoxville ; Greenville col- 
lege, at Greenville, Greene co.; and at Mary- 
ville, thest. jus. Blount co., the sthrn. and 
wstrn. Theological seminary. 

Teni*;0;ssee riveh, p-o. Haywood co. N. C, 
situated in the nrthrn. part of the co., by p-r. 
343 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Tennessee iron works, and p-o. Dickson 
CO. Ten., 50 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Tensaw, r. of Ala. The Tensaw is an 
outlet from Mobile river, about 8 ms. below 
the junction of Ala. and Tombigbec riv- 
ers. It is about 35 ms. comparative length, 
winds along, or near the eastern margin of the 
innundated tract above Mobile bay ; is navi- 
gable, passes Blakely, and is lost in Mobile 
bay 4 or 5 ms. e. the town of Mobile. 

Tensaw, r. of La., has its extreme Bource 
from Grand lake, and in the southeastern an- 
glc of Chicot CO. and of the territory of Ark., 
but immediately enters Ouachita parish. La., 
and flowing a little s. of s. w. and nearly 
parallel to the general course of the Miss., 
by comparative courses about 110 ms. to its 
junction with Ouachita to form Black r. The 
Tensaw is the drain of the inundated tract 
w. the Miss, in the parishes of Ouachita and 
Concordia. 

Tensaw, p-o. on the last noted river, Bald- 
win CO. Ala., by p-r. 32 ms. n. Blakely, and 
196 a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Teoronto Bay, Penfield, Monroe co. N.Y.. 
makes up from lake Ontario, 1 m. by 5. 

Terre Bonne (good or fertile land,] parish 
of La., bounded by Atchafalaya bay, and par- 
ish of St. Mary's w., LaFourche Interior (In- 
terior La Fourche) n. n.e. and e., and by the 
Gulf of Mexico s. e. s. and s. w. Greatest 
length from the mouth of La Fourche r. to 
Point au Fer, at the sthrn. entrance of Atcha- 
falnya bay 90 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
1,800 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from n. lat. 29° 
to 29° 42', and in long. W. C. \3° 08' to 14° 
35'. The surface very near that of a dead, 
plain, the slight elevation of the alluvial banks 
of some of the streams excepted ; and with 
the same partial exception devoid of timber. 
What very slight slope exists is sthrd., and in 
that direction it is traversed by Terre Bonne, 
Grande and Petite Cailloux, and Bayou Bopuf. 
Where the soil ia arable, it is of exuberant 
fertility, and the climate completely within 

69 



the range of sugar cane. Except the small 
islets at the s. w. Pass of the Mississippi, the 
capo of Terre Bonne is the most sthrn. part 
of La. Chief t., Williamsburgh. Pop. 1830, 
2,121. 

Terre Com'EE, p-v. St. Joseph's co. Ind. 
In the p-o. list it is stated at 245 ms. from In- 
dianopolis by the p-r., though the actual dis- 
tance between the two places falls short of 
150 ms., direction very nearly n. and s. 

Terre Haute, p-v. and st. jus. Vigo co. 
Ind., by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Indianopolis, 
and 60 ms. by the land road above and n. Vin- 
cennes. N. lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 10° 27' w. 
Terrvsville, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 116 ms. wstrd. Columbin. 

Terrytown, p. v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
142 ms. nrthrd. Harrisbuig. 

Tewkseury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 
ms. N.w. Boston, has Merrimack r. n., and 
Concord r. w., which flows into it, and sepa- 
rates the town from Chelmsford and Lowell. 
N. it is hilly, and stony, with pretty good soil ; 
in othef parts nearly level and poor. The 
Merrimack, at Hunt's falls, descends 40 feet 
in one-fourth mile, and this is the head ofnav- 
igation on that stream. When the water is 
high, rafts easily descend. Above this fall 
the r. is joined by the Middlesex canal. Bel- 
videre v. is in the n. w. corner of the t. at the 
junction of Concord and Merrimack rs. It is 
connected with the great and flourishing man- 
ufacturing V. of Lowell by a bridge across the 
former stream. Pop. 18.30, 1,527. 

Tewkseury, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., 45 
ms.N. Trenton, has Morris co. n., Somerset 
CO. e., with a range of hills crossing it, and 
its eastern boundary line formed by Allama- 
tong river, a branch of the Raritan. It con- 
tains the village of New Germantown. Pop. 
1830, 1,659. 

Thames, river. Conn., is formed by the con- 
fluence of the Quinebaug and Shetucket, 
«fc at Norwich takers the name of the Thames. 
It flows thence to New London harbor 14 
ms., and affords sloop navigation from Nor- 
wich Landing to Long Isl. sound. A steam, 
boat plies between New York and Norwich. 
The banks of this stream are pleasant and va- 
riegated. It flows through the old Mohegan 
country, and the reserved lands of that tribe 
lie on its w. banks, a little below Norwich. 
At the w. point of Now London harbor is a 
light house, and within it are 2 forts, one of 
which, in Groton, was the scene of British 
cruelty in the revolutionary war, and is now 
marked by an obehsk, erected to the memory 
of the defenders. 

The Pocket, p-v. Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 
82 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Uncouth as this 
name may sound, it is that givon in the p-o. 
list, thus " (The) Pocket." 

Thetford, p-t. Orange co.Vt., 34 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 28 n. e. Windsor ; first settled 
about 1764 ; is crossed by Ompompanoosuc 
river, which here receives a branch, and both 
these streams aiTord mill sites. North is one 
half of Fairlee laike. There are other ponds, 



THO 



546 



THO 



one of which, containing nine acres, is only 
about 25 feet from the bank of Conn, river, 
which is 100 feet below. It has neither inlet 
nor outlet, falls two or three feet in summer, 
and abounds in fish. Between the pond and 
the river passes a road. Galena is found 
here, which yields 75 per cent of lead. The 
surface is uneven, and somewhat rocky. An 
academy was established here 1819. There 
are several villages. Pop. 1830, 2,113. 

Thibadeauxville, p-v. and st. of jus. parish 
of La Fourche, interior La. ; situated on the 
left bank of La Fourche r., about 35 ms. s. e. 
and below Donaldsonville ; n. lat. 29° 46', 
long. 13° 48' w. W. C. 

Thickety Fork, and p-o. northeast part of 
Spartanburg district, S. C, by p-r. 115 ms. n. 
N. w. Columbia. 

Thomas, co. of Geo., bounded w. by Deca- 
tur, N. w. by Baker, n. by Irwin, e. by Lown- 
des, s. by Jefferson co. Flor., and s. w. by Le- 
on CO. Flor. Length from s. to n. 50 miles, 
mean breadth 30, and area 1,500 sq. ms. n. 
lat. 31° and long. 7° w. W. C, intersect very 
near the centre of this co. The declivity 
southward ; the western part drained by Ock- 
lockonnee, and the eastern by Suwanee river. 
Chief town, Thomasville. Pop. 1830, 3,299. 

Thomaston, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 49 ms. s. 
E. Augusta, 85 e. n. e. Portland, 36 e. Wis- 
casset ; is of irregular form, with Waldo co. 
N., Penobscot bay e., and Saint George's river 
on part of the w. line; is of irregular form. 
It contains abundant quarries of lime stone, 
which is burnt in great quantities, and known 
in the ports of the United States for its good 
quality. About 150,000 casks have been sent 
out of Thomaston for 20 years past. The 
Saint George is navigable to this t. m large 
ships, 12 ms. from the ocean. The state pris- 
on is situated on the bank of this stream, in a 
tract of 10 acres, including a marble quarry. 
Excellent bluish granite is brought up from 
quarries below, on the river, which the con- 
victs are employed in cutting. The plan of 
the building, and the system of discipline, are 
conformed to those of Auburn, Sing Sing, &c. 
The keeper's house is 30 feet by 40, the hos. 
pital 23 by 48, and there are 50 cells in the 
prison, all of stone, surrounded by a stone 
wall. A considerable number of vessels are 
owned here, and there is an active coasting 
trade to different parts of the country, chiefly 
for the transportation of lime ; a bank, &c. 
The seat of the late Gen. Knox, is one of the 
finest in this part of the country. Pop. 1830, 
4,214. 

Thomaston, late Upson C. H., p-v. and st. 
jus. Upson CO. Geo., by p-r. 87 ms. a little s. 
of w. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 32° 52', long. W. 
C. 7° 27' w. 

Thomasville, p-v. and st. of jus. Thomas 
CO. Geo., situated in the forks ofOcklockon- 
nee river, about 160 miles in a direct line, but 
by p-r. 235 miles s. s. w. Milledgeville ; n. 
lat. 30° 58', long. 7° 04' w. W. C. 

Thompson, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 46 ms. 
E. N. E. Hartford, 26 n. w. Providence ; has 



Massachusetts n., and Rhode Island e., tmd 
is crossed by Quinebaug river, and French 
and Five Mile rivers, its branches ; on which 
streams are excellent mill seats, and which 
afford fish. The surface is hilly. On French 
river is, first, Mr. Wilson's sattinet factory, 
with 14 looms, making 65,000 yards annually ; 
then, 3 miles belo'v, Messrs. Andrews and 
Fisher's, a stone factory, 100 feet long, with 
2,200 spindles, and 52 looms, making 350,- 
000 yards of printing cloths for calico. Ma- 
conville, 1 mile below, contains Masons 
and Thatcher's factory, with 2,436 spindles, 
and 60 looms, making 250,000 yards of shir- 
tings. Near the junction of French river and 
the Quinebaug is Randall & Co's. factory, 
with 900 spindles, and 18 looms. Pop. 1830, 
3,383. 

Thompson, p-t. and st. jus. Sullivan co. N. 
Y., 113 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 34 from New. 
burgh; has Oransfe co. s. ; watered by Navi- 
sink, Mongaup, Sheldrake and other creeks, 
with a variety of surface, soil, and tim- 
ber. Monticello village contains the county 
buildings, and is 110 ms. from Albany. Pop. 
1830, 2,457. 

Thompson, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r. 
184 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Thompson's, p-o. western part of Fairfield 
district, S. C, by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. w. Colum- 
bia. 

Thompson's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa 
CO. Va., by p-r. 45 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Thompson's Store, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Hanover CO. Va., by p-r. 46 ms. north- 
ward Richmond. 

Thompson's Store, and p-o. southern part 
of Anderson district, S. C, by p-r. 121 ms. 
N. w. by w. Columbia. 

Thompsontown, and p-o. Mifflin co. Pa., by 
p-r. 34 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Thompsonsville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 
by p-r. 75 miles s. w. by w. W. C. 

Thornburgh, p-v. Spotsylvania co. Va., by 
p-r. 70 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Thorndike, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 40 ms. n. 
E. Augusta ; is bounded by right lines, cross. 
ed by the branches of a stream flowing n. w. 
into Sebasticook river, and approaches near- 
ly to Penobscot co. n. e. Pop. 1830, 652. 

Thornbury, p-v. eastern part of Chester co. 
Pa., by p-r. 119 miles n. e. W. C, and 18 ms. 
southwestward Phil. 

Thorn Hill, p-v. Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 
92 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Thornton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 58 ms. 
from Concord, 12 from Plymouth, 120 from 
Boston ; is crossed by Pemigewasset river 
N. and s., and has Mad river and several oth- 
er small streams. There are valuable mead- 
ows, and no high hills ; first settled 1770. 
Pop. 1830, 1,049. 

Thornton, p-v. Delaware co. Pa., by p-r. 
119 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Thornton's Gap, & p-o. in the Blue Ridge, 
western part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 102 
miles N. w. by w. W. C, and 120 n. w. Rich- 
mond. 



TIS 



547 



TIO 



TnoRNTOWN, p-v. Boone co. Ind., by p-r. 62 1 Pop. 1830, 1 thousand 9 hundred nhiety-six. 



ms. N. w. Indiaaopolis 

TuoRNvir.i.K, p-v. in the northwest angle of'| 8.5 ms. n. Columbus. 
Perry co. Ohio, by p-r. 37 ms. e. Columbus. 

Thoroughfare, p-o. Prince William coun- 
ty, Va., by p-r. 47 miles s. w. VV. C. 

Three Forges, and p-o. Bedford co. Pa., 
by p-r. 140 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Three Forks, p-o. Barren county, Ky., by 
p-r. 123 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Three Springs, and p-o. southeastern part 
of Huntingdon county. Pa., by p-r. 73 miles 
westward Harrisburg. 

Throg's Neck, or Point,Westchester, West- 
chester CO. N. Y., the N. point of East river, 
and marks the w. termination of Long Island 
sound. It presents a low, broken, sandy bank 
E., on which the U. S. government have erect- 
ed a light house. It forms a small peninsula. 

Throopsville, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. 
Y., 3 ms. N. Auburn, on Owasco inlet. 

Thousand Isles, in the r. St. Lawrence, 
extend from the e. end of lake Ontario 30 ms. 
down that stream, and are of various size 
and form. The principal are Carleton and 
Welles isls. in N. York and Grand isl. U. 
Canada. 

Tick Creek, and p-o. southern part Chat- 
ham CO. N. C, 44 ms. southwestwaru Ra- 
leiffh. 

TicoNDEROGA, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y., 96 
ms. N. Albany, 3 s. Elizabethtown, has lake 
Champlain and Vt. e., Warren co. s., and in- 
cludes the lower part of lake George. Fine 
levels extend near the lake, with fine swells 
rising behind, and several high mtns. rise in 
different parts of the town, some of which, as 
well as several spots on the lower ground, 
have been rendered interesting by historical 
events of importance. The ruins of fort Ti- 
conderoga occupy the s. point of a promonto- 
ry, below which bends lake Chainplain, just 
before it spreads n'. to a greater breadth than 
before, and opposite are mounts Defiance and 
Independence, with the narrow part of the 
lake between them, the former an abrupt ele- 
vation, 720 feet high, covered with forests, in 
this town, and the latter of inferior height 
and in Vt. The outlet of lake Geo. 3 ms long, 
flows in the s. part of Ticondcroga, and en- 
ters the lake between mount Defiance, and 
fort Ticonderoga at Swords point, between a 
tract of beautiful meadows. It has 3 falls, in 
all 157 feet, and turns some mills. The pro- 
montory is now overgrown by young timber, 
which has grown since the desertion of the 
fortress. About 500 acres were inclosed by 
a breastwork across the isthmus, by the 
French, who defended it against Gen. Aber- 
crombie in 1748. Gen. Amherst took the 
fortress, the following year. It was taken by 
surprise in 1775, by a small party of men 
from Vt., commanded by Ethan Allen, but 
evacuated in 1777, by the American troops. 
on the ajiproach of Gen. Burgoyne, who took 
» his cannon to the top of mount Defiance, and 



Tiffin, p-v. and st. Seneca co. O., by p-r. 
It is situated on the 
right bank of Sandusky r. Lat. 41° 08', long. 
W. C. 4° 10' w. Pop. 1830, 248. 

Tiffins, r. of Mich, and O. rising in the" 
former, interlocking sources with those of the 
r. Raisin of lake Erie, and St. Joseph of Mau- 
niee. Formed by crs. issuing from Lenawee 
and Hillsdale COS. Mich., Tiffins r. flows s., 
enters O. traversing Henry and Williams cos., 
and falling into Maumee r. at fort Defiance 
just above, but on the contrary side from the 
influx of au Glaize r. Comparative length 
50 ms. 

TiMBALLiER, bay of La. extends westward 
from the mouth of La Fourche r. about 30 ms. 
with a width of from 3 to G ms. It has the 
same mouth with La Fourche, and is separated 
from the gulf of Mexico by a long low pen- 
insula or island. It is shallow, with a san- 
dy or muddy bottom. 

Timderlake's p-o. Campbell co. Ky., by 
p-r. 71 ms. N. N. E. Frankfort. 

Timpson's Creek, and p-o. sthrn. part Ra- 
bun CO. Geo. by p-r. 9 ms. s. Clayton, the co. 
St., and 165 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

TiNicuM, island and creek, and also tsp. 
Bucks CO. Pa. The creek falls into Del. r. 
opposite the island, and the tsp. lies along 
both sides of the creek and on the Del. river 
between the tsps. of Noxamixon and Plump, 
stead, about 38 ms. northward Phila. 

TiNicuM, island and tsp. Del. co. Pa. The 
island lies in Del. r. below the mouth of Dar- 
ley creek. Both the island and the adjacent 
shores are flat, and employed principally as 
grazing farms. 

Tinmouth, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 41 ms, n. 
Bennington, 8 s. Rutland, 81 from Montpelier, 
first settled 1770, is crossed by Furnace 
brook ; n. Little West r., a branch of Otter 
creek, which flows between two ranges of 
mountains. There are several quarries of 
marble, and plenty of iron ore, which supplies 
several furnaces and forges in this town. Pop. 
1830, 1,049. 

Tioga, r. or Chemung, a w. branch of Sus- 
quehannahr. rises in Pa., runs n. into Steuben 
CO. N. Y., which it crosses to Painted Post, 
where it meets Conhocton r., and then turn- 
ing back into Pa., meets the e. branch at 
Tioga point. It flows about 50 ms. in N. Y., 
and with its branches, is navigable in boats. 
The Chemung canal connects this stream 
with Seneca lake. (See Susquehannah r.) 

Tioga, co. N. Y., bounded by Tompkins co. 
and parts of Steuben and Cortlandt cos. n., 
Broome co. e.. Pa. s., the boundary being the 
42d degree of lat., and Steuben co. w., about 
180 miles w. Albany, contains 18 townships, 
is crossed in the s. e. by Susquehannah river, 
and Chemung or Tioga river, s. w., which 
meet 3 ms. s. of the Penn. line. Owego cr. 
on the E. line, and Catetant and Cayuta crs. 
which cross this co. aflbrd boat and raft nav- 



thus secured the command of the place, from igation. There are few manufactories, 2 
a position before considered inaccessible. A I woollen, and 1 furnace. The surface is hilly, 
ferry crosses the lake to Shoreham, Vermont.' Pop. Ib20, 14,716, 1830, 27,690. 



TIV 



548 



TOM 



TroGA, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. 

Owego, 180 from Albany, has Pa. s., is 
crossed by the e. branch of Susquehannah, 
and has Cayuta creek w. The surface is 
generally broken, and the soil poor, with 
some rich but narrow vallics. Pop. 1830, 
1,411. 

Tioga, co. Pa., bounded e. by Bradford, 
s. E. and s. by Lycoming, w. by Potter, ■ and 
N. by Steuben co. N. Y. Length 36 miles, 
mean width 32, and area 1,152 square miles. 
Extending in lat. from 41° 32' to 42° and in 
long, from 0° 04' e., to 0° 40' w. W. C. Sur- 
face composed of two declivities ; that com- 
prising the central and northern sections, and 
drained by the Tioga r., falls to tiie n. e. The 
opposite declivity slopes to the s. w., and is 
drained by the sources of Pine creek. The 
mean arable surface of Tioga, exceeds 1,000 
feet above the Atlantic level. Chief town, 
Wellsboro. Pop. 1820, 4,021, 1830, 9,071. 

TioNESTA, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. New 
name, without relative distances on the gene- 
ral post office list. 

TiouGiiNioGA, creek, N. Y., rises in Onon- 
daga CO., and flows through parts of Cortlandt 
and Broome cos. to Chenango river after a 
course of about 55 ms. 

TiPTo\, CO. Ten. bounded by Dyer n., 
Haywood e., Lafayette s. e., Shelby a. 
and s. w., and- the Mississippi river, separa- 
ting it from Crittenden co. Ark. w. Length 
30 ms., mean width 23, and area 600 scjuare 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 23' to 3.5° 
48', and in long, from 12° 32' to 13° w. W. 
C. The declivity is westward toward the 
the Miss. r. the northern part traversed by 
Forked Deer, and the southern by Big Ilat- 
chee rs. Chief town, Covington. Pop. 1830, 
5,317. 

TiPTONSPouT, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. 
Indiana, on Wabash r. by p-r. 94 ms. a little w. 
of N. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 31,' long. 9° 40' 
w. W. C. 

TicO; p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 20 ms. 
N. N. w. Mansfield, the co. St., and 83 ms. n. 
Columbus. 

TisBL'RY, p-t. Duke's CO. Mass. 85 ms. s. e. 



Tody, p.v, northwestern angle of Armstrong 
CO. Pa., about 55 ms. a little e. of n. Pittsburg, 
and by p-r. 236 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Tony's Creek. {See Clarion river.) 
Todd, co. Ky., bounded w. by Christiana, 
N. by Muhlenburg, e. by Logan, and s. by 
Montgomery CO. Ten. Length from s. to n. 
36 ms., mean width 17, and area 612 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 37' to 37° 
06', antl in long, from 10° 04' to 10° 22' w. W, 
C. ^Todd occupies a part of the summit 
ground from which the waters flow north- 
wardly into Green river and southwardly in- 
to Cumberland. Chief town, Elkton. Pop. 
1820, 5,089, 1830, 8,683. 

ToLi.AND, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 125 ms, 
s. w. Boston, has the line of Connecticut s. 
The surface is varied by largo swells, and is 
crossed by Farmington river. Pop. 1830, 
723. 

Tolland, co. Conn., bounded by Mass. n., 
Windham co. e., New London co. s., Hartford 
CO. w., about 15 ms. by 22, with 337 square 
ms. and 12 townships. The w. part is nearly 
level, with a light but good soil, and few 
stones ; in the e. is the granite range, which is 
mountainous, and but partially cultivated. 
Scantic, Salmon, and Hockanura rivers, and 
their branches water the w. and s., and Willi, 
mantic and Hop rivers the e. Pop. 1820, 
14,330, 1830, 18,702. 

Tolland, p-t. and st. jus. Tolland co. 
Coim., 17 ms. n. e. Hartford, 52 n. e. New 
Haven, 42 n. w. New London, has Williman- 
tic river on the e. line, and is generally rough 
and stony, with good grazing land. Oak and 
chestnut prevail in the forests. The earth 
affords granite, and iron ore. Snipsic pond 
is 2 ms. but narrow. The village is in ihe 
c6ntro, on a plain, with the county buildings, 
bank, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,698. 

To.MBiGBEE, river of Miss, and Ala., is the 
great western constituent of Mobile, and is 
formed by 2 branches, Tombigbee proper, and 
Black Warrior. (See article Black Warrior.) 
Tombigbee has its most remote source in the 
territory of the Chickasaw Indians, northern 
part of the state of Miss., interlocking sources 



Boston, on Martha's Vineyard, has the Vine- 1 with those of Bear creek, branch of Ten., Big 



yard sound on the n. w. with the harbor of 
Holme's Hole n., where vessels often enter 
which are prevented from proceeding round 
Cape Cod shoal by contrary winds. This har- 
bor is safe, and frequently affords protection 
to foreign ships as well as coasters. Near 
the harbor is a small village. Pop. 1830, 
1,317. 

TiTL's' Store, and p-o. Harrison co. O., by 
p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Tiverton, p-t. Newport co. R. I., 24 ms. s. 
E, Providence, 13 n. e. Newport, has the e. 
passage and Mount Hope bay w., and Mass 



Hatchee, and Yazoo. Augmented by numer- 
ous creeks from both sides, this river pursues 
a course ofs. s.>'E. 110 ms., leaves the state 
of Miss., and enters that of Alabama. Pre- 
serving the original course 60 ms. farther, it 
receives the Black Warrior from the north- 
eastward. This higher and particular valley 
of Tombigbee is in length 160 ms., with a 
mean width of 60, and comprising an area of 
9,600 square ms., or ifadded to tliat of Black 
Warrior, will give 14,850 as the entire sur- 
face drained by the two confluents above their 
junction. Below the union of the two great 



N. and E. It is generally pleasantly varied,: branches, the now considerable stream, re- 
with some rocky parts, enjoys considerable i taining the name of Tombigbee, assumes a 
advantages in fisheries and navigation, and- southern and very tortuous course, but corn- 
was connected with Rhode Island, somej paratively only about 100 ms. to its junction 
years since, by a stone bridge about 1,000 with Alabama, to form the Mobile. The en- 
feet long. Pop. 1830, 2,905. [tire length of Tombigbee, by the mainstream 



TOM 



549 



TOW 



ia 270, and by the Black. Warrior 240 miles. 
Below the mouth of Black Warrior the vol- 
ume is but slightly augmented, as it receives 
only creeks of moderate size, and the valley 
does not exceed 40 ms. width, or 4,000 square 
ms., giving an entire area to the whole valley 
of 18,850 square ms. Geographically, the 
Tombigbee valley extends from hit. 31° Oli' to 



island in the town of Richmond, and not far 
from this village, is a charitable institution 
long established in New York. Steamboats 
ply between Tonipkinsville and New York 
city almost every hour. The shore is lined 
with good wharves, and the ground rises in 
bold and handsome swells from the water. 
ToMPKiNsviLLE, p.v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 



34° 45', and in long, from 9° 24' to 12° 24' w.Ky., situated on the extreme head of Big 



W. C. It has the vallies of Yazoo, and Big 
Hatchee n. w.. Ten. n., Goosa, Cahawba, and 
Alabama, n, k. e. and s. e., and those of Pearl 
river and Pascagoula s. w. 

Tomlinson's, p-o. on the U. S. road, Alle- 
ghany CO. Md., 20 ms. wstrd. Cumberland, 
and by p-r. 1.52 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

ToMOKA, St. of jus. Mosquito co. Florida. 
Situation uncertain. 

Tompkins, co. N. Y., bounded by Seneca 
and Cayuga cos. n., Cortlandt co. e., Tioga 
CO. s., Steuben co. w., on the line of which 
lies Seneca lake, 170 ms. w. Albany. It con- 
tains 10 townships, 2 ms. of the head of Cayu- 
ga lake, which also forms the w. line for 6 
miles. Fall creek, Cayuga inlet, Six Miles 
creek, and Cascadilla, Halsey's and Salmon 
creeks, &c. afford water power to a great 
amount. The land rises gradually near Cay. 
uga lake 400 or 500 feet, and the soil is gene- 
rally favorable to cultivation. There are 2 
woollen factories at Ithaca, and 1 cotton fac- 
tory, besides large flour mills, &c. Besides 
these there are in other parts of the co. 1 cot- 
ton and 1 woollen factory, 2 oil mills, 1 pow- 
der mill, 2 rifle manufactories, 3 furnaces, 
&c. Pop. 1820, 32,747, 1830, 30,545. 

Tompkins, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 100 
ms. from Albany, 30's.w., Delhi, lias Broome 
CO. and a corner of Pa. w., and is crossed by 
Delaware t. which afterwards fornis part of 
the w. line, and receives several branches 
The surface is hilly and broken. The vil 
lage of Deposit, at the bend in the r. and on 
the w. borders of the co. is a spot of impor 
tance in the lumber trade of the r. Pop. 1830, 
1,774. 

ToMPKiNsviLLE, Incorporated v., Rich 
mond, Richmond co. N. Y., near the n. e. ex 
tremity of .Staten island, opposite the quaran 
tine ground of New York harbor, at the n. 
part of the narrows, occupies the shore and 
the acclivity of a hill, and has rapidly in 
creased within a few years. It contains the 
quarantine buildings of the state, and hospi- 
tals belonging to the United States. The 
hospitals are 3 in number, eacii about 100 feet 
in length, and all surrounded by a wall, en 
closing 30 acres. A Presbyterian church has 
recently been erected. The pavilion, on an 
eminence half a mile in tlie rear of the v. com- 
mands an extensive, varied and beautiful pan- 
oramic view over the New York bays, the 
city, the narrows, forts and part of Long and 
Staten islands, and out upon the Atlantic. The 
Seamen's Retreat has been recently erected 
about 1 mile below this village in Southamp- 
ton near the shore, and affords accommoda- 
tions for 100 or 150 invalid seamen. The 
sailor's snug harbor, on tho n. shore of Staten 



Barren river, 87 miles northeastward Nash- 
ville, and by p-r. 144 ms. a little w. ofs. 
Frankfort. Lat. 3(5° 43', long. 8° 36' w. W. C. 
ToNAWANTA, crcck, N. Y., rises in Genesee 
county, and flowing between Niagara and 
Erie cos., falls into Niagara river opposite 
the middle of Grand island, 12 ms. n. Buft'aio. 
It is about 90 ms. long, and has a sluggish 
current in the lower part of its course, so that 
it is made to serve as part of the Eric ca- 
nal, which enters it 11 miles from the lake, 
and leaves it at Green Haven, near the shore, 
passing thence along the bank to Buffalo. 

ToNAWANTA, island N. Y., in Niagara river 
lies between the mouth of the river of that 
name, and Grand island. It is 3-4 m. long. 

ToNAWANTA, reservation, N. Y., is chiefly 
in Genesee co. and partly in Erie co. on Ton- 
awanta creek, and is a rich tract of low land 
belonging to the Seneca Indians, who have a 
village on the creek. 

TopsFiELD, p-t. Essex CO. Mass., 21 ms. n. 
E. Boston, has a varied surface, and is crossed 
by Ipswich river, on whose banks are fine 
meadows. First settled 1638. Pop. 1830, 
1,010. 

TopsHAM, p-t. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Me., 
31 ms. from Augusta, 27 w. .Wiscasset, lies 
in the bend of Androscoggin river, which 
bounds it e. s. and w., separating it from Bath 
E., and Brunswick s. It is the seat of sever- 
al mills and factories, contains the court 
house, &c. Fop. 1830, 1,567. 

ToPSHAM, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 19 ms. s. E. 
Montpelier, 47 n. Windsor, first settled about 
1781, is supplied with mill streams by head 
waters of Wait's river. The surface is une- 
ven, with granite rocks. Pop. 1830, 1,384. 

ToRBERTViLLE, p-0. wcstcm part Upson co. 
Geo., by p-r. 92 ms. westward Milledgeville, 
and 5 ms. westward Thomaston, the co. st. 

ToRRiNGTON, p-t. Litchfield county. Conn., 
23 ms. N. w. Hartlbrd, 7 n. e. Litchfield ; is 
uneven, generally with good soil, favorable 
to grazing ; crossed by the e. and w. branch- 
es of Waterbury river. Woolcotville is a 
manuf^icturing v. Pop. 1830, 1,654. 

Totten's Wells, and p-o. eastern part Obi- 
on CO. Ten., by p-r. 11 ms. e. Troy, the coun- 
ty seat, and IGl ms. westward Nashville. 

TowAMENsiNG, p-v. westem part North- 
ampton county, Pa., by p-r. 194 ms. n. n. e. 
W. C. 

TowANDA, p-v. and st. jus. Bradford co. 
Pa., situated on the right bank of Susquehan- 
nah river, above the entrance of Towanda 
creek, 65 ms. above and n. w. Wilkes-Barre, 
and 15 below Tioga-point, and by p-r. 239 
ms. a little e. of n. W. C; n. lat. 41° 47, 
long. 0° 30' E. W. C. The village is small, 



TRE 



550 



TRE 



and composed of one street along the niaini Trenton, p-t. Hancock, co. Me., 87 ms. e. 
road. In 1820, the township contained a Augusta, 30 n. e. Castine ; has SkiUing's r. 
population of 1,024. Theadjacent country is iE., Union r. w., with the strait s., which sep- 



in a high degree varied and romantic 

Town Creek Mills, Lawrence co. Ala. 
{See Brickville, same co. and state.) 

TowNSEND, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 45 
ms. N. w. Boston ; has the line of New Hamp- 
shire n., has much of its surface varied by 
gentle hills, with some pine plains. The soil 
is of secondary quality; fruit flourishes. — 
Townsend Harbor is a pleasant village. Pop. 
1830, 1,506. 

Townsend, p-v. Sandusky county, Ohio, by 
p.r. 119 ms. northwards Columbus. 

Townshend, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 28 ms. 
N. E. Bennington, 12 n. w. Brattleboro' ; first 
settled 1761 ; is uneven, with many steep 
hills, and is crossed by West river, which 
has good meadows on its course. Other 
streams afford mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,386. 

Tracy's Landing, and p-o. Ann Arundel 
county, Md. 

Transylvania, University, Lexington, Ky., 
was founded in 1798, and according to the 
sub-article. Education, in the general article 
U. S. American edition Brewster's Encyclo- 
poedia, contained in the present year, 1832, 
143 students, with 2,350 vols, in the college 
library, and 1,500 in that of the student's. 
Mr. Flint in his western geography, says of 
this institution, " It has 12 professors and tu- 
tors, and in the academical, medical, and law 
classes, 376 students. Its library contains 



arates Mount Desert island from the main 
land. Pop. 1830, 794. 

Trento.v, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. 
Utica ; has West Canada creek e., which di- 
vides it from Herkimer co. ; has pretty good 
soil, and many small streams. West Canada 
creek presents many romantic scenes along 
its course, having its bed deep into the rocks 
of dark colored lime-rock, which underlays 
the soil. In one place the banks are about 
140 feet perpendicular, and for a distance of 
2 or 3 ms. there is a succession of gulfs, rap- 
ids, and cascades, frequently narrowed by 
rocky precipices, & overhung by forest trees, 
which render this part of the course of the 
stream one of the most picturesque regions 
in the country, and one of the favorite ob- 
jects among travellers in this state. The 
rocks abound in curious vegetable and ani- 
mal remains, and the stream with fine trout. 
Steuben and Cincinnati creeks unite at the v. 
Pop. 1830, 3,221. 

Trenton, city and p-t. Hunterdon co. New 
Jersey, the capital of the state, is situated on 
the e. bank of the Delaware river, at the head 
of steamboat and sloop navigation. It is in 
lat. 40° 14' N., and in long. 2° 16' e. W. C, 11 
ms. s. w. of Princeton, 27 s. w. of New Bruns- 
wick, 60 s. w. of New York, 30 n. of Phila- 
delphia, and 166 n. e. of W. C. The navi- 
gation of the r. beyond this place by sloops, 



4,500 volumes of standard works on nicdi- j &c., is limited by the rapids, and by a fine 
cine. All the libraries connected with the wooden bridge of 5 arches, and more than 
University, number 14,100 vols. The law 1,0U0 feet in length, which is the first above 
school has 25 pupils, and the medical class I its mouth. The town is of considerable size 
211." I and importance ; it is in the s. w. corner of 

This institution stands at the head of the tlie county, near the Assanpink creek. The 
various seminaries of education in the west- principal streets are regularly laid out, and 
em states of the U. S. I contain many good dwelling houses anil nu- 

Transvlvania, village, on the Ohio, in the jmerous stores. Among the public buildings 
extreme northern angle of Jeff'erson county, are the state house, 2 banks, and 6 churches 
Ky. in the city and town. The ground on which 

Transylvania, p-v. western part Greene ; the city is situated, as well as the surface of 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 7 ms. westward Xenia, the | the town in general, is considerably' varied. 



CO. seat, and 64 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Trap, p-v. southern part Talbot co. Md., 9 
ms. s. Easton, the co. seat, and 93 ms. a lit- 
tle s. of E. W. C. 

Trap, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 9 ms. n. 
w. by w. Norristown, the st. jus., and by p-r. 
152 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Traveller's Repose, p-o. eastern part Po- 
cahontas CO. Va., by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Traveller's Rest, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., 
20 ms. westward Frankfort. 

Traylorsville, p-o. Henry co. Va., 6 ms. 
from Martmsville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
305 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Trent, small r. of N. C, rises in Lenoir, 



The Delaware and Raritan canal, extending 
from Trenton to New Brunswick, crosses the 
city, and is here joined by the feeder which 
enters the river above the falls. These falls 
aflbrd water power for extensive manufactur- 
ing privileges ; and in the city and its neigh- 
borliood arc 10 manufactories and mills, sev- 
eral of which are of cotton goods. These 
are all supplied with water, either from the 
Delaware river, or the Assanpink creek. In 
1831, a company was incorporated with a 
capital of $60,000 to construct a dam on the 
Delaware river near Wells' falls, and a race 
way on the e. side to any point not more than 
1^ ms. below Trenton falls, with authority to 
sell the water, &c., for manufacturing purpo- 



and traversing Jones into Craven co., falls jses. The expense is estimated at ,«> 100,000, 
into Neuse r., at and below Ncwbern. [the water power to be obtained equal to that 

Trent Bridge, and p-o. on Trent r., Jones lof 529 horses, and another dam, costing but 
county, N. C, 7 ms. westward Trenton, the 1^5,000, would increase the power to that of 
CO. seat, and 133 s. e. by e. Raleigh. 1 1.170 horses. The Delaware river is naviga- 



TRI 



ble by boats far up into the state of N. Y., 
and affords communication with an extensive 
and fertile country, yielding grain, lumber, 
anthracite coal, &-c. Large steamboats come 
up from Philadelpiiia as far as this place, ex- 
cept when the water is very low. The bed 
of the river here is covered with round stones, 
which are taken in great quantities to Phila- 
delphia for paving, and supplied by the spring 
floods yearly. The feeder of the Delaware 
and Raritan canal enters the city from 20 ms. 
above, and is 40 feet wide, and 6 feet deep. 
The canal itself, which will be completed in 
1833, will afford sloop navigation across the 
state from New York to Philadelphia. This 
place is memorable from its being captured 
from the British and Hessians by surprise, on 
the evening of the 25th Dec, 1776, by Gen. 
Washington. It was occupied by the British 
in Jan., 1777, when the American army under 
Washington, effected their celebrated retreat 
from Lamberton, on the opposite side of the 
Assanpink creek, and gained the n. part of the 
state. Pop. in 1820, 3,925. 

Trenton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. N. C, 
situated on the small river Trent, 21 miles a 
little s. of w. Newbern, and by p-r. 140 ms. 
s. E. by E. Raleigh ; lat. 35° 2', long. 0° 26' w. 

Trenton, p-v. and st. of jus. Gibson coun- 
ty. Ten., situated on the North fork of For- 
ked Deer river, by p-r. 139 ms. w. Nashville. 
Lat. 35° 57', long. 12° w. W. C. 

Trenton, p-v. extreme southern part Todd 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 200 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- 
fort. 

Trenton, p-v. northeastern part Butler co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 39 ms. n. n, e. Cincinnati, and 
93 s. w. by w, Columbus. 

Trescot, t. Washington co. Me., e. by n. 
Augusta ; is the last town on the coast, in the 
state, except Lubec, which is on the e. boun- 
dary of the U. S. It has the Atlantic, or 
rather the strait between Grand Menan isl. 
and the main, s. ; contains Haycock's harbor, 
and Moose cove, and has a cove called Bai- 
ley's Mistake, on the e. line. There are no 
considerable streams. Pop. 1830, 480. 

Trexlertown, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., on Lit- 
tle Lehigh, 8 ms. s. w. Allentown or North- 
ampton, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 170 ms. n. 
e. W. C. 

Triadelphia, p-v. and Cotton Factory, on 
Patuxent r., northeastern part Montgomery 
CO. Md., 26 ms. n. W. C, and about an equal 
distance s. w. by w. Baltimore. This place 
is worthy of a visit for the richness and vari- 
ety of its scenery. 

Triana, p-v. situated on the right bank of 
Ten. river, and in the southern part of Ala., 
15 ms. s. w. Huntsville, and by p-r. 145 ms. 
N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Triangle, p.t. Broome co. N. Y., 132 ms. 
from Albany, 7 from Lisle village, between 
Onondaga and Chenango rivers ; was formed 
in 1831. 

Trigg, co. of Ky., bounded by Ten. river 
separating it from Calloway s. w., Caldwell 
N. w. and N., Christian e., and Montgomery 



551 TRO 

and Stewart cos. Ten. e. It is very nearly a 
right angled triangle, perpendicular n. from 
the Ten. line, 32 ms., mean width 16, and 
area 512 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 
37' to 36° 04', and in long, from 10° 42' to 11° 
13' w. W. C. The western part is traversed 
in a northerly direction by Cumberland r., 
and the eastern part drained into the latter 
stream by Little river. Chief t. Cadiz. Pop. 
820, 3,874, 1830, .5,916. 

Trimble's Iron Works, and p-o. Greenwp 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 142 jns. a little n. of e. Frank- 
fort. 

Triplett, p-v. Fleming co. Ky., by p-r. 97 
ms. eastward Frankfort. 

Troublesome Iron Works, and p-o., on 
Troublesome creek, southern part of Rock- 
ingham co. N. C, by p-r. 100 ms. sthwstrd. 
Raleigh. 

Trough Creek, and p-o. near the centre of 
Huntingdon co. Pa., about 9 ms. s. s. e. the 
borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 133 ms. 
N. N. w. W. C. 

Troup, co. of Geo., bounded n. by Carroll, 
E. by Merriwether, s. by Harris, and w. by 
the Creek territory in Ala. Length 24 ms., 
mean width 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in lat. from 32° 55' to 33° 15', and in 
long, from 8° 02' to 8° 24' w. W. C. The 
declivity is to the s. s. w., traversed in that 
direction by the main volume of Chattahoo- 
chee river, which, entering on the northern 
border, leaves the co. near the s. w. angle. 
Chief t. La Grange. Pop. 1830, 5,799. 

Troup, C. H. [See La Grange.) 

Troupsburgh, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 20 
ms. s. w. Bath, has Pennsylvania on the south 
line, and Alleghany co. west. First settled, 
1805 ; is supplied with mill sites by Tuscaro- 
ra and Troup's cr. The soil is favorable to 
grazing, and iron ore is found. Pop. 1830, 
666. 

Trousdale, p-v. northwestern part Stew- 
art CO. Ten., by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Trout Run, p-o. near the northern border 
of Lycoming CO. Pa., 14 ms n. w. Williams- 
port, and by p-r. 10! ms. n. jv, w. Harrisburg. 
Trout run is a branch of Lycoming cr. 

Trout Run, p-o. eastern part Hardy coun- 
ty, Va. by p-r. 101 ms. w. W. C. 

Trov, p-t. Waldo CO. Me., 39 ms. n. e. Au- 
gusta ; borders on Penobscot co. e. and n. e., 
and its streams, which are small, flow from 
the town in different directions, but empty 
into the Sebasticook. Pop. 1830, 803. 

Troy, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. from 
Concord ; has but few mill sites. Population, 
1830, 676. 

Troy, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 47 miles n. e. 
Montpelier, 51 from Burlington; first settled 
1800, from Conn. ; was almost deserted in 
the late war with Great Britain. Missisque 
crosses w. and falls 70 feet in a rocky and 
romantic pass. The soil is good for both 
grain and grgss, the surface generally level, 
particularly on the river meadows. Popula- 
tion, 1830, 608. 



TRO 



552 



TRU 



Troy, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., lies on the w. i fine situation for trade and manufactures. Its 



side Taunton r., and is divided by Wahupper 
pond. Fall River village in this town, and 
near Taunton r., at the head of Mount Hope 
bay, is a place of extensive manufactures. 
The river falls here about 800 feet in a dis- 
tance of about 27 rods, and 9 dams, with each 
a fall of about 14 feet, supply 13 cotton fac- 
tories. These manufacture about 9,160,000 
yards annually. The largest (Massasoit) 
runs 10,000 spindles, 350 looms, employs 400 
hands, and consumes annually 810,000 lbs. 



communications with the interior are numer- 
ous and good. The river is navigable to thia 
place by steamboats and large sloops ; and a 
water communication is opened with the Erie 
and Champlain canals by a dam across the 
Hudson, a branch canal, locks, a basin, &,c. 
Daily lines of steamboats rim to New York ; 
and trade with Boston, and other eastern 
towns is kept up by sloops, and regular pack- 
ets, as well as across the country. There is 
a macadamized road commencing opposite to 



cotton. The whole run upwards of 31,500 j the city and esrtending to Albany, upon which 
spindles, and 1,050 looms, employ 1,276! hourly stages run to that city. The water 



hands, and manufacture 2,290,000 lbs. of cot 
ton annually. Here is also a satinet factory, 
employing 150 persons, and a print factory 
employing 260 ; iron works manufacturing 
1,000 tons annually, and also two machine 
shops employing about 60 hands. Nearly all 
the investments have been made within sev- 



power afforded by the Poestenkill, and Wy- 
nautskill rs., — small streams which take their 
rise on the eminences near the city — is profi- 
tably employed, and numerous manufactories 
of iron, cotton &c. are carried on in the vicin- 
ity. The scenery in the neighborhood ofTroy 
is interesting ; and the eminence in the rear 



en years : the village now (1832) contains i of the city, called mount Ida, is a beautiful 
about 5,000 inhabitants, and 7 places of pub- and romantic spot. The view of the neigh- 
lic worship. Pop. of the town, exclusive of boring cities, of the Hudson r. stretching to 
the village of Fall River, in 1830, was 4,159, the south, and generally of the country for 
that of the latter 3,431. miles around, is very fine. Pop. in 1830, 11,- 

Troy, city and st. jus. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 1 405. 
on the E. bank of the Hudson r., 6 ms. n. of 1 Troy, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 20 ms. north- 
Albany, 156 N. of N. York, and 383 n. e. of wardly from Towanda, and by p-r. 148 ras. 
W. C, is in N. lat. 42° 43', and in 3° 15' e. [above and northward Harrisburg. 
long. W. C. It is built on a handsome and Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Obion co. Ten., sit- 
somewhat elevated plain, extending from uated near the centre ofthe co., by p-r. 161 
the shore of the r. to the foot of a range oflms. a little n. of vv. Nashville. Lat. 36° 16', 



hills, about 1 m. w., down which flow several 
mill streams. The city is regularly laid out, 
the principal streets being parallel with the 
river ; and these as well as many ofthe cross 
streets are compactly and handsomely built. 



Troy in Obion is the 
jus. in the state of 



long. 12° 17' w. W. C. 

most northwesterly st 
Ten. 

Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Miami co. O., on 
Stillwater branch of Great Miami, 21 ms. n 



chiefly with brick. Most of the business is i Dayton, and by p-r. 78 ms. w. Columbus. Lat. 
transacted near the river, where the stores 40° 03', long. W. C, 7° 14' w. Pop. 1830, 
are mostly located, — some of the private j 504. 



dwelling houses are commodious and elegant. 
Many of the streets are adorned with fine 
shade trees ; and strangers generally are 
struck with the neatness and elegance of the 
citv. Among the public buildings are, the 
court house, which is of stone and in the Gre 



Tro^, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., by p-r. 36 
ms. nrthwstrd. Detroit. 

Troy, p-v. on Ohio r., at the mouth of An- 
derson's cr., sthwstrn. angle of Perry co. Ind., 
by P-r. 148 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis. 

Troy, p-v. and st.jus. Lincoln co. Mo., sit- 



cian style of architecture ; the jail, the house | uated towards the sthrn. side of the co., 53 
of industry, the Episcopal church, which is anjms. n. w. St. Louis. Lat. 38° 53', long. W. 
elef^ant Gothic edifice, and 6 other handsome C. 13° 56' w. 



churches, the market house, 3 banks, the ly- 
ceum of natural history, connected with 
which is a mineralogical cabinet, &c. The 
Rensselaer school, a literary institution for 



Troy's Store, and p-o. wstrn. part Randolph 
CO. N. C, 65 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Trucksville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 
6 ms. Wilkes-Barre and 120 n. e. Harris- 



thc practical instruction of yoimg men, estab-|burg. 

lished by the Hon. S. Van Rensselaer, has ! Trumansburg, p-v. Tompkins co. N. Y., II 

been for some years in this city, but is to be ims. n. w. Utica. 

removed to soma other part of the county. I Trumbaursvii.le,p-v. wstrn. part Bucks co. 

The library apparatus &c. of this institution I Pa., 24 ms. nrthwrdly. Phil, 

cost tftS.OOO or ,$6,000. A classical depart- Trumbull, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 17 ms. 

mentis to be added to it, and the " manual w. New Haven, 4^ from Bridgeport, 55 from 

labor system" to be introduced. Another in- 1 Hartford, about 4 ms. by 5^, is uneven, with 

stitution is the Troy female seminary, which 'good soil, and primitive rocks, watered by Pe- 

has acquired a high reputation. The build- quannock r. Pop. 1830, 1,242. 

ing is large and well situated in an eligible Trumbull, co. of O., bounded s. by Colum- 

part of the city. The number erf its pupils is ; biana, s. w. and w. Portage, n. w. Geauga, 

usually about 200, There are also other good In. Ashtabula, n. e. Crawford, Pa., andE. and 

schools and academies. Troy enjoys a very is. e. Mercer co. Pa. Length 36 ms., breadth 



TUN 



553 



TUR 



25, and arsa 930 pq. tns. I,at. 41° 15', long. Ipor, '20 s. e. Montpclier, flrFt settled about 
W. C.3345' V. Slope stliestrd. nn-l drained 1776, is cToss>ed by a brnnch of White r. n. and 
by the Mahoning or western constituent of s., on which arc mill siti-s, nnd has a good soil 
Big Heaver, and its branches. The soil is gen- 1 especially on the r., but the surface is uneven. 



crally good. Chief t., Warren. Pop. 1820, 
15,546 ; 1830, 26,ir)3. 

TnuMnuLL, p-v. nrthrn. part Ashtabula co. 
O., I(i2 ms. N. F.. Columbus. 

Tiiuxvii.r.F, p-v. nrthrn. part Richland co. 
O., by p-r. 83 ms. n. Columbus. 

TucKASAGA, p-v. sthrn. part Mecklenburg 
CO. N. C, by p-r. IGO ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Tiiuao. p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 65 ms. 
s. R. Bos'on by water, 107 by land. It is 
surrounded by water except on the n. w., be 



Tliere is a mineral spring west. Pop. 1830, 
1,920. 

TtrNKHANN'ocK,mtn.of Pa. and N.Y. The mtn. 
chainsof Pa. are delineated on our maps in 
masses of confusion. On many maps, the very 
distinctive chain of Tunkhannock is omitted. 
It is traversed by the cstrn. branch of >S usque - 
hannah, below the mouths of B()\vman'3 and 
Tunkhannock creeks ; and is known in Lu- 
zerne CO. as Bowman's mtn. to the right, and 
Tunkhannock to the left of the river. It 



ing on a peninsula connected on that side | leaves the w. border of Luzerne, and in a s.w. 
with Truro, by a narrow isthmus. Cape Cod - by w. direeiion separates livcoming from Co. 
bay and Provlncetown harbor are w. of this lumbia and Northumberland counties, and is 
town, and the Atlantic e. The surface is un- ! traversed by the west branr-Ii of Susquehan- 
even and the soil sandy. Pamet r. is an inlet I nah below Pennsboro'. It thence inflects to 
3 ms. long and from 1-4 to 3-4 m. wide. This : the w. s. w. and s. s. w. with the other Appa- 
iniet or bay almost insulates tiie t. There are j hchian chains and is known locaTy in Pa. as 
2 small vs. The inhabirants depend princi- ' the Wiiite Deer mtn., Niit my mtn., Tussey's 
pally on fishing. The Indian name was Pee- mtn. and Evil'smtn., and again traverses Md. 
shawn ; and it was visited by some of the 'Va. and Ten. as a distictinctive chain. To- 
Plymouth pilgrims before they went up Cape j wards the state of New York, though bear- 
Cod bay. They had landed at Provincctown : ing no distinctive name, the continuation of 
harbor, and here o'nained some corn, which 1 Tunkhannock, passes between the two up. 
they planted the next season. Settled in 1700. per branches of Delaware r., turns to the 



Pop. 1830, 1,.547. 



j nrthard. is traversed by the Mohawk at Little 



Truxtom, p-t. Cortlandt CO. N. Y., 142 ms.' Falls, and bears there the local name of Sa- 
W.Albany, 14 n. k. Homer, has good soil, icandaga mtn. 



well watered and supplied with mill seats, 
Avith a pleasant village. Pop. 1830, 3,88 



TaNKHANNooK, r. of Pa., rising in Susque. 
hannah co., and flowing s. w. along the north- 



TucrvKR's Hole, or Robinson's hole. Barn- ' western base of Tunkhannock mtn., enters 
stable CO. Mass., the passage between Na. I Luzerne co. and falls into Susquehannah r. 
shawn and Presquc isls. into Buzzard's bay. ; at the village of Tunkhannock, after an entire 

TucKEasviLLE, V.Wayne co. Geo.;on Tan- ! comparative course of 30 ms. 
rer's map this place is marked as the st. jus. ! Tunkhannock, p-v. situated on a beautiful 
of Wayne co. G«o., but in the post list of . 831 ' site above the mouth of Tunkhannock cr. and 
there is only one p-o. named in that co., and 1 on the bank of Susquehannah r., 28 ms. by 
that Waynesville, marked as the C. H. also. : the p-r. above Wilkes-Barre, and 142 n. n. e. 



(See Waynesville, Wai/ne co. Geo.) 

TucKERsvir.i.E, P-V. Crawford co. Ind., by 
P-r. 108 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

TuFTovDoaouGH, P-t. Strafford co. N. IL, 50 
ms. Concord, n. e. Winnipiseogee lake, has 
several ponds and brooks, with a varying sur- 
face and soil, and scenery enriched by several 



Harrisburg. 
I Tupper's Plains, p-o. Meigs co. O., by p-r. 

102 ms. s. E. C;jlumbus. 

TaRBOTViLt.E, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 
Turman's cr , p-o. Sullivan CO. Lid., by p-r. 

103 ms. s. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

TuRi.v, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y., 145 ms. n. w. 



bays and coves of the lake. First settled i .Albany, 15 n. Rome, 46 n. w. Ulica, has Black 



about 1780. Pop. 18.30,1,375. 



i r. E., Oaeida co. s. and O.ssvcgo co. w. Boat 



Tull's cr. and p-o. Currituck co. N. C, by | navigation from the high falls, near the S'juth 



p-r. 221 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 



I line to Wilna, 45 ms. Fish cr. has its s jurce 



TiJLi.Y, p-t. Onondaga CO. N. Y., 14 ms. s. in this town. At High falls, Black r. descends 
Onondaga, 50 Utica, n. Cortlandt co., con- 63 ft. The inhabitants came principally from 
tains some of the head streams of Onondaga, ' the n. states. Pop. 1830, 1,561. 



Tioughnioga and Cheiiango crs. and Susque 
hannah r. It is diversified with hilly ridges 
and broad and fertile valleys. Tioughnioga 
creek has its source in two ponds of 100 and 
40) acres. Pop. laSO, 1,640. 

TuM.YTON, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 1 13 ins. N. w. Columbia. 

Tui.LYTowN, p-v. Buck CO. Pa., by p.r. 
about 25 ms. nrthrd. Phila. 

Tt7MBLiNG Shoals, and p-o. Laurens dist. S. 
C, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. 
TtJNBRiDGE,t. Orange co.Vt.,30 ms. N.Wind-; 

70 



Turkey, cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of Bun- 
combe CO. N. C, 14 ms. wstrd. Ashville, the 
CO. St., and by p-r. 273 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Turkey Foot, p-v. between Laurel Killer, 
and Castleman's r. in the sthwstrn. angle of 
Somerset CO. Pa., 22 ms. s. w. from the bo- 
rough of Somerset, and by p-r. 185 ms., but 
by the common travelled direct road 160 mr.. 
N. w. by w. W. C. 

Turkey Foot, p-v. Scott co. Ky., 16 ms. 
from Georgetown, the st. jus., and 27 ms. n. e. 
Frankfort. 



TUS 



554 



TWt 



TuRMEL View, p-o. Ind. co. Pa., 10 ma. ) similar relative height. Chief t.. New Phil, 
wstrd. Hlairsville and by p-r. 199 ms. n. w. by adelphia. Pop. 1820, 8,328 ; 1830, 14,298. 
w. W. C. TuscARORA, cr. Niagara co. N. Y., rises in 

Turner, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 28 ms. w. the Tuscarora reservation, flows n. and N^ b* 
Augusta, 18 E. Paris, 155 n. n. e. Boston, has 15 ms. to Lake Ontario. 

Androscoggin r. on the e. border, which I Tuscarora, Indian v. Lewiston, Niagara; 
separates it from Kennebec co. and Cumber- jco. N. Y., is the residence of the Tuscarora 
land CO. s. It is crossed by a small tributa-jti-ibe, which formed the 6th of the Six Nations 
ry of Androscoggin. Population 1830, j of Indians in N. York. They came from the 
2,220. i 3., and speak a language very unlike those of 

Turner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Bertie co. the other nations. There is a church in the 



N. C, 1 6 ms. s. e. Windsor, the co. st,, and 
by p-r. 114 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

Turner's Store and p-o. Caroline co. Va., 
37 ms. nrtlird. Richmond. 

TuRNi-RsviLLR, p-v. nrthwstm. part Rob- 
ertson CO. Ten., 35 ms. n. w, Nashville. 

Tuscaloosa, r. of Ala. (^See articles Black 
Warrior and Tomhigbee.) 

Tuscaloosa, co. Ala., bounded w. by Pick- 
ens, N. by Lafayette, n. e. by Jefierson, e. by 
Bibb, s. E. by Perry and s. w. by Greene. 
Greatest length diagonally from s. w. to n 



v., and a successful mission among them. 
The lands reserved for them by the state are 
1 in. by 3. 

Tuscarora, mtns.ofPa. Similar remarks 
made on Tunkhannock mtn., might be re- 
peated on the Tuscarora chain. It is known 
distinctively as the Tuscarora mtn., between 
Huntingdon and Franklin, and between Per- 
ry and MifHin, on both sides of Juniata. East 
of the Susquehannahr.it is the Mahantango, be- 
tween the counties of Dauphin and Northum. 
berland ; and towards the Potomac, it is the 



58 ms., mean width 24, area 1,392 sq. ms.jCone mtn., between Franklin and Bedford 
Extending in lat. from 32° 53' to 33° 28', and [counties. In the latter region it touches al- 
in long, from 10° 10' to 11° 03' w.W.C. This! most, but does not merge in the Kittatinny, 



very large co. is divided into two not very un- 
equal sections by the Black Warrior r. which 
entering on the northern border, winds over 



and after being traversed by the Potomac, is 
evidently perpetuated in the Sideling hill of 
Morgan, Hampshire, and Hardy cos., Va. ; 



itbyavery circuitous channel in a general land if carefully and scientifically examined, 



s. s. w. direction. The wstrn. part is drained 
by the Sipsey, which traverses the co. in a 
direction nearly parallel to the Black War- 
rior. The estrn. border is the dividing ridge 
between the valleys of Cahawba and Black 



would, in all rational probability, fully sustain 
in both directions, that identity which consti- 
tutes the most remarkable characteristic of 
the Appalachian chains. 

Tuscarora, cr. and valley. This valley, 



Warrior ; two thirds of the whole surface be- watered by a cr. of the same name, lies be- 
ing in the latter valley and general slope s.]tween Tuscarora and Shade mtns., and con- 
s. w. This CO. contains larae tracts of ex-|stitutes the southwestern part of Mifflin co., 
cellent river soil. Chief t., Tuscaloosa. Pop. Pa. The Tuscarora cr. however, rises in 
1820, 8,229 ; 1830, 13,646. |thc sthestrn. part of Huntingdon, but quickly 

Tuscaloosa, p-t. st. jus. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. j entering Mifflin, flows dov.-n the beautiful vale 
and seat of government for that state, is situ- to which it gives name, and falls into Juniata 
ated on the left bank of Black Warrior r. near r. below Mifflintown. 

the centre of Tuscaloosa co. Lat. 33° 12', Tuscarora Valley, p-o. is situated in the s. 
long. 10° 43' w. W. C, by p-r. 155 ms. s. s. w. w. part of Mifflin co. 53 ms. wstrd. Harris- 
Huntsvilte, 226 a little n. of e. Mobile ; and j burg. 

by the p-o. list 858 ms. s., 77° w. W. C. By I Tuscambia, p-v. nrthrn. part Franklin co. 
calculation the course deflects 56° 46' from i Ala., 3 ms. a little e. of s. Florence, on Ten. 
the meridians, and the distance comes out r., and 122 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 
720 3-4 statute m?. Tuscawilla, p-v. Leon co. Florida, 10 ms. 

Tuscarawas, r. of O. {See MusJ(ingurnr.)\slhrA. Tallahasse. 

Tuscarawas, co. O., bounded by Harrison Tuscumdia, p-v. near the left bank of Ten. 
e. and s. E., Guernsey s., Coshocton s. w.,'r., nrthrn. part Franklin co. Ala., by p-r. ^ ms. 
Holmes n. w., and Stark n. Length from s.js. Florence, in Lauderdale co., and 141 ms. 
to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 23 and area 690 in. Tuscaloosa. 



sq. ms. N. lat. 40° 30', and long. W. C. 4° 
30' w. intersect in this co. The slope of the 
nrthrn. partis to the s., but inflects with the 
course of Tuscarawas r., wh'ch in the sthrn. 
part of the co. bends to the s. w. by w. Tus- 
carawas r. enters at the extreme nrthrn. an- 
gle, and flowing s. and thence inflecting grad 



TuTHiLLTOwN, p-v. Ulster co. N. Y., 22 ms. 
s. Kingston, on Sawangunk cr. 

Twenty Mile Stand, p-v. Warren co. O., 
by p-r. 91 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Twiggs, co. of Geo. bounded by Jones n., 
Wilkinson n. e. and e., Pulaski s. e. and s., 
and Ockmultree r. separating it from Houston 



ualiy to s. s. w. divides it into two nearly Is. w., and Bibb w. Length 26, mean width 
equal sections, and has along its entire course 1 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
the Ohio and Erie canal. The level of the .from 32° 30' to 32° 56', and in long, from 6° 
canal near the centre of this co. is 874 feet ] 18' to 6°4r w. VV. C. Narrow as is this co., it 
above ihe ocean level ; the arable soil avar-|is a table land, as from the estrn. border the 
ages from about 850 to above 1,000 feet of water courses flow sthestrd., towards the 



ULY 



555 



UNA 



Oconee, while the body of the co. has a s. w. ] near its nrthrn. border, where it falls into the 



declivity, towards Ockmulgee r. Chief t. Ma- 
rion. Pop. 1820, 10,447 ; 1830, 8,031 . 

Twin b'LUFKs, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Miss, r., Warren co. Miss., about (JO ms. n. n. 
E. Natchez. 

TwiNSBURO, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 142 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

TwiNTOwN, p-v. Ross CO. O., by p-r. 56 ms. 
sthrd. Columbus. 

Twitchkll's, Mills and p-o. Pope co. II., 
by p-r. 149 ms. s, s. e. Vandalia. 

Twyman's, Store and p-o. Spottsylvania co. 
Va., by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Tye r., small r. of Va., rising in the Blue 
Ridge, and flowing southeastward into James 
r., after draining part of Nelson and Amherst 
counties, and by one of its constituents, Piney 
r., forming for some few miles the boundary 
between those cos. 

Tye r. mills and p-o., nrthwstrn. part of 
Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 131 ms. a little n. of 
w. Richmond. 

TvE r. warehouse and p-o, sthrn. part 
Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 108 ms. w. Richmond. 

Tyler, co. of Va., bounded by Ohio co. Va. 
N., Greene co. Pa., and Monongalia co. Va. 
N. E., Harrison e. and s. e., Wood s. w., and 
Ohio r. separating it from Washington co. O. 
w., and Munroe co. O. n. w. Length 45 ms. 
diagonally from s. w. to n. e., mean width 18, 
and area 810 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
39° 13' to 39° 42', and in long, from 3° 25' to 
4° 12' w. W. C This co. has a wstrn. de- 
clivity, drained into O. r. by Middle Island and 
Fishing creeks- The surface is excessively 
hilly, but soil excellent. Chief town, Mid- 
dlebourne. Pop, 1820, 2,314 ; 1830, 4,104. 

Tymochtee, cr. and p-o. Crawford co. O. 
The Tymochtee cr. isthe sthwstrn. branch of 
Sandusky r., rises in Marion co., and flowing 



main Sandusky at the village of Tymochtee, 
which latter is by p-r. 73 ms. a little w. of n. 
Columbus, 

Tyngsboroijgii, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 
30 ms. N. w. Boston, has the New Hampshire 
line N., is divided by Merrimack r. n. and s., 
on the w. side of which is a v. The r. is 
navigated with boats and rafts, and is here a 
broad stream. Pop. 1830, 822. 

Tyke, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y., 171 ms. w, Al- 
bany. Pop. 1830, 1,482. 

Tyree, Springs and p-o., wstrn, part Sum- 
ner CO. Ten., 19 ms. n. Nashville. 

Tyringham, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 
ms. w. Boston, contains 2 ponds, which give 
rise toConkepot r., a branch of the Housaton- 
ic. Pop. 1830, 1,350. 

Tyrone, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 16 ms. n. 
E. Bath, 194 Albany, is hilly, but favorable 
both to grass and grain. Little lake, i m. by 
3, has beautiful shores, cultivated to the wa- 
ter's edge. Its outlet runs i m. to Mud lake, 
from which flows Mud cr., navigable in boats 
from the fails to Conhocton cr., and the Sus. 
quehannah. The cr. alTords mill siteS, and 
the lakes are stocked with fish. Pop. 1830, 
1,880. 

Tyrrel, CO. of N. C, bounded by Hyde s., 
Washington w., Albemarle sound n., and the 
Atlantic ocean e. Length from e. to w. in- 
cluding the islands along the Atlantic coast, 
52 ms., mean width 20, and area of land sur- 
face about 750 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° 34' to 35° 57' n., and in long, from 
0° 36' to 1° 30'. Surface a dead, and in part 
inundated, plain, deeply indented from Albe- 
marle sound by Alligator r., and by the strait 
between Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. 
Chief t. Columbia. Pop. 1830, 4,732. 

Tyson's, Stor^ and p-o. Moore co. N. C, 



Borlhwards, enters and traverses Crawford to by p-r. 55 ms. s. w. Raleigh 



u. 



Ulster, co. N. Y., bounded by Delaware 
and Greene cos. n.. Duchess co. e., from 
which it is separated by Hudson r., Orange 
CO. 8,, and Sullivan co. w., contains about 96b" 
sq. ms., and 14 tsps. It is broken by the 
Kaatsbergs, called also the Blue and Sha- 
wangunk mtns. The rocks are transition, 
and the soil various. Wallkill cr. crosses the 
CO., receiving the Shawangunk, Rondout, 
Esopus, Plattekili, Sawkill, &c. There are 
extensive tracts of meadows, and other rich 
levels, and the uplands are often good. Mar- 
ble, of remarkable hardness, is found in the 
CO. ; mill stones, limestone, &^c. are also ob- 
tained in considerable quantities. Mammoth 
bones have been found in this co. First set- 
tled 1616. The earlv inhabitants were Dutch 
and Germans. Pop. 1820, 30,934 ; 1830, 36,550. 

Ulster, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 7 ms. above 
Towanda, and by p-r. 246 ms. nrthrd. W. C. 

Ulysses, t. Tompkins co. N. Y., 174 ms. 



w. Albany, 6 n. w. Ithaca, has Cayuga lake 
E., and Seneca co. n., has a fertile soil, and 
plenty of mill seats on Ilalsey's cr., which has 
a fall in one place of 2 10 feet. This t. con- 
tains a woollen factory, numerous mills, &c. 
Trumansburgh is a v. on the Ithaca and Ge- 
neva turnpike road. Jacksonville, a v. on 
the Newberg and Geneva turnpike. Pop. 
18.30,3,130. 

Umbagog, lake in Maine and N. H., about 
10 ms. by 18, flows w. into Androscoggin r., 
through Errol. It lies partly in Oxford co. 
Me., and Coos co. N. H. 

U.\ADiLLA, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 100 ms. 
w. Albany, 36 s. w. Cooperstown, has Sus- 
quehannah r. s. e., which separates it from 
Delaware co. The surface is hilly, but the 
soil of the uplands good, as well as along 
some of the streams, (irindstones are quar- 
ried in the t. The v. is on the Susquehan- 
nah, in a pleasant situation. Pop. 1830, 2,313. 



UNI 



556 



UNI 



Underbill, t. Chittenden co. Vt., 15 ms. 
N. E. Burlington, 26 x. w. Montpelier, first 
settled about 1786, has several small streams, 
and generally an uneven surface. Pop. 1830, 
1,051. 

Underwood, Store and p-o., Chatham co. 
N. C, 54 ms. svstrd. Raleigh. 

Unika mtn., local name given to that sec- 
tion of the central App.ilachian chain, which 
separates N. C. from Ten., which lies s. vv. 



N. C, and Monroe co. of Ten 

Union, p-t. Lincoln co. Me,, 40 ms. e. s. e. 
Augusta, has Waldo co. n. e., Muscongus r. 
N. w., crossed by St. George r., which con- 
nects several ponds in this t., and has its sur- 
face varied by hills. Pop. 1830, 1,612. 

Union, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 33 ms. n. e 



uated to the nrthestrd. from Peter's mtn., in 
Green Brier valley, about 40 ms. a little w. 
of N. from Christianburg, and by p-r. 208 ms. 
w. Richmond, and 267 ms. s. w. by w. VV, C, 
Lat. 37° 34', and long. 3° 32' vv. W. C. 

U.MON, dist. S. C., bounded by Spartanburg 
dist. w. and n, w., Broad r. separating it from 
York, on the n. e., Chester e., and Fairfield 
s. E., by Newberry s., and by Ennoree r. sep- 
arating it from Laurens s. w. The greatest 



from Ten. r., and between Haywood co. of length, parallel to the general course ol Broad 



r., 42 ms., mean width 15, and area 630 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 28' to 35° 
03', and in long, from 4° 27' to 4° 52' w. W. 
C. Declivity to the sthestrd. and traversed 
by Pacolet, and Tyger rs. The outline in- 
deed approaches a triangle, longest side on 
Broad r., and base on Ennoree r. Chief t. 



Hartford, 67 from N. Haven, occupies elevated Unionville. Pop. 1820, 14,126 ; 1830^17,906 
ground, with Mass. n., has an uneven sur- 
face, with granite rocks, and affords iron ore. 
Break.neck and Mashapaug ponds, are the 
chief sources of Qninebaug r., and abound in 
fish. Pop. 1830, 711. 

Union, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 140 ms. w. j 
Cattskill, 6 w. Binghampton, 150 from Alba 



Union, co. Ark., not laid down on Tanner's 
U. States ; situation and boundaries uncer- 
tain. Chief t. Ecora Fabra, 

Union, p-v. Humphries co. Ten., by p-r. 91 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Union, p-v, Boone co. Ky. 

L^MON, CO. Ky., bounded by Hopkins s. e., 



ny, is crossed by Susquehannah r., which j Trade-water r., separating it from Livingston 

here receives Nanticoke cr. Other streams '^' ' 

afford mill seats. The soil is favorable to 

grain, bearing white pine, some oak, &c. 

Maple and beech grow at some distance from 

the r. Pop. 1830, 2,121. 

Union, p-t. Esse.x co. N. J., 47 ms. n. e. 
Trenton, has Rahway r. w., and a small 
stream on the e. boundary. It reaches n. to 



s., Ohio r , separating it from Gallatin co. II. 
vv., the Ohio r., separating it from Posey co. 
Ind. N., and on the n. e. and £, it has Hender- 
son CO. Ky. Length from s. to N. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat, 
37° 35', and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect 
near the centre of this co. Slope wstrd. to- 
wards Ohio r. The body of the co. lies op- 



the Short hills, and lies n. vv. and n. of Eliza- posite to, and sthrd. from the mouth of the 



bethtown, and s. w. Newark. Pop. 1830, 
1,405. 

Union, (College,) Schenectady, Schenec- 
tady CO. N. Y., was founded in 1795. The 
faculty consist of a president, professors of 
Greek and Latin, moral philosophy and rhet- ^ 
oric, natural philosophy and mathematics, 
oriental literature, several assistant proles. 



Wabash r. Chief town, IMorganfield. Pop. 
1820, 3,470 ; 1830, 4,764. 

Union, p-v. northern part Montgomery co. 
O. by p.r. 78 ms. vv. Columbus. 

Union co. O. bounded by Franklin s. e., 
Madison s.. Champaign s. w., Logan w., Har- 
din N. w., Marion s. e., and Delaware e. 
Length 27 ms., breadth 17, and area 46U sq. 



and a tutor. Annual expense, j^l 12,50. ! ms. Lat. 40° 20', lung. 6° 30' w. W. C. 



Number of graduates up to 1631, 1,370, 

Union, isp. and p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. The j 
tsp. extends from Susquehannah r., to the 1 
estrn. boundary of Lycoming. The p-o. is 
14 ms, s. w, Wilkes-Uarre, and 88 n. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Union, co. Pa., bounded s. and s. vv. by 
MitBin, n. vv. by Centre, n. by Lycoming, n. 
E. by the vv. branch of Susquehannah r., sep- 
arating it from the nrthrn. part of Northuin- 
berland, and e. and s. e. by the main volume 
of Susquehannah, separating it from Dauphin, 
The greatest length is from s. to n. 30 ms. 
parallel to the general course of Susquehan- 
nah r., and nearly on the meridian of W. C, 
mean width 20 ms. and area 520 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 40° 40' to 41° 06', and in 
long, from 0° 10' e. to 0° 22' w. W. C. De- 
clivity estrd., and drained by Bufl"alo, Penn's, 
Middle, and western Mahantango crs. Sur- 
face hilly, or rather mountainous, but soil ex- 
cellent. Chief town. New Berlin. Pop. 
1820, 18,619, 1830,20,749. 



U.NioN, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co, Va., sit- ms. n. e. Vandalia. 



! Slope southestrd., and drained by numerous 
coniluent creeks of the Sciota r. Chief t. 
MarvsviUe. Population 1820, 1,996, 1830, 
3,1 92. 

Unio.n, one of the estrn. cos. of Indiana, 
bounded by Franklin s., Fayette w., Wayne 
N., Prebble co. O. n. e. and e., and Butler co. 
O. s. Length 14 ms., bteadth 11, and area 
154 sq. ms. Slope southward, and traversed 
and drained by White Water r. Chief town. 
Liberty. Pop. 1830, 7,944. 

Union, p-v. Hendricks co. Ind. wstrd. from 
Indianopolis. 

Union, co. II. bounded' by Jackson N., 
Franklin >. e., Johnson e., Alexander s., and 
Miss. r. separating it from Cape Girardeau 
CO. Mo. w. Length 22 ms., breadth 20, and 
area 440 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 3o', long. 12° 20' 
W.C, General slope southwstrd. towards the 
Miss, r., but the creeks flow from its nthrn. 
aide like radii from a common centre. Chief 
t. Jonesboro'. Pop. 1820, 2,362, 1830,3,239. 

Union, p-v. Vermillion co. II. by p-r. 170 



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557 



UNI 



Union, p.v. and st.jus. Franklin co. Mo. by 
p-r. 54 ms. w. St. Louis. 

Umo.v Bridge and i).o. northeastern part 
Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 70 ms. a little w. 
of N. W. C. 

Union Furnace and p-o. Huntingdon co. 
Fa. by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Union Hall, p-v. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 376 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Union Hill, p.o. Upson co. Geo. by p-r. 79 
nis. wstrd. Milledgcville. 

Union Iron Works and p-o. Berks co. Pa. 
by p-r. 60 ms. estrd. Plarrisburg. 

Union Meeting House and p-o. northwstrn. 
part Baltimore co. Md. 30 ms. n. w. Baltimore. 



the Mexican territory and the Pacific ocean. 
The country extends from 25° to 54° n. lat., 
and from 66° 50' to ld.5° long. w. from Green- 
wich, and from 9° 35' e. to 48° 20' w. W. C, 
containing wiihiu its territory an area of more 
than 2,000,000 sq. ms. This extensive coun- 
try has outlines in common with Cabotia, or 
British North America, from the mouth of 
the Saint Croix r., to the Rocky, or Chippe- 
wayan mtns., 3,0u0 miles ; with Russian N. 
America from the Rocky mtns. to the Pacific 
ocean, 1,100 miles; along the Pacific ocean, 
from Dixon's entrance, or Vuncouvre's sound, 
about 880 miles ; in common with the repub. 
lie of Mexico, from lat. 42° n. on the Pacific 



Union Mills and p-o. southestni. part Erie ocean, along that curve of bt. to the Rocky 

" ■ ■ mtns., and thence to the mouth of the Sabine 

r. into the Gulf of Mexico, 2,300 ms. ; along 
the Gulf of Mexico to Florida point, 1,000 
ms. ; along the Atlantic ocean to the mouth 
of the Saint Croix r., 1,850 ms. ; so that the 
entire outline is not far from 10,130 ms. This 
territory extends in one immense zone from 
ocean to ocean. The longest line which can 
be drawn, entirely over land, without traver- 
sing the sea, in this region, stretches from 
Cape Canaveral, in Florida, to the northern 
end uf Queen Charlotte's island, a distance 
of 3,214 statute miles. This line being as- 
sumed as a base, the mean breadth will be 
about 700 ms. ; so that the whole area would 
equal a square, each side of which should 
exceed 1,490 ms. This is nearly one twen- 
tieth part of the land surface of the earth, 
and is capable of subsisting at least one fif- 
teenth of its population. If the whole earth 
therefore sustain 1,000 millions, the United 
States would sustain 66,666,666 ; a number 
which at the present rate of increase of pop., 
it will contain within the current century. 

The original number of states was 13 ; the 
present number is 24, with 3 organized terri- 
tories, each of which are represented in con- 
gress by a delegate. The extensive tract be- 
tween the Mississippi r. and lake Michigan, 
will probably soon be organized, and called 
Ouisconsin, or Huron territory. The sub- 
joined table exhibits the sectional and aggre- 
gate extent, of the portion already distribu- 
ted into states and territories, and their aggre- 
gate pop., according to the census of 1830. 
Slate, &.C. Area in Free Aggregate Federal or 
sq. riis. pop. pop. polit. pop. 

New England, or Eastern States. 



CO. Pa. ij ms. s. e. by e. Waterford, and by 
p-r. 319 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Union Mills and p-o. on Little Pipe creek, 
northestrn. part Frederick co. Md. 18 miles 
N. E. from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 
73 ms. a little w. of n. VV. C. 

Union Mills and p-o. Fluvanna co. Va. by 
p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Union Square and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Pa. by p-r. 25 ms. n. Phil. 

Unio.ntown, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Fay- 
ette CO. Pa. situated on Red Stone creek 4 
ras. wstrd. Laurel Hill chain of mountains, 
186 tns. a little s. of w. Harrisburg, and 1 93 
ms. N.' w. by w. W. C. Lat. 39-' 54', long. 2° 
45' w. W. C. This borough was founded in 
1775, by Jacob and Henry Beesoii. It is 
chiefly composed of one street extending 
along the U. S. road. There are, iiowever, 
houses on other streets, particularly on that 
towards Morgantown in Va. 

■Uniontown, p-v. nrthestrn. part Frederick 
CO. Md., 35 rns. n. w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 
73 ms. N. W. C. 

Unio.ntown, p-t. Belmont co. O. by p-r. 136 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Union VI Li,K, t. Dutchess co. N.Y. 105 ms. 
8. Albany, has the n. end of the Matteawan 
mtns. on the e. boundary, and gives rise to 
Fishkill creek. Pop. 1830, 1,833. 

Unionville, p.v. Chester co. Pa. K or 9 ms. 
s. w. from West Chester, and by p-r. 107 ms. 
N. E. VV. C. 

Unionville, p.v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 
58 ms. N. N. w. VV. C. 

Unionville, p-v. and st. jus. Union district, 
S. C, on a small branch of Tyger r., by p-r. 
27 ins. s. E. S[)artanburgh, and 77 n. w. Co- 
lumbia. Lat. 34° 42', long. 4° 39' w. VV. C. 

Unionvh.le, p-v. Geauga co. O.by p-r. 176 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Unison, p-v. sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa. by 
p-r. 98 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Unison, p-v. nthrn. angle Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 51 ms. above and n. w. W . C. 

Unison, p-v. nthrn. part Delaware co. O. 
by p-r. 33 ms. nthrd. Colunibis. 

Unitja, p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 194 ms. 
s. E. by E. Nashville. 

U.MTED States, of North America. The 
United States are bounded n. by the- British 
and Russian dominions, e. by the Atlantic 
ocean, s. by the Gulf of Mexico, and w. by 



Maine, 


33,i2rj 


399,431 


399,437 


399,434 


.V. 11. 


l>,4i)l 


2r)>»,333 


209,3-28 


209,326 


Vt. 


8,000 


280,0,57 


280,057 


280,6.57 


Mass. 


7,800 


010,404 


010,408 


610,406 


R.I. 


1,200 


97,18.5 


97,199 


97,193 


Coun. 


4,764 


207,050 


2J7,075 


297,665 




Middle Sta 


tes. 




N. V. 


40,085 


l,ni8,i>32 


1,918,608 


1,918,577 


N.J. 


8,3-JO 


318,.-.(J9 


320,823 


319,922 


Peim. 


47,000 


1,:J47,830 


1,348,230 


1,348,072 


Del. 


'J, 100 


73,4.56 


70,148 


75,431 


Md. 


9,.356 


344,046 


447,040 


405,842 




Southern States. 




Va. 


68,r.00 


741,648 


1,211,405 


l,O23,.502 


N. C. 


51,000 


492,:J86 


737,987 


6.39,747 


S.C. 


33,000 


265,784 


581,185 


4.55,0J5 


Goo. 


Ci,i)!Q 


UUii,2'J2 


516,803 


429,810 



UNI 



558 



UNI 



State, &c. 



Ky. 

Ohio. 
Ind. 
II. 
Mo. 



Ten. 
Ala. 

Miss. 
La. 



Mich. 
Ark. 
Flor. 
D. C. 
Huron 



Free Aggregate Federal or 
pop. polit. pop. 



Area in 
sq. ms. pop 

Western States 

40,500 .')22,704 

44,000 935,878 

36,670 343,0e8 

53,480 156,698 

64,000 115,364 
South Western States. 

45,600 540,300 681,903 

51,770 191,978 
45,760 70,962 

48,320 106,151 

Territories, ^c 



687,917 
935,884 
343,031 
157,445 
140,455 



309,.')27 
136,621 
215,739 



34,000 
50,000 
55,000 
100 
100,000 



31,607 
25,812 
19,229 
33.715 



31,639 
30,388 
34,730 
39,834 



621,832 
935,882 
343,030 
157,147 
130,419 



625,203 



28,529 
37,389 



1790, 
1800, 
1810, 
1820, 
1830, 



Increase per cent. 



35 
36 
33 
33 



Progressive population from 1790, to 1830. 

inclusive. 

3,929,827 
5,305,941 
7,239,814 
9,638,191 
s^^i 12,866,020 

From the best data, we may regard the 

regular increase as nearly one third, decen- 

«;4u,««u juially. The greater increment per cent, which 

262',508 ! appears in the two first periods, is satisfacto- 

^i?'qna I "'y accounted for, from each succeeding enu- 

^ ' meration, being more correctly made, and of 

1 course the real pop. being more fully repre- 

31.625 1 sented in the returns. We find from the 

"'--- above table, that white males under 5 years 

of age, exceeded females of like age in 1830, 

51,046, an excess of about 5 per cent. Of 

white persons above the age of 70, we find 



Total, 1,061,222 10,849,620 12,858,670 12,055,050 1 —^^q^^^^^ ^^ ^q^^^i females, or of per 

From this table we find that the people oiiggj^g ^,^q j^ave passed the ordinary limits of 
the United States, have, with more or less ot k^j^^^j^ ^-f^^ ^^^^^ are 2,611 more females than 
compactness, extended their settlements over ^^^^^_ j^ ^j^g ^.j^ss of free colored persons 
more than 1,000,000 square miles, or over a I ^ ^ .^ discover very nearly similar results ; 



uiuiK mail uLiuk/i".- »" "" J , . 1 

of the U. S. double in 30 years, their number 
will exceed 100,000,000, during the current 
century. The various classes of the popu- 
lation, by the census of 1»30, are as follows: 
Whites. 



Under 5 years of age. 
From 5 to 10 
" 10 to 15 
" 15 to 20 
" 20 to 30 
» 30 to 40 
«' 40 to 50 
" 50 to 60 
" 60 to 70 
" 70 to 80 
" 80 to 90 
" 90 to 100 



Males. 

972,980 

728,075 

669,734 

673,196 

956,487 

592,535 

367,840 

229,284 

135,032 

57,772 

15,806 

2,041 



tracted life being decidedly in favor ot te- 

Moiintains. The face of the country is of 
course very much varied. For details in this 
particular, we refer to articles on the different 
Females, states. Beside the minor chains of mnts., 
^21.934 i^o^ever, the country is traversed by two 
K^ss^fi great chains which are nearly parallel with 
596 254 the coasts of the oceans which they respect- 
918',41l i ively approach. The Appalachian or Atlantic 
555*531 i chain extends from s. w. to N. e., whilst the 
356,046 Chippewayan or Pacific range runs from s. s. 
223,504 1 E. to N. N. w. By these mountains, the United 
131,307 1 States territory is divided into two great ocean 



^2'!?5 slopes, and an immense interior valley. By 
'o'too another physical division it may be regarded 

100 and upwards 301 

i"" " t 1 r jj u eastern lamiits II o'" i"<= ^•■t'F"'"' ', 

Of the foregoing, were deaf and dumD, un- ^^^ Atlantic ocean; the western from the 
der 14 years ot age, 1,652 ; of 14 and under Chippewayan, to the Pacific ocean, and the 
25, 1,905 ; of 25 and upwards, 1,80b. Blind, [^^^ central planes having a common line ot 
3,974. Aliens, or foreigners not naturalized, ; ^j^gpggt depression along the lower part of 
107,832. ! the channel of the Mississippi river, the Illi- 

ot .he colored pop. of .he Uni.ed ^-^'•.]±'!:r ^tf-jSlf SZs'-J":>^; 



there were : — 

Of Free persons. 

Males. Females. 

Under 10 yrs. 

of age 48,675 47,329 

Fm.l0to24 43,079 48,133 

" 24 to 36 27,650 32,541 

•' 36 to 55 22,271 24,327 

" 55 to 100 11,509 13,425 

100 and over 269 386 



Slaves. 
Males. Females 



353,498 
312,567 

185,585 

118,880 

41,545 

748 



347,665 
308,770 
185,786 



western Appalachian chains rise abruptly 
from the Hudson valley, near lat. 41° 30' n. 
where the Hudson passes between enormous 
walls of primitive rock. These preciiuces 
rise almost perpendicularly from 1,200 to 
,„^^„., 1,500 feet, their bases being washed by the 
lii'HR7itides. From hence, with a breadth from 80 
4 '4Qf Jto 100 ms., the range passes southwestward 
676 through the United States until gradually lost 
among the hills between the southern sources 
of Tennessee river and Appalachicola and 



Recapitulation. , ui iciiiiCLJo>.v. ' ' „■ ■ e 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total jyiobile. The intervening vallies rise trom 

Milpfl 5 357 102 153,443 1,012,8^^ D,J)Z.5,Jb/ ^^^ cj ,^^,0 foot Hisrharmnff on one side the 

Females 5,172,542 166,133 996,228 6,335,303, 



IViODUe. ine iiiiei veiling .>-".^ — ■•-- 

500 to 2,000 feet, discharging on one side the 
numerous streams which traverse and adorn 



Total. loTi^:^ 11^:^ l7^^ 12,858,670: the Atlantic slope, and from the other supply 



UNI 



559 



UNI 



innumerable fountains to the great central 
tiver; a remarkable feature of the Appalachi- 
an chain ia the fact, that very few falls are 
found in its rs. In a state of nature, the At- 
lantic system rose as the central and most el- 
evated section, of perhaps the most extended 
continuous forest that ever existed on the 
earth. From the Atlantic border far beyond 
the Ohio, (with few exceptions) spread count- 
less millions of trees, amongst which the oak, 
pine and hickory, predominated ; but inter- 
mixed with numerous other varieties, winding 
amongst these primeval woods, rose and 
flowed those streams now decked with 
farms, studded with cities, or rivalled by ca- 
nals fed from their own bosoms. The St. 
Lawrence basin, a part of the same physical 
section, also sustained its share of this vast 
forest, stretching almost uninterruptedly from 
the sources of Ottawa and Saguenai, to the 
gulf of Mexico. Passing westward from the 
Appalachian towards the Chippewayan range, 
timber gradually ceases, and many hundred 
miles before reaching the sources of the 
mighty Missouri, its banks are entirely desti- 
tute of trees. Here are extensive level prai- 
ries, where, far as the eye beholds, nothing 
like forest trees are visible, and as on the 
ocean, earth and heaven seem to meet in the 
distance. In southwestern Louisiana, the 
extremes meet, and in a few hours the travel- 
ler may pass from the deep gloom of forests 
untouched by the axe, into plains unbroken 
by the plough. Contrasts like these, though 
on a larger scale, strongly mark the two 
great mountain systems of the United States. 
Towards the Atlantic, spots of grassy glades 
are interspersed amongst the mtn. chains. 
Amid the Chippewayan ridges, forest trees 
are seen in strips or clumps. 

Bays, Gulfs, Capes, and Rivers. — All these 
subjects arc mentioned particularly in the ar- 
tides on the states where they are found, or 
under their respective heads. It will be suf- 
ficient here to say, that no country in the 
world is intersected by as many navigable 
rivers as the United States ; that the longest 
river is the Missouri, which, including the 
Mississippi, is the longest in the world, being 
4,490 miles in length ; that the gulf of Mexi- 
co, on the s. boundary, is the largest in the 
United States territory, and that the bays of 
the coast are numerous, and several of them 
navigable by vessels of the largest size. In 
the northern part, the Atlantic coast, which 
is bold and rocky, is indented by numerous 
inlets, and broken into headlands. Towards 
the s. the shore is more level, and generally 
alluvial. 

Lakes. — North America, beyond every oth- 
er country, is distinguished for the immense 
extent and number of its fresh water lakes. 
Several of these are on the n. boundary of the 
United States. Lake Superior is the largest 
body of fresh water on the globe, its surface 



of these have been the scenes of important 

naval engagements. 

Soil. — The soil of a district so extensive as 
the United States, is of course marked by al- 
most every variety. Under the great Ap- 
palachian forest on both sides of the main 
chain, and also in its most elevated vallies, or 
table lands, the soil offers a full reward for its 
cultivation, and allows the choice of objects 
of culture. The western slope of the Appa- 
lachian chain exceeds the eastern in fertility, 
though this disparity is compensated by the 
numerous rivers on the e. slope opening chan- 
nels of direct intercommunication with the 
Atlantic, and by the more diligent cultivation 
of the soil. In point of extent, the two mtn. 
systems of the United States are as two to 
one, very nearly ; the Appalachian having 
about 700,000 and the Chippewayan upwards 
of 1,400,000 square miles. With but partial 
exceptions the inhabited parts are as yet on 
the Appalachian section. 

Climate. — The climate of the United States 
is remarkable for its variety and its sudden 
changes from extreme heat to cold, and the 
contrary. In the n. partis the cold and drea- 
ry winter of Canada, and in the extreme s. 
parts, the summer is almost uninterrupted 
from one end of the year to the other. The 
climate differs from that of Europe, in the 
same latitudes. The level portions of the 
southern states have more moisture, and a 
less salubrious atmosphere ; their noxious ef- 
fluvia are more constantly formed, and their 
marshes more numerous. Those parts how- 
ever which are elevated, more commonly en- 
joy a temperate and delightful climate. The 
mean annual temperature of the middle states 
is the same as in the corresponding European 
region, though it is differently distributed. In 
the Atlantic states the climate is marked by 
extremes, the summers being usually very 
hot, and the winters though often short, much 
colder than European winters in the same lat- 
itude. Deep and abiding snows are usual in 
winter on the Atlantic coast, and on the Mis- 
sissippi, and if we advance to lat. 38° x., or 
attain an elevation where the temperature is 
the same as there, there are very few win- 
ters,in the course of which, from December 
to February inclusive, the earth is not cover- 
ed with ice or snow, and the mean temperature 
of the nights being below the freezing point. 
With the N. w. winds the snows are most 
abundant, and often much drifted. In the 
winter of 1831, and 1832, the Mississippi r. 
was frozen and passable on the ice as low as 
lat. 35° N., and the spring floods of 1832, were 
very great. The summers of the United 
States, though often excessively warm, are as 
agreeable, if not more so, than those of 
southern Europe, and in autumn no part of 
the globe possesses a season more congenial 
to human life, or more charming to the sen- 
ses. In general the weather is variable, and 



containing 35,000 square miles. Lake Huron subject to sudden changes. The climate 
contains 20,000 square ms., lake Erie 10,350, throughout the country is greatly modified by 
and lake Ontario, 7,200 square miles. Some the mountains, lakes, &c. Facts which our 



UNI 



560 



UNI 



limits forbid us to insert, sustain us in the fol- 
lowing general conclusions respecting the 
climate. For the iiiore minute local peculi- 
arities of climate, the reader is referred to 
the articles on the respective states. These 
general conclusions are, that all places of sim- 
ilar latitude and elevation, have like climates, 
that the United States territory, comprising a 
zone of N. A., generally has along its oppo- 
sing coasts similar climates to those prevail- 
ing on the opposing zone of the eastern conti 



Minerals. — Most kinds of minerals have 
been discovered more or less extensively, in 
the United States. Gold has been found in 
North Carolina, Georgia, and other states. 
Silver in small quantities in several places ; 
iron in numerous and inexhaustible beds, es- 
pecially along the Appalachian range of mtns., 
from New Hampshire to Georgia ; copper on 
lake Superior, in pure metallic masses, and 
in the ore in several places ; lead in several 
places, and the mines of Missouri, the annu- 



nent. Along the Pacific coast, even beyond j al produce of which is estimated at more 
Bhering's strait, a mild and moist climate pre-! than 3,000,000 lbs. are among the richest in 



vails, whilst along the Atlantic coast, the win 
ters are intensely cold & summers as intense- 
ly warm ; that advancing from the Atlantic 
coast inland, the thermometer indicates a de- 
pression of temperature, according to relative 
heisht and exposure ; falling occasionally, 
even in N. lat. 35° and e. of the Mississippi 
river to 18° below zero of Fahrenheit, — that 
about 400 ft. elevation is fully equivalent to a 
degree of lat. on Fahrenheit's thermometer, 
— that as low as n. lat. 35'', and with no al- 
lowance for any difference of elevation, the 
winters present a season of from 60 to 120 



the world ; mercury or quicksilver, which 
though a rare metal, had been found in small 
quantities on the borders of 4 of the great 
lakes, and other metals, as cobalt, bismuth, 
and antimony. Limestone in all its varieties, 
slate, sandstone, and building stone of va- 
rious kinds, are abundant. Coal has been 
discovered, the anthracite in inexhaustless 
quantities, and bituminous in abundance. Salt 
springs are found in several of the states, 
some of which are profitably worked, and 
salt is also manufactured from sea water. 
Within a few years, gypsum, or plaster of 



days, say 90 days in which the rivers are fro- j Paris, has been extensively quarried in the 
zen. This excess of course increasing with) state of New York. Mineral springs are 
elevation, and progressing northward, — that! found in most of the states ; some of them 
the prevailing winds which have been men- highly valuable, 
tioned are in frequency about as 7 in 10, andj Productions and Iniermd Improvements.- 



in intensity, at least as 8 in 10, of all aerial 
currents, over the United States and western 
Europe, and consequently that this great cur- 
rent, which carries the moist and uniform air 
ofthe Atlantic on Europe, at the same time 
bears the frozen air of an inmiense continent 
over the eastern part ofthe United States, — 
that observation of prevailing rains shows, 
that the mean annual amount of rain in the 
United States is about 37 1-2 inches, whilst 
the mean annual rains of n. w. Europe 
amount to only 31 1-3 inches. In the 
United States rain falls from 140 to 150 days, 
including snow, sleet, &c. leaving about 220 
fair days, annually, while in n. w. Europe, 
the days of rain, or rather of heavy mist, are 
on an average 220 days annually ; and 
lastly, that the climate of the United States 
appears to be nearly stationary, or if subject 
to any changes, they are small. Clearing of 
land, if it produces any efl'ect, will probably, 
as in Scotland, lower the temperature. 

Winds. — The winds which prevail about 
7-10 of the time throughout the whole n. 



On these subjects, see articles on the res- 
pective states, and on rail-roads and canals. 

Agriculture. — Nearly one fifth of all the 
inhabitants ofthe United States are engaged 
in agricultural pursuits. The annual cotton 
crop is estimated from 300 to 350 millions of 
pounds. The flour and meal actually inspect- 
ed at 11 different places in 1830, amounted 
to2,85l,S7G barrels of wheat flour, 41,351 
of rye flour, 18,372 hhds. and 35.070 barrels 
of corn meal. Tlie eastern states are mostly 
devoted to grazing and the dairy ; the middle 
and western, to the production of various 
kinds of grain ; the southern to raising rice, 
sugar, tobacco, cotton, &c. 

Manufactures. — The manufactures of the 
United States are considerable, and gradually 
increasing, to a great extent ; they have been 
noticed in the articles on the different states, 
though some statements still remain to be 
made. The eastern and middle states, which 
are most abundantly supplied with water pow- 
er, are most extensively engaged in manu- 
factures, especially of cotton, woollen, iron, 



temperate zone are from the n. w., w. and p. 'glass, paper, wood, &.c. In 1810, the value 
w. This prevalence is said to be so great as i of annual manufactures in the United States, 
to bend the forests on both sides ofthe Atlan-lwas estimated at $172,762,676 ; the present 
tic toward the e. or s. e. Not only are these ; annual value is computed at ,"5500,000,000 ; 
winds most frequent, but also most violent ; and the capital invested in all the manufacto- 
and the effects of their constancy and violence ries of the Union is estimated at more than 
may be generally traced by this inclination of $1,000,000,000. Most ofthe American man. 
the trees ofthe country, from N. England to 'ufactures are designed for home consumption, 
the mouth ofthe Oregon, and even into thelyet in !83l, domestic manufactures were ex- 
Arctic ocean, to Melville island. These ported to the amount of .$7,861,740. More 
winds are however very much modified, than two thirds of the clothing used by those 
by the elevated lands in the mountainous engaged in agricultural pursuits, are of do- 
parts, and by the sea breezes, &c. on the jmestic production, 
coast. 



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Cmnmcrce.-The United States are among, the title lo these land^'the United'sI^I^Th^; 
the most commercial countries in the world, paid on the Louisiana purchase pHncinal and 
In the year ending September 1831, the im- interest, -$23,5 14,225 f onX ForSa 



ports amounted to S$103,191,124, of which 
$93,962,110, were imported in American, 
and $9,229,014 in foreign vessels. The e.\. 
ports of the same year, amounted to $81,310 - 
583, of which $61,277,057 were domestic, 
and $20,033,526 foreign articles. Of the 
domestic e.vports, $1,889,472 were the pro 
duct of the sea; $4,263,477 of the forest; 
$48,261,233 of agriculture ; and $7,862,675 
of manufactures. Of domestic articles, 
$49,671,239 were expo rted in American, and 
$11,605,818, in foreign vessels. Of the for 
eign articles $15,874,942 were exported in 
American, and $4,158,584 in foreign vessels 
In the same year 922,9.52 tons of Amer., and 
281,948 tons of foreign shipping were enter- 
ed ; and 972,504 tons of American, and 271,. 
994 tons of foreign shipping cleared from the 
ports ot the United States. The whole 
amount of the registered, enrolled, and li- 
censed tonnage, including fishing vessels, in 
the United States in 1830, was 1,191,776 tons ; 
of which 38,911 were engaged in the whale 
fishery. .The amount of tonnage built in 1830 
was more than 58,000 tons. The most im- 
portant article of e.xport, was cotton, which 
amounted to $25,289,492 ; the exports of to 
bacco, were $5,269,960 ; of rice, $2,620,696 • 
ol flour, biscuit, &c. $4,464,774 ; of swine' 
and their products, $1,495,830 ; of corn and 
rye meal, .$881,894; of cattle and their pro 
ducts,including butter and cheese, $896,316- of 
thQ imports, $13,456,625 were free of dutV ; 
$61,534,965 were subject to duties " ad va 
lorem" ; and $28,199,533 were subject to 
to specific duties. The number of seamen in 
the United States is about 50,000, exclusive 
of the navy, and of those engaged in internal 
navigation. The greatest export trade is 
from New Orleans ; the greatest import to 
New York. A great proportion of the ship- 
ping of the United States is owned in New 
England and New York. For additional de 
tails, see tables in the apendix. 

F/6f/«;-ie.s.— Mostofthe fisheries are carried 
on from the New England states and by N. 
E. ships. The-cod fishery is the moat impor" 
tant, that of the whale next. The annuyil v due 
.of hsh exported is $1,889,472. The whole 
amount ot tonnage engaged in the fisheries 
in 1831, was 98,322 tons. 

Public Lands.— These lands consist of the 
territory belonging to the United States at the 
time of their independence, of tracts ceded to 
the general government by individual states^, 
aiid of tracts acquired by treaty or purchase. 
1 hey are mostly within the limits of the West- 
ern states, and are to a great extent occupied 
by Indians, who are regarded as the owners 
until their title shall have been extinguished 
by purchase. The aggregate amount of all 
these lands, is 1,090,871,753 acres, the value 
of which, at the fixed minimum price of sale 
a dollar and a quarter per acre, amounts to' 
the enormous sum of $1,363,589,691. For 

71 



chase $6,251,016 ; on the Georgia, Yazoo 
and other contracts, $18,312,2T9 :— total] 
$48,077,551. The amount of all their sales 
up to September 1831, has been $37,272,713. 
The amount of sales is gradually on the in- 
crease ; in 1831, it was $3,000,000. All sales 
are for cash. Salt springs and lead mines are 
reserved by government; and one thirty-sixth 
part of all public lands, are reserved and ap. 
plied for the perpetual support of common 
schools. Three fifths of the value of all sales 
IS applied by congress, for internal improve, 
mentsinthestates where the lands are loca- 
ted, and the remaining two fifths is applied by 
the states for the promotion of learning. Up to 
the present time, rather more than 150,000,. 
000 of acres have been surveyed, about 2o',- 
000,000 of acres have been sold, and the sam'o 
quantity granted by congress for the purposes 
of education, internal improvement, &.c. and 
there are now about 110,000,000 of acres 
surveyed and unsold, of which 80,000,000 are 
now in market. Of the unsold lands, 340,. 
871,753 acres are within the limits of the new 
states and territories, and 750,000,000 acres 
beyond these limits. 

Revenue, expendiiure, and national debt 

As there is at present no direct taxation by 
the general government, the revenue is 
chiefly derived, 1, from duties on imports ■ 2 
from the public lands ; 3, from its bank sto'ck '; 
4, from post offices, lead mines, &c. Of 
these the duties on imports are by far the lar. 
gest. The estimated revenue for 1832 ia 
lio')^..''"'*"""^' 826,.500,ii00; public lands.' 
§3,000,000 ; bank dividends, $490,000 ; other 
sources, .$110,000; total, $30,100,000. The 
expendiiures fqr the same year, exclusive of 
payments on the public debt, are estimated 
at $13,365,202, which, being deducted from 
r^c^^i'"^"^^^*^ receipts, will leave a balance 
of $16,734,797. Between March, 1829, and 
the 2nd of January, 1832 more than ^40 'oOO - 
000 have been applied to the extinguishment 
of the public debt, which at the last date 
amounted tc. $24,322,235. It is intended to re, 
duce It to ^2,302,686 by January, 1833 ; to 
pay It off entirely by March of the same year 
Ihe whole amount of the disbursements of 
government made in all the states between 
1789 and 1831, for fortifications, light houses, 
public debt, internal imiirovements, and revo, 
lutioiiary pensions, is ^222,!!76,821. 

Banks.~ThQ present bank of the U. S 
was chartered by congress in 18 1 6, for 20 
years, with a capital stock of $35,000,000 
of which government owns one fifth. The' 
debts of the bank may in no case exceed its 
deposits by more than $35,000,000. The 
actual circulation is about $42,000,000 ; and 
the average dividends 6 or 7 per cent. 'The 
bank is located at Philadelphia, and ithas 25 
branches in the principal cities of the Unio^n 
Besides the U. S. bank, tliere are in the dif 
ferent states, nearly 400 banks, with capitals 



UNI 



562 



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of from $3,000,000 downwards, amounting 
in all to about $200,000,000, including the 
U. S.bank. 

Mint. — The mint was established at Phila- 
delphia in 1792, and the amount of its coinage 
has been constantly on the increase. Durin 
the first 10 years of its establishment, endin 



Boston News Letter. In 1720, there were 
but 7 newspapers in all the North American 
colonies ; in 1810 there were 359 in the U. 
S. ; in 1826, 640 ; in 1828, 802 ; and at the 
present time there are more than 1,0( 0, of 
which between 50 and 60 are issued daily. 
Of the 802 newspapers issued in 1828, 192 



in 1801, the amount of silver coinai^e alone [were in New England, 409 in the middle, 
was $1,574,000; from 1801 to 1811, it was j in the southern, 115 in the western, and 33 
$4,858,000; from 1811 to 1821, $6,180,000 ;! in the southwstrn. states ; 5 were in the terri- 
and from 1821 to 1831, $18,325,000. The|tories, 9 in the district of Columbia, and 1 in 
whole coinage of 1831, amounted to $3,- ' the Cherokee nation and language. The whole 

number of periodical sheets annually issued 
is estimated at 64,000,000. 

Slavery. — Slavery exists in 12 states, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Caroli- 
na, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, 
Kentucky, Mississippi, and Missouri ; also in 
th-e territories of Arkansas, Florida and 
Michigan. Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Indiana, 
have no slaves. In Rhode Island, Connecti. 
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
and Illinois, there are a few ; but as slavery is 
abolished in all of them, it will cease with 
the death or exportation of the slaves now in 
them. Whole number of slaves in the U. S. 
2,010,436. 

Indians. — The whole number of Indians in 



92.3,473, of which $714,270 were of gold, 
$3,175,600 of silver, and $.'''),603 of cop- 
per. The expense of the mint for the same 
year was $28,000. Of the gold coined, 
$518,000 were from the gold regions of the 
U. S. Gold and silver are coined without ex- 
pense to the owners. The probable supply of 
bullion for the next period of 10 years, is es- 
timated at $6,000,000 annually. The metal- 
lic currency of the U. S. is estimated at 
$30,000,000. 

Post.nffice. — The first-post in America was 
established in New York in 1710, under the 
old colonial government. In 1789, the ex- 
clusive direction of posts, &.c. was conferred 
by the constitution on congress. At that time 
there were but 75 post-offices in the country. 



In 1831, the number of post-offices was 8,686;' the U. S. and their territories, is 129,266. 



the extent of post-roads 115,176 miles; and 
the yearly transportation of mails equal to 
15,468,692 miles. The expenses of the 
post-office department, for the year 1830, 
were $1,959,109; the receipts, $1,919,300; 
balance against the department, $39,809. 

Army and navy. — The standing army of 
the U. S. is limited by law to 6,442 men ; it 
consists of 7 regiments of mfantry, and 4 of 
cavalry, commanded by one major general 
and two brigadier generals, beside inferior 
officers. The estimated expense of the ar- 
my for 1832, including fortifications, armo- 
ries, arsenals, &lc. is $6,648,099. Beside 
the standing army, the militia of the country 
in 1830, amounted to 1,262,315. The navy 
consists of 12 ships of the line, 17 frigates, 
16 sloops, and 7 schooners ; total 52, includ- 
ing those which are building, of which 20 are 
in commission. The total number of officers 
and men is 6,345. The estimated expenses 
of the navy for 1832, including the sum for 
gradual improvement, are $3,907,618. 

Salaries, pensiuvs, <J-c. — The largest sala- 
ry is that of the president, which is $25,000 
annually ; ministers plenipotentiary, 9,000 a 
year, with the same sum for an outfit ; the sec 



The whole number of tribes is 58. In New 
England the number of Indians is 2,526 ; in 
New York, 5,143 ; in Virginia and S. Caro- 
lina, 497; in Ohio, 2,3.50; in Indiana, lUi. 
nois, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Mis- 
sissippi, 66,004 ; in Michigan territory, 
28,316; in Louisiana and Missouri, 7,113; 
and in the Florida and Arkansas territories, 
17,107. 

Education. — As a general government, the 
U. S. have done little for the interests of public 
instruction, except that they reserve for this 
purpose one section in every township of their 
new lands, besides other reservations for col- 
leges. This highly important subject has, 
however, probably been much better attended 
to by being left to the individual states and to 
private citizens. The chief details of what 
has been done will be found in the articles on 
the respective states. In general it may be 
remarked that the colonists of New England 
adopted a most admirable system of common 
school instruction. As early as 1628, a law 
was passed for the education of every child 
in the colonies ; and in 1647, a school was 
established by law in every town or neighbor- 
hood of 50 families, and a school for the 



retaries of state, the navy, treasury and war, ; higher branches, for every 100 families. But 
and the post-master general, ^6,000; the for more particular accounts, see articles on 
vice president and the chief justice, $5,000; New England, Massachusetts, and the other 
associate judges of the supreme court, and, states. There are in the U.S. {as will be 
charge d' afi'airs, $4,500; and members of seen from the tables in the appendix, which 
congress $8 per day. The annual revolu-sfe,) 66 colleges, the whole number of whose 
tionary an<l other pensions amount to $1,363,- 1 alumni, previous to 1831, was 22,653, of 
296. There are no sinecures in the U. S. \ which about one quarter were graduates of 
Newspapers. — No country in the world Harvard, and nearly the same number of 
equals the U. S. in the number of its news- i Yale college. The whole number of instruc. 
papers. The first newspaper in America was' tors at that date was about 450; volumes in 
printed at Boston in 1704, by the name of the college libraries, 190,056, and in the students' 



UNI 



563 



UNI 



society libraries, 87,190. Yale has a greater 
number of students than any olhcr college : 
Harvard is most richly endowed. Thirty- 
nine of the sixty-six colleges have risen 
during the present century ; though many of 
the foundations, now entitled colleges, were 
respectable academies before the change of 
their names, with which change in some 
cases, there has been no corresponding 
change of studies. From the table of students, 
(see tables in appendix,) it appears that (ex- 
clusive of the West Point military academy), 
there were in 1831, nearly 6000 young men 
of the U. S. receiving a liberal classical edu 
cation. Beside the colleges, there are in the 
U. S. 27 theological seminaries, (see appen- 
dix,) tile number of whose graduates amount 
to nearly 1,900. Beside those included in the 
table, there are in the U. S. 5 Roman Catholic 
seminaries. There are also 18 medical 
schools, and 9 law schools, for the names, lo- 
cations, «Slc. &c., of which see appendix. 
Most ot the states of the union have made 
some legislative provision for connnon school 
instruction ; and in some states large funds 
are set apart for this purpose. Private schools 
and academies of the higher order are quite 
numerous, especially in New England, so 
that few grow up without enjoying the means 
of elementary instruction, or if they desire it, 
of a more extended liberal education. In the 
Sabbath schools of the U. S., which are doing 
much for the intellectual as well as moral im- 
provement of the young, about 600,000 chil- 
dren are weekly instructed, by more than 
80,000 teachers. 

Religion. — There is no established church 
in the U. S., but all sects are alike allowed 
free toleration; nor is any legislative pro- 
vision made for the support of religion in any 
of the states, except that in Massachusetts 
every citizen is obliged to be connected with, 
or pay taxes to some religious denomination. 
In the articles on the several states, may be 
found the details of the different denomina- 
tions within their limits. For the different 
denominations, their churches, ministers, 
communicants, &c. as they were in 1830 in 
the U. S. see table in appendix. Their 
numbers since that date are much increased, 
though their relative numbers' are not mate- 
rially changed. The number of churches in 
the U. S., at the present time, is not far from 
12,000. 

Constitution and government. — The present 
constitution of the U. S. was adopted in 1787, 
though it has since been amended. The form 
of government which it establishes is a con- 
federated republic, composed of all the states. 
The legislative branch consists of a senate 
and house of representatives. The senate is 
composed of two senators from each state, 
chosen every two years, for a period of six 
years, so that one-third of the senate is re- 
newed biennially. Every senator must have 
been 9 years a citizen, and 30 years of age. 
The vice-president is president of the senate ; 
and all trials for impeachment are conducted 



before that body. The number of senators 
is at present 42. The members of the house 
of representatives are chosen every two 
years ; they are proportioned to the popula- 
tion of the states from which they come, 5 
slaves being counted as 3 freemen in the 
slave states. The rate of apportionment af- 
ter March 18.33, is one to every 47,700 inhab- 
itants. The qualifications are, that a repre- 
sentative shall have been 7 years a citizen, 
and be at least 25 years of age. All bills for 
raising revenue must originate in the house 
of representatives; and any bill vetoedhyihe 
president, will, notwithstanding, become a 
law, if afterward approved by two-thirds of 
both houses. The number of representatives 
in 1833, will be 240. Congress has thepow- 
er to impose taxes, both direct and indirect, 
regulate commerce, and the coining of mone)', 
make bankrupt laws, provide for common de- 
fence, borrow money, establish post-offices 
and post-roads, punish felonies, piracies and 
counterfeiters, secure copy and patent rights, 
declare war, borrow money on public credit, 
raise and provide for an army and navy, call 
out the militia, execute the laws of the U.S., 
&LQ. &-C. The judiciary is composed of a 
supreme court of 1 chief and 6 associate 
judges; of 31 district courts of a single judge 
each, except that 6 of the states are each di- 
vided into 2 districts ; and of 7 circuit courts, 
composed of the judge of the district, and 
one of the judges of the supreme court. The- 
judges are appointed by the president with 
the consent of the senate, and are removea- 
ble only by impeachment. The executive 
power is vested in a president, chosen for 4 
years, and eligible for a second term. He 
must be a native citizen, or have been a citizen 
at the adoption of the constitution, 35 years 
of age, and have resided in the U. States 14 
years. He exi^rcises a qualified negative; 
by consent of the senate makes treaties, ap- 
points ambassadors and public officers, and 
exercises the pardoning power. In case of 
his death he is succeeded by the vice presi- 
dent ; both these officers are removeable 
only on conviction of bribery, treason, or other 
high crimes, &c. The cabinet of the presi- 
dent consists of the secretaries of^ state, trea- 
sury, war, navy, post master general, and at- 
torney general. The electors of the president 
and vice president, are, in each state, equal to 
the number of both its senators and represen- 
tatives in congress. The whole number of 
electors is 288, of which New York has the 
largest number, 42, and Delaware the smal- 
lest, 3. {See appendix.) If no choice is 
made by a majority of the votes of the elec- 
tors, the house of representatives, voting by 
states, choose a president from the three can- 
didates having the greatest number of votes. 
If no president is chosen, the vice president 
performs the duties of the office. If a vice 
president be not chosen, the senate choose 
one from the two highest candidates. 

History. — For the settlement and early 
history of the difTerent states, see articles on 



UPP 



564 



URB 



thftn. From the first English eettlement ini Uppfr Flat Lick and p-o. Knox co. Ky. by 
1607, until 1775, the present U. S. were un-' p-r. 129 ms. s. e. Frankfort, 
der the colonial government of Great Britain. | Upper Hanover, tsp. and p-v. Montgomery 
On July 4th, 1776, independence w;is declared! CO. Pa. situated on the Perkiomen creek, in 
by a conijress o.f delegates from 13 states,! the n.w. angle of the co. 37 ms. n. w. Phil, 
met at Philadelphia. A confederation of the j Upper Hunting, creek and p-o. southern 
states took place Nov. 15, 1777. In 1783, a part Caroline co. I\Id. by p-r. 95 ms. a little a. 
treaty of peace was sipned, and Great Britain of e. W. C. 

acknowledged the independence of the U. S.[ Upper Marlboro', p-v. and st. jus. Prince 
The present constitution, (excepting some] George's co. Md. situated on a cr. called the 
slight amendments^ was formed in 1787, and! Western Branch of Patuxent, 18 ms. s.e. by 
adopted in 1789. The 13 states which! e. W. C, 23 s. w. Annapolis, and 36 a little 
adopted it were. New Flampshire, Massachu-' w. of s. Baltimore. Lat. 38° 49', and long. 
setts, Rhode Island, Coimecticut, New York, I 0° 15' e. W. C. 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-| Upper Merion, tsp. and p.o. Montgomery 
land, Virginia, N. and S. Carolina and Gcor- 1 co. Pa. 11 ms. n. w. by w. Phil. The tsp. is 
gia. Vermont was admitted to the union in the higher of the two tsps. of Montgomery 
1791. Kentucky in 1792, Tennessee in 1796, co. on the right bank of Schuylkill r. 
Ohio in 1802, Louisiana in 1812, Indiana in| Upper Middletown, tsp. and p-o. Fayette 
1816, Mississippi in 1821, Illinois in 1818, Ico. Pa. on Red Stone cr., 10 ms. e. Browns- 
Alabama and Maine in 1820, and Missouri in'ville, and by p-r. 13 ms. northwards Union- 
1821. The president? of the U. S. have been [town. 



Uppeh Peach Tree, p-v. southwstrn. part 
by p-r. 117 ms. s. Tusca- 



as follows : George Washington, from 1789 to 
1797; John Adams, 1797 to U!01 ; Thomasj Wilcox co. Ala 
Jefferson, 1801 to 1809; James Madison,] loosa. 
1809 to 1817; James Mnnroe, 1817 to 1825;; Upper Sanduskv, p-v. wstrn. part Craw- 
John Quincy Adams, 1825 to 1829 ; Andrew' ford co. O. by p-r. 64 ms. a little w. of n. Co- 



Jackson, 1829. 

Unity, p-t. Waldo co. 



Inmbus. The tsp. of Sandusky contains two 
Me. 30 ms. n. E.lp.vs., called relatively Upper and Lower 



Augusta, has Kennebec co. w., and is | Sandusky. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 579. 
crossed by a small branch of Sebasticook r. Upper Strasburg, p-v. Franklin co. Pa. 9 
which is partly supplied by a large pond which jms. northwards Chambersburg, and by p-r. 99 
encroaches on the n. boundary. Pop. 1830, ! ms. n. n. w. W. C. This place was from its 
1,199. 

Unity, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H 
Concord, !i8 from Portsmouth, and 90 from 
Boston, has Whortleberry pond n., which 
gives rise to Little Sugar r., a small branch 
of Connecticut, which crosses this town and 
Charlestown. The surface is uneven and 



relative situation in the co. formerly called 
13 ms. from jUpperville. 

Upperville, p-v. in the extreme nrthwstrn. 
angle of Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 54 miles w. 
W. C. 

Upson, co. of Geo. bounded by Pike N., 
Monroe e., Crawford s. e., and Flint r., sepa- 



rocky, the soil good for grazing and flax.' rating it from Talbot s. and s. w. Length 25 
A bed of copper ore has been discovered in ms., mean width 12, and area 300 sq. ms. 



a ledge of rocks. 
1830, 1,258. 



First settled, 1769. 



Pop.! Extending in lat. from 32° 45' to 33°, and in 
long, from 7° l4' to 7° 39' w. W. C. Decli- 



Umty, p-v. northeastern part Montgomery vity s. s. w. towards Flint r. Chief t. Tho- 



CO. Md. 27 ms. n. W. C. 

University of Virginia and p-o. Albe- 
marle CO. Va. situated 1 m. wstrd. Charlotte- 
ville, and by p-r. 124 ms. a little w. of s. w. 
W. C., and 82 n. w. by w. Richmond. This 



maston. Pop. 1830, 7,013. 

Upson C. H. (ice Thoinnsfon.) 
Upton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 38 ms. e. 
s. w. Boston, 10 s. e. Worcester, is partly 
hilly and partly level, with soil favorable to 



institution has been briefly noticed under thel p-rass, and gives rise to West r., a branch of 

' the Blackstone. Pop. 1830, 1,167. 

Urbana, p-t. Steuben co. N.Y. 207 ms. from 
S. map, creek and p-v. Muscogee! Albany, 7 n. n. e. Bath; contains 5 or 6 ms. 
The Upatoie creek rises in Talbot' of Crooked lake, has a rough surface, with 



head of Charlotteville 

IJpATOiE, as in p-o. list, Upotoie on Tan 
net's U, 
CO. Geo. 



and Marion, and flowing wstrd. enters and j the principal part of its soil inferior. Pop. 



traverses Muscogee co., the far greater part 
of which it drains, and is finally lost in Chat- 
jtRhooche r. The p-v. of Upatoie is on the 
,creek of same name, by p-r. 140 miles 
wstrd. Mjlledgeville. 

Upper Black Eddy, p-v. on Delaware r. 
Bucks CO. Pa. by p-r. 191 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Upper Bme Lick and p.o. sthrn. part Flem- 
ing CO. Ky. 

Upper Dublim, tsp. and p-o. Montgomery 



1830, 1,288. 

Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Middlesex co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of Rappahan- 
noc r., by p-r. 83 ms. a little n. of e. Rich- 
mond, and 142 a little e. of s. W. C. It is a 
seaport 18 ms. above the mouth of the r. 

Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Champaign co. 
O. by p-r. 50 ms. a little n. of w. Columbus, 
and 42 ms. n. n. e. Dayton. Lat. 40° 05', 
Ions. 6° 44' w. W. C. It is situated on a 



CO. Pa. between White Marsh and Horsham, ' small branch of Mad r., and contains a print. 



17 ms, N. N. w. Phil. 



ing office, a Methodist and Presbyterian 



VAC 



565 



VAL 



church, market house, 9 or 10 stores, and 
the common co. buildings. Population 1830, 
1,102. 

Urquhart's Store and p-o. Southampton 
QO. Va. by p-r. 79 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

Utica, p-t. and citj', Oneida co. N. Y., is 
situated in 43° 10' n. int., and 2° 42' E. long. 
W. C. ; 9G ms. n. n. w. Albany, 15 s. e. Rome, 
246 N. w. New York, and 383 n. k. W. C. 
It is pleasantly situated on the s. side of the 
Mohawk r., where formerly stood Old Fort 
Schuyler, at the point whore the Erie canal, 
the great western road, and the river meet. 
This situation gives it utuisual facilities for 
intercourse with the large cities, and with the 
interior, in consequence of which its increase 
has been remarkably rapid. The town and 
village are of the same extent, the township 
being small. The soil is alluvial, of good 
quality, with a gradual ascent from the river, 
and formerly was covered with maple, beech, 
elm, and helmlock forests. These within 
less than 40 years have given way torthe flou- 
rishing town which now occupies their place. 
The city is large, regularly and well built, 
wealthy and active. The streets are straight, 
some of them broad, neatly and elegantly 
built, and adorned with shade trees. In 1794, 
there were on this spot only a log tavern, and 
two or three other buildings. Now, among 
its public buildings arc 3 banks, several hand- 
some churches, a college, the court house, 
an academy, &c. There is also a museum, 
and several hotels. The principal street is 
crossed at right angles by the Erie canal, 
over which are several very good bridges. 
The bridge over the Mohawk r. is also worthy 
of notice. The central situation of Ulica 
gives it superior advantages for business, and 
its already flourishing trade is gradually in- 
creasing. Several packet boats pass to and 
from the city daily ; and stage coaches and 



freight boats constantly arriving and depart- 
ing, give to the city the air of great enter- 
prize and activity. Numerous manufactories 
are in operation in the neigliborhood of Uti- 
ca, as of cotton, wool, glass, iron, &c. la 
Oneida co. arc 21 manul'actorics of cotton 
goods, which arc chiefly owned in tliis city. 
The country about Utica is fertile, and the 
scenery delightful. Trenton falls, within 14 
miles, are yearly visited by numbers of tra- 
vellers, attracted thither by its scenery, which 
in romantic beauty and sublimity are almost 
unrivalled. The West Canada creek, on 
which these falls are situated, here passes 
through a deep channel of limestone, where 
the chasm is 150 feet deep. There are 4 
principal cataracts, the highest of which is 
48 feet high. In another part of the stream 
is a successive scries of beautiful cascades. 
Other curiosities in the vicinity often engage 
the notice of travellers. Utica was incorpo- 
rated as a village in 1798, and a city in 1832. 
Pop. 1830,8,323. 

IJtica, p-v. northern part Licking co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 47 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Utica, p-v. Clark co. Ind., by p-r. 113 ms. 
s. s. E. Indianopolis. 

UwcHLAND, p-o. Chester co. Pa., 13 ms, n. 
w. West Chester, and 35 n. w. by w. Phila- 
delphia. 

UxBRiDGE, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 38 
ms. w. Boston ; contains many manufacto- 
ries. It is crossed near the middle by Black- 
stone river and canal, and has the line of R. 
Island s. Blackstone river here receives 
West and Mumford rs., both which streams 
afford numerous mill sites. Iron and granite 
are found in the town. The surface in the 
centre is nearly level, but hilly in other parts. 
There was formerly an Indian village here 
called Wacuntug. Pop. 18;i0, 2,086. 



T, 



Vacasausa, bay of Florida, spreading in a 
circular form about 20 ms. in diameter, to the 
s. E. of the mouth of Suwannee r. To the 
s. it opens into the Gulf of Mexico, having 
Cedar Keys w., and Saint Martin's or Pagoi 
Keys, s. e. Oyster banks obstruct the bay of 
Vacasausa, and the Suwannee river cannot 
be entered with any vessel above 5^ feet wa- 
ter, and with so much only at high tide. The 
tides are more dependent on the wiiids than 
on the moon, and vary along this coast from 
18 to 36 inches, and reach 4 feet only after 
long and high s. w. winds. 

The distance from the bay of Espiritu 
Santo to the mouth of Suwannee river, is 135 
ms. ; and the wide and shoaly bank which 
obstructs the coast from Espiritu Santo to Va- 
casausa bay, continues uninterrupted to the 
bay of Appalachie, where its breadth is re- 
duced to about 3 ms., and a channel found to 
*nter the river Saint Mark. This channel 



is accessible to vessels drawing 10 feet, and 
afl'ords good anchorage 8 ms. irom the town 
of Saint Mark, and vessels drawing 8 feet 
can reach the t. itself. The distance along 
the coast from Vacasausa bay, or mouth Su- 
wannee river, is about 95 ms. to the moutlf 
of Saint Mark river, and the channel to the 
latter is the only good entrance to be found 
from the bay of Espiritu Santo, or an extent 
of 230 ms. 

Value's Mines, and p-o. Jen'crson co.Mc, 
by p-r. 145 ms. s. e. by e. Jctrerson City. 

Vadeinsburo, p-o. Chesterfield co. Va., by 
p-r. 20 ms. southward Richmond. 

Valley, p-o. northern part of Mifflin co. 
Pa., by p-r. 64 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. « 

Valley Forge, p-o. northeastern part Ches- 
ter CO. Pa., about 20 ms. n. w. Phil. It is 
situated on the Schuylkill, near the mouth of 
Valley cr. 

Valley Hill, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 



VAS 



566 



VER 



Valleytown, and p-o. in Amoi dist., or the 
Cherokee territory in Ten., by p-r. 621 ms. s. 
w. by w. W. C, and 228 s. e. by e. Nashville. 
Vallona, p-v. Jackson co. Ind., 4 ms. s. of 
Brownstovvn, the co. seat, and by p-r. 73 ms, 
8. Indianopolis. 

Van Buren, co. Mich., bounded n. by Alle- 
gan co., Kalamazoo co. e., Cass co. Mich, s., 
Berrien s. w., and lake Michigan n. w. Ex- 
cept an elongation containing about 40 square 
miles, on the northwestern part, which reach- 
es lake Michigan, the body of the co. is a 
square of 24 ms. each way ; area 616 sq. ms. 
Lat. 42° 15' and long. W.'C. 9° w. intersect 
in this CO. The slope is westward, and chief- 
ly drained by the Papau, branch of Saint Jo- 
seph's river of lake Michigan. From the 
northern border, however, streams flow north- 
wardly into Kalamazoo r. It is named in the 
census returns of 183l), but then contained on- 
ly 5 inhabitants. The central part is about 
160 ms. nearly due w. from Detroit. 

Van Buren, p.v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 
185 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 
Van Buren, p-v. Crawford co. Ark. 
Vanceburg, p-v. on the left bank of O. r., 
in the northern part of Lewis co. Ky., by p-r. 
99 ms. N. E. by. e. Frankfort. 

Vance's Ferry, and p-o. Orangeburg dist., 
S. C, 68 ms. by p-r. from Columbia. 

Vandalia, p-v. Wayne co. Ind., by p-r. 53 
ins. E. Indianopolis. 

Vandalia, p.v. st. jus. Fayette co., and seat 
of government, state of Illinois, is situated 
on the right bank of Kaskaskias river, 80 ms. 
N. E. by E. Saint Louis, in Mo., about 200 ms. 
s. w. by w. Indianopolis, and by p-r. 781 ms. 
w. W. C, and 127 ms. n. n. w. Shawneetown 
on Ohio r. Lat. 38° 56', long. W. C. 12° 08' 
w. It is of recent foundation, but contains a 
pop. of about 500. The buildings, public and 
private, are respectable, if we regard the few 
years which have elapsed since the site was 
a wilderness. 

Vanderburg, CO. Ind., bounded w. by Po- 
sey, Gibson n., Warrick e., and the O. river 
8. separating it from Henderson co. Ky. n. 
lat. 38° and long. W. C. 10° 40' w. intersect 
in the southern part of this co. Slope south- 
westward, and drained into the Ohio and Wa- 
bash rs. The surface very hilly, and pretty 
rocky, but soil fertile. Chief t. Evansville. 
Pop. 1820, 1,798, 1830,2,611. 

Van Hook's Store, and p-o. Person co. N. 
C, by p-r. 56 ms. n. n. w. Raleigh. 

Vansville,p-o. nrthrn. part Prince George's 
CO. Md., 14 ms. n. e. W. C. - 

Varrennes, p-v. western part Anderson 
dist., S. C, about 20 ms. s. Pendleton, and by 
p-r. 123 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Variety Mills, and p-o. eastern part Nel- 
son CO. Va., by p-r. 112 ms. a Uttle n. of w. 
Richmond. 

Vassalborough, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 8 
ms. n. Augusta ; has Kennebec river on its 
w. line, and contains part of a large pond, and 
several small ones, whose waters are dischar- 
ged into that r. Pop. 1830, 2,761. 



] Venice, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 20 ms. s- 
Auburn. Pop. 1830, 2,445. 

Vassausa Bay. (5'ee Vacasausa hay.) 
Venango, co. Pa., bounded N. w. by Craw- 
ford, N. and N. E.by Warren, e, by Jefferson, 
s. E. by Clarion river, separating it from Arm- 
strong, s. w. by Butler, and w. by Mercer. 
Length from e. to w. 40 ms., mean width 28, 
and area 1, 120 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
40° 10' to 41° 37', and in long, from 2° 16' to 
3° 04' w. W. C. Alleghany r. enters this co. 
from the n., and winding in a northwestward- 
ly course receives French cr. at Franklin. 
The united stream thence flows s. s. e., by a 
very tortuous channel, to its egress from the 
CO., where it receives Clarion river from the 
eastward. The general declivity of the east- 
ern and central parts is to the s. w. by w., 
having the channel of the Alleghany and 
French creek as base. A triangle of about 
150 sq. ms. lies to the right of the Alleghany, 
and slopes eastward towards that stream. 
Chief t. Franklin. Pop. 1820, 4,915, 1830, 
9,469. 

Venango Furnace, and p-o. Venango co. 
Pa., by p-r. 275 ms. northwestward W. C. 

Venus, p-v. on the left bank of Miss, river, 
northwestern part Hancock co. II. by p-r. 133 _ 
ms. N. w. by w. Vandalia. 

Verdierville, p-o. Orange co.Va., by p-r. 
81ms. s. w. W.C. 

Verdon, p-v. Hanover co. Va., 33 miles 
northwards Richmond. 

Vergennes, city, Addison co. Vt., lies on_ 
Otter creek, at the head of navigation, and 
embraces an area of 400 rods by 480. It was 
incorporated 1788. The first settler within 
the limits came in 1766 ; the others were from 
Mass. and Conn. The creek falls 37 feet, 
and afibrds many good mill sites, some of 
which are occupied. Above the falls the 
stream is about 500 feet wide, and at the de- 
scent is divided into 3 parts by 2 isls. The 
largest vessels on lake Champlain come up 
7 miles, and the shores are very bold, but the 
channel is very crooked. Commodore Mac 
Donough's flotilla was fitted out here in 1814 ; 
and the large lake steamboats have wintered 
here. Considerable trade is carried on, the 
surrounding country being fertile, and the 
place advantageous for ship building. The 
city has 2 school dists. Pop. 1830, 999. 

Vermillion, bay, or more correctly lake, 
as it diff'ers in no essential respect from simi- 
lar sheets of water on the La. coast, at the 
mouths of Sabine, Mermentou, Calcasiii, At- 
chafalaya, and La Fourche, spreads from the 
Vermillion sthestrd., enclosed on the gulf 
side by a chain of low, long and narrow 
marshy islands, terminated towards, and 
separated from Atchafalaya bay, by Point 
Chevreuil. The eastern part of Vermillion 
bay is called locally Cote Blanche bay, but it 
is only the same sheet of water, with its nor- 
thern shore indented by Point Cypriere Mort. 
This bay is in depth about from 10 to 12 feet, 
but as in respect to the river, the bars admit 
no vessels with a draught above 3 feet. 



VER 



567 



VER 



Vermillion, river of La., has its source in 
the vicinity of the village of Saint Landre, in 
Opelousas. Known there as bayou Bourbee, 
it flovv's s. s. E. about 12 ms. to whefe it is 
connected with the Teche by b;iyou Fusilier, 
and thence assuming the name of Vermillion, 
is gradually augmented by the drain of the 
prairies on each side, pursues a general south- 
ern course of 60 ms. to its final efflux into 
the Gulf of Mexico. In the superior part of 
its course, the banks of the Vermillion are 
clothed with forest timber, which gradually 
becomes scarcer advancing towards the Gulf, 
and before reaching the lake or bay, ceases, 
if we except small detached clumps of live 
oak, and some other trees. The land along 
the Vermillion, where of adequate elevation, 
is every where highly productive, and towards 
the mouth, the climate below lat. 3 )° admits 
the growth of sugar. The tide rises in the 
Vermillion upwards of 50 ms., but the bars 
and lake admit only vessels of .5 feet draught. 
Vermillion, small river of Ohio, rising in 
Lorain and Huron cos., and flowing nrthrdly. 
nearly along the dividing line of these two 
COS., falls into lake Erie, after a comparative 
course of about 30 ins. 

Vermillion, river of II. and Ind., rising in 
the former, interlocking sources with those of 
Kaskaskias, Sangamon, and Pickmink rivers, 
and flowing thence s. e. by comparative cour- 
ses 60 ms. over Vermillion co. of II., and Ver- 
million of Ind., falls into Wabash river at 
lat. 40°. 

Vermillion, p-v. Huron co. Ohio, by p-r. 
130 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Vermillion, co. Ind., bounded by Warren 
CO. N., Wabash river separating it from Foun- 
tain CO. N. E., and Parke s. e. ; it has Vigo 
CO. s., Edgar co. II. s. vv., and Vermillion co. 
II. N. w. N. lat. 40°, long. 10° 30' w. W. 
C. Slope eastward towards Wabash river, 
and in that direction it is drained by Vermil- 
lion r. and numerous other streams. Length 
from s. to N. 38 ms., mean breadth 8, and area 
304 sq. ms. Chief town, Newport. Pop. 
1830, 5,692. 

Vermillion, co. of II., bounded by War- 
ren N. E., Vermillion co. Ind. s. e., Edgar II. 
s., and Cole s. w. On the other sides it is 
bounded by unappropriated territory. Length 
from s. to n. 38 ms., breadth 32, and area 
1,216 sq.ms. Lat. 40° and long. W. C. 11° 
w., intersect in this county. It is very nearly 
commensurate with the higher part of the 
valley of Vermilion r. Slope s. e. by e. Chief 
t. Danville. Pop. 1830, 5,836. 

Vermillionville, p-v. on the right bank of 
Vermillion r., Lafayette parish. La., about 30 
ms. s. w. by w. New Iberia, and 48 ms. s. St. 
Landre. 

Vermont, one of the U. S. of America, 
bounded N. by Lower Canada, e. by the Conn, 
r. which separates it from New Hampshire, 
s. by .Massachusetts, and w. by New York, 
and lake Champlain. It lies between 42° 44' 
and 45° lat., and 3° 31' and 5° e.. long, from 
W. C. Its greatest length n. and s. is 157^ 



ms., and greatest breadth 90 ms. ; medial 
breadth 57 ms., and area 10,200 sq. ms. It 
is divided into 13 counties, and 245 towns, 
generally about 6 ms. square, and 2,000 school 
districts. 

Population. — In 1790, Vermont contained 
85,539 inhabitants ; in 1800, 154,465 ; in 
1810, 217,865 ; in 1820,2:)5,764, and in 1830, 
280,657, the latter in detail as follows : 



Goiiiities. Pop. 1830. 


Counties. 


Pop. 1830. 


Addison, 


24,940 


Orleans, 


13,985 


Beuniiigton, 


17,4G8 


Orange, 


27,285 


Caleduiiia, 


20,967 


Rutland, 


si, 294 


Chittenden, 


21,705 


\^'asliingt 


on, 21,378 


Essi'x, 


3,081 


Windliaa 


28,748 


franklin, 


2i,.o:j5 


Windsir, 


40,626 


Grund Isle, 


21,765 






Of the foregoing were white 


persons — 




Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of 


age 


21,700 


21,338 


Prom .'5 to 15 




37,003 


35,513 


] 5 to 30 




39,989 


40,933 


30 to 50 




26,168 


27.298 


50 to 70 




12,251 


11,879 


70 to 90 




2,821 


2,728 


90 and upwa 


rds 


51 


91 



Total 



139,790 



139,986 

Of which were deaf and dumb, 153 ; blind, 
51 ; aliens, 3,364 ; colored population (there 
are no slaves) as follows — 







Males. 


Females. 


Under 10 years of 


a^e 


122 


121 


Prom 10 to 24 




113 


131 


24 to 36 




80 


74 


36 to 55 




61 


71 


55 to 100 




47 


56 


100 and upw. 


lids 


3 


2 



426 455 

Recapitulation. 

Whites. Colored persons. Total. 

. 279,776 881 280,657 

The Green mtns., from which the state de- 
rives its name, on account of the evergreens 
with which they are covered, occupy a large 
part of the state, and most of the surface is 
very uneven. The range passes through the 
whole length of the state, about half way be- 
tween the Connecticut and lake Champlain. 
It divides the cos. of Windham, Windsor and 
Orange, from Bennington, Rutland and Addi- 
son, with one lofty ridge, through which there 
is no opening, and no channel of a stream, so 
that 5 turnpike roads cross at considerable 
elevations. The range is divided in the s. 
part of Washington co. The loftier ridge 
runs along the east line of Chittenden and 
Franklin cos., and the other, the " the height 
of lands " runs n. e. into Caledonia co. This 
ridge is of nearly uniform elevation, and di- 
vides the streams of lakes Champlain and 
Memphremagog, from the tributaries of the 
Connecticut. The w. ridge presents a more 
broken outline, and is cut through by Onion 
and Lamoille ra. In this range are the lofti. 
est peaks in the state. 12 rivers flow from 



VER 



568 



VER 



Vt. into Connecticut r. and 9 into lakes Cham- 
plain and Memphremagog, all of which are 
small. The springs and brooks are so numer- 
ous, that every spot in the state appears to 
be supplied with pure running water. There 
are mineral springs in dilTerent parts of the 
state, impregnated either with sulphuric acid 
gas, or iron, some of which are resorted toby 
invalids. A small part of Memphremagog 
lake lies in Vt. and the remainder in L. Cana- 
da. North Hero, South Hero and Lamotte 
are three large islands in lake Camplain, be- 
longing in this state; and there are several oth- 
ers of smaller size. The rocks are generally 
primitive, but there is a transition range, 10 
or 15 ms. wide along lake Champlain. The 
Boil on the borders of the streams is chiefly 
alluvial and is the richest in the state, but 
some of the uplands are almost equal to it in 
fertility. A large part of the useful soil is un- 
even or stony, and better fitted for grazing 
than tillage. The climate of Vt. is variable 
and cold, but healthful. The extremes are be- 
tween 27° below 0, and 100° above, of Fahren- 
heit. From Dec. 1st till April, the ground is 
usually covered with snow. The principal 
indigenous forest trees, are the hemlock, 
spruce and fir, which are found upon the mtns.; 
the oak, elm, pine, nut, sugar-maple, beach 
and birch which occupy the meadows and 
more cultivated tracts ; and the cedar which 
abounds in the swamps. Moose of very large 
size, deer, bears, catamounts and wolves were 
formerly very common in Vt., but have now 
almost entirely disappeared. Agriculture 
and grazing form the chief employment of the 
people. Wheat is most cultivated w. of the 
mtns., but fruit trees, especially apples, are 
raised and flourish in all parts. Great num- 
bers of cattle, horses and sheep are annually 
sent out of the stale. Pot and pearl ashes, 
bar and cast iron and maple sugar are impor- 
tant articles of e.xport. Water power is abun- 
dant in most parts of the state, and is applied 
to some extent to tbe manufacture of woollen, 
cotton and iron. There are several quarries 
of durable and handsome marble. Great 
quantities of timber were formerly floated 
down the Connecticut r. in the spring floods, 
until the legislature required that it should 
be sawn in the state. Lake Champlain on 
the w. affords great advantages for naviga- 
tion, especially since the construction of the 
Champlain canal, which opens a navigable 
route to New York city. A company has been 
recently incorporated for constructing a rail- 
road from Bennington to Troy, N. Y. On 
the E. boundary Connecticut r. is navigable 
with rafts, and small steamboats have lately 
ascended as far as Windsor. 

History. — Lake Champlain was discovered 
by a Frenchman in 1609, but no settlement 
was made in the state until 1724, when fort 
Dummer in Windham co. was built by the 
colony of Mass. In 1731, the French built a 
fort at Crown Point, and made a settlement on 
the Vt. shore, at Chimney Point. The Indian 
and revolutionary wars retarded the popula- 
tion very much. The territory of Vt. was 



claimed by New Hampshire and New York ; 
and the disputes which this occasioned also 
impeded the progressof improvement. These 
contests respecting the territory of Vt., con- 
tinued for years, between- many of the first 
grantees, and others who purchased the land 
ofNew York. The sheriffs both of N. H, 
and N. Y. were resisted, and at length a sys- 
tem of opposition was commenced under Col. 
Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, «&c. In 1774, 
New York passed very severe laws on the 
subject ; but the commencement of the revo- 
lution suspended the contest, and on the 16th 
of Jan. 1777, a convention from many of its 
towns declared the tract of country usually 
called " the New Hampshire grant" a separ- 
ate state, by the name of Vermont. In July 
1777, a constitution was adopted by another 
convention at Windsor, and the government 
was organized, March 13th, 1778. A party 
of Vermonters, under the command ofEthan 
Allen, surprized fortTiconderoga, in 1775, at 
the same time Crown Point was taken by Seth 
Warner, and Sheensboro', (now Whitehall,) 
by another body of them. The people of the 
stats rendered important services to the coun- 
try during the revolutionary war. 

In 1786 the constitution of the slate was 
revised. In 1790 the controversy with New 
York was terminated, by paying her $30,000, 
and in Feb. 1791, Vt. was admitted into the 
Union. In 1793 the constitution of Vt. was 
again revised. 

Government. — The legislative power is ves- 
ted in a house of representatives, called the 
general assembly. With the council they 
appoint the judges of the courts annually, and 
the higher military of officers when required. 
The executive power is vested in a gover- 
nor, deputy gov. and council of 12, annually 
chosen by the people. The gov. and council 
have no negative on bills passed by the house, 
but may postpone them one session. 13 cen- 
sors are chosen annually by the people, to see 
that the constitution is not infringed, &-c. The 
supreme court has three judges ; each coun- 
ty also has a court of three judges, sitting 
twice a year ; and each probate district has a 
court composed of 1 judge and justices of the 
peace. The supreme court sits annually in 
in each county except Grand Isle ; and the 
judges of it form the court of chancery. The 
state prison is at Windsor. 

Education. — The higher institutions of 
learning and science are, the Vt. university, 
Middlebury college, and the Vt. academy of 
medicine. Most of the cos. have academiesj 
and every town is divided into school districts, 
in which schools for all classes are kept, us- 
ually but part of the year. The university 
was founded at Burlington, 1791, by the le- 
gislature. The gov., speaker of the house of 
representatives, and president of the univer- 
sity, are ex-officio members of the corpora- 
tion ; and 28 others are appointed by the le- 
gislature. Middlebury college was founded 
in 1800. The academy of medicine in 1818, 
at Castleton. 



VER 



569 



VIC 



Religiout denominations. — The Congrega- 
tionalists have 13 associations, 203 churches, 
155 ministers and 17,236 communicants ; Bap- 
tists 105 churches, 64 ministers, and 8,478 
communicants ; Methodists 44 ministers and 
8,577 communicants ; Episcopalians 15 min- 
isters ; Unitarians 3 societies and 1 minister ; 
there are some Freewill Baptists, Christ-ians, 
and Universalists. 

Vernon, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 35 ms. e. 
Bennington, 50 s. Windsor, is in the s. e. cor- 
ner of the state, with Connecticut r. on its e. 
boundary. It was one of the first settlments 
in Vt ,the settl«rs coming from Northfield and 
Northampton, Mass., and suffering much from 
Indian attacks and murders. Startwell's fort 
was built in 1740. White Lilly pond covers 
100 acres. The streams are small, the soil 
is thin and stony, much of the surface moun- 
tainous, with small meadows on Conn, river. 
There are pitch-pine plains e. and slate is 
quarried w. Pop. 1830, 681. 

Vernon, p-t. Tolland CO. Conn., 12 ms. n. 
E. Hartford, .about 3i ms. by 5, is generally 
uneven, lying on the high lands between the 
waters of Connecticut and Thames rs. Quar- 
ries of micaceous schistus are wrought in the 
8. w. part, which forms an excellent pave- 
ment for side walks, and is extensively used. 
Hockanum and Tankerooson are good mill 
streams, and supply water to several mills 
and factories. Pop. 1830, 1,164. 

Vernon, p-t. Oneida CO. N. Y., 17 ms. w. 
Utica, 112 ms. w. by n. Albany, has Oneida 
or. w. which separates it from Madison co. 
It is of irregular form, and comprehends the 
principal Oneida settlement in the state. 
About 1-3 of the town belongs to the Oneida 
and Tuscarora reservations. First settled, 
1797. The surface is pleasantly varied, the 
soil good and watered by Skanando cr. and 
its branches. It contains the villages of Ver- 
non, Oneida and Castleton. Population 1830, 
3,045. 

Vernon, incorporated v. Vernon, Oneida 
CO. N. Y., 13 ms. w. by n. Albany, 13 Utica, 
on Skanando cr., has several manufactories. 

Vernon, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 21 ms. n. e. 
Newton, 88 n. by e. Trenton, has the state of 
N. Y. on the n. e., Wawayanda mtn. e., Po- 
chuck mtn. w., and other eminences of the 
Wallkill range ; is crossed by Wallkill cr. w. 
in the upper part of its course. Pop. 1830, 
2,377. 

Vernon, p-v. in the sthwstrn. part of Kent 
CO. Del., 22 ms. s. s. w. Dover, and by p-r. 
96 E. W. C. 

Vernon, p-v. on the right bp.nk of Ala. r., 
in the sthrn. part of Autauga co. Ala., 10 ms. 
w. Washington, the co. St., and by p-r. 124 
ms. 6. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Vkrncpn, p-v. and St. jus., Hickman co. Ten., 
situated in the nrthrn. part of the co., in di- 
rect distance 40 ms., but by p-r. 66 ms. s. w. 
by w. Nashville, n. lat. 35° 48', long. 10° 31' 
w. W. C. 

Vernon, p-v. Madison co. Miss., by p-r. 38 
ms. nrthrd. Jackson. 

72 



Vernon, p-v. nithestrn. part Trumbull co. 
O., by p-r. 180 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Vernon, p-v. and st. jus., .Jennings co. Ind., 
by p-r. 64 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis, n. lat. 39°, 
long. W. C. 8° :^.6' w. 

Verona, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 113 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 12 w. Rome, has Wood cr. n., 
and Oneida cr., separating it from Madison co. 
and Oneida lake. It was purchased from 
the Oneida Indians in 1796. The surface 
is nearly level, with much swampy land and ' 
good soil. Eric canal crosses it n., near the 
cr. Forts Bull and Rickey were on that 
stream. Pop. 1830, 3,739. 

Versailles, p-v. and st. jus., Woodford co. 
Ky., 12 ms. w. Lexington, and 13 s. e. Frank. 
fort, n. lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. 
Pop. 1830, 904. 

Versailles, p-v. and st. jus., Ripley co. 
Ind., by p-r. 79 ms. s. e. Indianopolis, n. lat, 
39° 05', long. W. C 8° 36' w. 

Vershire, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 25 ms. s. k. 
IMontpelicr. 35 N.Windsor, first settled 1780, 
is uneven and often stony, and watered by the 
head streams of the Ompompanoosuc. Pop. 
1830, 1,260. 

Vevay, p-v. and st. jus., Switzerland co. 
Ind., by p-r. 105 ms. s. e. Indianopolis, and 
45 ms. below Cincinnati. It is situated on 
the Ohio r., and contains about 1,500 inhab- 
itants. It was founded in 1804, by a small 
Swiss colony, and now contains the common 
CO. buildings, a printing office, a branch of 
the bank of Ind., some other public buildings, 
and in the vicinity, the most extensive vine- 
yard in the U. S. Mr. Flint speaks in high 
terms of the inhabitants of Vevay, and says, 
"They are every year improving on the vin. 
tage of the past. They are the simple and 
interesting inhabitants that we might expect, 
from the prepossessions of early reading, to 
find from the vine clad hills of Switzerland." 
There are in Vevay a literary society, and 
public library. The situation is fine locally, 
and also commercially with the r. Ohio and 
interior country. 

Vestal, t. Broome co. N. Y., 150 ms. from 
Albany, 8 ms. s. Binghampton, has Pennsyl- 
vania on the s., and Tioga co. w., has Sus. 
quehannah r. n., and includes several islands 
in that stream. Chocunut cr. flows n., nearly 
across the whole t. Pop. 1830, 946. 

Veteran, p.t. Tioga co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. 
Elniira. Pop. 1830, 1,616. 

VicKsnuRG, p-v. and st. ju."., Warren co. 
Miss,, by p-r. 50 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

Victor, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. 
w. Canandaigua, 203 w. Albany, has Monroe 
CO. N. and w., supplied with mill sites by Mud 
and Toronto crs. ; n. w. is a large cedar 
swamp, and plains bearing oak timber. Pop. 
1830, 2,270. 

Victory, t. Essex co. Vt., in the s. w. part 
of the CO., is crossed by Moose r. from n. w, 
to s. E. Pop. 1830, .^S. 

Victory, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 167 ma. w, 
Albany, 24 n. Auburn, 10 n. Erie canal, has 
Seneca co. w., has small streams, i)ut good 
mill seats. Pop. 1830, 1,819. 



VIN 



570 



VIR 



ViELLEBORo', p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Car- 
oline CO, Va., 8 ms. n. Bowling Green, the et. 
jus. of the CO., and 70 ms. s. s, w. W. C. 

Vienna, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 26 ms. n. 
w. Augusta, has on its w. boundary a small 
stream running n. into Sandy r. Pop. 1830, 
722. 

Vienna, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 125 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 12 \v. Rome, has Oneida lake 
s., and Oswego co. w., has good land on the 
courses of Fish and Wood creeks, but inferi- 
or in other parts. First settled 1802. Erie 
canal is from 5 to 10 ms. distant s. Pop. 
1830, 1,766. 

Vienna, v. Phelps, Ontario co. N. Y., 12 
ms. E. Canandaigua, stands at the junction of 
Flint cr. and the Canandaigua outlet, and con- 
tains several mills, with large gypsum beds. 

Vienna, p-v. and sea port, on the right bank 
of Nantikoke r., and in the estrn. part of Dor- 
chester CO. Md., about 17 ms. s. e. by e. Cam- 
bridge, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 118 ms. in 
the same direction from W. C. 

Vienna, p-v. in the nrthrwstrn. part of Pick- 
ens CO. Ala., by p-r. 18 ms. n. w. Pickens- 
ville, the co. seat, and 06 in the same direc- 
tion from Tuscaloosa. 

Vienna, p-v. Trumbull co. O., by p-r. 165 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Vienna, p-v. and st. jus., Johnson co. II., 
by p-r. 107 ms. s. Vandalia, n. lat. 37° 27', 
long. W. C. 12° w. 

Vigo, co. Ind., bounded by Vermillion co. 
Ind. N., Parke n. e.. Clay e., Sullivan s., Wa- 
bash r., separating it in part from Clarke co. 
II. s. w. Length from s. to n. 26, breadth 18, 
and area 468 sq. ms. n. lat. 39° 30', long. W. 
C. 10° 30' vv. The nrthvvstrn. part is traver- 
sed by the Wabash r. The general slope s. 
s. w. Chieftown, Terre Haute. Pop. 1820, 
3,390, and in 183i), 5,766. 

Village Green, p-v. Delaware co. Pen., 4 
ms. wstrd. Chester, the co. seat, 16 ms. s. w. 
Philadelphia, and by p-r. 126 n. e. \V. C. 

Village Springs, and p-o. in the sthrn. part 
of Blount CO. Ala., by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. Tusca- 
loosa, and about 70 s. Huntsville, in Madison 
county. 

Villanova, p-t. Chataiique co. N. Y., 318 
ms. w. Albany, 20 n. e. Maysville, has a few 
streams running into Walnut and Cananda- 
way crs. Pop. 1830, 1,126. 

Villa Ricca, p-v. Carroll co. Geo., by p-r. 
178 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

ViLLEMONT, p-v. and St. jus. Chicot co. Ark., 
situated on the right bank of Miss, r., about 
30 ms. in a direct line below the mouth of 
Ark. r., and by p-r. 184 ms. s. e. Little Rock. 
N. lat. 33° 23', and long. 14° 07' w. W. C. 

Vinalhaven, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 73 ms. 
8. E. Augusta, 13 s. Castine; embraces 
the Fox isls. in Penobscot bay. Population 
1830, 1,794. 

Vincennes, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ind., 
situated on Wabash r., by p-r. 126 ms. s. w. 
Indianopolis, and about 110 ms. a little f. nl 
E. from Vandalia. Lat. 38° 42' n., long. W. 
C. 10- 35' w. This is amongst the early set- 



tlements of the French from Canada. It is 
rapidly improving, and contains a bank, acad-- 
emy, a Roman Catholic, and Presbyterian 
church, two printing offices, land office, and 
some other public buildings. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
500. 

Vincent, p-v., tsp. of Chester co. Pa., on 
the Schuylkill, between East Nantmill and 
Pikeland, 26 ms. n. w. Phil. 

Vineyard, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt., 28 ms. 
N. w. iJurlington, 13 w. Saint Mbans, 85 from 
Montpelier ; is an island in lake Champlain, 
containing 4,620 acres. It was first settled 
about 1785. The rocks are good building 
limestone ; a marsh which crosses it is over- 
grown with cedar. There are 2 school dis- 
tricts. Pop. 1830, 459. 

Vineyard, p-v. Washington co< Ark., by 
p-r. 187 ms. n. w. Little Rock. 

Virgil, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y., 148 ms. W. 
by s. Albany, 10 s. Homer ; has Broome and 
Tioga cos. s., and Cayuga co. w. ; has Ti^^ 
oughnioga creek n. e., and some streams of 
Fall creek n. w., which flow into Cayuga lake. 
These, with a branch of Owego cr. s., sup- 
ply mill seats ; and there is boat navigation on 
the Tioughnioga to the Susquehannali. This 
t. has a good soil. Pop. 1830, 3,912. 

Virginia, state of the U. S., bounded s. e. 
by the Atlantic ocean, s. by North Carolina, 
s. w. by Tennessee, w. by Kentucky, n. w. by 
the O. r. separating it from the state of Ohia, 
N. by the southwestern part of Pennsylvania, 
and the Potomac separating it from the west- 
ern part of Maryland, and n. e, also by the 
Potomac, and a part of Chesapeake bay, sep- 
arating it from central and eastern Maryland. 

Having an outline along the Atlantic ocean 
from the southeastern angle of Md., to the 
northeastern of N. C, 112 ms.; westward in 
common with N. C, 340 ms. ; along the Iron 
mountains from the extreme northwestern an- 
gle of N. C, to the extreme northeastern 
angle of Ten., 4 ms. ; westward in common 
with Ten. to Cumberland mountains, and the 
extreme southwestern angle, 110 ms. ; along 
Cumberland mountains in common with Ky., 
to Tug Fork of Sandy river, 1 10 ms. ; down 
Sandy river in common with Ky., to Ohio r., 
70 ms. ; up Ohio river opposite the state of 
Ohio, to the western boundary of Pa., 355 
ms. ; south along west boundary of Pa., and 
to the southwestern angle of that state, 64 
ms. ; cast along Pa. to the northwestern an- 
gle of Md., 58 ms. ; south to the head of the 
North Branch of Potomac, and southwestern 
angle of Md., 36 ms. ; down Potomac r. op- 
posite Md. to the outlet of that stream into 
Chesapeake bay, 320 ms. ; thence over Ches- 
apeake bay, and along the southeastern boun- 
dary of Md. to the Atlantic ocean, and place 
of beginning, 60 ms. ; having an entire out. 
line of 1,639 ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
32'to40°38' N., and in long, from 1° 46' e. to 
6° 33' w. W. C. 

The southern boundary of Va. is nearly 
commensurate with its greatest length, 450 
ms. The area of this state is usually under- 



VI R 



571 



VIR 



rated ; as by a careful measurement by tho 
rhomba, the superficies me within a frac- 
tion of 70,000 sq. nis., which, divided by 450, 
yield-s 1-55^ very nearly, as the mean width. 
A geographical error exists as respects the 
eouthern boundary of Va. That boundary on 
most maps is laid down as a line along lat. 
36i ; but it leaves the Atlantic ocean on 36° 
32' nearly, and gradually inclining to the 
Borthwards, when it strikes the Iron mount. 
«ins it is above lat. 3G° 33'. The northern 
boundary of Ten., between the two states, 
leaves the Iron mountains lat. 36° 05' nearly, 
and maintains that curve to the Cumberland 
tnountains. From these elements we see, 
that the southern boundary of Va. lies at a 
mean of about 36° 33^' n., and that it is not 
even a continued line between the extremes. 

Natural Seclions- — Virginia is the most ex- 
tensive of the states of the U. S., and perhaps 
the most strongly contrasted in its physical 
features. Similar to Md. and N. C, Va. is 
sub-divided into three distinct sections. Sea 
and alluvial section below the head of tide 
water ; the middle and hilly section, and the 
central or mountainous ; but in the case of 
Va., a fourth and very important natural sec- 
tion may be superadded. This latter section 
may be very properly called the western or 
Ohio section, as it is drained into that stream, 
as a common recipient. These four natural 
sections are in their respective features and 
outlines, so distinct as to be recognized in the 
legislation of the state, and indeed must ever 
have political and moral effects. The follow- 
ing is a summary of 4 tables, formed by a 
member of the convention, recently held to 
form a constitution for the state, and deserves 
some attention, as upon them in some degree 
depended the apportionment of representa- 
tion as it now stands, under the present con- 
stitution of the state. 

Summary. 

Supposed pop. 1829. sq. ms. in each 
Whites. Slaves. Total, division. 



Couiitiiis. 

•Juljieppei 

<Jiiii)ljei-Iand 

Dinwiddle 

Elizabeth City 

Essex 

Fa if fax 

Fauquier 

Fluvanna 

Fi-aukliu 

Gloucester 

Goochland 

Gtecnsviile 

Ildifax 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Henry 

IsleofWigh* 

James City 

Kii]>^ and Queen 

King Georgo 

King VViUium 

Lancaster 

Loudon 

Louisa 

Luni'uburg 

Madison 

Mattliews 



Po|mlHlion 

•24,U'.27 

1I,09U 

21,901 

.'5,05:3 

10, r, 

9, -201 

8,2-il 
1-1,911 

in.GOo 

10,369 
7,117 

28,o:m 

16,253 

28,797 

7, low 

10,517 

3,838 

11,G-11 

6,397 

9,812 

4,8U1 

21,939 

16,151 



Counties Population. 

Micidenburg 20,477 

Middlesex 



1. Below head of 

tide water. 165,237 

2. Between that, & 

the Blue Ridge 201,219 
3. Between the Blue 
Ridge & the Alle- 
ghany ]«6,994 
4. Westward of the 
Alleghany to Ohio 
river 153,523 



175,847 
2-25,991 



341,074 
427,210 



11,805 
15,386 



37,857 203,871 13,072 



12,831 166,353 28,337 



Total, 085,962 452,526 1,138,508 68,600 

The population of Virginia after several 
periods has been as follows :-1790, 747, 6l0 ; 
1800, 880,200; 1810, 974,622; in 1820, 1,- 
065,366; and in 1830, 1,211,375 ; at the lat- 
ter period the pop. by cos. was as follows. 
Eastern District. 



Counties. 

Accomac 

AlbouiurU 

Amelia 

Amherst 

Bedford 

Brunswick 



Population 
16,656 
22,618 
11,036 
12,071 
20,246 
15,767 



Counties. 


Population. 


Buckingham 


18,351 


Campbell 


20,350 


Caroline 


17,760 


Charles City 


5,500 


Charlotte 


15,262 


Chesterfield 


18,637 



Counties. 

Alle£;hany 

Ausjuita 

Bath 

Berkeley 

Butli'tcjurt 

Brooke 

Cabell 

Frederick 

Giles 

Grayson 

Greenbrier 

Harrison 

Hampsliire 

Hardy 

Jetferson 

Kenliawa 

Lee 

Lewis 

Logan 

Monoiigalia 

Mhsiiu 



Nanseniond 

Nelson 
New Kent 
Norfolk 
Nortliamiton 
Nortliunilierland 
Nottaway 
Orange 
Patrick 
Pittsylvania 
Powhatan 
Prince Edward 
Prince Georgo 
Prince William 
Princess Anne 
Uichinoiid 
■^oulliainpton 
ipottsylvania 
Slaliord 
;^urry 
Sussex 
.,,. - Warwick 
1 1 ,957/ Westmoreland 
9,231;] Yoik 
7,664 

Western District. 
Pojiulation . | < jou n ties. 
2,8]tiiMonroe 
19, 920 j Montgomery 
4,002|Morgan 
10,5 18 'Nicholas 
16,354 jOhio 
7,041 [Page (formerly E. 
5,88l|siienandoali) 
25,046 Pendleton 
5,274'Pocahontas 
7,675 Preston 
9,006 Randolph 
14,722 Rockbridge 
11,279 Rockingham 
6,798 Russell 
12,927 Scott 
9,326 Shenandoah 
6,461 Tazewell 



6,241 

3,680 
14, 05(1 
0,534 



Tyler 

Washington 
\\'ood 
Wy'tlie 



4,122 

11,784 

11,254 

6,458 

24,506 

8,641 

7,953 

10,130 

14,637 

7,395 

26,034 

8,517 

14,107 

8,367 

9,330 

9,102 

6,055 

16,074 

15,1,34 

9,362 

7,109 

12,720 

1,570 

8,396 

5,354 



Population- 

7,798 

12,306 

2,694 

3,346 

15,584 



8,327 
6,271 
2,54-2 
5,144 
5,000 

14,244 

20,683 
6,714 
5,724 

11,423 
5,749 
4,104 

15,614 
6,429 

12,163 



Total population of Eastern Va. 832,980 ; 
Western, 378,425. 

Of the preceding were white persons, 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age 6-5,793 02,411 

From 5 to 10 51,805 49,961 

" 10 to: 5 43,287 41,936 

" 15 to 20 36,947 40,479 

" 20 to 30 60,911 62,044 

" 30 to 40 3G,.539 36,450 

" 40 to 50 23,381 23,750 

" 50to60 15,201 15,447 

" 00 to 70 8,971 8,765 

" 70 to 80 3,074 3,857 

" 80 to 90 1,103 1,098 

" 90 to 100 1R4 158 

" 100 and upwards 26 93 

Total, 347, R87 



346.383 



VIR 

Of the colored population, were 
Free. 
Male. Ft-malo 



572 



VIR 



Under 10 years of age 8,236 


8,002 


84,000 


From 10 to 24 6,12(> 


7,031 


(i8,917 


24 to :ir> 3,.'546 


4,.501 


43,189 


30 to o5 2,7-Jl 


3,379 


30,083 


55 to 100 1,731 


2,024 


12,155 


100 and upwards 27 


24 


133 



144 



Total, 22,387 24,961 239,077 230,680 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 
691,270 47,318 469,757 1,211,375 

Features. — Comparatively there is little of 
Virginia actually level. Such character is 
only found in the two counties of Accomac 
and Northampton, e. of Chesapeake bay, and 
to Princess Anne, Norfolk and Nansemond, 
with an aggregate area of 2,200 square ms. 
or less than the thirty first part of the state. 
West of the Chesapeake bay the country grad- 
ually rises into hill and dale, though much 
marshy and flat land skirts the wide mouths of 
the rivers. Virginia and Maryland occupy the 
central part of that physical section of the At- 
lantic coast so remarkable for deep and wide 
rivers. Except in extent and position Chesa 



ley, and river scenery. In the higher part. 

Slaves. j beside the elegant back ground of the Blue 

Male. Fern. Ridge, other detached mountain chains rise 

rr'qo'i a"*^ giv6 intimation that the solid structure of 

40,U27 the country is Appalachian, and that the outer 

27,2110 j ridges of that system influence the great 

12,2i5 bends of the rivers. This mountain influence 

is seen in the courses of Roanoke, James, 

Rappahannoc, and Potomac rivers. 

Section 2d, contains the 29 counties em- 
braced by what might be with propriety 
called the Blue Ridge section of Virginia. 
The 3d and Great Valley section, is in some 
respects the most remarkable of the natural 
sections of Virginia. Extending from the Iron 
mountain at the northeastern angle of Ten. to 
the northern bend of the Potomac at Han- 
cock's town, the mean length is within a tri- 
fle of 300 ms., the mean distance between 
the Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountain is 
about 43 ms. This valley is the continuation 
of the Kittatinny of Pa., and is a true table 
land, or mountain plateau. The rise is ab- 
rupt, as there is a difference of from 200 to 
300 feet in the mean level, on the two sides of 
ihe Blue Ridge. The elevation of Lynch- 



peake bay differs in nothing essential, besides! burg is about 500 feet, whilst that of Staun- 



its greater depth, from Pamlico and Albe 
marie sounds, on the s. and Del. to the n. In 
Virginia and Maryland the confluents of the 
Chesapeake seem to imitate that great re- 
servoir, and Pocomoke, Nantikoke,Choptank, 
and Chester rivers on the e., and James, 
York, Rappahannoc, Potomac, Patuxent, and 
Patapsco on the w., widen into expansive 
bays before their final discharge. These minor 



ton at the sources of Shenandoah is 1,152 
feet ; Lexington in Rockbridge county 902 
feet ; Salem on the Roanoke in Botetourt co. 
1,002, the Warm Springs in Bath county 
1,782 feet, and the mean elevation of the 
farms on the whole extent no doubt exceed 
1,000 feet. The Blue Ridge is in Virginia as 
in New Jersey, Pa., and Maryland, bounded 
on the northwestern side by a calcareous 



bays become gradually more shallow and j band, of more or less breadth. The surface 
more confined in width approaching the head of the Great Virginia valley is in an especial 
of tide water, but they all retain the distinct- manner broken and diversified, but every 
ive character of bays as far as the ocean tides where containing zones of highly productive 
penetrate inland. The 1st section in the fore- 1 soil, abounding, with some exceptions, in good 
going summary exhibits the counties which I water, and so rich in scenery, it affords an 
may be strictly designated alluvial. Though | endless variety of delightful landscape. In re- 
where approaching the primitive ledge which I gard to declivity, the Great valley presents 



terminates the tides, the face of the country 
is diversified by waving hills, still in their 
structure they are alluvial, of that species 
called ancient. The far greater part of the 
substrata are composed of sand and pebbles. 
Large masses of rock in its original position 
is rare except at great depths. The Blue Ridge 
traverses Va. 260 ms. in a direction from s. 
w. to N. E. and except where traversed by 
Roanoke and James rs. is a continuous ridge, 
and a county limit in all its range in that stale. 
Falling from this finely delineated chain, is an 
inclined plain containing 15,386 square miles, 
terminated by the head of the Atlantic tides. 
This truly beautiful section, if we merely 
regard the fall of water, has a declivity of 
from about 300 to 500 feet, but the descent 
of the water gives but a defective idea of the 



some curious phenomena. The northern and 
nearly onehalf of the whole surface declines 
to the N. E. towards the Potomac, and is 
drained by the Shenandoah, Cacapon, and 
South branch of Potomac. Southward from 
the sources of Potomac and Shenandoah is a 
middle valley, drained eastwardly through the 
Blue Ridge by James and Roanoke rivers. 
The extreme southern part falls to the n. w. 
and gives descent to New river or Great 
Kenhawa. We thus perceive that this ttible 
land is partly on the Atlantic slope and part- 
ly in the Ohio valley, and that the inflected 
line that separates the sources of James and 
Roanoke of the former from those of Great 
Kenhawa of the latter river system passes 
the mountain valley obliquely. Passing the 
table land between Blue Ridge and Allegha- 



slope in the arable soil, which latter towards ny mountains on the third natural section, 
the Blue Ridge rises in many places, to at 'brings us on the fourth or Ohio section ol 
least 1,000 feet in the intermediate spaces | Virginia. The extreme length of this west- 
between the rivers. The face of nature,: em slope is within a small fraction of 300 ms. 
though exhibiting little of grandeur, is rich from the northern boundary of Ten. to the 
and pleasing in the endless outline of hill, val-j the extreme northern angle of Brooke co. 



VIR 



573 



VIR 



The greatest breadth le nearly along the gen- 
eral course of Great Kenhawa, 135 ms., but 
both extremea are narrow, and the mean 
width is about 94, and the area 28,337 sq. 
ms. This great space is politically subdivi- 
ded into 23 counties. The surface is in the 
far greater part mountainous, and in all parts 
very broken. The ridges or chains of the Ap- 
palachian system stretch over it very nearly 
parallel to the Ohio, in that part of the course 
of that stream which bounds .Virginia. The 
soil is as various as the surface, or even more 
so, as every grade of fertility and of sterility 
may be found. The elevation of the water 
at the junction of Ohio and Great Kenhawa, 
being 533 feet, and that point being only about 
40 direct ms. from the extreme lowest point 
of Western Virginia at the mouth of Great 
Sandy river, we may regard all land surface 
of the Ohio section as rising above 500 feet. 
The oceanic elevation of Wheeling is 634 
feet, and the Ohio as abase to the great in- 
clined plain and a recipient for the waters of 
the Western section of Virginia, rises up- 
wards of five hundred and sixty feet, or very 
nearly on a level with lake Erie. The divi- 
ding ridge of the waters of Ohio and the At- 
lantic, is the apex of the plain before us, and 
has its highest elevation in the mountain val- 
lies, from which rise on one side the sources 
of Roanoke and James rivers, and on the oth- 
er those of Great Kenhawa. Under the heads 
of Giles, Pocahontas, and Monroe counties of 
Virginia, which occupy the highest pp.rt of the 
plain we are surveying, it may be seen that 
the mean elevation of the arable soil exceeds 
one thousand six hundred feet. A similar if 
not ahigher mean height might in fact be as- 
signed to the sources of Great Kenhawa, 
from those of Greenbrier to those of New 
river. From these elevated vallies the Ohio 
sources flow like radii from a common centre. 
The difl^erent branches of the Monongahela 
rise in Lewis and Randolph counties, and 
flowing northwardly over Harrison, Monon- 
galia and Preston counties, enter Pa. and uni- 
ting the mingled waters continue northward 
to meet those of the Alleghany, to form the 
Ohio at Pittsburg. The Ohio from Pittsburg 
first sweeps a curve to tlie northwestward, 
thence westward and finally southward up- 
wards of one hundred miles, in a remarkable 
manner parallel to the general course of the 
Monongahela, the two streams flowing in op- 
posite directions. From the large curve of 
Ohio below Pittsburg to the influx of Little 
Kenhawa, there is only a narrow inclined 
plain of about 30 ms. width between the Ohio 
river and the sources of creeks flowing estrd. 
into Monongahela, Down this confined slope 
flow, Harman's Cross, Buff"alo, Wheeling, 
Fish, Fishing, Middle Lsland, and some other 
creeks of lesser note. With Little Kenhawa 
the plain widens ; and the declivity inclines 
from w. to N. w. This declination is maintain, 
ed beside in Little Kenhawa, in the vallies of 
Great Kenhawa, Great and Sandy rivers. 
The extreme southern part of the Ohio section 



of Virginia, though also drained into that re- 
cipient, the tributary waters are borne from 
the elevated plateau between the sources of 
the Great Kenhawa and Ten., and before 
(heir discharge make the immense semicircu. 
lar curve ot the kitter. From this rapid out. 
line of the Ohio section of Virginia it must be 
evident that the climate of the whole must 
vary materially from that of similar latitudes 
on the Atlantic coast, and from difference of 
relative level the climate along the high val- 
lies of the Appalachian chains must be very 
different from that on the greatly lower and 
locally deep ravine of the Ohio. 

This is so obviously the case that early veg- 
etation is often far advanced at Wheeling, at 
the same time when little or no appearance of 
spring is perceptible along the dividing ridge 
of the waters of Ohio and Monongahela. The 
diflerence of level between the high water 
mark in Ohio river and the ridge we have 
noticed is about a mean of 850 feet ; but this 
ridge is only the first in a series of plains which 
rise one above another until a mean height of 
between 1,800 and 2,000 feet is attained in 
central Virginia. If we assume lat. 38° 10' 
as the central lat. it will, on long. 3° w. W. C, 
correspond nearly with the greatest elevation, 
and allowing 400 feet as an equivalent to a 
degree of lat. will give to the counties along 
the mountainous section of Virginia a winter 
climate similar in temperature to that of n. 
lat. 43° on the Atlantic coast. If from the 
foregoing elements we embrace the whole of 
Virginia, we have before us a large section 
of the United States, extending over a small 
fraction more than 4° of lat., and 8° 3-4 of 
long, differing in relative level upward of 
2,000 feet, without estimating mountain peaks 
or ridges. If we suppose the actually settled 
parts of the United States to be 630,000 sq. 
miles, Virginia will embrace the one ninth 
part. It is as we have seen traversed from 
s. vv. to N. E. by the Appalachian system of 
mountains, in lateral chains. Of these the 
Blue Ridge is only the most distinctively de- 
fined, as it is one of six or seven chains which 
can be traced and identified over the state. 
One of these chains, though omitted on some 
maps and broken into fragments on others, is 
really in nature very little less obvious than 
the Blue Ridge, and is distinct over Virgin- 
ia. This neglected Appalachian chain 
stretches at a distance of from 15 to 30 miles 
southeastward from the Blue Ridge. It is 
known in New Jersey as Schooley's mtn., and 
though perfectly prominent over that state has 
received no distinctive name in Pa. In Md. 
it is called the Parr Spring Ridge and render- 
ed very conspicuous where it is traversed by 
the Potomac from the fine conical peak, the 
Sugar Loaf. In Virginia it traverses Lou- 
don, Fauquier, Culpepper, Orange, Albe- 
marle, Nelson, Amherst, Bedford, Franklin 
and Henry counties. West of the Blue Ridge 
the mountain chains are also very confusedly 
delineated on our maps, though they are far 
from being so in reality. Even on Tanner's 



VIR 



574 



VIR 



United States, the continuous chains are ter- 
minated by the Alleghany, whilst Western 
Virginia is traversed by three distinctive 
chains w. from its main spine. In point of 
fact, the whole state from the head of tide 
water to Ohio river, is formed of a series of 
mountain chains and intervening vallies. This 
structure is obvious to any person who exam- 
ines its map with a due previous study of the 
influence of the mountain system on the in- 
flections of the streams. Amongst the moun- 
tain chains, however, the Blue Ridge must 
always remain the most important, physically 
and politically. This chain stands in a re- 
markable manner detached ; in the peaks of 
Otter, Botetourt county, it presents the high- 
est land in the Appalachian system s. w. Del- 
aware river, and it is in all parts of its length 
a county line. When discovered and coloni 
zed by Europeans, the region now comprised 
in Virginia, was one continued dense and 
very partially broken forest. A few savage 
tribes were found along the tide waters, but 
the interior was scarcely inhabited even by 
savages. It may be remarked, that though 
the soil increases in fertility advancing from 
the sea board, still density of population is in 
a near ratio to proximity to the place of origi- 
nal settlement on James river. If we make 
every just allowance for the space actually 
occupied by mountains, and other unproduc- 
tive tracts, still there would remain 50,000 
square miles at least, capable of sustaining a 
mean distributive population, equal to any 
one of the best inhabited of its existing coun- 
ties, say Henrico, including the city of Rich- 
mond. Such a ratio would give Virginia up- 
wards of Jive millions of inhabitants, a number 
far below the number which it could sup- 
port. 

History. — The first charter of Virginia was 
granted by Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, to Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert, who perished at sea in an 
attempt to avail himself of his patent. By 
this original grant the name of Virginia was 
imposed on the whole Atlantic coast of North 



North Virginia to the Plymouth company- 
The London company effected a settlement 
April, 1607, at Jamestown, on Powhatan, or 
as since called, James river, and commenced 
not only Virginia but the U. S. So vague 
were the views of the company, or the 
adventurers under the patent, that discord 
and wretchedness compelled the colonists to 
breakup their establishment in 1610, and an 
entire abandonment was only prevented by 
the timely arrival of Lord Delaware. In 1612, 
the 2d charter was granted, and in 1619, the 
1st legislative assembly met. The following 
year negroes were introduced as slaves. They 
were brought in by a Dutch ship. A state of 
natural distrust had existed, from their first 
arrival against the colonists on the part of the 
natives, which in 1722, eventuated in a mas- 
sacre, in which 347 whites perished. To 
the horrors of Indian warfare was added the 
arbitrary and vexatious regulations of the 
London company. Royal power interposed, 
and in 1624 the government of the colony waa 
seized by the king, and administered by com- 
mission. The royal governors were as un- 
steady in their measures as those of the for- 
mer company, but to the number of these ig- 
norant tyrants Sir William Berkeley was an 
exception. This nobleman ruled with mod- 
eration, and in 1729 restored the legislature 
by assembling the Burgesses. As an Eng- 
lish colony, Virginia was royal in its political 
features and feelings. In the long revolution- 
ary struggle in England, from 1642, to 1660, 
the Virginians sided with the royal party. 
Compelled by force to submit to the parlia- 
ment, they seized the first moment to exhibit 
their real sentiments, and Charles II waa 
ackowledged in Virginia before he was in 
England. The restoration was alike a failure 
in both countries, but weak and distant, the 
colony of Virginia suffered most, and the mo- 
nopolising spirit of the government of the 
mother country was felt for upwards of a 
century, to the revolution in 1775. The 
church of England was established bylaw in 



America, claimed by the English. In future 1 1662, which added to exactions in trade, 
time the general name became restricted to large grants of land to royal favorites, and 



what is now Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, 
maternal brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
obtained a renewal of the first charter. May 
25th, 1584. Under Raleigh's patent a colony 
was planted on Roanoke, but after repeated 
attempts and disasters, the enterprise entire- 
ly failed. In August, 1587, the governor 
sailed to England, in quest of supplies ; the 
few persons left, were never again heard of, 
and the patent of Raleigh was vacated by his 
attainder. In the early part of the reign of 
James I, Mr. Hackluyt revived the intention 
of settlement on the coast of North America, 
and himself and others obtained by petition a 
patent dated April lOth, 1606, for that part of 
the coast extending from n. lat. 34° to 45°. 



the caprice of royal governors, kept up a 
spirit of resistance and state of irritation 
which prepared the public mind to throw off 
the yoke, and meet the minions of power in 
arms. As early as 1732, the future hero of 
the U. S. was bom in Va., and had become 
mature in years when his services were de- 
manded to teach the kings and people of 
the earth the most salutary lesson either ever 
received. In the colonial war, commenced 
in 1755, George Washington and the Virgin- 
ians were truly distinguished. In the war of 
the revolution it was, in many respects, the 
leading state, and the illustrious Washington 
was only one of many of her sons who shone 
in that day of events. Since the revolution 
no great event particular to Virginia occur- 

convention 



This great zone of 14° of lat. was granted to 

2 companies, under the relative name of' red, until October, 1829, when 

North Virginia and South Virginia. South met to revise the constitution. 

Virginia was given to the London company, Government. — The first constitution of Vir- 



VIR 



575 



VIR 



ginia wae adopted July 5th, 1776, but as set- 
tlements extended westward, the provisions 
were regarded as partial and opppreasive, 
and after many abortive attempts eventuated 
ill a convention, which, on the 14th of Janu- 
ary, 1830, reported the existing constitution, 
which was ratified by a majority of 10,492. 
The right of suflVage under this constitution is 
secured under very complex provisions. The 
right of voting is extended to every white 
male citizen of the commonwealth, and resi- 
dent therein, who has attained the age of 21 
years and upwards, and who would h.ive been 
entitled to vote under the former constitution ; 
or if owner of a freehold of $25 value; or if 
the holder of a joint interest in a freehold to 
the amount of $25, or who has a life estate in, 
or title in reversion to, land of $50 value, and 
had been in full possession of such an estate 
or reversionary title six months before the 
election at which he offers to vote ; or who 
shall own, and be iirthe actual occupation of 
a leasehold estate, have put such title on 
record two months before he shall offer to 
vote — original term at least 5 years, and rent 
value $200 ; or who has been a housekeeper 
and head of a family, 12 months before offer- 
ing to vote, and shall have paid a tax within 
the preceding year. The legislative power 
is vested in a senate and house of delegates, 
which together are styled the general assem 
bly of Virginia. The house of delegates con- 
sists of 134 members, chosen annually, and 
apportioned in the 4 districts as follows : — 36 
from the Tide water district, 42 from that 
above Tide water and below Hlue Ridge, 25 
from the Third, or mountain district, and 31 
from that of Ohio, or the Western district. 
Senate 32 members — 19 from the east, and 
13 west from Blue Ridge. Senators elected 
for 4 years, one fourth going out of office an- 
nually. Reappointment of the relative mem. 
bers from the districts of the members of both 
houses to take place in 1841, and decennially 
afterward, but the entire number of senators 
never to exceed 36, nor delegates 150. The 
executive power is vested in a governor, 
elected for 4 years, by a joint vote of both 
houses of the general assembly, and ineligi- 
ble for the next three years, after the expira- 
tion of his term of office. A council of state 
elected by joint ballot of the 2 houses, con- 
sisting of 3 members, term 3 years, 1 mem- 
ber vacating his seat annually. The senior 
counsellor is lieutenant governor. Judiciary 
vested in supreme court of appeals, and supe- 
rior and inferior courts, judges of the court of 
appeals and superior courts, elected by joint 
ballot of both houses, term during good be- 
havior, or until removed by a concurrent 
vote of both houses, two thirds of the members 
present voting for removal. 

Staple Productions. — From what has been 
stated under the section of natural features 
and extent, the great variety of soil and cli- 
mate over Va., will at once suggest a corres- 
ponding variety in the staple productions. 
This is so far correct, that every vegetable I 



from cotton to wheat, and from the fig to the 
apple, can bo produced in abundance. The 
lower tide water counties, from depression of 
surface, and from proximity to large masses 
of water, enjoy comparatively a tropieal tern- 
perature. This high temperature abates, ris- 
ing towards and on the central table lands. 
On the latter the grasses, including bread 
grains, flourish. Falling from the mountain 
vallies to that of Ohio river, the temperature 
again rises, but I have already shown, that 
on the two extremes of Va., though on simi- 
lar latitudes, a greater degree of cold prevails 
on the western side. Of minerals, the state 
produces limestone, gypsum, iron ore, and 
muriate of soda, or common salt. The lime- 
stone exists in immense masses or zones, in 
different parts of the state. Iron ore is also 
found widely disseminated. Water, holding 
in solution common salt, is found by digging, 
in the lower part of the valley of Great Ken- 
hawa, and in lesser quantity in some other 
places. 

Internal Improvement. — In works of inter- 
nal improvement, Va. has fallen behind either 
Pa. or N. Y., even when relative population 
is made the basis of calculation. A Board 
of public works, consisting of 13 members, 
has the management of funds devoted to in- 
ternal improvement, to an amount exceeding 
2,000,000 of dollars. As stated in the Amer- 
ican Almanac for 1831, this fund contributes 
3-5ths of the stock, and the board meets an- 
nually on the first Monday of January. The 
following incorporated companies have re- 
ceived aid from the fund. 

Capital. 
Upper Appomatox company, $61,100 

Lower Appomattox com. 40,000 

Ashby's Gap com 130,050 

Fairfax com 13,750 

Lynchburg and Salem com . . . 103,900 

Leesburg com • 84,000 

Little River com 

Manchester and Petersburg com. 

Rappahannoc Navigation com. . 50,000 
Richmond Dock com. . . . 250,000 
Roanoke Navigation com. . . . 412,000 
Staunton and James river com. . . 50,000 
Sheppardstown and Smithfield com. 46,000 

Snicker's Gap com 85,000 

Swift Run com. .... 119,800 
Tye River com. .... 6,000 
Wellsburg and Washington com. . 16,650 

The most important chain of internal im- 
provement yet attempted in Va., is that un- 
dertaken by the James River navigation 
company, on the line of James and Kenhawa 
rivers, and the intervening space. On this 
route has been expended 1,274,583 dollars ; 
of which were laid out on lower James river 
canal, $638,883 86; mountain section of the 
canal, $365,207 02 ; Kenhawa river, $87,- 
389 81 ; on turnpike roads and bridges, from 
Covington to the Kenhawa, $171,982 49. 

By a recent act of the legislature, extend- 
ing the Kenhawa road, loans were authorized 
for $50,000. Balancing the interest on the 



WAB 



576 



WAB 



sums borrowed and expended, it appears that 
the disbursements exceed the receipts by 
$37,727 26 ; and that the general income of 
the fund for internal improvement, is taxed 
with the deficiency. The whole capital in- 
vested by Va., exclusive of that belonging to 
the Manchester & Petersburg turnpike com., 
and Little River Turnpike com., amounts to 
$3,263,811. In aid of improvements in Va., 
the Dismal Swamp canal company received 
from the United States f 200,000 ; and the 
Roanoke navigation company received from 
N. C. $50,000. 

Education. — In order of date, the venera- 
ble college of William and Mary was found- 
ed at Williamsburg, 1693, and next to Har- 
vard, is the most ancient literary institution 
in the United States ; Hampden Sidney col- 
lege, in Prince Edward co., 1774; Washing- 
ton, at Lexington, Rockbridge co., 1812 ; and 
the University of Virginia, at Charlotteville, 
Albemarle co., 1819. By the statutes of Va., 
all property arising from escheats, confisca- 
tions, lands forfeited for non-payment of tax- 
es, and sums refunded by the national gov- 
ernment for services rendered by Va. in the 
war of 1812, revert to the literary fund. This 
fund was created in 1809, and possesses an 
available capital exceeding one million, two 
hundred and thirty thousand dollars. Of the 
interest on this fund, the University of Va. 
receives an annual appropriation of $15,000. 



To the education of the poor of each county* 
an appropriation of $45,000 is annually 
applied, and divided amongst the counties 
in a ratio of white population, under the man- 
agement of commissioners appointed by the 
court of each county. 

VisALiA, p-v. Campbell CO. Ky., by p-r. 97 
ms. northward Frankfort. 

VoLNEY, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y., 159 ms. N. 
N. w. Albany, 15 s. e. Oswego, 50 w. Rome ; 
has Oneida and Oswego rivers s., which sep- 
arate it from Onondaga co., and Oswego co. 
w.; has a surface nearly level; good soil. 
Scotts, Catfish and Black creeks, as well as 
the streams aforesaid, afford mill sites. The 
falls of the Oswego, particularly, offer abun- 
dant water power. At the p-v. of Oswego 
Falls are several mills and factories, as well 
as a quarry of freestone. Pop. 1830, 3,629. 

VoLUNTOwN, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 54 
ms. s. s. E. Hartford, has Rhode Island on 
the E. line ; about 4 ms. by 9 ; has some pine 
plains, but is generally hilly, with a light and 
poor soil. Paucamack pond, partly in R. I., 
gives rise to Pochaug river, which crosses 
this town, generally with a slow current, yet 
affording some mill sites, and empties into 
Quinebaug r. First settled 1696. It has its 
name from having been granted to volunteers 
in the Narraganset war. Pop. 1830, 1,304. 

Vulcan, p-v. Randolph co. Il.f by p-r. 81 
ms. s. w. Vandalia. 



w. 



Wabash, r. of the U.S. in O., Ind. and II., 
and the great northwestern constituent of the 
O. r. Beside many minor streams, the Wa- 
bash is composed of three main branches. Lit- 
tle Wabash on the s. w., Wabash proper in 
the centre, and White r. on the eastern side of 
the valley. Little Wabash rises in Shelby 
CO. II., interlocking sources with those of 
Kaskaskia r., and flowing thence in a s. s. e. 
direction over Fayette, Clay, Wayne, and 
White cos. II., falls into the main channel of 
the Wabash, between White and Gallatin 
COS., about 10 ms. direct course above the in- 
flux of Wabash into Ohio r. The entire com- 
parative course of Little Wabash is about 
110 ms., mean breadth of its valley 25, and 
area 2,750 sq. ms. ; between lat. 37° 50', and 
40° 30'. Entire valley in the state of Illinois. 
Embarras r. is another branch of Wabash, 
the whole valley of which lies in the state of 
II. The Embarras has its extreme source in 
Vermillion co. II., interlocking sources with 
those of Vermillion, Kaskaskia, and Little 
Wabash. Flowing nearly parallel to the lat- 
ter, over Edgar, Clark, and Crawford cos., 
falls into the Wabash 10 ms. below Vincennes, 
after a comparative course of about 100 ms. 
Mean width of the valley 20 ms., and area 
2,000 sq. ms. The valley of the Embarras 
occupies the space between the higher sour 
ec8 of Kaskaskia, and the main Wabash. In 



the distance of 100 ms., air measure, from the 
influx of Embarras to that of Vermillion, the 
Wabash does not receive a stream from the 
right, or from the state of II., above the size 
of a large cr. Vermillion r. rises in the state 
of II., to the nrthrds. of Vermillion co., inter- 
locking sources with the Embarras and Kas- 
kaskia, and with those of the Sangamon and 
Pickmink branches of II. r. Flowing by com- 
parative courses 60 ms. to the sthestrd., it 
falls into the main channel of the Wabash, af- 
ter having traversed Vermillion co. of I!., and 
Vermillion co. of Ind. Tippecanoe, as laid 
down by Tanner, is the extreme northern 
source of Wabash, rising at lat. 41° 30', and 
long. 9° w. W. C, interlocking sources with 
those of Kankakee branch of II. r., and with 
the Elkhart, or southern branch of the St. Jo. 
seph's r., of lake Michigan. Flowing by 
comparative courses 70 ms., first to the s. w., 
and thence curving s., it traverses Carroll co., 
and falls into the Wabash in the nrthrn. mar- 
gin of La Fayette co. The whole left incli- 
ned plane of the Wabash valley, is in length 
about 330 ms , the breadth in no place extends 
to 60, and is about a mean of 35 ms. from the 
main channel ; area 1 1,550 sq. ms. Wabash 
proper rises on the great plateau, or table 
land between the Ohio r., and lakes Erie and 
Michigan, and within 5 ms. of the junction of 
St. Joseph's and St. Mary^e rs. The country 



WAB 



577 



WAB 



from which tho Wabash rises, is amongst the 
most remarkablo on tho earth. The two 
main constituents of the Maumco, tho St. Jo- 
seph rising in Michigan, and St. Mary's ris- 
ing in the state of Oliio, flow eaci\ for a com- 
parative distance of 70 ms., in comjjlete ac- 
cordance with the confluents of W' abash ; but 
uniting at Fort Wayne, Allen co. Ind., the 
united waters, in place of continuing what 
would be apparently the naturtil course, down 
the channel of the Wabash, turn in a directly 
opposite direction, and form the Maumee, 
which flowing nrthestrdly. 110 ms., is lost in 
the sthwstrn. bay of lake Erie. The central 
plain is indeed so nearly a dead level, as to 
admit but little current in the streams. That 
which is laid down by Tanner as the main 
source of Wabash, rises in Mercer and Darke 
COS. O., flowing thence n. w. by w., enters 
Ind., and after a comparative course of 60 
ms., receives Little r., from the central table 
land in Allen co. It is the sources of the lat- 
ter stream, which so nearly aiiproach the junc- 
tion of St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rs., and it 
is along its channel, that a canal has been 
proposed to unite the Wabash and Maumee 
rs. The Wabash, already a navigable r., at 
the influx of Little r., inflects to a course of a 
little s. of w. 50 ms., receiving the Salaman- 
ic and Missisinewa from the s. e., and Eel r. 
from the n. w. Below the influx of Eel r., the 
main channel inflects to s. w. 70 ms., receiv- 
ing in that distance, 30 ms. below the mouth 
of Eel r., Tippecanoe, as already noticed. At 
the lower end of the last mentioned course, 
according to Tanner's U. S., the channel of 
Wabash is only about 10 ms. from the estrn 
boundary of II., but deflecting to a course of 
a very little w. of s., continues 60 ms. entire- 
ly in Ind., to a point between Vigo co. of the 
ktter, and Clarke co. of II. From hence the 
main channel continues a general compara- 
tive course 120 ms., forming a boundarj' be- 
tween the two states, and receiving the Little 
Wabash from the n. w., and the White r. 
from the nrthestrd. W^hite r. is the most con- 
siderable branch of Wabash, draining the 
large space between the main stream above 
their confluence, and that part of Ohio r. be- 
tween the mouths of Miami and Wabash. 
The valley of Whiie r., comprising an area 



mcr rises in Henry and Hancock cos., and 
flowing by a general sthwstrn. course, drains 
the cos. of Henry, Hancock, Rush, Shelby, 
Decatur, Bartholomew, Jennings, Scott, Jack- 
son, :\Ionroe, Lawrence, Martin, Orange, 
and part of Jerterson, Dubois, and Daviess. 
It may be noticed as a remarkable peculiarity 
of the valley of White r., that the extreme 
sthestrn. source in Jeflerson co., rises within 
less than 1 m. of the bank of O. r., and flows di- 
rectly from that great stream, into which the 
waters, thus singularly turned by the features 
of the country, are poured, 160 ms. air meas- 
ure, lower down both rs. A ridge of hills ex- 
tends entirely over Ind., from the mouth of 
Great Miami, to that of Wabash, across the 
cos. of Dearborn, Switzerland, Jefl'erson, 
Scott, Washington, Orange, Crawford, Du- 
bois, Spencer, VVarriok, Gibson. V^anderburg, 
and Posey. From this ridge creeks are dis- 
ciiarged on each side, into the Ohio and 
White rs. respectively, the two streams flow- 
ing very nearly parallel in a direction s. w. 
by w. The entire valley of Wabash approach- 
es the form of an ellipsis the longer axis .3u0 
ms. from the extreme sthwstrn. sources of 
Little Wabash, to the nrthrn. fountains of Eel 
river. The greatest breadth 200 ms., from 
the sources of Graham's Fork near Madison 
in Jefl'erson co. Ind., to the nrthwstrn. foun- 
tains of Vermillion r., in the state of II. The 
whole area of the valley about 40,000 sq. ms., 
exceeding by a small fraction, the one fifth 
part of the superficies of the whole Ohio val- 
ley. In fixing the relative extent of the con- 
fluents of Ohio, Wabash is the third in length 
of course, and second in regard to area drain- 
ed ; being in the former case exceeded by 
Ten. and Cumberland, but in the latter by 
Ten. only. As a navigable channel, Wabash 
is a very important stream. It is but slightly 
impeded by falls and rapids, and its course 
seems to be almost artificially drawn to form 
a part of the line of commercial connexion 
between the Miss. r. and lake Erie, by the 
most direct route. As an agricultural sec- 
tion, it maybe doubted whether any other of 
equal continuous extent on earth exceeds the 
Wabash valley. The surface is in part hilly, 
in no part mountainous, nor in any part, to a 
considerable extent, a dead level. The north- 



of 11,000 sq. ms., is drained by innumerable ern extreme approaches, and mingles with 
smaller streams, which first unite in two | the prairie physical section of N. America, 



branches, which again by their union form 
White r. White r. proper, or the nrthrn. 
branch, has its extreme source in Randolph 
CO. lud., but almost on the wstrn. border of 
Darke co.O. Flowing thence wstrd. by com- 
parative courses 70 ms., over Randolph, Del- 
aware, and Madison, into Hamilton co., in- 
flecting to s. w., and traversing Hamilton, 
Marion, Morgan, Owen, and Greene cos., 
and thence separating Daviess from Knox co., 
receives the East Fork, after an entire com- 
parative course of upwards of 200 ms. The 
East Fork, though not having an equal length 
of course, drains, however, very little, if any, 
leas surface than the main branch. The for- 

73 



but the prairies of Ind. are of moderate ex- 
tent, when compared with those more wstrd., 
even those of the contiguous state, II. If 
peopled only equal to some of the eastern cos. 
of the U. S., of far inferior soil, and without 
any town of note, the valley of Wabash would 
sustain a population of 4,000,000. Geograph- 
ically, this fine portion of the U. S. extends 
from lat. 37° 47' to 41° 30', and in long, from 
7° 35' to 11° 55' w. The diflerence of level 
between the arable extremes, is not far above 
or below 1,000 feet, or an equivalent to about 
2i degrees of lat., or adding the result of the 
difference of height to that of the lat., the re- 
al difference of temperature will be about 6 
degrees of Fahrenheit. 



WAI 



578 



WAL 



Wabash, co. of Ind., bounded by Carroll n. j fords many good mill seats, and enters the 
w., Miami nation n. e., Hamilton k., Hen- Connecticut in Bradford, 
dricks s., Montgomery s. w., and Tippecanoe Waitsfield, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 11 
w. Length 3B ms., mean width 25, and area ms. s. w. Montpelier, 30 s. e. Burlington, first 
950 sq. nis. Extending in laf. from 39° 57' settled 1789, has generally an excellent soil, 
to 40° 28' N., and in long, from 9° to 9° 40' w. yielding a variety of crops, particularly grass. 
W. C. The eastern border of this co. is on Mad r. pursues a serpentine course through 
the table land between the main or western ; the s. part, between extensive and fertile 
branch of White r. and the Wabash, but! meadows. Iron ore and clay are found in 
slopes WBtrd., and is drained by crecke flow 



ing m that direction, towards the latter r. 
On the p-o. list of 1831, the chief town is cal- 
led Elk Heart Plain ; on Tanner's U. S. is a 
village named Thorntown, 40 ms. n. w. In- 
dianopolis. Pop. uncertain. 

Wabash, one of the southeastern cos. of 
II., bounded w. by Edwards, n. by Ijawxence, 
N. E. by Wabash r , separating it from Knox 
CO. in Ind., and by the Wabash r. s. e. separ- 
ating it from Gibson co. of Ind. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 17' to 38° 36', and in long, from 
10° 44' to 11° 04' w. W. C. Length 24 ms., 
mean width 12, and area 988 sq. ms. This 
CO. lies along the Wabash, opposite the mouth 
of White r., general slope to the slhrd. Mount 
Carmel, the co. st., is situated on the Wa- 
bash, directly opposite the mmith of White r., 
30 ms. below Vincennes in Ind., and by p-r. 
109 s. E. Vandalia. Lat. 38° 28', long. 10° 
48' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 2,710. 

WACH.OVIA, name formerly given to a tract 
of country in N. C, now included in Surry 
and Stokes cos. It was purchased in 1751, 
by the Moravians, settled by that society, and 
named from an estate of Count Zinzendorf in 
Austria. In 1755, by an act of the assembly 
of N. C, it was named Dobb's parish. The 
names are now obsolete, and the tract only 
known from the villages of Salem, Bethabara, 
&c. 

Wachusett, mtn. Princeton, Worcester 
CO. Mass., more than 2,000 feet higher than 
the ocean, affords a fine and extensive view, 
and is a favorite resort, not being difficult of 
ascent. 

Waddington, p-v. Madrid, St. Lawrence 
CO. N. Y., 222 ms. n. w. Albany, 18 from Og- 
densburgh, on the shore of the St. Lawrence, 
opposite Ogden's isL, is situated just abov^ 
the Long Falls in tliat stream. A dam ex- 
tends to the isL, which supplies several mills 
with water. 

Waddle's Ferry, and p-o. IMoore co. N. C, 
by p-r. 75 ms. sthvvstrd. Raleigh. 

Wadesborough, p-v. and st. jus., Anson co. 
N. C, near the centre of the co., by p-r. 134 
ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and by the common 
road 80 ms. w. Fayctteville, n. lat. 35° 03', 
long. 3° 12' w. W.C 



this t. Pop. 1830, 957. 

Wake, co. N. C, bounded n. by Granville 
CO., N. e. by Franklin, s. e. by Johnson, s. by 
Cumberland, s. w. and w. by Chatham, and n. 
w. by Orange. Length 38 ms., mean width 
30, and area 1,140 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° 30' to 3C° 07', and in long, from 1° 
14' to 2°n2'w. W. C. A small angle along 
the wetrn. part, is drained sthrdly. into cape 
Fear r., but the body of the co. is contained in 
the valley of the Neuse, with a declivity to 
the B. e. The Neuse, deriving its sources 
from Person, Granville, and Orange cos., is 
formed into a r. on the nrthwstrn. angle of 
Wake, and winding thence sthesfrdly., cros- 
ses the CO. into Johnson. Chief t. Raleigh, 
the capital of the state. Pop. 1820, 20,102; 
1830, 20,398. 

Wakefield, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., .50 
ms. from Concord, 30 from Dover, and 100 
from Boston, lies w. Maine, and contains sev- 
eral ponds. Lovewell's pond s., is famous 
for a bloody engagement which took place on 
its banks in 1724, between an expedition from 
Mass. of nearly 100 men, under the com- 
mand of capt. Lovewell, and the Pickvvakct 
Indians, whose residence was at a short dis- 
tance, in which the latter suffered greatly, 
and the former were almost entirely cut off. 
This sheet of water is about 2 ms. long; 
Wakefield pond about 1 m. : East pond is the 
source of Piscataqua r. The soil of this t. is 
generally good, but most favorable to grass. 
There are a few mills and factories. Pop. 
1830, 1,470. 

Wake Forest, p-v. Wake co. N. C, 14 
ms. from Raleigh. 

Walden, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 22 ms. 
N. E. Montpelier. First settled, 1789, lies be- 
tween the head waters of Onion and Lamoille 
rs. The surface is agreeably varied n. and 
good soil, other parts are little cultivated. 
Cole's pond is n. e. and Liffords's s. e. Pop. 
18.30, 827. 

Wai.den, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 90 ms. s. 
by w. Albany, 11 ms. w. Newburgh, is a flour- 
ishing manui'acturing villagti, commenced in 
1823. It stands on the Wallkill, where the 
stream makes a descent of 32 feet. The 
Franklin company have here the largest man- 



Wadesboro', p-v. and St. jus., Calloway CO. iufactory of flannel in New York, consuming 
Ky., situated on Clark's r., about 120 ms. N.j 65,000 or 70,000 lbs. of wool in a year, and 
w. by w. Nashville in Ten., and by p-r. 2G2 producing about 240,000 yards of flannel, 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, about 35 ms. s. e. 'white and colored. Capital, J$100,000. The 
the junction of Ten. and Ohio rs. Lat. 36° Wallkill cotton company, consume about 
43', long. 11° 28' w. W. C. 120,000 lbs., and make 360,000 yards of 

Wadswokth, p-v. Medina co. O., by p-r. 'sheeting. The Orange company make 30,- 
108 ms. N. E. Columbus. 1 000 yards of low priced broadcloth. There 

Wait's r., Vt., rises in several heads, af- 1 are also 1 flour and 1 saw mill. There is a 



WAL £ 

wire bridge of 150 feet across tho creek, 
just below the fall. Tho village contains an 
Episcopal church, a library, and schools. Tlic 
surrounding scenery is varied and pictur- 
esque. Pop. 1830, about 800. 

Waldo, co. Me., bounded by Somerset and 
Penobscot cos. n., Hancock e., separated 
from it by Penobscot river and bay, Lincoln 
CO. s. and 8, w., and Kennebec co. w., con- 
tains 2G towns, and enjoys great commercial 
advantages. Bel last, is the chief town. It 
has a number oi" ponds, one considerable 
island in the Penobscot, and a number of 
small- streams, some falling into that river, 
and others into Sebasticook river. It has 
been recently formed. Population 1830, 
29,788. 

Waldo, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 44 ms. e. Au- 
gusta, adjoins Belfast on the n. w. side, and 
is crossed by a small stream flowing into Bel- 
fast bay. It is of small size. Pop. 1830, 
534. 

WALDonoROUGH, p.t. and port of entry, Lin- 
coln CO. Me., 37 ms. e. e. Augusta, 22 k. e. 
Wiscasset, 180 n. c. Boston, at the head of 
Muscongus bay, is crossed n. and s. by Mus- 
congus river, has a considerable amount of 
shipping, and enjoys an active coasting trade. 
Pop. 1(J30, 3,113. 

Wales, p-t. Lincoln, co. Me., 20 ms. s. w. 
Augusta, 2t) N. w. Wiscasset, has Kennebec 
CO. N. and w., and part of a large pond s. w., 
which discharges s. through an outlet extend- 
ing to the bend of Penobscot river. Pop. 
1830, 612. 

Wales, p-t. Eric co. N. Y., 268 ms. w. 
Albany, 22 e. s. e. J5uflalo, has Genesee co. 
E. ; it contains a part of the Seneca reserva- 
tion ; has a gently varied surface, and is 
crossed N. E. by Buffalo creek. Pop. iy30, 
],470. 

Walker, p-o. Nittany valley. Centre co. 
Pa., 5 ms. N. e. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 93 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg, and 20U n. W. C. 

Walk-er, CO. Ala., bounded by Blount e., 
.lefTerson s. e., Lafayette s. w., Marion w., 
Franklin n. w., and Lawrence n. Length 
from s. to N. 50 ms., mean width 30, and area 
1,500 square ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 
35' to 34° 17', and in long, from 9° 56' to 10° 
43' w. W. C. Declivity southeastward and 
drained by the numerous western branches 
of Mulberry r. The latter stream, formed in 
this CO. by two main branches, Sipsey and 
Blackwater, flows a little w. of s. along the 
southeastern border, receiving the drain of 
the western part of Mnlberrry river valley. 
Chief town. Walker C.H. 

Walker, court house, p-o. and st. jus. Wal- 
ker CO. Ala., by p-r. 47 ms. northward Tus- 
caloosa. ' 

Walker's, p-o. Colleton district, S.C., by 
p-r. 92 ms. a little e. of s. Columbia, and 4 
milea from Walterboro', the st. jus. for the 
district. 

Walker Church, and p-o. southern part of 
Prince Edward co. Va., by p-r. 88 mg. s. w by 
w. Richmond. 



79 V/AL 

Walkersville, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by 
p-r. 4^ ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Walkersville, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. 
C, by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Walkertov, p-v. on the left bank of Matta- 
pony river. King and Queen co. Va., 19 ms. 
below and s. e. Dunkirk, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 30 ms. n. e. Richmond, 123 s. W. C. 

Wallingford, p-t. Rutland CO. Vt., 42 ms. 
N. I'. Bennington, 10 s. Rutland. First set- 
tled 1773, from (^onn., is crossed from e. to 
N. by Otter creek and has several small 
streams, and many mill sites. Lake Hiram 
or Spectacle pond, 350 acres, is on a moun- 
tain in the s. e., and there are 2 others of 50 
and 100 acres. The Green mountains are e., 
and the highest summit is called the White 
Rocks. There is a limestone range w, with 
marble quarries, and Green hill, in the centre, 
consists chiefly of quartz. There are several 
natural and perennial ice houses in caves, at 
the foot of the White Rocks. Near the n. 
line is a handsome village near Otter creek. 
Pop. 18.30, 1,741. 

Wallinoford, p-t. New Haven co. Conn., 
13 ms. N. e. New Haven, 23 s. w. Hartford, 
has Middlesex co. e., 6 ms. by 7, is crossed 
by a branchof Quinipiack river, on which are 
extensive meadows, and has the main stream 
on the N. w. boundary. The e. part is moun- 
tainous, but the soil is generally rich, except 
tho plain, which is about 4 ms. long, and so 
sandy as often to fill the air with clouds of 
dust in dry seasons. There are several mills 
and manufactories on the Quinipiack, and 
shad are taken in this stream. Ths village is 
a pleasant situation on a hill, and is of consid- 
erable size ; contains an academy, &c. Pop, 
1830,2,418. 

Wallkill, river or creek, N. Y., rises in 
Sussex CO. N. J., flows n. e. through Orange 
into Ulster co. N. Y., to Rondont creek, which 
it enters near Esopus. It is about 80 miles 
long, 65 of which it runs in N. Y. It affords 
very good oiiH seal.':. 

Wallkill, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 101 ms. 
s. Albany, 20 w. Newburgh, 6 n. Goshen, ia 
of a triangular form, with Sullivan co. w., and 
is crossed in the e. part by the Wallkill, 
whose streams supply mill seats. The soil 
is various, and favorable to agriculture. It 
contains 2 woollen factories, and several vil- 
lages; Scotchtown, Middietown, Mount Hope, 
and Mechanictown. Pop. 1830, 4,056. 
■ Wallsville, p-o. in the northern part of 
Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. Harris- 
burg, 

Walnut, large creek of Ohio, rises in and 
drains the northern part of Fairfield co. from 
which, flowing westward, traverses the s. e. 
angle of Franklin, and inflecting to s. e. falls 
into Sciota in Pickaway co. 

Walnut, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 38 
ms. s. E. by e. Columbus 

Walnut Branch, and p-o. Fauquier co. 
Va., by p-r. 55 ins. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Walnut Farm, an<l ji-o. also st. jus. Saline 
CO. Mo., by p-r. ft.ims. w. Jefferson. 



WAL 



580 



WAN 



Walnut Flat, and p-v. Lincoln co. Ky., by 
p-r. 5 ras. southward Stanford, the county St., 
and 56 a little e. of s. Frankfort. 

Walnut Grove, p-o. in the westward part 
of Kenhawa co. Va., 23 ms. westrd. Charles- 
ton, the CO. St., and by p-r. 379 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. I 

Walnut Guove, p-o. in the western part ol 
Cabarras, co. N. C, 1 1 ms. from Concord, the 
CO. St., and by p-r. 152 ms. a little s. of w. 
Raleigh. 

Walnut Gkove, p-o. in the southern part 
of Spartanburg district, S. C, by p-r. 92 ms. 
N. w. Columbia. 

Walnut Grove, village, in the n. e. angle 
of Mercer co. Ky., 20 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Walnut Hill, and p-o. Marion co. II., by 
p-r. 55 ms. s. s. e. Vandalia. 

Waloomscoic, or W^aloomsac, river Vt., a 
branch of Hoosic r., formed in Bennington by 
several branches, was rendered famous in the 
revolution, by the victory gained on its 
banks, by the militia of Vermont and Mass., 
in a battle with the Hessian troops, sent by 
Gen. Burgoyne to seize the public stores at 
Bennington, 1777. 

Walpack, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 82 ms. n. 
Trenton, 50 n. w. New Brunswick, is of a 
long and narrow shape, with Delaware river 
on the N. w. boundary, the Blue mountains on 
the s. E., and Flatkill running through the 
town, between them. Pop. 1830, GGO. 

Walpole, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. 
w. by s. Concord, 48 s. by w. Dartmouth col- 
lege, 90 ms. N. w. Boston, with Connecticut 
r. and Vt. on the w. line ; it is much varied 
by hills and vales, with a good soil, especially 
on the meadows, and devoted to agriculiure. 
Cold r. in the n. part flows into Conn. r. Fall 



and Buck mountain in the centre, which com' 
mande a fine view. The soil is generally 
iiood, with excellent meadows on the creek. 
Pop. 1830, 330. 

Waltiiam, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., II 
ms. w. N. w. Boston, is bounded s. by 
Charles r. The Plain, 1 mile by 2 1-2 in 
the s. E. has a good well cultivated soil, and 
is thickly peopled. The Waltham factories 
arc on the s. part of the Plain, and form one 
of the principal manufacturing villages in the 
United States. The surface in the w. part is 
hilly, and most of the soil in the town, poor. 
Prospect Hill is 470 feet in height, and com- 
mands a view of Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,857. 
Walton, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 85 ms. 
s. W.Albany, is hilly or mountainous, with 
rich vallies on the streams, and good gra- 
zing on the uplands. It is crossed by the w. 
branch of Delaware r. or the Cooquago, 
vi'hich affords a channel for transporting great 
quantities of lumber. Pop. 1830, 1,663. 

Walton, co. Geo., bounded by Morgan s. 
E., Newton s. w., Gwinnett n. w., and Appa- 
lachee branch of Oconee,- separating it from 
Jackson n. e., and Clark e. Length from s. 
E. to N. w. 20 ms., mean width 16, and area 
320 square ms. Central lat. 33° 50', and 
long. W. C. 6° 50' w. From it issue some 
of the higher branches of both Oconee and 
Ocmulgee rivers. General slope southward. 
Chief town, Monroe. Pop. 1830, 10,929. 

Walton, co. Florida, bounded by Choctaw, 
hatchee bay, or Gulf of Mexico s., Escambia 
CO. Florida w., Covinton and Dale cos. Ala.N., 
and Choctawhatchee r. separating it from 
Jackson e. Length along the Ala. line 52 ms., 
mean width 30, and area 1,560 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 30° 22' to 31°. Long, from 9° to 



mtn. belonging to the Mt. Toby range, is here 9° 52' w. W. C. The general declivity is to 
7 or 800 feet above the r. Near its foot is the the southward, and drained by Yellow Water 
village, on land sufficiently elevated to com-' and Choctawhatchee rivers. Chief town, Al- 
mand an extensive view upon the neighbor- laqua. Pop. 1830, uncertain. " The Yellow 
ing country, especially the meadows of West- Water settlement is in the n. w. part of the 
minster, opposite. There are 2 toll bridges co. on the banks_ of the river of that name, 
across the river in the town, which is a great Here is a small body of excellent land, very 
thoroughfare for travelling n. and s., and e. well improved for a new country. Cotton and 
and w. Bellows falls are within the limits of 



this town, as Now Hampshire extends to the 
w. shore of Conn. r. The town first settled 
1749 by Col. Bellows, who built a frontier 
fort, which was taken by Indians from St. 
Francis, in 1755, and retaken by him in a few 
hours. Pop. !830, 1,979. 

Walpole, p. t. Norfolk co. Mass., 18 ms. s. 
by w. Boston. Three branches of Neponset 
r. unite in this town, through which also pas- 
ses the road from Boston to Providence, one 
of the principal thoroughfares in the state. 
Pop. 1830, 1,442. 

Walterboro', p.v. and st. jus. Colleton dis- 
trict, S. C, 47 ms. w. Chnrleston, and by p-r. 
93 ms. a little e. ofs. Columbia. Lat. 32° 
53', long. 3° 43' w. W.C. 

Waltham, town, Addison co. Vt., 24 ms. s. 
Burlington, 9 n. w. Middlebury, 3 ms. square. 
It was first settled just before the revolution, 
abandoned, and settled again about the close 



corn are their principal crops, the pine lands 
for 6 ms. from the river, produce equally well 
with the river bottoms. 12 ms. s. there is 
another settlement, commencing on Shoal r. 
There they have a similar tract of land, found, 
ed on the same kind of soap stone as on the 
AUaqua. (See Allaqua river.) Nearly one 
third of Walton co. is good tillable upland ; 
the rest is pine barren." — Williamson'' s Flor- 
ida. 

Waltonham, p.o. St. Louis co. Mo. 

Wanboro', p.v. Edwards co. II., by p-r. 94 
ms. s. E. by e. Vandalia. 

Wantage, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 83 ms. n. 
by e. Trenton, 15 n. Newton, has N. Y. 
state line on the n. boundary, the Blue mtns. 
on the w., the upper part of Wallkill cr. e., 
and is traversed by Pappakating cr., one of 
its branches. Deckcrtown is a v. near its 
centre, on that cr. Pop. 1830, 4,034. 

Wanton, p.v. Alachua co. Flor., by p-r. 212 



of the war. It has Otter creek on the w. line, ms. ethestrd. Tallahassee. 



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5a 1 



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Wapahkonktta, p-v. sthrn. part Allen co. jarea3,liU e(i. nis. Extending in bt. from 
O., on au Glaizo r., and signities in the Siiiiw- [30° 20' to 31° 30' n., and in long, from 5° 
nee language, " Kin^slown." By p-r. it .09' to G° OG' w. Dcolivity sthesird. The n. 
Btards 110 nis. N. w. Columbus, and 05 nis. |side is drained by the numerous eources of 



above and s. lort Detiunce. 



I the Sanliila river. The central and soulhern 



Wapi'inger's, cr. Duchess co. N. Y., has i sections are drainetl by the tributaries of St. 
a course of 33 ms, through several rich ag-i Mary's river. The latter stream has its high- 
ricultural tsps., to which it supplies mill seats,! er sources in that tract vaguely called the 



and enters the Hudson 8 ras. a. Foughkeepsie 
village. 

WAauoiT bay, Barnstable co. Mass., on the 
N. side of Cape Cod, between Marshpce and 



Okefitioke swamp, which occupies the south- 
ern part of Ware co. The various branches 
oozing from this extended flat unite on, or very 
near, the line between (leo. and Flor., flows 



and Falmouth, is several miles long. It is thence southward about 20 ms., curves rapid- 



connected with a large pond, w. of which are 
several other ponds adjacent to each other, 
but communicating only with the ocean 



ly E. and thence n. e. and still winding, as- 
sumes nearly a northern course of l!) ms. The 
jioint on the FK)rida boundary which sepa- 



Waru, p-t. W^orcestcr co. Mass., M ms. s. rates Ware fromCainden co. is at the head of 
w. Boston, 7 s. Worcester, has an uneven sur- this great bend of .St. Mary's river. The sur- 



face, rich soil, and is crossed by French r 
which has a serpentine course, and here re- 
ceives several branches, furnishing mill seats. 
Pop. 1830, 690. 

Ward's, p-o. Holmes co. O., by p-r.-95 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Wardsuorough, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 20 
ms. N. E. Bennington, 15 n. w. Brattleboro', 



face of Ware co. is flat in the valley of St. 
Mary's, and level in that of St. Ilia. Much 
of the soil is productive, but exposed to sub- 
mersion in spring and early summer. Chief 
town, Waresboro'. Pop. 1830, 1,205. 

Wareham, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 39 ms. 
s. E. Boston, has Plymouth and Buttermilk 
bays E., and Buzzard's bay s. It is crossed 



settled 1780, has a range of hills on the south I by two small streams from Plymouth, Aga- 



line, with a good soil for grass, and some mill 
sites on a branch of West r. Some rare min- 
erals are found here. Pop. 1830, 1,148. 

Ware, r. Mass., a branch of Chicapee r., 
rises in Worcester co. and meets Svift and 
Chicapee near the line of Hampshire and 
Hampden cos. It is a good mill stream, and 
affords water power to the manufacturing v. 
of Ware. At the junction of these 3 streams 
is a small p-v. called Three Rivers, where is 
a large stone manufactory. 

W^ARE, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 70 ms. 
w. Boston, has a hilly surface, and soil of sec. 
ondary quality. Swift r. forms its w. boun- 
dary. On the E. is W^are river, on which is a 
large manufacturing village, contains about 
50 tenements, the value of which, with that of 
the manufacturing buildings, is about*300,000. 
Other capital employed in manufacturing 
amounts to about ^140,000. About 330 per- 
sons are employed in the factories. 120,000 
lbs. of H'ool, and 1,100 bales of cotton .are 
annually manufactured ; the woollens estima- 
ted at $120,000, and the cottons at ,5180,000 
per ann. The machinery used in these fac- 
tories is estimated to be worth about .'$20,000. 
Much attention is paid to the instruction of 
children in the village ; there are several day 
schools, an infant school, and one for the older 
children under the care of a male teacher. 
The Sabbath schools are well organized ; in- 
temperate persons are not employed in the 
factories, and the temperance society consists 
of 416 members. There are .> stores, a large 
and well kept hotel and stage house. Pop. 
1830, 2,045. 

Ware, CO. of Geo., as laid down on Tan- 
ner's U. S., is bounded by Lowndes vv., Ap- 
pling n., W^ayne n. e., Camden e. and s. e., 
and Hamilton co. in Flor. s. Greatest length 
froms. to N. 80 ms., mem breadth 43, and 



warn and Wankinquog rs., which flow into 
Buzzard's bay, and afford some mill sites. 
The soil is generally thin on sand, but is bet- 
ter near the streams and the coast. Pop. 
lySO, 1,885. 

Waresboro', p-v. and st. jus. Ware co- 
Geo., is situated on the left bank of Santilla 
river, very nearly mid-dietance ' between Sa- 
vannah and Tallahassee, and about 140 ms. 
from each, 75 nis. n.' w. St. Mary's, and by 
p-r. 161 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. N. lat. 31° 
18'^long. 5° 41' w. W. C. ^ 

Warminster, p-v. on the left bank of James 
r. estrn. part of Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 160 ms. 
s. w. W. C, and 100 w. Richmond. 

Warm Springs and p-o. near the French 
Broad river, nrthestrn. part of Runcombe co. 
N. C, 34 ms. N. N. w. Asheville, the co. St., 
and by p-r. 220 ms. vv. Raleigh. 

Warm Springs, new co. of Ark., embrac- 
ing the country round the Warm Springs on 
the higher part of the W^•lsllitau valley, and 
lies about 60 ms. a little s. ofw. Little Rock. 
Boundaries uncertain. Chief town. Warm 
Springs. Pop. unknown. 

Warm Springs, p-v. and st. jus. Warm 
Springs co. Ark. ,60 ms. s.w. bv w.LittleRock. 
Lat. 34° 32', long. 16° w. W. C. This village 
has risen from the celebrity of its springs, and 
is now a place of much resort. 

Warner, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 ms. 
from Concord, 4 from ilopkinton, ami 72 from 
Boston, is supplied with mill sites by W'arner 
r. which runs through the middle of it, and a 
branch of Coutoocook r. The surface is 
broken, the soil good for grass and grain. 
Mink hills are w. and abound in orchards and 
pasturage. There are 4 ponds, one of which, 
Pleasant pond, has no known inlet or outlet, 
yet overflows in the driest seasons. First 
settled 1763. Pop. 1830, 2,22J^. 



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582 



WAR 



Warnersville, p-v. Hardiman CO. Ten., iSjPohatcong creek, and pursues it to the Del- 



ms. nthrdly. Bolivar, the co. st. 

Warren, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. s. e. 
Augusta, 30 E. Wiscasset, has Waldo co. n. e. 
and is crossed by St. George r. with several 
ponds flowing into it. Sloops navigate the r. 
to this t. There is an academy in the v. Pop. 
1830,2,030. 

Warren, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 63 ms. 
from Concord, and 10 from Haverhill ; a cor- 
ner is crossed by Baker's r. which furnishes 
mill scats s., where are Clement's mills. It 
is mountainous s. e., a great part of Carr's 
mtn. being on that boundary. Pop. 1830, 
702. 

Warren, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 31 ms. 
s. E. Burlington, and IG s. w. Montpelier, set- 
tled 1797, lies between the 2 ranges of the 
Green mtns., and is crossed by Mad r. Pop. 
1830,765. 

Warren, p-t. Bristol co. R. I., 11 ms. s. e. 



aware, at Philipsburgh. There are 7 towns. 
Pop. 1830, 18,627. 

Warren, p-t. Somerset co. N. J., 41 miles 
from Trenton ; has Dead or Passaic river n. 
separating it from Morris co., &c., Green 
brook s. on the line of Middlesex county, and 
Essex CO. E. It is rendered hilly by Rocky 
Hill ridge ; has copper mines, and the village 
of Bound Brook s. Pop. 1830, 1,561. 

Warren, co. Pa., bounded e. by MacKean, 
s. E. by Jefferson, s. by Venango, w. by Craw- 
ford, Ni w. by Erie, n. by Chatauque co. N. 
Y., and n. e. by Cattaraugus co. N, Y. It 
lies in form of a parallelogram, 32 ms. from 
E. to \v., and 28 from s. to n. ; area 896 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 41° 37' to 42°, and in 
long, from 2° 03' to 2° 43' w. W. C. De- 
clivity to the sthwrd. Alleghany r. forms for 
a few miles the northeastern boundary, and 
thence entering, winds over this county into 



Providence, 19 from Newport, has Palmer's j Venango, in a southwestern direction, receiv- 

r. N. and w., Mass. e., is a small t. containing 

only about 4 sq. ms., but has a rich soil, a 

handsomely varied surface, and an active j wards, and at the Great Bend 5 miles below 

commerce, coasting and foreign. The v. is' Warren, Brokenstraw, a large cr., comes in 



ing at the borough of Warren, the Conewan. 
go, a considerable tributary from the north. 



pleasantly situated on the s. e. side of War- 
ren r. with a harbor for vessels of 300 tons ; 
contains a bank, academy, insurance office, 
&c. Pop. 1830, 1,800. 

Warren, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 38 ms. 
w. Hartford, and 45 from N. Haveii, is moun- 
tainous and hilly, with granite rocks, and 
quarries of micaceous schistus. It is crossed 
in the e. by Shepaug r., a branch of Housato- 
nic, and has other small streams. Pop. 1830, 
986. 

Warren, co. N. Y., bounded by Essex co.' 
N., Washington co. e, Saratoga co. s., and 
Hamilton co.w., occupies elevated land, near 
the head springs of Hudson r., and has a sur-i 
face generally very irregular, and much cov. j 
ered with forests. It contains about half of 
lake George, and part of Scaroon lake. Sev- ! 



from the westward. Surface broken, and 
though yet thinly populated, much of its soil 
is excellent. CHiief town, Warren. Popula- 
tion 1820, 1,976,1830, 4,766. 

• Warren, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. Pa., 
is situated on the right bank of Alleghany r., 
on the point below the mouth of Conewango 
creek, about 120 ms. n. n. e. Pittsburg, and 
by p-r. 240 ms. northwestward Harrisburg, 
and 213 n. w. W. C. Lat. 41° 50', long. 2° 
17' w. 

Warren, p-v. on the left bank of James r., 
at the mouth of Battinger's cr., and in the 
southern angle of Albemarle co. Va., 25 ms. 
s. s. w. Charlotte ville, and 89 n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Warren, co. N. C, bounded n. e. by Ro- 
anoke r. separating it from Northampton, e. 



eral.other lakes and ponds are wholly withinjby Halifax, s. and s. w. b^ Franklin, w. fey 
this CO. On the shores of lake George the j Granville, and n. by Mecklenburg co. Virgin- 
eminences are from 500 to 1,200 ft. high ; and ia. Length '23 ms., mean width 17, and area 



the CO. crossed N. and s. by the Kayderosse- 
ras range. The co. contains 9 towns. Pop. 
1820, 9,453 ; 1830, 11,796. 
Warren, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 68 ms. 



391 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 07'- 
to 36° 32', and in long, from 0° 56' to 1° 21' 
w. W. C. This CO. is a table land. A little 
more than one third declines to the nrthrd., 



w. Albany, 15 n. Otsego, and 10 s. Herkimer, land is drained into the Roanoke ; the sthrn. 
has Otsego co. s., and is an elevated tract of' slope of the valley of which, is here only about 
ground, at the head of the lakes which form j 8 ms. wide. Beyond this narrow inclined 
the sources of Susquehannah. The surface plane rise the extreme sources of Fishing cr., 
is agreeably varied, with fertile vallies, small I and a branch of Tar r. draining the central 



cedar swamps, and lime rocks. Pop. 1830 
2,084. 

Warren, co. N. J., bounded by Sussex 
CO. N. E., Morris co. e., Hunterdon co. s. e., 
and Delaware r. w. which separates it from 
Pa. The Blue mountains jise N.w. near the 



and souihern part of Warren, flowing south- 
eastward, and uniting between Halifax and- 
Nash COS. The soil is generally good. Chief 
t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 11,158, 1830, 11,- 
877. 

Warren, co. of Geo., bounded n. e. and e. 



Delaware, and parallel to its course ; while! by Columbia, s. e. & s. by Jefferson, by Great 
several ridges, following the same direction, Ogechee r. separating it from Washington s. 
cross the s. e. part from Pa. to Sussex co.jW., Hancock w., and by Wilkes n. Extend- 
Musconctcong creek forms the whole w. and ing in lat. from 33° 07' to 33° 34', and iu long, 
s. w. boundary, just w. of which is the line from 5° 26' to 5° 52' w. W. C. Length 28 
of Morris canal, which enters the valley of ms., mean width 20, and area 56J sq. miles. 



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Declivity of the southern and western parts' 
to the sthestrd., and drained by Great Oge-l 
chee and Brier cr. ; iho northern part slopes 
toward the n. e., and is drained by some 
branches of Little r. into Savannah r. Chief 
t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 10,C30, 1830, 10,- 
946. 

Warkkx, CO. Miss., bounded n. by Wash- 
ington, N. E. by Yazoo co., e. by Big Black 
river separating it from Hinds, s. e. and s. by 
Big Black river scjiarating it from Claiborne, 
and w. by the Miss, river separating it from 
Concordia parish in La. Length 40 miles, 
mean width 15, and area GOO sq. ms. E.xtend- 
ing in lat. from 32° 03' to 32° 35', and in long, 
from 13° 42' to 14° 13' w. W. C. The Miss, 
river bounding this co. on the westward, re- 
ceives the Yazoo and Big Black rivers from 
the N. E. ; the general declivity is therefore 
to the s. w. The eastern part is broken into 
hills, which in one or two places reach the 
Miss., forming clay bluffs. Along that great 
river, however, the bottoms are liable to sub- 
mersion ; but over the whole co. where the 
soil is sufficiently elevated to admit cultiva- 
tion, it is highly fertile. Principal staple, cot- 
ton. Chief towns, Vicksburg and Warren- 
ton. Pop. 1820,2,093, 1830, 7,861. 

Warren, co. Ten., bounded by Franklin s., 
Bedford s. w., Rutherford w., Wilson n. w., 
ymith N., White n. e. and e., and Cumber, 
land mountain separating it from Bledsoe s. 
E. Greatest length from the southern to the 
northern angle 48 ms., mean breadth 20, and 
area 9C0 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 
28' to 36° (i6', and in long, from 8° 19' to 9°1 
04' w. W. C. Declivity n. e. and commensu-' 
rate with the western and larger section of 
the valley of Caney Fork river. Chief town, 
McMinnville. Pop. 1820, 10,348, 1830, 15,- 
210. 

Warren, co. Ky., bounded by Edmondson 
N., Barren e., Allen s. e., Simpson s., Logan 
w., and Butler n. w. Length from e. to w. 
3G ms., mean width 17, and area 612 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 50' to 37° 11', and 
in long, from 9° 02' to 9° 38' w. W. C. De- 
clivity N. N. w., and traversed in that direction 
by Big Barren river, which unites with Green 
river at the extreme n. w. angle of the coun- 
ty. Chief t. Bowling Green. Pop. 1820, 
11,776, 1830, 10,949. 

Wauren, CO. Ohio, bounded s.by Clermont, 
s. w. by Hamilton, Butler w., Montgomery n. 
w., Greene n. e., and Clinton e. Length 24 
ms. mean width 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Ex. 
tending in lat. from 39° 14' to 39° 37', and in 
long, from 6° 55' to 7° 22' w. W. C. The 
Miami river and canal cross the n. w. angle of 
this CO. ; whilst the central parts are travers- 
ed by Little Miami. The course of both rs., 
and the slope of the co. to the s. e. Surface 
rolling and soil excellent. Besides at Leba- 
non, the CO. seat, there were in 1830, post 
officTes at Deerficldville,Edwardsville, Fraidi- 
lin, Hopkinsville,Kirkwood, Red Lion, Ridge- 
ville, Rochester, Springboro', Twenty Mile 
Stand, and WaynesviUe. Lebanon p-v. and 



St. jus. for this CO., is situated near the centre 
of the CO. 31 ms. n. e. Cincinnati, and by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Coluwibue. Lat. 39o 
25', long, 7° 12' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 21,- 
468. 

Warren, p-v. and st. jus. Trumbull co. O., 
situated on the Mahoning branch of Big Bea- 
ver river, 70 miles north west Pittsburg, 70 
miles north Steubcnville, and by post road 
157 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 297 n. w. 
by w. W. C. It is a thriving village, with a 
population of about 500. Lat. 41° 17', long. 
3° 50' w. W. C. 

Warren, co. Indiana, bounded by the In- 
dian country n.w., Tippecanoe co. n. e., Wa- 
bash river separating it from I*\>untain s. e., 
Vermillion co. s. w., and VermilUon co. of II. 
w. Greatest length as laid down by Tanner, 
26 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 468 sq. 
ms. Extepding in lat. from 40° 10' to 40° 
30', and in long, from 10° 06' to 10° 40' w. 
VV. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. e. 
toward the Waoash. Williamsport, the co. 
seat, lies about 80 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. 
Pop. 1830, 2,861. 

Warren, co. II., bounded by Mercer n., 
Knox E., Fulton s. e., Macdonough s., Han- 
cock s. w., and Miss. r. w. This county was 
formed out of a part of the Bounty liands be- 
tween the II. and Miss, rivers, and similar to 
the adjacent cos., is laid out agreeably to the 
cardinal points. Breadth from s. to n. 32 
ms., mean breadth from e. to w. 30, and area 
960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 37' to 
41° 04', and in long, from 13° 20' to 14° 06' 
w. This county comprises a part of the ta- 
ble land between the vallies of II. and Miss, 
rs. From the southeastern angle issues Swan 
creek, branch of Spoon river, a confliiciU of 
II. river. The central, and much the larger 
part of the surface, is drained by the conflu- 
ents of IJenderson's river, and other streams 
flowing westward into the Miss. By a note 
inserted after the name of Warren, II., in the 
post office list, it contained no office on Oct. 
1st, 1830. The centre of this new county is 
about 1 60 ms. northwestward Vandalia. Pop. 
1830, 308. 

Warren, C. H., p-v. and st. jus. Warren 
CO. II., about 160 miles n. w. Vandalia. 

Warren Ferry, and p-o. wstrn. part Buck- 
ingham CO. Va., 10 ms. westward Bucking- 
ham C. H., and by p-r. 87 ms. wstrd. Rich- 
mond. 

Warrensburg, town, Warren co. N. Y., 7 
ms. N. w. Caldwell ; is watered by the north 
branch of Hudson river and Scaroon creek ; 
has some good soil, andiron ore. Pop. 1830, 
1,191. 

Warrensburg, p-v. western part Greene 
CO. Ten., 12 ms. s. w. Greensville, the county 
seat, and by p-r. 25Gms. e. Nashville. 

Warren's Store, and p-o. northwestern 
part Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Warren Tavern, and p-o. nrthestrn. part 
Chester co. Pa., 20 ms.N. w. by w. Phil., and 
by p-r. 131 me. n. e. W. C. 



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Warrenton, p-v. and st. jus. Fauquier co. 
Va., by p-r. 51 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 
38° 41', long. 0°46'w. W. C. 

Warrenton, p.v. and st, jus. Warren co. 
N. C, situated near the centre of the co., 57 
ms. N. E. Raleigh, and about 115 ms. s. w. 
Richmond, Va. Lat. 36° 21', long. 1° 10' w. 
W.C. 

Warrenton, p.v. Abbeville district, S. C, 
6 ms. from Abbeville, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 106 ms. westward Columbia. 

Warrenton, p-v. and st. jus. Warren coun- 
ty, Geo., 50 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville, & 
42 ms. w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 23', long. 3° 
40' w. W. C. 

Warrenton, p-v. and formerly st. justice 
Warren co. Miss., situated on the left bank 
of the Miss, r., 60 miles by land above Nat- 
chez, and by p-r. 54 ms. w. Jackson. Iiat. 
32° 17', long. 14° 2' w. W. C. 

Warrick, co. Ind., bounded by Vanderburg 
w., Gibson n. w.. Pike n., Dubois n. e., Spen 
cer E. and s. e., and Ohio r. separating it from 
Henderson co. Ky. s. Length 25 ms., mean 
width 13, and area 325 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 37° 54' to 38° 15', and in long, 
from 10° 04' to 10° 33' w. The northern 
boundary of this co. is on the table land be- 
tween the vallies of O. r. and the Pntoka, a 
branch of the Wabash ; but nearly the whole 
of its surface slopes sthrdly. toward the for- 
mer river. Surface hilly, but soil productive. 
Chief t. Boonsville, by p-r. 187 ms. s. s. w. 
Indianopolis. Pop. 1830, 2,877. 

Warrior's Mark, p-o. western part Hun- 
tingdon CO. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. from Hunting- 
don borough, and 168 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Warsaw, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 20 miles 
N. Batavia ; is supplied with mill seats by Al- 
len's cr., on which is the v. The surface is 
varied, and the soil generally free from stone. 
Pop. 1830, 2,474. 

Warson's, p-v. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 123 
ms. N. w. Vandalia. 

Wartiien's Store, and p-o. northern part 
Washington co. Geo., by p-r. -27 ms. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Warwasing, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 25 ms. 
s. w. Kingston, in the s. w. corner of the co. ; 
lies w. Shawangunk mountain, at the base of 
which flows Rondout creek, receiving several 
branches. Pop. 1830, '2,738. 

Warwick, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms. 
w. by N. Boston ; has the line of N. H. n. It 
has an uneven surface, good soil, and no 
large streams. Pop. 1830, ],K50. 

Warwick, p-t. and st. jus. Kent co. R. I., 
10 ms. s. s. w. Providence ; lias Narragan- 
sett bay e. ; is hilly s., and level e. The 
branches ol Pawtuckct river unite in this t., 
which enters the bay at Pawtucket village. 
Apponang harbor, 1 mile distant, is the prin- 
cipal one in this town, and vessels of 50 tons 
come up to the v. This is one of the princi- 
pal manufacturing towns in the country ; the 
fisheries are also important. Pop. 1830, 5,. 
529. 

Warwick, pA. Orange co. N. Y., 116 ms. 



from Albany, 10 s. Goshen, 54 n. New York ; 
has N. J. s. w., and is of triangular form. On 
the 8. boundary are many mtns., fiom M'hich 
several large ponds pour their waters b. into 
the Passaic. The Wallkill flows n. f. The 
soil is favorable to fruit, and generally good. 
The Sterling iron works, and others, manu- 
facture a large amount of iron annually. Pop. 
1830, 5,009. 

Warwick, p-v. near the southeastern angle 
of Cecil CO. Md., 15 ms. s. Elkton, the county 
seat, and by p-r. 82 miles n. e. Washington 
City. 

Warwick, co. Va., bounded by James City 
CO. n. w., York n. and n. e., Elizabeth City 
CO. E., and James r. separating it from Isle of 
Wight CO. s. Length diagonally from s. e. to 
N. w. 18 ms., mean width 5, and area 90 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 03' to 37«> 
13', and in long, from 0° 22' to 0° 38' e. W. C. 
It occupies a part of the narrow peninsula 
between James and York rivers, and slopes 
southward toward the former. Chief town, 
Warwick C. H. Pop. 1820, 1,608, 1830, 
1,570. 

Warwick C. H., and p-o. Warwick coun- 
ty, Va., by p-r. 184 ms. a little e. of s. W. C, 
and 81 miles south east by east Rich- 
niond. 

Washington, co. Me., bounded by Lower 
Canada n.. New Brunswick e., the Atlantic 
ocean s., and Hancock and Penobscot coun- 
ties w. It presents a most singular figure on 
the map, as drawn according to the e. boun- 
dary as claimed by the United States, bear- 
ing & resemblance to a rudely hewn gun stock. 
It is crossed in its upper part, by the Saint 
John's and Aroostic rivers ; has the St. Croix 
on the E. boundary, with the lakes and bays 
connected with it ; and has several streams 
running into bays which make up from the 
ocean. There are 32 named townships, ma- 
ny others numbered, besides plantations, isl- 
ands, &c. Pop. 1830, 21,294. 

Washington, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 35 ms. 
from Augusta ; has Waldo co. e. Pop. 1830, 
1,135. 

Washington, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 35 
ms. from Concord, 22 from Keene, 20 from 
Charlestown, and 80 from Boston ; is hilly, 
abounding in springs, brooks and ponds, and 
contains Lovewell's mountain, which is small, 
and of a conical form. Island pond, 1^ ms. 
by 2, is filled with islands. Ashuelot pond, 
1 mile by Ih, gives rise to one of the chief 
branches of Ashuelot r. Long pond is five 
ms. in length, and like the others, contains 
fish. Several ponds e. give rise to Contoo- 
cook r. The soil is deep and moist, favora- 
ble to grass, and bearing white maple, black' 
ash, birch, beech, elm, &,c., &/C. Clay and 
peat abound, and here is some iron ore. 
The v. is in a pleasant situation, and there 
are good mill sites in the town. First settled 
1768. Pop. 1830, 1,135. 

Washington, co. Vt., bounded by Orleans 
CO. n., Caledonia co. e., Orange co. s. e., Ad- 
dison CO. s. w., and Chittenden co. w. ; lies 



WAS 



585 



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chiefly between the 2 ranges of Green mtns., 
and nearly in the centre of the state. The 
surface is very uneven ; there is much good 
gi^anite e., but vv. the rocks are argillaceous, 
mica and chlorite slaie. Onion river and its 
branches spread over the irregular surface. 
There are 18 towns. Pop. 1820, M,725, 
1830, 21,378. 

Washington, p-t. Orange co. Vf., 15 miles 
s. E. Montpelier, 43 n. W indsor ; is watered 
by a small branch of Onion, one of Wait's, 
and one of White river, and the trees are 
principally maple. Pop. 1830, 1,374 

Washington, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 120 
ms. w. Boston ; has Housatonic river on the 
w. line, and 2 small branches rise in the town. 
Pop. 1830, 701. 

Washington, co. R. I., bounded by Kent 
CO. N., Narragansett bay e., the Atlantic s., 
Conn. w. ; about 18 by 20 ms. ; has a slight- 
ly varied surlace, with primitive rocks. Sotiic 
hills N. and plains s., with much good grazing 
land, as well as soil in many parts favorable 
to different branches of agriculture. Wick, 
ford and Pawtucket are the principal harbors. 
The coast on the ocean and the bay extends 
about 50 ms. There are valuable fisheries. 
The county contains several ponds, fresh and 
salt, with many small streams, forming 
Charles and Wood rivers, branches of the 
Pawcatuck, which forms a part of the west 
boundary of the state. The Narragansett coun- 
try, formerly the seat of a powerful Indian na- 
tion, & since celebrated for a small race of pa- 
cing horses, said to have been derived froin 
France, is included within the bounds of this 



different periods from the early French wars 
to the revolution ; and important militarjr 
events have occurred here, on the land car- 
riage between the n;ivigablc waters of the n. 
and the s. which npproach so nearly. There 
fire several cotton, woollen, and iron facto- 
ries ; and at Sandy Hill, a cotton bagging 
factory. The co. contains 17 towns. Pop. 
1820, 38,831 ; 1830, 42,635. 

Washington, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., 80 
ms. s. Albany, 15 e. n. e. Poughkeepsie, has 
Wappinger's cr. &c. n. w., with mill seats, 
has an irregular surface, with Tower hill e. 
and Chcsnut ridge s. i:., and good soil. Me- 
clianic village is near the centre, with a 
Friends' boarding school, &c. Pop. 1830, 
3,03G. 

Washington, v. Watervliet, Albany co. N. 
Y., 5 ms. N. Albany, on the w. side of Hud- 
son r. 

AV'ashington, p-t. Morris co. N. Y., has the 
s. branch of Raritan r. on the e. line, Mus- 
conetcong r. w., and Schooley's mfn. between 
them. It borders s. on lluiuerdon co., and 
w. on Warrcm co. It has the villages of 
Pleasant Grove and Spring t. with Schooley's 
mtn. springs. Pop. 1830, 2,188. 

Washington, t. Burlington co. N. J., 30 
ms. s. by e. Trenton, is of an irregular form, 
with Gloucester co. s. w., from which it is di- 
vided by the main branch of Little Egg Har- 
bor cr., and is watered in different parts by 
several of its branches, the principal of which 
is Wading r. Pop. 1830, 1,315. 

Washington, co. of Pa., bounded n. w. by 
Beaver CO., N. and n. e. by Alleghany, e. by 



CO., as also the Shannock country, which had Monongahela r. separating it from Westmore- 



a superior kind of horned cattle. Pop. 1820, 
15,G87, 1831, 15,411. 

Washington, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 40 
ms. s. w. Hartford ; is crossed by several 
ranges of primitive mountains, or lofty hills, 
and limestone is found in the vallies, from 
which marble is obtained. Aspetuck and 
Bantam rs. water different parts of the town. 
There are several iron forges, &c. Popula- 
tion 1830, 986. 

Washington, co. N. Y., bounded by Es- 
sex CO. N., Vermont e. from which it is sepa-l 
rate.l n. k. by lake Champ'a'n, Rensselaer co. 
s., Hudson r. and lake George w. which sep- 
arate it from Saratoga and Warren counties. 
Wood cr. rises and terminates in this co., and 
in the e. Hoosac and Battenkill rs. which 
rise in Vt. flow into this co. and into lake 
Champlain. Poultiiey r. from Vt. for/ns a 
part of the n. boundary. Numerous mill sites 
are supplied by these streams. The sur- 
face and soil are very various. The lower 
parts of the co. are pretty well cultivated, but 



land and Fayette, s. by Greene co., s. %v. by 
Ohio CO. Va., and w. by Brooke co. Va. The 
longest line that can be drawn in this co. is 
diagonal in a n. w. direction from the mouth 
of Ten Mile cr. to the n. w. angle on Va. 45 
ms., mean breadth in a similar direction 22 
ms., and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 3G' n., and in long, 
from 2° 52' to 3° 35' w. W. C. The central 
part of this co. 3 or 4 ms. sthrdly. from the 
borough of Washington, is an elevated, and 
might be called a mountainous region, from 
which the waters flow like radii from a com-f 
nion centre. From hence issue the sources 
of Pen Mile, Pigeon, Chartier's, Buffalo and 
Wheeling creeks. The borough of Wash- 
ington situated in a valley, is by actual meas- 
urement 1,406 feet above tide water ; and the 
mean elevation of the farms might be safely 
assumed at 1,400 feet, though no doubt 
many are more elevated by a dilference 
of 300 or 400 feet. Hillsborough on the U. 
S. road, stands on a height of 1,750 feet. la- 



the n. pans arc \ery monntahiOMsSindnhoundl deed the lowest point in the co. on the Mo- 
wiih limber, which affords much lumber, nongahela between Willianisport and Eliza- 
Iron, marble and slate are found in difl'erent bethtown, is elevated at least 9U0 feet above 
places. The Champlain canal extends from tide water. The fac:; of the co. is very broken, 
Hudson r. to Wood cr., and along its bed to [but soil almost uniformly productive. Lime- 
lake Champlain. This line was formerly an I stone and sandstone are the prevailing rocks 
important military route, and here are found in situ. Mineral coal of the bituminous spe. 
remains of forts erected and garrisoned atjcies abounds, and of very fine quality. It is 

74 



WAS 



586 



WAS 



found near Washington and Cannonsburg, 
at an elevation of at least 1,200 feet. The 
difference of climate between the centrnl parts 
of this CO. and tliat on either the Mononeahe- 



Louis, 1,203 from New Orleans, 6G2 from 
Savannah, Geo., and 544 from Charleston, S. 
C. The capitol stands in lat. 38° 52' 45", 
lonsr. w. from the observatory at Greenwich 



la orOhio r. isvery perceptible, particularlyj 76° 55'30". The site of Washington is abasin, 
in spnag at openmg leaf, and in the season of j environed by gently swelling hills ; the soil 
reaping small grain. The exceljence ofi is generally sterile, mixed with pebles and 
its sod IS seen on inspection of the pro res- gand. Length of the city from s. e. to n. w. 
sive pop. The firet civilized settlement waeUi ms., mean width 2i, containing a fraction- 
made about 1770, and in 1800, with the exist-} less than 8i eq. ms. The city was laid out 
ing limits, it contained 28,298; in 1810, 3b,-|under the supervision of Washington (then 



289 ; in 1820, 40,038; and in 1830, 42,909 
inhabitants. 

Wasiiinoton borough, p-t. and st. jus.Wash 
ington CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the 
CO., on 1 of the head branches of Cliartier's cr., 



president of the U. S.) in 1791. The princi- 
pal streets are 10 in number, called avenues, 
and are named after different states of the 
Union. These diverge, 5 of them from the 
capitol, and 5 from the President's house, and 



and on the U. S. road, 26 ms. s. w. the city of , a direct line of communication between these 
Pittsburg,22N. w. by w. Brownsville, and by two edifices is formed by Pennsylvania ave 



p-r. 212 ms. a little s. of w. Harrishurg, and 
229 N. w. by w. W. C, n. lat. 40° 11', long. 3° 
19'w. W.C. Though elevated as stated in 
the previous article, 1,406 feet above the At 



nue, the principal and finest street of the city. 
The avenues are crossed by streets running 
N. and s. and others running e. and w. Many 
of these are shaded and all of them are very 



lantic ocean, the site of this line village is m| broad, the former being from 120 to 160 feet 
a comparative valley ; but the ground beauti-j in width, and the latter from 70 to 110. The 
fully rolling. The town extends up a gentle | buildings are much scattered, and but a small 
acchvity, the main street rathjjr closely built J pan of the city is yet compactly built. The 

greater part of these are on. or contiguous to, 
Pennsylvania avenue, including Capitol hill. 
The number of buildings erected in the city 
in 1830, was 178, 86 of which were of brick 
and 92 of wood. The total number of build- 
ings in 1831was 3,560; of these there were, 
public, 65 ; dwelling, 3,233, and 262 shops 
and warehouses. The value of the real and 
personal estate in the city Dec. 31, 1830, was, 
buildings, f 3,125,038 ; lots,.<g3,488,032 ; per- 
sonal property, f I 00,200 ; total, $7,213,350. 
The population of Washington has increased 
rapidly, and from its bein'i; the seat of the gov- 
ernment of the country, ;:nd its salubrious and 
healthy location, it must .ontinue to augment 



It contains the co. buildings, 2 or 3 places of 
public worship ; and numerous stores, tav- 
erns, and mechanics' shops. To the e. of the 
body of the place stands Washington college, 
sufficiently spacious to accommodate 150 stu- 
dents. This institution is under the direction 
of a president and two professors. The U. S. 
road enters Washington from the e., turns up 
the main street, and passes out of the upper 
end of the village. Pop. 1830, 1,816. 

Wasiiinoton, co. Md., bounded by Alle- 
ghany CO. in the same state w., Bedford co. 
Pa. N. w., Franklin co. P,i. n., Frederick co. 
Md. E. and s. f,., and by the Potomac r. sepa- 
rating it from .leflerson, Berkley, and Mor 



gan COS. Va. s. w. Length along the southernj in numbers. In 1800 its papulation was 3,210 ; 
boundary of Pa. 44 ms. ; the breadth differs! in ,803, 4,352; in 1807, 5,652 ; in 1810, 8,- 



greatly, ss along the South mtn. in common 
with Frederick, it is upwards of 30 ms. in 
width, whilst near Ilancock'stown, the width 
falls short of 3 ms. The winding course of 
the Potomac renders the outline very irregu- 
lar along that stream, but the mean breadth is 
very nearly 10 ms.; and area 440 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 19' to 39° 42' n., and 
in long, from 0° 26' to 1° 18' w. W. C. The 



208; in 1817, 11,299 ; i-i 1820, 13,247 ; and 
in 1830, 18,227. Of the latter there were in 
1830— 



White persons. Free col'd. 
Males 6,581 1,342 

Females 6,798 1,787 



Slaves. 
1,010 
1,309 



Total. 
8,933 
9,894 



Total. 13,379 3,129 2,319 18,827 

The public buildings in \N'ashington are, 
declivity is very nearly dues., and traversedl numerous and many of them elegant ; among 
by the Antietani, Conecoche-.igue, and numor-l these the first in rank is the capitol, the most 



ous lesser streams. The surface is broken, 
and in part mountainous, with much excellent 
river and valley soil. Chief t., Ilagerstown. 
Pop. 1820, 23,075 ; 1830, 25,263. 

W^ASHiNGTON, city, the st. of the general gov- 
ernment of the U. S. of America, and cap. of 
the Dist. of Columbia, is situated on the left, 
or Maryland side of the Potomac, near the 
head of tide water, and by the river and Ches- 
apeake bay, 290 ms. from the Atlantic. It is 



elegant edifice in the U. S. It is built of free 
stone, after the Corinthian order, cost rising 
of !g2, 000,000, and is altogether imposing in 
appearance. It stands on a commanding em- 
inence, and has a front of 350 feet, including 
the wings. The rotunda, in the centre, has a 
diameter of 90 feet ; its heighth, to the top of 
the dome, is the same. In this are the splen- 
did historical paintings, executed by Col. 
Trumbull. The senate chamber and repre- 



38 ms. s. V.'. from Balliniore, l36 from Phila.,' sentatives hall are semi-circular in form, the 



225 from New York, 432 from Bot-^ton, 59; 
from Augusta, Me., 546 from Detroit, Midi., 
J.068 iVum Little Rock, Ark., 8.")6 from St. 



jnner 74 feet in Icnath ; the latter 95 ft. and 
60 in height. The dome and galleries of the 
hall are supported by pillars of variegated mar- 



WAS 



587 



WAS 



ble, from the banks of the Potomac: this tion of2,994. For distributive pop. see article 
apartment ia truly magnificent. Tlie library Washini^ton city, table 2. The entire popula- 
of cont^ress occupies one apartment in this tion of the two cities and the county was in 
building, and contains IG.OOO volumes. The ; 1830, 3(),2G'2. 

president's house, which is built of white free | \VAsniNGTON,p-v. nt the sthestrn. foot of Blue 
stone, is 2 stories high, 186 ft. long, and 85 Ridge, and at the liead of Thornton's r., wstrn. 
in width. It is an elegant edifice, and its lo- part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 81 ms. a lit- 
cation commands a fine view, particularly to tie s. of w. W. C 

the s. : it stands aboiu Ih ms. from the capi- 1 Washington, co. Va., bounded w. by Scott, 
tul. Other government buildings, are the j by Clinch mtn. separating it from Russell n. 
general post office, on Pa. avenue, in which ' w. and Tazewell n., by Wythe co. e., by Blue 
is the patent office ; 4 buildings, on quadran- Ridge separating it from Grayson s. e., by 
gular bases, ^ stories high, of brick, 2 to the Carter co. Ten. s., and Sullivan, Ten. s. w. 
eastward, and 2 to the westward of the presi- 1 Length between Wythe and Scott cos. 50 ms. 
dent's house, in which are kept the principal mean breadth 17, and area 850 sq. ms. Ex- 
departments of the government, with their | tending in lat. from 3(5° 35' to 36° 55', and in 
subordinate offices ; a magazine, arsenal and long, from 4° 30' to 5° 19' w. W. C This co. 
work shops, marine barracks, navy yard, occupies part of the valley between the Blue 
navy hospital and a penitentiary. Other pub- Ridge and Clinch mtns. These chains ex- 
Uc buildings are the city hall, a fine building 'tend in this region from s. w. by w. to n. e. by 
250 ft. by 50 ; 19 places of public worship, 4' e., with minor lateral ridgea. The slope of 
well supplied market houses, an infirmary, 1 the co. is to the s. w. by w., and traversed by 
female orphan asylum, jail, theatre, &,c. 'the s. e., middle, and north branches of Hols. 
There are also 4 banks, 4 extensive hotels, a 'ton. All these streams have their source in 
foundry, breweries, museum, a city library, [Wythe, and sub-divide Washington into as 
&c. &.C. Columbian college, incorporated 'many fine fertile valleys. It may, however, 
by congress, is about 2 ms. N. of the city. Reg- excite some reflection when told that in this 
ular lines of steamboats ply from Washing- j large and well populated co. there were in 
to Alexandria, Baltimore, Norfolk, &c., andjl831, but two post offices, at Abingdon, the 
numerous stages run to other places, among capital, and Seven Mile Ford. Pop. 1820, 
which are 8 daily coaches to Baltimore alone. 12,444 ; 1830, 15,614. 

The territory now Washington was formerly i Washington, co. N.C., bounded by Tyrrell 
a part of Prince George co. Md., and was e., Hyde s., I\Iariin w., and Albemarle sound 
ceded to the U. S. in 1790. In 1800 it be-'N. It lies in form of a parallelggram, 20 ms. 
came the seat of government, and in 1802 by 18, area 360 sq.ms. Extending in lat. from 
was incorporated as a city. In 1812 it was j 35° 40' to 35° .'16', and in long, from 0° 12' to 
remoddled, and finally chartered 1815. The :0° 38' e. W. C. What very little declivity 
government is composed of a mayor, 12 al-j this co. presents is from s. to n. toward Albe- 
dermen, and a common council of 18 mem- marie sound, but the surface isnearly a dead, 
bers; these are elected by the citizens, the and in good part, a swampy level. Chief t., 
latter for one, and the mayor and aldermen; Plymouth. Pop. 1820, 3,986 ; 1830, 4,552. 
for 2 years. Daring the lost war with Great j V/ashington, seaport, p-v. and st. jus. Beau- 
Britain, tiie city was taken by an army under fort co, N. C, situated on the left bank of 
General Ross, Aug. 24th, 1814, and the capi- Tar r., at or near the point where that stream 
tol, president's house and other public build- ! assumes the name of Pamlico sound, 
ings were burnt. A very valuable library be- 'byp-r. 122 ms. a little s. of e. Raleigh, and 
longing to congress was at that time destroy- 3 '2 ms. almost directly s. W. C. Lat. 35° 
ed. These buildings were rebuilt soon after. 32', lonjr. 0° 1)3' w. W. C. Washington is at 
Washington, CO. dist. Columbia, bounded the head of such ship navigation as Pamlico 
N. w. and N. by Montgotnery co. Md., n. e. by sound will admit, and having the fine valley 
Prince George's co. Md., s. e. by the estrn.iofTar r. in the rear, is a place of consid- 
branch of Potomac, and s. w. by the main|erable note. (<See Beuufort.) 
stream of Potomac. In form it approaches Washington, co. Geo., bounded n. w. by 
near a parallelogram, 8 ms. in length from s. Baldwin co., n. by Hancock, n. e. and e. by 
E. to N. w., mean breadth 5^ ms., area 42 sq. | Jefferson, s. e. by Emanuel, s. w. by Lawrcns, 
ms., or 42.100ths of the whole dist. Extend- j and w. by Oconee r. separating it from VVil. 
ing in lat. from 38° 51' to 38° 58' nearly, andjkinson. Extending in lat. from 32° 4 2' to 33° 
in long, from 0° 6' 6" e. to 0° 03' w. the cap- ! 13', and in long, from 5° St/ to 6° 1 1' w. W. 
itol. The surface of this CO. is very finely di- 1 C. Though bounded on the w. by Oconee, 
versified by hill and dale. Rock cr. enters I this co. is a table land. It is bounded on the 
near the northern angle, and meandering in a in. e. by the main stream and gives source to 
general direction from N. to s. enters Potomac j several confluents of Great Oirechee ; this 
between the city of VV^ashington and George- 'section falling to the sthestrd. The general 
town. The slope of the whole co. is indeed declivity is nevertheless to the sthrd.discharg. 
from N. to s., and the descent very rapid. The ing creeks into Oconee. Much of the soil is 
soil generally thin, tho' some very favorable ex- good, some excellent, but in general thin. The 
ceptions exist. Exclusive of W. C. and | greatest length is from the sthrn. angle on 
Georgetown, it contained in 1830, a popula- Oconee to the nthrn. on Great Ogechee 38 



WA3 



58« 



WAS 



ms., mean breadth 20, nnd area 760 sq. ms. 
Pop. 18^0, 10,o27 ; 1S30, 9,820. 

Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Wilkes co. 
Geo., 51 ms. vv. n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 
61 ms. N. K. MiUedgevilie. Lat. 33° 42', 
long. 5"^ 45' \v. W. C. This place contains an 
academy, and about 800 inhabitants. 

Washinijton, co. Flor., as laid down on 
Tanner's U. S., is bounded on the n. w. by 
Choctawhaichee bay and r. separdtin;^ it from 
Walton CO., on the N. by Jackson co., E. by 
Appalachicola r., separating- it from Gadsden 
CO., and s. e., s. and s. w. by the Gulf of Mex- 
ico. Length from the entrance of Choctaw- 
haichee bay to the mouth of Appalachicola r. 
1 lO ms., mean breadth 22, and area 2,420 sq. 
ms. E.vtending in lat. from cape St. George 
29° 20' to 30° 40', and in long, from 8° to 9° 
36' w. W. C. Williams in hia View of West 
Florida, says — " It is a mis-shapen tract of 
wortJiJcss land in general ; a few hammocks 
on St. Aiidrew's bay, the south edges of Oak 
and Hickory hills, a part of Holmes' valley, 
and the borders of Econfina r. are valuable 
exceptions." St. Andrew's buy opens into 
and occupies the central parts of this co., and 
is a tine sheet of water, which according to 
Williams' map has 18 ft. vvaier on its shal- 
lowest bar. Chief t., Holmes Valley. Pop. 
uncertain. 

Washington, co. Ala., bounded by Chicka- 
sawhay r. separating it fromWayne co. Miss. 
w., by the Choctaw territory Ala. n., by Toin- 
bigbee r. separating it from Clark co., Ala. e., 
and by Mobile co. s. The greatest length is 
along the estrn. border, 42 ms. by the general 
course of Tombigbee r., mean breadth about 
20 ms., area 840 sq. ms. E.vtending in lat. 
from 31° 23' to .32°, and in long, from 11° 03' 
to 11° 37' w. W. C. The mere wstrn. bor- 
der of this CO. is in the valley of Chickasaw, 
hay r., but the far greater part slopes to the 
estrd. toward Tombigbee r. Chief ts., ^\ ash- 
ington and St. Stephens. Pop. 1830, 3,474. 

vV' ASHir.GTON, p-v. and st.jus. ^^- ashington 
CO. Ala., on the small r. or or. Sinta Bogue, 
16 ms. N. w. St. Stephens, and by p-r. 146 ms. 
s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 39', long. 11° 
18' w. W.C. 

Washington, p-v. and st.jus. Autauga co. 
Ala., on the right bank of Ala. r., by p-r. 129 
ms. s. E. by e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 23', long. 
9° 35' w. W.C. 

Washington, p-v. Adams co. Miss, situated 
on St. Catherine cr. 6 ins. E. Natchez. This 
place was many years the seat of government 
for the Miss. Territory, and afterwards for 
the state of Miss. Jetierson college was lo- 
cated here in 1802, but has not flourished as 
a literary institution beyond the ordinary rou- 
tine of a common academy. The site of the 
town is high, dry and pleasant. 

Washington, parish of La., bounded by 
Pike CO., Miss. n. w., Marion co. Miss, n.. 
Pearl r. separating it froai liancock co. Miss. 
F.., St. Tammany parish La. s., and Tangipao 
r. separating it from St. Helena, parish of La. 
w. Greatest length a diagonal from the s. e. 



' to the N. w. angle 66 ms., mean breadth 15, 
I and area within a small fraction of 1,000 sq. 
jms. Extending in lat. from 30° 34' to 31°, 
and in long, from 12° 36' to 13° 34' w. W. C 
'The declivity of this CO. is to the s. s. e., and 
in that direction it is bounded by the Pearl e. 
and Tangipao w. The Bogue Chito rising 
in Lawrence and Pike cos. Miss., traverses 
Washington parish, which, also giving source 
I to the Chifuncte r., discharges the former 
into Pearl r., and the latter, over St. Tam- 
|many, into the n. side of lake Pontchartrain. 
The far greater part of the surface of Wash, 
ington parish is composed of open and sterile 
pine woods. Where the land admits cultiva- 
tion the staple is cotton. Chief town, Frank- 
linton. Pop. 1820, 2,517; 1830,2,286. 

Washington, p-v. and st.jus. Rhea co. Ten. 
on the right bank of Ten. r., about 70 ms. be- 
low and s. w. by vv. Knoxville, and by p-r. 129 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. Lat. 35° 38', long. 
7° 48' w. W. C. 

Washington, co. Ten., bounded by Green 
vv , Sullivan n., Carter e., and by Blue Ridge 
separating it from Buncombe co. N. C. s. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean width 20, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
35° 57' to 3G° 24', and in long, from 5° 10' to 
5° 35' w. W. C. A small section of this co. 
slopes to the nrthrd., and is drained by small 
creeks flowing into Watauga r. ; but the sthrn. 
central and much most extensive sections are 
commensurate with the higher valley of 
Nolechucky r. and sthwstrdly. Chief town, 
Jonesborough. Pop. 1820, 9,557 ; 1830, 
10,995. 

Washington, co. of Ky., bounded w. by 
Hardin, n. w. by Chaplni's fork of Salt river, 
separating it from Nelson, n. e. and e. by 
Mercer, s. e. by Casey,and s. by the s. fork of 
Salt r. Length 28 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area about 500 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 30' to 36° 52' n., and in long, from 
7° 58' 10 8° 32' vv. W. C. Comprised within 
the two main branches and drained by numer- 
ous crs. of Salt r., the declivity of this co. is 
to the wstrd. Chief t., Springfield. Pop. 
1820, 15,947 ; 1830, I9,l30. 

Washington, p.v. and st. jus. Mason co. 
Ky., 4 ins. from O. r. at Maysvillc, and by p-r. 
63 ms. N. e. by e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 37', 
and long. 6° 43' w. \V. C. It contains beside 
the CO. buildings, an academy, and three or 
four places of public worship. 

Washington, co. Ohio, bounded by Athens 
s. w., and w., Morgan n. w., Monroe n. e., O. r. 
separating it from Tyler co. Va. e., and from 
Wood CO. Va. s. Extending in lat. from 39° 
15' to 39° 40', and in long, from 4° to 4° 54' w. 
VV. C. Length on the northern border along 
Monroe and Morgan cos., 50 ms. It lies in a 
wide resemblance to a triangle, mean breadth 
15, and area 750 square ms. The slope is 
southward towards the Ohio r. The Mus- 
kingum enters the northwestern angle, and 
winding thenve estrd. to near the centre of 
the CO., inflects to the s. and falls into the Ohio 
river at Marietta. The surface of this county 



WAS 



589 



WAS 



is generally very hilly, but soil productive. 
By the post list of 1831, beside at Muietta, 
the CO. seat, there were offices at Belpre, 
Bent's, Brown's Mills, Carroll, Fearing, Little 
Hockhocking, Lower Salem, Newport, Point 
Marmar, Waterford, Watertown, and Wes- 
ley. Pop. 1820, 10,425, 18.30, 11,731. 

Washington, p-v. Guernsey co. Ohio, 10 
ms. E. Cambridge, the co. St., and 91 miles 
estrd. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 372. 

Wasjiington, p-v. and St. jus., Fayette co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 45 ms. s. w. Columbus. Lat. 39° 
30', long. W. C. 6° 24' w. Pop. 1830, 299. 

Washington, co. Indiana, bounded s. by 
Harrison, s. w. by Crawford, w. by Orange, 
N. w. by Lawrence, n. by the E. Fork of 
White r. separating it from Jackson, n. e. by 
Scott, E. by Clark, and s. e. by Floyd. Length 
from E. to w. 26 ms., mean breadth 20, and 
area 520 square ms. E.xtending in lat. from 
33° 27' to 38° 47', and in long, from 8^ 54' to' 
9^20'w. W.C. This co. extends sthrdly. 
from the bank of the E. branch of White river, 
over the table land between that stre;im and 
Ohio river. Blue river, a small coiiflueat of 
the Ohio, rises in and drains the sthrn. part, 
wliilst from the western flow small creeks 
into the E. Fork of White river. Surface 
broken, hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town, 
Salem. By the post-office list of 1831, be- 
side at Salem there were offices in this CO. 
at Claysville, Livonia, Martiiisburg, and 
Pleasant Valley. Pop. 1820, 9,039, 1830, 
13,064. Salem, the co. seat, is situated near 
the centre of the co. 91 ms. s. Indianopolis. 
Lat. 38° 36', long. 9° 06' w. W. C. 

Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Daviess co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 1J6 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, 
and 20 ms. a little s. of e. Vincennes. It is 
situated 5 or 6 ms. n. ^. e. from the junction 
ofthet^vo main branches of White r. Lat. 
38° 40', long. \V. C. 10° 12' w. 

Washington, co. Illinois, bounded s. by 
Perry, s. w. by Randolph, w. by St. Clair, n. 
by Clinton, and e. by Jefferson. Length 
from e. to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area 540 square ms. Extending in kit. from 
38° 13' to 38° 30' and in long, from 12° 10' to 
12° 44' w. W. C. Kuskaskia r. forms a part 
of the N. w. boundary of this co. separating it 
from Clinton, and the slope of the contiguous 
part is nrthwstrd. towards that stream. The 
southern side declines to the southward, and 
gives Source to the northwestern branches of 
Muddy creek. In 1831, by the post list there 
was no office at Nashville, the eo. St., but there 
were at Beaucoup, Covington, and Elkhorn. 
Covington is a p-v. on ivaskaskia river 47 nis. 
a little s. ot e. St. Louis, in Mo., and by p-r. 
40 ms. s. s. w. Vandalia. Pop. 1830, 1,675. 

Washington, co. Mo., bounded by Madi- 
son s. e., tjt. Fiancis co. e., Jefferson n. e., 
Franklin n., and as laid down by Tanner by 
territory not laid out into counties on the s. 
and w. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., mean 
width 2,5, and area 1,000 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° .35' to 38° 10', and in 
long, from 13° 36' to 14° 08' w. W. C. This 



CO. as delineated by Tanner, has a natural 

boundiiry on the a. in the Iron mountains, 
from the souihcrn slopes of which, and the 
border of tiic co. rise the extreme sources of 
St. Francis and Bhick rs. The body of the 
CO. however, declines almost due n. and is 
drained by the fountains of both main branch- 
es of Maramec r. The tract of country em- 
braced by Washington co. is an important 
section of the state of Mo. Schoolcraft, who 
visited the lead mines at, and contiguous to 
Potosi, speaks thus of the country. " Wash- 
ington co. although the seat of the principal 
lead mines is at the same time not deficient in 
farming land. Big r. (the eastern branch of 
Maramec) in its whole course, which is long 
and devious, and most completely subtends 
the N. e. and s. boundaries of Washington co., 
affords the finest of farming lands. The prin- 
cipal farming tracts of this co. although de- 
tached, with ridges of poor land intervening, 
taken in the aggregate, bear a respectable 
proportion to its whole number of square ms. 
and exalt its agricultural character above that 
of the other mining cos. of Mo., St. Gene- 
vieve excepted. Bellevue abounds in granite 
and iron ore. The iron of Bellevue is a 
subject of universal notoriety. In the rich- 
ness of the ore, and extent of the beds or 
mines, it is no where paralleled. The most 
noted place is called the Iron mountain, 
where the ore is piled in such enormous 
masses as to constitute the entire sthrn. ex- 
tremity of a lofty ridge, which is elevated 5 
or 603 feet above the plain." Mr. Schoolcraft 
denominates the species of iron ore to be that 
called micaceous oxyd of iron, and very rich 
in quality. This author enumerates zinc also 
as amongst the minerals of Washington co., 
but lead was then, February 1819, the only 
ore worked to any great amount, if we except 
3 salt petre caves. In 1831, by the post of- 
fice li.st, beside at Potosi, the co. St., there 
were offices at Caledonia, Harmony, and Old 
Mines. Potosi, the st. jus., is situated on a 
branch of Big r. about 6j miles s. w. St. Lou- 
is, 40 w. St. Genevieve, and by p-r. 127 ms. s. 
E. by E. Jefferson, the seat of government of 
the state. Lat. 37° 56', long. 13° 48' w. W. 
C. Pop. 1830, 6,784. 

Washingto.m, CO. Ark., as laid down on 
Tanner's United States, is bounded n. e. by 
the county of Izard, s. by Crawford, w. by 
the O.sage territories, and n. by the state of 
Mo. The e.xtent on the map exceeds 3,000 
square ms. but the country is too imperfectly 
known to admit a detailed description. By 
the list of 1831, there were three post offices, 
namely. Cane ilill, Fayetlevdle, and Vine- 
yard, neither of which are, however, marked 
on the map. The extreme sources of White 
r. are delineated as rising near the centre and 
flowing northeastwardly, out of this co. into 
Mo., and from the latter, curving back into 
Ark. Pop. 1830, 2,182. 

Washington, or Hempstead court house, 
p-v. and St. jus. Hempstead to. Ark., by p-r. 
117 ms. s. w. Little Rock. Lat. 33° 45', long. 
16° 36' w, W. C. 



WAS 



590 



WAT 



Washington, p-v. Macomb co. Mich., byl Ingham co., n. by Shiawassee, n. e. by Oak- 



p.r. 50 ms. n. n. e. Detroit 

Washingtonville, p-v. Columbia co. Pa., 7 
ms. N. Danville, the co. st., and 72 ms. n. Har- 
risburg. 

Washitau, or according to French orthog- 
raphy, Ouachitta r. of Ark. and La. The 
most remote sources of this stream are in the 
Masserne mountain and in Pulaski co. Ark., 
and within 4 or 5 ms. from the Ark. r. This 
northern confluent is the Saline Fork. The 
middle branches rise also from the Masserne, 
but more to the southwestward in Clark co. 
and advancing still farther to s. w. and from 
the same chain issues the Little Mo. The 
Ouachitta proper and Little Mo. flow each by 
comparative courses 70 ms. to their junction 
between Hempstead and Clark cos. Below 
their union, the united waters continue to the 
s. E. 50 ms. to the influx of Saline, or the 
northeastern branch. The general course of 
Saline is a little e. ofs. 120 ms. Now a fine 
navigable r. the Washitau assumes a course 
of very little e. of n. which it maintains all the 
residue of its cjiannel of 140 ms. to its union 
with Red r. The entire comparative course 
of Washitau, is about 2G0 ms., but the chan- 
nel being very tortuous the navigable length 
is usually estimated at upwards of 400 miles. 
About 15 miles below the influx of Saline, 
Ouachitta enters La. within which it receives 
from the westward Saluta, Terre Bonne, and 
Little r. and from the eastward Barthelenny, 
Boeuf, and Tensaw rs. The greatest length 
of the Washitau valley from the sources of 
Saline to Red r. is 2G0 ms., the mean breadth 
at least 80 ms., and area 20,800 square ms. 
In lat. it extends from 31° 20' to 34° 45', and 
in long, from 14° 16' to 1G° 50' w. W. C. 
- Washitau, parish, lia., w, Miss, r., bound- 
ed s. E. by the parish of Concordia, s. by the 
parish of Ocatahoola, s. vv. by the parishes of 
Rapides and Natchitoches, w. by the parish 
of Claiborne, and n. by the cos. of Lafayette, 
and Chicot in Ark. Length from f. to w. 90 
ms., mean width GO, and area 5,400 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 3 1° 48' to 33° and 
in long, from 14° 15' to 15° 46' w. W. C. The 
surface of this extensive region presents very 
striking varieties of soil. The general de- 
clivity is to the southward, but the western 
part declines southeastward towards AVashi- 
tau r. and is generally a pine forest, drained 
by the branches of Terre Bonne, Saluta, and 
Ijittle r. A similar character is again prev- 
alent e. of Washitau on that part drained by 
Barthelenny. Advancing however to the 
eastward on the vallies of Boeuf and Tensaw 
the inundated lands of the Miss, are reached. 
.Scnttered over every part, comparatively 
small, but very productive zones of soil are 
found. E. of Washitau, lie scattered some 
small detached prairies, with a soil varying 
in quality similar to other parts of the parish. 
Where the soil will admit of cultivation, cot 
ton is the common staple. Chief town, Mon 
roc. Pop. 1820, 2,896, 1830, 5,140. 

Washtenaw, co. Mich., bounded n. w. by 



jland, E. by Wayne, s. e. by Monroe, s. w. by 
Lenawee, and w. by Jackson. Length from 
s. to N. 36 miles, mean breadth 30, and area 
1,080 square ms. Extending in lat. from 42° 
06' to 42° 39'. From the northwestern bor- 
der issue the extreme sources of Shiawassee, 
one of the branches of Saginaw r. flowing to 
the nrthrd. Huron of lake Erie rising in 
Oakland county flows s. w. into Washtenav/, 
forms a sweeping curve towards the centre 
and thence bends to s. e. into Wayne county. 
The southern section is drained eastward by 
the N. branch of the river Raisin. The sur- 
face of Washtenaw is level and rather flat, 
general slope southeastward towards lake 
Erie. The western border is, however, on 
the table land between lakes Erie and Mich., 
and gives source to the extreme fountains of 
Grand r. of the latter lake. Chief town, Ann 
Arbour. Pop. 1830, 4,042. 

Wasque Point, Dukes co. Mass., the N. e. 
extremity of Martha's Vineyard, is formed by 
the meeting of 2 beaches, nearly at right an- 
gles. 

Watauga, r. ofN. C. and Ten. rises in 
Ashe CO. of the former state, from the north, 
western vallies of Blue- Ridge opposite the 
sources of Catawba and Yadkin, and inter- 
locking sources with those of New r. branch 
of Great Kcnhawa. These higher creeks of 
Watauga flowing to the w. of n. w. traverse 
the Iron mountain and unite in Carter county, 
Ten. Carter county is indeed very nearly 
commensurate with the lower valley of VV a- 
tauga, in the western angle of which the va- 
rious branches unite, and entering Sullivan 
fall into the s. e. branch ofHolston. 

W^atehborough, p-t. York co. Me., 36 ms. 
N. York, 81 ms. s. w. Augusta, has Little Os- 
sippee r. on the n. line, and s. a head stream 
of the Kennebunk. Pop. 1830, 1,814. 

Waterbuky, river, Washington county, 
Vt., a branch of Onion river, 16 ms. long. 

Wateruury, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 12 
ms. N. w. Montpelier, 24 s. e. Burlington, has 
Onion river on the s. line. It was first set- 
tled 1784, and has a surface generally level 
or gently varied, with good soil, especially 
on the rich meadows of Onion river, bearing 
hard wood with some spruce and hemlock. 
V^'aterbury r. and Thatciier's branch afford 
mill seats. In the s. w. is a deep cut, about 100 
feet wide through rocks, where Onion river 
has forced its passage, and the land above ap- 
pears to have been the bed of the lake. The 
rocks in the bed of the stream form in one 
place a natural bridge, and in another a cav- 
em. Pop. 1830, 1,650. 

Waterbury, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 20 
ms. N. New Haven, has a varied surface, is 
crossed n. and s. by Naugatuck river which, 
with other streams, affords mill sites. Pop. 
1830, 3,071. 

Wateree, local name given to the Cataw- 
ba r. in the lower part of its course in Ker- 
shaw, Richland, and Sumpter districts, S. C, 
{See Catawba and Congaree rivers.) 



WAT 



591 



WAT 



Watekford, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 57 ms. O., by p.r. 18 ms. n. w. Marietta, and 88 ms. 
from Augusta, 12 s. \v. Paris, is square, with s. E.by e. Columbus. Population tep. 1830, 
("umberland co. on the s. e., and has several 906. 

punds, pome of which flow into Crooked lake, Waterloo, p-v. Junius, 8eneca co. N. Y., 
and others into Crooked r. a tributary of So- capital of the co., stands at a fall of Seneca r., 
hago pond. Pop. l!i30, 1,123. 7 ms. e. Geneva, 4 w. Seneca falls, contains 

Waterford, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 32 ms.Uhe co. buildings, and largo mills. 



F,. Montpelier, 21 n. Newbury, w-ith Connec 
ticut river s. e., first settled 1787, has Pas- 
sumpsic r. n. w., and is touched by Moose r. 
in one part. Fifteen miles fall in the Coim. is 
partly opposite this town. The meadows on 
the r. are not overliown by the floods. The 
land is rough and stony. Pop. 1830, 1,538. 
Waterford, p-t. New London, Conn. ,4 ms. 
N. London, 37 s. e. Hartford, lies on the w. 
side of Thames r. and .\. Long Island sound, 



Waterloo, p-v. in the extreme sthwstrn. 
angle of Mifflin co. Pa., by p-r. 70 ms. n. w. 
Harrisburg. 

Waterloo, tavern and p-o. Anne Arundel 
CO. Md., on the main road I'rom W. C. to Bal- 
timore, 25 ms. from the former, and 13 from 
the latter city. 

^Vaterloo, formerly RhIIocR's, p-o. Gran- 
ville CO. N. C, by p-r. 63 ms. n. Raleigh. 

Waterloo, p-o. Laurens dist. S. C, by p-r. 



is uneven, watered by Niantic and Jordan rs. 1 11 ms. sthrd. Laurensville, and 75 n. w. by w. 
&LC. .Many fish of ditlerent sorts are caught Columbia. 



here. Pop. 1830, 2,463. 

Waterford, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
N. Albany, lies on the w. side of the Hudson, 
and is separated from Albany county by the 
Mohawk, the banks of which from the falls 
are high, rocky, and nearly perpendicular to 
its entrance into the Hudson. A view of 
these falls (the Cohoes) from the bridge 
which crosses the river below, is very fine. 
Near its mouth is a dam, above which the 
Chainplain canal crosses the stream. This 
canal crosses the town also, descending to 



Waterloo, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala., by 
p-r. 176 ms. N.Tuscaloosa. 

Waterloo, p-v. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 
73 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 

Waterloo, p-v. and st. jus., Monroe co. II., 
by p-r. 99 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Water Street, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa., 
9 ms. wstrd. from the borough of Hunting- 
don, and by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Watertown, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 7 
ms. w. N. w. Boston, is situated on Charles r., 
on the N. side of which is the v., with a large 



the level of the river by locks, and here cotton factory, &c. Sloops come up to this 
forms a junction with the Erie canal. — place, to which there is 7 feet of water at 
The soil of the low grounds is clay, and spring tides. A bridge crosses the r. just 
the more elevated parts are sandy. The .above the v., 14 m. below ; on the n. bank is 
village, which is 20 ms. s. s. E. Balston Spa, an arsenal of the U. S. The surface is agree- 
and 26 s. by e. Saratoga Sprnigs, is one of ably varied, the soil is dry and good, and al- 
the neatest in the state, and a great thorough- most entirely under cultivation. Fresh pond, 
f.ire, being on the canal, and on one of the partly in this t., is much resorted to. First 
great routes from Albany to Whitehall, and 



also on the roiite from the former place to the 
Springs. It stands on a fine alluvial level, 
has a good soil, is partly surrounded by fine 
hills, and has some commerce, being situated 
at the head of sloop navigation. A bridge 



settled 1630, by the sons of Sir Richard Sal- 
tonstall and others. The provincial congress 
sat here in 1775, and were in session during 
the battle of Bunker's hill. Pop. 1830, 1,641. 
Watertow.n", p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 30 
ms.w. Hartford, 26 n. w. New Haven, has 



across the Hudson connects the town with Naugatnck r. and West Branch e., about 4 
Lansitigburg. Pop. 1830, 1,473. ms. by 6, is hilly, with some level tracts, gen- 

Waterford, town, Gloucester co. N. J., lerally granite rocks, some limestone, soil fa- 
30 ms. s. s. w. Trenton, is of irregular elon- jvorable to grass, well watered. Pop. 1830, 
gated form, with Burlington co. n. e., Dela- 1,500. 

ware r. n. w., and Cooper's creek on part of Watertowx, p-t. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
the s. w. line. Pety's island lies opposite, in N. Y., lies 160 ms. n. of w. Albany, and 8 ms. 
the Delaware, just below which is the city of from the mouth of Black r., v/hich forms its 



Philadelphia. Pop. 1830, 3,088 

Waterford, formerly Le Boeuf, situated 
on Le Boeuf cr. Erie co. Pa., 15 ms. a little e. 
of s. from the borough of Erie, 100 ms. very 
nearly due n. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 333 ms. 
N. w. W. C. At seasons of high water, a 
down stream navigation is practicable from 



N. boundary. It has an uneven surface, and 
a soil of brown loam mixed with pebbles, and 
limestone beneath. The village is at the 
falls of Black r., whence it derives an im- 
mense water power. There are 2 cotton fac- 
tories, one, the Jefl'erson, is tlie largest in the 
state, being 250 feet Ions, 50 wide, and 4 sto- 



this place. Pop. 1830, . In 1820, the ries high. 120,000 to 130,000 pounds of cot- 

tsp. contained 570 inhabitants. ton are manufactured here, about 40,000 lbs. 

Waterford, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Lou- at the Black r. factory, and about 20,000 lbs. 
don CO. Va., 10 ms. n. Leesburg, and by p-r. of wool at the W"atertown woollen factory, 
37 ms. N. w. W. C. A fine flourishing viU annually. For several miles extent there 
lage. I are favorable sites for factories, along the 

Waterford, p-v. on the right bank of Mas- j banks of Black r. There are in the t. 2 Pres- 
kingum r., nrthwstrn. part of Washington co. |byterian churches,! Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 



WAT 



592 



WAY 



1 Universalist, a court house, a bank with a 
capital of 400,000 dollars, 2 machine shops, a 
tannery, morocco manufactory, paper mill, 
&c. &c. The village is very pleasantly lo- 
cated, and contains many handsome private 
edifices, some of them of stone, and very 
good taste. The prosperity of the place will 
be very greatly promoted by the construction 
of a proposed rail road to the Erie caniil. 
Pop. 183U, 4,768. 

Watertown, p-v. Washington CO. Ohio, by 
pr. 94 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Waterville, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 18 
ms. N. by E. Augusta, 20 n. Hallowell, 15 s. 
B. Norridgewock ; has Kennebec r. e., Som- 
erset CO. N., and contains part of two large 



Wattsboro', p-o. western part of Lunen- 
burg co. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Wattsburg, or Wattsville, p-v. Erie co. 
Pa., 18 ms. s. e. from the borough of Erie, 10 
N. e. Waterford, and about 120 ms. a very lit- 
tie N. of e. l^ittsburg. 

Waugh's Ferry, and p-o. Amherst co. Va., 
by p-r. 205 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Waukenah, p-v. Jefferson co. Florida, 22 
ms. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Waverly, p-v. Pike co. Ohio, by p-r. 61 
ms. s. Columbus. 

Waverly Hall, and p-o. Harris co. Geo., 
by p-r. 119 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

W'axiiaw, large creek, rising in the south- 
ern part of Mecklenburg co. N. C. flows 



ponds, which flow into Kennebec r. Here is thence southwestward into Lancaster dist., 



established the Wesleyan seminary, the stu 
dents of which contribute to their support by 
manual labor. It possesses a philosophical 
and chemical apparatus, with two buildings, 
each containing 32 rooms for students. Pop. 
1830, 2,216. 

Waterville, p-v. Delaware co. N. Y., 17 
ms. N. E. Delhi, 56 ms. s. w. Albany, and 51 
from Catskill, on Delaware r. 

Waterville, p-v. Wood co. Ohio, by p-r. 
142 ms. N. N. w. Columbus. 

Watervlikt, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 6 ms. 
N. Albany ; has Hudson river e. and n. In 
the N. E. corner of the county, on the Hudson, 
are extensive meadows. Some of the hills 
have good soil, but there are sandy tracts w. 
The land is principally leased, belonging to 
the Manor of Rensselaerwick. The Erie 
canal crosses the Mohawk in this t., descends 
by double locks to the level of the Cham- 
plain canal, which crosses the Mohawk near 
its mouth, joins the Erie canal, 2i ms. above 
Gibbonsviile. From Gibbonsville a branch 
canal crosses above the dam, to Troy. There 
is also the U. S. arsenal. The main building 
faces Hudson river, and the grounds enclosed 
by the wall extend back to the canal, which 
affords a convenient channel of transporta- 
tion. In the w. part is Niskayuna, a settle- 
ment of Shakers, on a hanc'some level. Pop. 
1830, 4,962. 

Watkin's Store, and p-o. in the southwes- 
tern angle of Pittsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 
192 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Watkinsville, p-v. southwestern part of 
Goochland co. Va., 36 ms. westward Rich- 
mond. 

Watkinsville, p-v. and st. jiis. Clark coun- 
ty, Geo., situated between Oconee and Ap 



S. C, falling into the right side of Catawba 

r., opposite Patton's isl. 

Waxhaw, p-o. on Waxhaw cr., Lancaster 

district, S. C., by p-r. 84 ms. a little e. of n. 

Columbia, and 11 ms. n. n. w. Lancaster 

C. H. 

Waylandsburg, p-v. Culpepper co. Va., by 

p-r. 84 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Wayne, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 20 ms. w. 

Augusta ; has Androscoggin co. n. w., and 

contains part of a large pond which flows in- 
to Androscoggin r. Pop. 1830, 1,153. 

Wayne, co. N. Y., bounded by lake Onta- 
rio N., Cayuga co. e., Seneca and Ontario cos. 
s., and Monroe co. w. ; is bounded by nearly 
strait lines on the land sides ; has Sodus bay 
near the middle of the lake shore, and Little 
Sodus, East Bays, e. of it. Mud creek enters 
the CO. from the s., near the s. w. angle, 
crosses five of the south line of towns, and 
leaves it near the south east angle, bear- 
ing the name of Clyde river, from where it 
receives the Canadagua outlet. Salmon cr., 
and others, flow n. into the lake. The soil is 
generally very good. Erie canal passes thro' 
the s. part of this co., and the Clyde is navi- 
gable in boats. In Ontario, in this co., are 
2 forges, and two blast furnaces. It contains 
15 towns. Pop. 1820, 20,310, 1830, 33,643. 
Wayne, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. e. 
Bath ; has Crooked lake w., with a nearly 
level surface, and pretty good soil. Popula- 
tion, 1830, 1,172. 

Wayne, co. Pa., bounded s. e. and s. by 
Pike CO., s. w. by Luzerne, w. by Susquchan- 
nah, N. by Broome co. N. Y., by Delaware r. 
separating it from Delaware co. N. Y. n. e., 
and from Sullivan county N. Y. e. Greatest 
length is along its western border, 54 ms. in 



palache rivers, by p-r. 69 ms. a little w. of n. I common with Luzerne and Susquehannah 



Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 50', long. 6° 28' w 
W.C. 

Watson, t. Lewis co. N. Y., 128 ms. n. w. 
Albany, in the n. e. part of the co. ; has 
Black river e., and the falls are 63 feet high. 
Pop. 1830,909. 

Watson's Store, and p-o. Columbia coun 



counties, mean breadth 12, and area 648 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 1.3' to 42°, 
and in long, from 1° 30' to 1° 58' e. W. C. 
The general declivity is eastward, towards 
Delaware r. The southern and central sec- 
tions, embracing full two thirds of the whole 
area, are drained by the various creeks of 



ty, Geo., 5 ms. westward Applingville, aiid|Lackawaxen r. The western border along 
by p-r. 88 ms. N. E. by e. Milledgeville. I the Lackawaxcn motmtain, gives source to 

Watsontown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus-|the higher sources of Lackawannoc r., flow- 
quehannah river, northern part Northamber-' ing southwestwardly into Susquenannah riv- 
land CO. Pa., 71 ms. northward Harnsburg. er, in Wyoming valley, and to the Starucoa 



WAY 



593 



WAY 



creek, flowing northwestwardly into the Su8-|ms., mean breadth 22, and area 880 eq. ms- 
quehannah r. at the head of the Great Bend. 1 Extending in lat. from 3C° 36' to 37°, and in 



The northeastern part is drained into th 
Delaware, by numerous short creeks above 
the Lackawaxen r. The surface is either 
mountainous or hilly, with, however, much 
excellent soil. Though bordering on the Del- 
aware river, Wayne co. Pa. is comparatively 
a new settlement. In 1820 it contained but 
4,127, but in 1830 the population had risen to 
7,674, having gained 86 per cent, in 10 years. 
For the causes of such prosperity, see Lack- 
awaxen, rionesdale, and Carbondalc. Chief 
towns, Bethany St. jus., lionesdale, Damas- 
cus, and Stockport. 

Wayne, co. N. C, bounded e. by Pitt, s. e. 
by Lenoir, s. by Duplin, s. w. by Sampson, 
w. by Johnson, n. by Nash, and n. e. by Con- 
tentny creek separating it from Edgecombe. 
Length 36 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 12' 
to 35° 41', and in long, from 0° 51' to 1° 21' 
w. W. C. It is entirely in the valley of Neuse 
river. Declivity s. e. by e. The main stream 
of Neuse enters Irom Johnson co., and pas- 
sing Waynesboro', divides Wayne co. into 2 
unequal sections. Pop. 1820, 9,040, 1830, 
10,331. Chief t. Waynesboro'. 

Wayne, co. Geo., bounded by Glynn e., 
Camden s.. Ware s. w., Appling n. w., and 
Altamahah river separating it from Macin- 
tosh N. Length 45 ms., mean breadth 16, and 
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 
07' to 31° 44', and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 
18' w. W. C. Declivity southeastward, in 
the direction of the courses of Altamahah and 
Santilla rivers. The latter stream traverses 
the southwestern parts of the co. Surface 
generally low, flat, and in part marshy. Chief 
town, Waynesville. Pop. 1820, 1,010, 1830, 
963. 

Wayne, co. Miss., bounded by Greene s., 
Perry s. w., Jones w., the Choctaw country 
N., and Washington co. Ala. e. Length 32 
ms., mean breadth 28, and area 896 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 31° 26' to 31° 53', and 
in long, from 11° 37' to 12° 05' w. W. C. 
This CO. declines to the sthrd., and is drain- 
ed in that direction by the Chickasawhay r. 
The general surface, pine forest, moderately 
hilly, with sterile soil. C'hief t. Winchester. 
Pop. 1820, 3,323, 18.30,2,781. 

Wayne, co. Ten., bounded w. by Hardin, 
N. by Perry, n. e. by Hickman, e. by Law- 
rence, and s. by Lauderdale co. of Ala. 
Length 24 ms., lyreadth 21, and area 504 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 20', 
and traversed by the lltli degree of long. w. 
W. C. Tcnn. river sweeps in a semicircle 
round Wayne, and touching it on the north- 
western angle, receives from it creeks like 
radii from a comnnn centre. The surface 
hilly, and soil good. Pop. 1820, 2,459, 1830, 
6,013. Chief t. Waynesboro'. 

Wayne, co. Ky., bounded by Cumberland 
CO. same state w., Cumberland river separa- 
ting it from Russell n. w., Pulaski n., Whitby 



E., and Morgan co. in Term 
75 



long, from 7° 16' to 8° w. W. C. Declivity 
a little w. of n. towards Cumberland r., and 
drained in that direction by the South Fork 
of Cumberland and some other streams. 
Chief t. Monticello. Pop. 1820, 7,951, 1830, 
8,731. 

Wayne, p-v. Ashtabula co. C, by p-r. 187 
ms. N. K. Columbus. 

Wayne, co. Ohio, bounded by Stark e.. 
Holmes s., Richland w., Lorain n. w., and 
Medina n. Length from e. to w. 30 miles, 
mean breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 
40° 50' and long. W. C. 5° w. intersect in this 
CO. Slope sthrd., and drained by numerous 
branches of Tuscarawas, Kilbuck, and Mo- 
hiccon rivers. The northern border approach- 
es very near the dividing summit level, be- 
tween the waters of Ohio river and lake Erie. 
It is comparatively an elevated tract, being 
upwards of 500 feet above lake Erie at a 
mean, and the arable surface exceeding 1,000 
feet above the Atlantic tides. Chief t.Woos- 
tcr. Pop. 1830, 23,333. 

Wayne, co. Mich., bounded by Monroe s., 
Washtenaw w., Oakland n., Macomb n. e., 
and lake St. Clair and Detroit r. e. Breadth 
24 ms. in the western part, greatest length 
along the northern border 38 miles, mean 
length 28, and area G72 sq. ms. Central lat. 
42° 20', long. 6° i5' w. W. C. Slope s. e., 
and in that direction drained by the Huron 
river. Riviere Rouge, and several lesser 
streams. The surface is generally level. 
Chief town, Detroit. Pop. 1820, 3,574, 1830, 
6,781. 

Wayne, co. Ind., bounded s. by Union, Fay- 
ette s. w., Henry w., Randolph n., Darke co. 
Ohio N. e., and Preble co. O. s. e. It is very 
near a square of 2ii ms., area 400 sq. miles. 
Lat. 39° 50', long. W. C. 8° w. Slope sthrd., 
and drained by the higher branches of White 
Water r., a confluent of Great Miami river. 
Chief t. Centreville. Pop. 1830, 18,571. 

Wayne, co. II., bounded e. by Edwards, s. 
E. White, s. Hamilton, s. w. Jefferson, n. w. 
Marion, and n. Clay. It is a square of '24 
nis., 576 sq. ms. in area. Central lat. 38° 
25', long. W. C. 11° 36' w. Slope s. e., and 
drained by different branches of Little Wa- 
bash. Chief t. Fairfield. Pop. 1830,2,553. 
Wayne, co. Mo., embraces a rather exten- 
sive and mostly undefined region, on the head 
waters of White, Gasconade, and Maraniec 
rivers, extending to the wstrd. of Stoddard, 
Madison, and Washington cos. Chief town, 
Greenville. Pop. 1830, 3,264. 

Waynesboro', p-v. southeastern angle of 
Franklin co. Pa., 14 ms. s. e. Chambersburg, 
and 79 n. n. w. W. C. 

Waynesboro', p-v. western foot of Blue 
Ridge, and on South river Augusta co. Va., 
12 ms. E. s. E. Staunton, and 30 ms. a little 
N. of w. Charlotteville. 

Waynesboro', p-v. and seat jus. Wayne co. 
N. C, on the left bank of Neuse r., immedi- 



s. Length 40 ately below th* mouth of Little river, by p-r. 



WEA 



594 



WEL 



51 ma. s. E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 21', long. 1° 
w. W. C. 

AVay.nepboro', p-v. and st. jus. Burke coun- 
ty, Geo., situated on a branch of Brier cr., 
30 ms. s. Augusta, and by p-r. 87 ms. e. Mil- 
legdeville. It is the seat of an academy. Lat. 
33° 05', long. 5° w. W. C. 

Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. 
Ten., situated on Ryan's creek, by p-r. 92 ma. 
s. w. Nashville ; lat. 35°10', long.ll° w.W. C. 

Waynesburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. 
Pa., by p-r. 229 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. It is 
situated on a branch of Ten Mile creek. Lat. 
39° 54', long. W. C. 3° 16' w. Pop. 1830, of 
the tsp. of Wayne including the borough, 1,- 
130. 

Waynesburg, p-v. southern part Lincoln 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 16 ms. southward Stanford, 
the CO. seat, and 67 a little e. of s. Frankfort. 

Waynesburg, p-v. Stark co. Ohio, by p-r. 
125 ms. N. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 98. 

Waynesville, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood co. 
N. C., on a branch of French Broad r., about 
70 ms. a little n. of w. Rutherfordton, and by 
p-r. 295 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. Lat. 
35° 28', long. W. C. 5° 51' w. 



Wkathersfield, Conn. (See Wethera- 
field.) 

Weaver's Mill, and p-o. Fauqtiier co. Va., 
by p-r. 59 ms. a. w, by w. W. C. 

Webb's, p-o. northern part of Stokes co. N. 
C, by p-r. 148 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Webbville, p-v. Jackson co. Flor., 9 miles 
N. N. w. Mariana, the co. seat, and by p-r. 86 
ms. N. w.by w. Tallahassee. 

Webster's, p-o. Richland co. Ohio, by p-r- 
11 ms. N. Mansfield, the co. seat, and 82 ms. 
N. N. E. Columbus, 

Webster's Store, and p-o. Lancaster co. 
Pa., by p-r. 54 ms. eastward Harrisburg. 

Weedsport, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y,, 7 ms. 
N. Auburn, 87 w, Utica ; on Erie canal ; has 
a basin, and is a place of considerable busi- 
ness. 

Weld, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 53 ms. r*. w. 
Augusta, 25 n. Paris ; has Somerset & Ken- 
nebec cos. e., with several high eminences, 
particularly the Blue mtns. e., and a large 
pond which empties into Androscoggin river. 
Pop. 1830,765. 

Weldo.n, p-v. on the right bank of Roanoke 
river, at the lower end of its falls, Halifax co. 



Waynesville, usually called Tuckersville, I N. C, by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Raleigh. The Ro- 
or Wayne C. H., \\'ayne co. Geo., about 70!anoke navigation by canals, sluices, and river 
ms. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 190 ms. s. e. channel, is completed from Weldon to Salem, 
Milledgeville. in Botetourt co.Va. Distance from Weldon 

Way.nesvivle, P-v. northeastern part War- 1 to Salem, 244 miles, following Roanoke and 
ren co. Ohio, 9 ms. n. E.Lebanon, the st. jus- {Staunton rs. Below Weldon the navigation 
tice, and by p-r. 71 ms. b. w. by w. Columbus, is again open by Roanoke r. and Albemarle 
Pop. 1830, 439. sound, to the Atlantic and Dismal Swamp ca- 

Weakly, CO. Ten., bounded e. by Henry, nal. 



by Carroll, s. w. by Gibson, w. by Obi- 
on, by Hickman co. Ky. n. w., and Graves 
CO. Ky. N. E. Length 30 ms., breadth 28, 
and area 840 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 06' to 36° 30', and from long. 11° 38' to 



Welfleet, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 97 
ms. s. by e. Boston ; has the Atlantic e., and 
Cape Cod bay w., being situated on Cape 
Cod. Welfleet bay s. w., makes a good har- 
bor, being separated from Cape Cod bay, by 



11° 04' w. W. C. This CO. is entirely in the j Beach-hill, Griffin's and Poundbrook islands, 
valley of Obion r., and the declivity wstrd. j The harbor is almost encircled by rounded 
towards the Miss. Chief t. Dresden. Pop. sand hills. The inhabitants live by fishing, 
1830, 4,797. I the soil being almost entirely waste. A cot- 

Weare, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. ; is | ton and woollen manufactory was established 
crossed in a winding course by the north west j here in 1815. Pop. 1830,2,046. 
branch of Piscataquog, which affords mill; Wellington, p-v. Bristol co. Mass., 37 ms. 
seats. There are several manufactories in is. Boston, on Taunton r. A cotton manufac- 
the town, and several' small ponds. Moun- Itory was established here in 1814. 
tains Misery and William are of no great ele-l Wellington, p-v. sthrn. part Lorain co. O. 
vation. Rattlesnake hill is near the centre. I by p-r. Ill ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 
The soil is various ; that of the uplands good I Wells, r. Vt. a small tributary of Conn. r. 
and well watered. The surface is broken, .rises in Kettle pond, in the s. part of Caledo- 
and there are small swamps and some mead-|nia co., flows through Long pond, &.c. ; and 
ows. Pop. 1830, 2,432. j after receiving 2 branches, terminates a little 

Weathersfield, p-t. \Vindsor co. Vt., 61 is. of the line, in Newbury, Orange co. It 
ma. a. Montpelier, 50 n. e. Bennington ; has | has several falls, affords very good mill sites, 
Conn, river e., on which is the Bow, an ex-! and moves the machinery of several facto- 
tensive and beautiful tract of fine meadows, iries. 

where is situated the large and valuable farm Wells, p-t. York co. Me. 32 ms. s. w. 
of Mr. William Jarvis. These meadows Portland, 13 n. n. e. York, 85 s. w. Augusta ; 
were overgrown with a heavy forest when 'has the Atlantic on the e., Kennebunk r. n., 
the settlements began. The people came i Bald Head s., with a harbor. The village 
from New Haven, Conn., and the town was | was a very early settlement, and designed 
organized 1778. Black river affords mill 'for a large city. The ground was laid out 
sites, and there are other streams. Ascut-iwith regularity, and is a fine level on the 
ney mtn. lies partly in the n. of this t. There j borders of the sea. Pop. 1830, 2,978. 
are several email villages. Pop. 1830, 2,2l3. 1 Wells, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 40 ms. n. Ben- 



WEN 



595 



WES 



mngton, 65 s. w. Montpelier, 13 s. w. Rut. i Wentworth. First settled after the reTolu- 
laiid, IS small, rocky e. and level w., with tion. Pop. 1830, 924. 

one-third of U'ells pond, or St. Augiistin, ; Wf.vtworth, p-v. and st. jti.s. Rockingham 
within its limits; a sheet of water about 5;co. N. C, situated on the summit level he- 
ms, long, and in sonic parts li ms. wide. Thcjtween the vallies of Haw and Dan r., by 
soil is good, but the surface is often too rough p-r. 292 ms. s. w. \V. C, and 10!} ms. n. w. by 
for cultivation. First settled about 1768. w. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', and long. 2° 46' w. 
Pop. 1830, ySO. VV.C. 

VVeli.s, t. Hamilton co. N. Y. 72 ms. n. n. Wksley, p-v. Haywood co. Ten. by p-r. 
w. Albany, is mountainous, with swamps, 186 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 
and gives rise to head streams of Saranac, ! V^esley, p-v. Washington co. O. by p.r. 99 



Sacandaga and Pludson rs., and contains Pe- 
zeeco lake. Pop. 1830, 340. 

Wellsboro', p-v. and St. jus. Tioga co. Pa. 
situated near the centre of the co. on a small 
creek flowing into Crooked creek, branch of 
Tioga r., about 45 ms. n. n. w. Willianisport 
on the West branch of Susquehannah r., and 
by p-r. 147 ms. in a similar direction from 
Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 45', long. 0° 22' w. 
W. C. 

Wellsborcsh, p-v. and st. jus. Brooke co. 
Va. situated on the left bank of O. r. imme- 
diately above the mouth of Buffalo creek, 16 
ms. above ^^ heeling, and by p-r. 280 ms. n. 
w. by w. W. C. Lat. 40° 18', long. 3° 36' 
w. W . C. It is a small village, mostly in one 
street along the river. 

Wellsville, p-v. on Ohio r. southeastern 
part Columbiana co. O. 16 ms. s. s. e. New 
Lisbon, the co. st,, and 186 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. Pop. 1830, 169. 

Welsh Run, p-o. sthrn. part Franklin co. 
Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. a w. Chambersburg, the 
CO. St., and 82 n. w. W. C. 

Wendall, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 miles 
from Concord, 80 from Portsmouth, and w. 
Merrimack co.; contains 15,666 acres, of 
which 3,000 are water. Sunapee lake lies 
partly in this town and partly in Merrimack co. 
Sugar r. rises from its w. part, and flows 
across this town. First settled, 1772, from 
Rhode Island. Pop. 1830, 637, 

Wendall, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 85 ms. 
w. Boston, has Miller's r. on the n. line, a 
good soil and uneven surface, with no con- 
siderable village. Pop. 1830, 874. 

Wekham, p-t, Essex co. Mass. 21 ms. n. e. 
Boston, is nearly level, and has a good soil, 
and no considerable village. There is a pond 
on the s. line, and a large swamp n. w. It 
was an early settlement. Population 1830, 
611. 

Wenlock, t. Essefx co. Vt. 53 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, gives rise to the principal branch 
of Nulhegan r. Pop. 1630, 24. 

Wentwokth, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 52 ms. 
from Concord, and 15 from Plymouth. Fa- 
ker's r. has a fall of about 20 feet, where is 
a village, a bridge, and various mills and far- 
tories. The South branch of Baker's r. is s. 
There are several ponds, which contain all 
sorts of fish found in the state. Carr's mln. 



ms. s. E. by e. Columbus. 

West Alexandria, p-v. on the wstrn. bor- 
der of Washington co. Pa. 16 ms. s. w. by w. 
from the borough of Washington, and 14 e. 
Wheeling, Va, 

West Alexandria, p-v, Preble co. O., 
by p-r. 87 ms. a little s. of w. Columbus. 

West Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. O. by 
p-r. 71 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

West Berlin, p.v. Frederick co. Md. by 
p-r. 58 ms. nthwstrd. W. C. 

Westborough, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 34 
ms. w. s. w. Boston, 10 e. Worcester, is on 
high ground, giving rise to Concord and 
Blackstone rs. There is a large pond n. 
The soil is good, and there are several small 
streams. It formerly belonged to Marl- 
borough. In 1704 several persons were 
captured by Indians. Pop. i830, 1,438. 

West Boylston, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 
42 ms. w. Boston, n. Worcester. First set- 
tied, 1720, from Marlboro' ; is crossed by 
Nashua r., which is formed in the n. w. part 
by the union of Quinepoxet and Still Water 
rs. Almost the entire town lies in the valley 
of the Nashua, and has a rich and well culti- 
vated soil. The mill seats are very good, and 
some of them occupied by large manufacto- 
ries. There is some iron ore, and a n>ineral 
spring. Pop. 18.30,1,045. 

West Bridge water, p-t. Plymouth co. 
Mass. 24 ms. s. Boston, has a soil of inferior 
quality, and is watered by a few small 
streams. Pop. 1830, 1,042. 

Westbrook, t. Cumberland co. Me. 3 ms. 
w. Portland, is crossed n. w. by Presumscot 
r. Pop. 1830, 2,238. 

West Brook, p-v. sthrn. part Bladen co. 
N. C. 18 ms. from Elizabethtown, the co. St., 
and by p-r. 117 ms. s. Raleigh. 

West Brunswick, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 
22 me. n. Herkimer, has much rough and 
inferior land. Pop. 1830, 713. 

West Buckingham, p-o. Washington co. Pa. 
West Cambridge, t. Middlesex co. Mass., 
5 ms. N. w. Boston, w, Charles r. bay, was for- 
merly a part of Cambridge. It has rocky and 
broken land N., low and smne swampy laud s., 
with good pasturage and tillage in the middle 
part. Craigie's bridtie connects this t. with 
Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,230. 

West Canaan, p-v. Madison co. O., by p.r. 



E. affords valuable granite. Limestone is ob- 26 ms. wetrd. Columbus. 

tained from mount Cuba w., and iron ore is West Carlisl'-, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by 

found in the town. The soil near the streams j p-r. 68 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

is e.xcellent, and elsewhere generally good, j West (Jharleston, p-v. Miami co. O. by p.r. 

This town was named after general Banning 'about 80 me. w. Columbus. 



WES 

West Casti-e, p-o. Caswell co. N. 
p-r. 9G ms. n. w. Raleigh. 



596 



WES 



C, byi West Farms, p-v. Westchester, Westclies- 
jter CO. N. Y., 12 ms. N.by e. New York, 140 



Westchester, co. N. Y., bounded by Put- from Albany, on Bronx cr., at the head of nav- 
nam CO. n., Conn, e., Long Island sound and igation, 3 ms. from Long Island sound, has 
East r. s,, Harlaem and Hudson rs w., is of) several small manufactories. 



irregular form, something triangular, contains 
about 480 eq. ms., and is crossed sthwstrly. 
by ' roton and Peekskill crs.; Saw mill, Bronx, 
and Byram crs., are smaller streams. The 
rocks are generally primitive ; there are 
mountains in the n. w., and a high ridge ex- 
tends through the co. n. and s. Marble is 
quarried at Mount Pleasant, by the convicts 



West Fairler, t. Orange co. Vt., 28 ms. s. 
E. Montpelier, 35 n. e. Windsor, is crossed in 
the s. w. by Ompompanoosuc r., and part of 
West Fairlee lake. The surface is uneven. 
Pop. 1830,841. 

Westfield. t. Orleans co. Vt., 42 ms. N. 
Montpelier, 44 n. e. Burlington, has a small 
part of Missisque r. s. e., into which flow 3 mill 



in the state prison, where is also an old silver streams from this t. The land is good r-., but 



mine and a copper mine. There arc 3 cot- 1 
ton factories in this co., 4 paper mills, 5 vi-ool- 
len factories, and 2 iron foundries. There 
are 21 ts. Pop. 1820, 32,638 ; 1830, 43,594. 
Westchester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
12 ms. N. by E. New York, 140 s. Albany, has 
Long Isl. s. E., with clay soil, generally stony, 
watered by Bronx and W. Chester crs. The 
manufactures are various, but not very exten- 
sive. The villages are Westchester, and 
West Farms. Pop. 1830, 2,3G2. 

West Chester, borough, p-v. and st. jus., 
Chester co. Pa., situated 28 ms. almost ex- 
actly due w. from the city of Philadelphia, 75 
s. E. by E. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 115 ms. n. 
E. W. C. Lat. 39° 58', long. 1° 28' e. W. C. 
This is a very flourishing borough, in a well 
cultivated country. Pop. 1830," 1,258. Be- 
sides the usual co. buildings. West Chester 
contains several places of public worship, a 
bank, printing office, well filled schools, and 
numerous stores and public house.s. 

"West Chester, p-v. Butler co. O., by p-r. 
87 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Westerlo, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 21 ms. 
s. w. Albany, has Greene co. s., is crossed 
by low ridges, with pretty good soil in the val- 
lies. The w. part belongs to the manor of 
Rensselaerwyck. First settled 1759. It is 
watered by small streams. Pop. 1830, 3,321. 
W^esterly, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 36 
ms. s. w. Providence, 35 w. by s. Newport, 
has Pavvcatuck r. n. and w., the Atlantic s., 
and adjoins Conn. The surface is broken, 
the soil various, generally favorable to gra- 
zing. Vessels of 80 tons go 4 ms. up Pawca- 
tuck r., and the v. of Pawcatuck is 6 ms. 
from the ocean. Pop. 1830, 1,904.. 

Western, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 22 ms. 
s. w. Worcester. Pop. 1830, 1 , 1! 9. 

Wester.v, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. 
Utica, 8 N. E. Rome, is well supplied with mill 
seats by head streams of Mohawk r. Pop. 
lf)30, 2,419. 

Western Star, p-o. Medina co. O., by p-r. 
112 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

West Fairfield, p-o. Westmoreland co. 
Pa . by p-r. 184 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Western Ford, and p-o. wstrn. part Ran- 
dolph CO. Va., by p-r. 240 ms. w. W. C 

W'estern Port, p-v. on Potomac r. Alle- 
ghany CO. Md.. 24 ms. above, and s. w. Cum- 
berland, and by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. by w. \V. C 
West F'armington, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., 
by p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Detroit. 



mountainous w., having the Green mtns 
that part, through which Hazen's Notch af- 
fords a passage. Few settlers came here be- 
fore 1800. Pop. 1830, 353. 

Westfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 105 
ms. w. bys. Boston, 6 ms. w. Springfield, is 
crossed by Westfield r. which affords mill 
sites ; it is a furious stream when raised by 
floods. The Hampshire and Hampden canal 
crosses the t., and is carried across this r. on 
an aqueduct, being brought down to the" lev- 
el of the meadows by locks, and up again to 
Hungry plain. In the hollow is the v., which 
is a pleasant and busy place, with a large and 
flourishing academy, incorporated in 1793. 
In 1832 it contained 375 pupils. Tuition 
.*^3 00 per quarter in summer, and $3 25 in 
autumn. Lectures are given weekly upon 
natural philosophy every term — upon chemis- 
try during the fall term — and upon natural 
history and to school teachers vvhen required. 
All lectures gratis, e.xcept chemistry. The 
town was first settled 1667, being called War- 
ranoake by the Indians, and was attacked by 
savages in Philip's war. It was long a fron- 
tier settlement. Pop. 1830, 2,940. 

Westfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 85 ms. 
s. w. Richmond v., has Raritan bay s., and 
Statcn isl. sound w., which separates it from 
N. Jersey. It occupies the s. w. part of the 
island, and has Prince's bay s., whence great 
quantities of oysters are derived for the New 
York market. They are brought from Vir- 
ginia, and placed here to grow. Many of the 
inhabitants are employed in this business. 
The land is good, and there are many good 
farms. There are extensive meadows at the 
hend of the Fresh Kills. Pop. 1830, 1,733. 

Westfield, p-t. Chatauqiic co. N. Y., 7 m.?. 
N. Mayville, 1 from Portland harbor, 28 from 
Erie, Pa. Pop. 1830, 2,477. 

Westfield, p-t. Essex co. N. .T., 7 ms. w. 
Elizabethtown, has Rah way r. e., Morris co. 
N. w., Somerset co. w., and Middlesex co. s. 
It is crossed in the n. part by the Short hills. 
Pop. 1830, 2,492. 

Westfield, p-v. western part Tioga co. 
Pa., by p-r. 180 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Westfield, p-v. Delaware co. Ohio, by p-r. 
32 ms. northward Columbus. 

West FiNLEY, or Findla}', p-v. northwest- 
ern part of Washington CO. Pa., by p-r. 248 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Westford, post town, Chittenden county. 



WES 



597 



WES 



Vermont, 13 miles northeast Burlington, 321 Nashua river and a western branch, and is n 
N. w. Montpelicr, first settled soon after the pleasant agricultural town, yielding grass and 
revolution, is crossed by Brown's r. from s. to fruit. The land divides some of the waters 



The surface is irregular. Pop. 1830,1,291 
Westford, p-t. JVliddicscx county, Mass., 
28 ms. N. w. Boston, and 8 from Concord, 
is on high ground, with a fertile soil, favorable 
to grass, grain, and fruit. The v. occupies a 
fine elevation, near the centre of ihe town, 
commanding a view of Monadnock, Kear- 
scarge and Watchusett mountains, and con- 
tain? an academy, incorporated in 1793. Pop. 
1830, 1,.329. 

AV^ESTFORD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 9 ms. e. 
s. E. Cooperstown, 11 s. Cherry Valley, and 
56 w. Albany, is hilly, with rich vallies, and 
good grazing on the ujilands, and watered by 
Elk r. and other streams. Pop. 1830, 1,(J4.''). 
West Friendship, p-v. on the Frederick 
turnpike, and in the northwestern part of Ann 
Arundel co. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. n. W. C, and 
49 N. w. Annapolis. 

West Greenville, p-v. northwestern part 
Mercer CO. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. from the bor- 
ough of Mercer. 

West Greenwich, town, Kent co. R. I., 18 
ms. s. w. Providence, has Washington co. s. 
and Conn, w., gives rise to the s branch of 
Pawtuxetr. and has Wood r. w. Hopkins' hill, 
is a conspicuous eminence. Pop. 183?), 1,818. 
West Grove, p-v. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 
71 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

West Hampton, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 
100 ms. w. Boston ; formerly a part of North- 
ampton ; gives rise to several streams of 
Manhan r., a branch of the Conn., and is de 
voted to asiriculture. Pop. 1830,918. 

West Hanover, p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 16 
ms. N. E. by E. Harrisburg 

West Haven, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 8G ms 



of the Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It waa 
granted to soldiers of Philip's war as "Nara- 
gansett No. 2." Pop. 1830, l,(i9G. 

Westminster, p-v. on the very eastern 
border of Frederick co. Md., 29 ms. n. w. 
Baltimore, .'iGG ms. n. W. C. 

Westmore, town, Orleans co. Vt., 43 ms. 
N. E. Montpelicr, is uneven, with mtns. Hor, 
Pisgah and Pico for the principal summits, 
and Willoughby's lake, about 1 1-2 ins. by 6, 
within its boundaries. Willoughby's r. is the 
outlet of this lake, and the head streams of 
Clyde and Passumpsic river rise in this town. 
Pop. 1830,353. 

Westjmoreland, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 
65 ms. from Concord, and 100 from Boston, 
lies on the e. side of Connecticut r. which sep- 
arates it from Vermont, and has several 
small streams running into that river. One 
flows from Spaflbrd's lake, in Chesterfield, 
and affords mill sites. Pop. 1830, 1,647. 

WESTMORELAxn, p-t. Oucida CO. N.Y., 9 
ms. w. Utica, 105 from Albany, and 8 s. Rome, 
hasOriskany creek a few ms. e., and a few 
small mill streams. The surface is nearly 
level, the soil very good. Erie canal is about 
6 ms. N. of the centre. Pop. 1830, 3,303. 

Westmoreland, co. Pa., bounded by Lau- 
rel Hill separating it from Somerset s. e., by 
Lafayette s., by Monongnhela r. separating it 
from Washington co. s. w., by Youghioghany 
r. separating it from the extreme sthrn. part 
of Alleghany co. w., by the central part of Al- 
leghany X. w., by the Alleghany separating it 
from the northern part of Alleghany co. n., 
and by Conemaugh r. separating it from Arm. 
strong and Indiana n. e. The longest line is 



from Montpelicr, has Poultney r. and N. Y. a diagonal, 50 ms. from the sthrn. angle on 



state s., and lake Champlain w. Hubbard- 
ton r. and Cogman's creek afford mill seats. 
Pop. 1830, 722. 

West Liberty, p-v. O. co. Va., by p-r. 276 
ms. N. w. by w W C. 

West Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. 
Ky., by p-r. 107 ms. a little s. of e. Frankfort. 

West Middletown, p-v. western part 
Washington co. Pa., 13 ms. N. w. the borough 
of \\'ashington. 

West Milto.n, p-v. Miami co. O., by p-r. 
84 ms. w. Columbiis. 

Westminster, post-town Windham county, 
Vermont, 37 miles n. e. Bennington, 82 ms. s. 
Montpelicr, 27 ms. from V>'indsor, has Conn, 
river e. on the borders of which is a tract 
of fine meadows. The first permanent set- 
tlements here, were made from North.'icld, 
Mass., and from Conn, about 1741. The v. 
is on a large level considerably above the ad- 
jacent meadows, shut in at some distance, by 
hills which touch the r. both above and be- 
low. There are no mill streams. The leg- 
islature of Vt. was held here several times 
soon after the formation of the state. Pop. 
1830,1,737. 

\^'KSTMINRTER, p-1. WorcestPT CO. Mass.. 



Laurel Hill to the northern at the mouth of 
Conemaugh, mean breadth 21 ms., and area 
1.050 square ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 
03' to 40° 43', and in long, from 2° to 2° 56' 
w. W. C. This CO. is composed of two in- 
clined plains e. of Monongahela. The north- 
eastern declines to the northward, and is 
drained by Loyalhannah and other creeks into 
Conemaugh r. The second or central plain 
has a western declivity towards the Monon- 
gahela and Alleghany rivers. Beside these 
two sections, ^^ estmoreland contains two 
turnpikes on the peninsula between the You- 
ghiogany and Monongahela rivers. The sur- 
face is every where broken by hills or moun- 
tains, yet few counties in the U. S. even in 
proportion to surface, have more good land. 
Fruits, grasses, and indeed vegetables of ev- 
ery kind suitable to the climate, grow abun- 
dantly. Chieftown, Greensbura. Pop. 182(', 
30..540, 1830, 38,4!I0, having gained upwards 
of 25 per cent in 10 years. 

Westmoreland, co. Va., bounded s. e. by 
Northumberland, s. by Richmond, s. w. by 
Rappahanroc r. separating it from Essex, n. 
w. by King George, and by Potomac r. sepa- 
rating it from Charles co. in Md. n.. and St. 



54 ms. w. by N. Boston, lies in tho fork of Mary's of Md. n. e. Length along Potomac 



WES 



598 



WES 



r.30 ms., mean breadth 5, and area 150 square rments, with many assistants, some of whom 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° to 38° 16' n., are taken from among the pupils, 
and in long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° West Point, p-v. Hardin co. Ky., by p-r. 
30' E. Chief town, V^'estmoreland court house. 72 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 



Pop. 1820, 6,900, 1830, 8,411. 

Westmoreland, court house, and p-o. 



M'estport, p-t, Lincoln co. Me., 29 ms. s. 
'Augusta, occupies an isl. on Sheepscot river. 



Westmoreland co. Va., by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. e. separated from the ocean by one or two other 



\A . C. and 70 n. e. Richmond 

West Newbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 34 
ms. N. E. Boston, 6 w. Neburyport, has Mer- 
rimac r. on the n. line, with many hills and 
vallies, and excellent soil. Although the in- 
habitants are generally farmers, carriages, 
shoes, combs, &.c. are manufactured in great 
numbers. A bridge crosses the Merrimack, 
to Rock's V. in Haverhill. Pop. 1830, 1,586. 
WestoNj town, Windsor co. Vt., 66 ms. s. 
Montpelier, 22 s. w. Windsor, is crossed by 
West r. which affords mill sites, and passes 2 
villages. Pop. 1830, 972. 

Weston, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 15 ms. 
w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 1,091. 

Weston, p-t. Fairfield co.. Conn., 61 ms. s. 
w. Hartford, 8 ms. from Long Island sound, 
6 ms. by 9, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and 
is supplied with mill sites by Saugatuck river, 
Mill r. &.C. There is an academy well en- 
dowed. Pop. 1830, 2,997. 

Weston, p-v. and st. jus. Lewis co. Va., 
situated on the West fork of Monongahela r. 
about 70 ms. a little s. of e. Marietta, in the 
state of Ohio, and by p-r. 249 ms. w. W . C. 

West Penn, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 
76 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

West Philadelphia, p-o. west side Schuyl- 
kill, Phila. CO. Pa. 2 ms. from the centre of 
the city. 

West Point, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y., 
the site of the military academy of the U. 
States, is a high and rocky projection which 
turns the course of Hudson r. estrd. a little 
below the north entrance of the Highlands, 
and occupies a commanding point on that 
stream, on which account it became an im- 
portant position in the revolutionary war. A 
fort was built on the brow of the hill, and 
another on the opposite shore, and Mount In- 
dependence, afterwards called fort Putnam, 
now in ruins, was erected on the top of a 
steep eminence in the rear, its guns bearing 
upon the river above and below, and upon the 
mouth of a defile here opening through the 
mountains on the w. A chain was stretched 
across the r. to prevent the passage of ships, 
but was taken up by the British in 1777, when 
they forced the pass of the highlands. The 
military academy of the U. S. was founded 
here in 1802, and buildings have been con- 
structed under an appropriation of $12,000 
made in 1812, on 250 acres of land ceded by 
the stale for the use of the institution. The 
course of instruction occupies 4 years ; the 
1st and 2d years are devoted to mathematics, 
French and drawing ; the 3d to philosophy, 
natural and experimental, chemistry, draw 



isls. Pop. 1830, 554. 

Westport, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 60 ms. s. 
Boston, 8 3. w. New Bedford, borders s. upon 
the Atlantic, and w. on R. I., and is crossed by 
2 branches of Acoacset r. which are navigable 
for some distance. There are 3 villages. 
The soil is good for grazing, and yields many 
articles for the New Bedford market. Pop. 
1830, 2,779. 

Westport, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 123 ms. n. 
Albany, 5 e. Elizabethtown, has lake Cham- 
plain e., contains n. w. Bay, with good land, 
and abounds in iron ore, of which much is ob- 
tained for manufacture. Pop. 1830, 1,513. 

West Port, p-v. and st. jus. Oldham co. 
Ky., situated on the left bank of O. r. about 25 
ms. by the land road above Louisville, and by 
p-r. 44 ms. n. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 38'^ 
27', long. 39° 30' w. W. C. 

West Quoddv Head, Lubec, Me., is the s. 
w. point of Passamaquoddy Bay, and has a 
light house. 

West River, Windham county Vt., rises in 
the N. w. corner and flowing s. e. empties into 
Connecticut river in Brattleborough, receiv- 
ing the waters of about 440 square miles, 
through Bald mountain. Meadow, South and 
Smith's branches. It affords few mill sites, 
but its branches are many. 

WestRr'er, Worcester CO. Mass., is a mill 
stream of the Blackstone, and has 2 cotton 
factories, each with 500 spindles. 

West River, a small bay of the main Ches- 
apeake bay, making into the southeastern 
shore of Ann Arundel co. Md. 

West River, p-v. on the western bank of 
West Bay, Ann Arundel co. Md., 12 ms. e. b.' 
w. Annapolis, and 49 ms. e. W. C. 

West Spi.ngfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 
100 ms. w. by s. Boston, is on the w. bank of 
Connecticut r. and crossed by Westfield river. 
The surface is irregular, but there is a fine 
and extensive meadow e., with a beautiful 
level, on which the village is situated. The 
streets are bordered by noble elms, and some 
of the houses are very fine. There are high 
hills or mountains n., and sandy plains s. This 
town formerly belonged to Springfield, which 
was one of the earliest settlements on the r. 
Some lead ore has been found here. Pop. 
1830, 3,'270. 

West Stockbridge, town, Berkshire co. 
Mass., 130 ms. w. Boston.lias the New York 
line for its w. boundary, and is crossed by 
Williams river (a branch of Housafonic,) on 
whose banks are fine meadows. The soil is 
good for grazing, but the Taughkannuck 
mtns. encroach upon the w. part of the town. 



ing and artillery ; and the 4th to engineering, ; Iron mines are wrought here, as well as quar- 
eihics, civil and military, belles lettres, and ! ries of while and clouded marble. A rail- 
national law, artillery and tactics. There are I road is authorized to be extended to the Hud- 
professors and teachers in different depart, son. Pop. 1830, 1,209. 



WET 



599 



WHE 



West Tamiaqua, p-v. on a branch of Little 
Schuylkill r. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 81 ms. 
N. K. Harrisburg. 

West Turin, town, Lewis co. N. Y., 120 
ms. from Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,534. 

West Union, p-v. and st. jus. Adams co. 
O., by p-r. 101 ins. s. s. w. Columbus, and 39 
ms. a little-N. of w. Portsmouth, at the mouth 
of the Sciota. Lat. 36° 48', long. W. C. 6° 27' 
w. Pop. 1830, 429. 

West Unio.v, p-v. on Wheeling creek, Ohio 
CO. Va., 5 ms. s. e. by e. Wheeling,and by p-r. 
266 ms. 8. w. by w. W. C. 

WEST\an.E, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. 
N. E. Owego. Pop. 1830, 619. 

Westville, p-v. and st. jus., Simpson co. 
Miss., situated on Strong river, about 100 ms. 
N. E. by E. Natchez, and by p-r. 56 miles s. e. 
Jackson. Lat. 31° 58', long. 13° 02' w. W. C. 
West Whiteland, township and p-o. Ches- 
ter CO. Pa., 25 ms. w. Phila., and 5 e. Down- 
ingstown. 

Wethered's, p-o. southwestern part Shelby 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 223 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Wethersfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 4 
ms. s. Hartford, 34 n. New Haven ; has Con- 
necticut r. K. which makes a beautiful cove in 
this town, affords navigation, and valuable 
shad fisheries. Extensive and fertile mead- 
ows border the stream, and abroad and high- 
er level tract, with light but rich soil, lies w., 
on which the principal village is built, about 
1 mile from the r. On this level great quan- 
tities of onions are raised, which are sent to 
different parts of the United States, and to 
some foreign countries. The v. is remarka- 
bly pleasant, having broad streets planted 
with elms. The township has an agreeably 
varied surface. Rocky Hill, or Stepney, the 
B. parish, has a pleasant village, on an eleva- 
ted situation, with a landing at some distance, 
where considerable commerce and ship build- 
ing were formerly carried on. The river at 
that place, leaves the fine meadows through 
which it has flowed for many miles, and en- 
ters a narrower channel between hills &. high 
sandy banks. The first attempt to form a 
settlement on Conn, river, was made here by 
white men, in 1634, when a few persons spent 
the winter. The next year this town, Hart- 
ford, and Windsor, were occupied by colo- 
nists, but their sufferings during the cold 
weather were so great, that numbers of them 
travelled by land to Saybrook fort, then the 
nearest place of refuge. The capture of 2 
white women here bylndians soon afterwards, 
was one of the arguments for the Pequod 
war. The first settlements were made at the 
Point. Pop. 1830, 3,853. 

The state prison of Connecticut has been 
erected in Wethersfield within a few years. 
It stands on the margin of the cove, and is 
surrounded by a stone wall. The building is 
on the plan of the Auburn prison, and the 
discipline of the same general description. 
The number of convicts being comparatively 
email, the discipline is more perfect and ef- 



fectual ; the inmates are instructed, and evi- 
dent improvement is produced in their man- 
ners and character. 

Wethersfield, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 
258 ms. w. Albany, and 28 s. Batavia ; has 
Alleghany co. on the s. line. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
179. 

Wethersfield, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 169 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Wexford, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 14 miles 
westward Pittsburg. 

Wevbridge, t. Addison CO. Vt., 80 miles n. 
Bennington, 30 s. Burlington; has Otter cr. 
N. and E., with several mill seats ; was first 
settled about the beginning of the revolution, 
deserted, and afterwards settled again, from 
Mass. Lemonfair river w. is a slow stream. 
Snake mtn. is also in the w. Pop. 1830, 850. 
Weymouth, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 10 ms. 
E. by s. Boston ; has Boston harbor on the n, ; 
has a good soil, favorable to grass, a mill 
stream, and a point extending into the harbor. 
The Indian name of the place was Wessa- 
guscus, and it was one of the oldest settle- 
ments in New England, but was at first oc- 
cupied by a set of dissolute Englishmen, 
who were saved from massacre by the In- 
dians, only through timely aid sent from Ply- 
mouth. Pop. 1830, 2,837. 

WEVMOuTir, t. Gloucester co. N. J. ; has 
Little Egg Harbor river on the n. e. line, and 
Tuckahoe creek w. and s., which divides it 
from Cumberland county. The s. e. corner, 
which is formed by the confluence of the two 
streams, is a large swamp, connected with 
those in the neighboring townships, round the 
head of Little Egg Harbor. Pop. 1830, 1,- 
270. 

Weymouth, p-v. Medina co. Ohio, by p-r. 
117 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Wharton's, p-o. Morgan co. Ohio, by p-r. 
83 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Wharton's Mills, and p-o. Bedford coun- 
ty, Va., by p-r. 154 ms. s w. W. C. 

Whateley, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 100 
ms. w. Boston, lies w. of Connecticut r., n. 
Hampshire co., and has some meadow land, 
but more mountainous, and fine soil, though 
some of that in the interior of the t. is good. 
It is crossed by two small streams, and con- 
tains Sugar Loaf hill, at the foot of which a 
bloody battle was fought in Phillip's war, be- 
tween Capt. Lothrop's company and several 
hundred Indians. This town first belonged 
to Hadley, and afterwards to Hatfield. Pop. 
1830, 1,111. 

Wheatland, t. Monroe co. N. Y., 15 ms. 
s. s. w. Rochester ; has Genesee r. e., Liv- 
ingston CO. s., and Genesee co. w. ; has good 
land, an undulated surface, and is crossed by 
Allan's creek, a stream of the Genesee. On 
it stands the village, 1 mile from the mouth. 
Pop. 1830, 2,239. 

Wheatly, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 64 
ms. s. w. by ^v. W. C. 

Wheeler, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 10 miles 
N.Bath; crossed by Five Mile creek, and 
other streams of Conhocton creek ; has an 



WHI 



600 



^WHI 



uneven surface. Population, 1830, 1,389. 
Wheeler's Springs, and p-o. 79 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. 



S. White river proper, rises in Washington 
CO. Ark., about 30 miles northeastward from 
the junction of Arkansas and Canadian rs. 



Wheeling, large creek of Pa. and Va., ri- ', Flowing thence about 60 ms. to the northeast, 
ses in Washington and Green cos. of the for- ward, it enters the country of the Delaware 
mer state, and flowing northwestward, enters ! Indians in the southwestern angle of Missou- 



Ohio CO. of the latter state, falls into Ohio r. 
immediately below the city of Wheeling. 

Wheeling, p-o. city, and st. jus. for Ohio 
CO. Va., situated on the left bank of Ohio r., 
56 ms. s. w. Pittsburg, 31 s. w. by w. Wash- 
ington in Pa., and by p-r. 264 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. Lat. 40° 07', long. 4° 36' w. W. C. The 
narrowness of the bottoms between the river 



Curving to E. and s. e. 40 ms., it enters 
the territory of Arkansas, within which it 
pursues a course of s. e. by e., by compara- 
tive distance 120 miles, and joins Black river 
in Independence county. In its entire com. 
parative course of220 ms., White r. receives 
few tributary streams of any considerable 
length of volume. The northeastern conflu- 



and a high and steep hill, confines the town ent, Black river, rises in Wayne county. Mo., 
to a single street. This street ranges along interlocking sources with those of Maramec 
on high land in the upper part, and a second, and Saint Francis. Flowing thence by a gen- 
15 or 20 feet lower, towards the mouth ofieral southern course, but an elliptical curve 
Wheeling creek. The origin of the place j to the e. about 100 ms., unites with an equal, 
was Wheeling fort, built early in the revolu- if not superior confluent. Current r. The lat- 
tionary war, which stood on the breast of a ter rises also in Wayne co. Mo., to the west- 
high bank, and where the U. S. road reaches ward of the sources of Black river, and inter- 
the Ohio r. Wheeling advanced at first but; locking sources with the Maramec and Gas. 



slowly. It was laid out as a village early af. 
ter the peace of 1783, and in 1820 contained 
only 1,567 inhabitants ; in the last ten years 
the advance has been rapid, and in 1830, the 
pop. was, white males, 2,667 ; females do., 
2,349; free blacks, 94; slaves, 101; total 
5,211. 

Wheelock, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 30 miles 
N. E. Montpelier ; first settled 1780 ; was gran- 
ted to Dartmouth college, and named after 
its president. Several small streams afibrd 
mill seats. Wheelock mtn. w. is a part of 
the E. range of the Green mountains. The 
land is generally stony. Pop. 1830, 834. 

Wheelwright's Pond, Strafford co. N. H., 
in Lee, gives rise to Oyster r. A battle was 
fought on its banks, 1690, between some In. 
dians and Americans. * 



conade rivers. The general course, curves, 
and length of Current river, is remarkably 
similar to similar phenomena in Black river. 
The now navigable Black river, assuming 
a southwestern course, 15 ms., receives at 
Davidsonville, st. jus. for Lawrence co., from 
the N. w. a large accumulation, by the imited 
streams of Eleven Points and Spring rs. Be- 
low Davidsonville, Black river flows by com- 
parative courses, 45 ms., entering in that dis- 
tance Independence co., and joining White 
river, as already noted. The general course 
of White river, below the influx of Black r., 
is a little e. of s., by comparative courses 126 
miles, to its influx into the Mississippi, receiv- 
ing in the latter distance Red river from the 
w., and Cache river from the e. Taken as a 
whole, the valley of the White river lies be- 



Whetstone, river, Ohio, rising in Richlandjtween those of Ark. to the s. w., St. Francis 
and Crawford cos., and flowing thence s. w. to the e., the southern sources of Osage r. 
about 20 ms., inflects to the southward, and to the n. w., and those of Maramec to the n. 
maintains the latter course over Marion andjThe form of this fine valley approaches that 
Delaware counties, and to near the centre of^of a triangle, 270 ms. base, from the mouth 
Franklin county, where it unites with the Sci- 1 of White r. to the sources of Black r., 170 
Ota r., after a comparative course of 70 ms. jms. perpendicular ; area 22,950 sq. ms. Ex. 
It has interlocking sources with those of Mo- 1 tending in lat. from 33° 56' to 37° 40', and in 
hiccon, branch of Muskingum, those of San. I long, from 13° 20' to 17° 20' w. W. C. Ris- 
dusky, and the Sciota. ling in a mountainous region, the valley of 

Whetstone, p-v. eastern part Marion co. White river exhibits every variety of soil, 
Ohio, by p-r. 50 ms. n. Columbus. from the barren rock, and almost equally ster. 

White, r. Vt., rises in Rutland co. near the ! ile prairie, to the rich, but annually submer- 
division in the 2 branches of the Green mtns., 1 ged alluvion towards the Arkansas; have their 
flows s. E., crosses Windsor CO., and joins the ; respective points of discharge within 10 or 
Connecticut, 5 ms. above the mouth of Quec- 12 miles of each other, and are also connect, 
chy river. From the n. it receives 1st, 2nd | ed by an interlocking, and in seasons of high 
and 3rd branches, each about 20 miles long, [ water, navigable stream, many miles above 
and supply mill sites. White river is about] their mouths. White river is navigable by 
55 miles long, waters about 680 sq. ms. In | both its great branches far above their junc- 
one place it just crosses a corner of Addison tion. It is, however, an example of a stream 
county. I greatly overrated, by estimating its length 

White, river, a large stream of the state i from the partial windings, in place of by the 
of Mo., and territory of Arkansas, formed by I general comparative distances along the val- 
ihe confluence of two streams. White r. prop, j lies. By that of White r. proper, the valley 
er, and Black r. The following description lis 340, and by Black r. 28 miles long, pureu- 
is founded on the delineations on Tanner's U. | ing the great curves of the rs. 



WHI 



601 



Will 



VViiiTK, r. of lud., the great estrn. branch 
of Wabash r. (Which nee.) 

White Mountains, of N. H., Coos co. N. 
H., form a group of the loftiest summits in 
North America, n. and e. of the Rocky nitns. 
and Mexico, and arc famous for the wildness 
and sublimity of their scenery. They are 
about 70 ms. n. Concord, 25 s. e. Lancaster, 
and extend 8 or 10 ms. in breadth, and 20 or 
25 ms. from s. w. to n. e. The highest sum- 
mits are covered with snow during the whole 
year, except about 2 months, and are visible 
from a great distance when the air is clear. 
They are often seen from sea, and sometimes 
before any intermediate land, although they 
are about 60 miles from the coast. The In- 
dians, who called them Agiocochook, regard- 
ed them with superstitious reverence, and be- 
lieved that no person could ever ascend them 
and return in safety. It is supposed that 
Neal, Jocelin and Field, who visited them in 
1632, were the first white men who entered 
those wild and romantic regions. They cal- 
led them the Crystal hills. It was long be- 
fore any sculcment was attempted, though 
Indians and white himters often ranged thro' 
the forests in pursuit of the moose, fallow 
deer, bears, &.c., which abounded. Until 
within about 40 years, moose were killed 
there, in great numbers, for their hides and 
tallow only. Bears, wild cats, fallow deer, 
&,c. are still common ; and within a few years, 
the cariboo, or rein deer, has made its ap- 
pearance here, from the north. The soil is 
almost all incapable of improvement. There 
are a few small meadows, which have been 
cleared and subjected to culture ; but the 
shortness of the summer, and the variations 
of the climate, render most crops very un- 
certain. Vegetation, as in the boreal zones, 
is very rapid and luxuriant in the spring ; and 
the little patches here and there cultivated 
generally, present a cheering contrast to the 



scenery, by passing in succession over the 
summits, or along tlie sides of the 3 first em- 
inences, and thence ascending Motmt Wash- 
ington. The following is the order in which 
the peaks rise, generally 1 mile apart ; the 
first s. is Mount Pleasant, then Franklin, 
Monroe, Washington, Jefl;erson and Adams ; 
Mount Madison being more e. Mt. Wash, 
ington is the highest in the group ; being 5,- 
850 feet above Conn, river at Ijaneaster, and 
6,428 feet above the level of the sea. 

The summit of Mount Washington being 
the highest land in the United States, and 
commanding an extensive and most sublime 
view, is annually sought by travellers, though 
the ascent is attended with much fatigue. It 
has been surmounted in a few instances, by 
ladies. The sides of the mountains, except 
where they are too precipitous, are overgrown 
with a thick forest of different trees, to which 
succeeds a belt of firs, which forms a well 
defined line round these eminrnces, at the 
same elevation. The size of these trees di- 
minishes as the visitor advances, until they 
are very much stunted, and finally disappear. 
The surface is then covered with short shrubs, 
which gradually give place to mosses and li- 
chens ; and finally the loose rocks are quite 
bare. Numerous nitns., hills and vallies, are 
seen on all sides, with many lakes, and the 
vales, through which wind numerous streams 
of water. The works and the habitations of 
man are generally so far removed, as to form 
but an insignificant feature in this scene, which 
abounds with the magnificent features of na- 
ture. North are Mounts Adams and Jeffer- 
son, E. Mount Madison, s. and s. e. a plain of 
more than 40 acres extends on the side of the 
mountain, from which a ridge of eminences 
reaches along the course of Saco r., whose 
head spring is on the e. side of Mt. Washing- 
ton. The highest source of Amonoosuc r. 
is at no great distance, but the streams ap. 



surrounding wildness, during the months of | proach each other much nearer, 3 or 4 miles 
July and August. Apple trees flourish well below. Among the White mountains, rise 



as high up as the elder Crawford's, 12 miles 
s. of the Notch, and grain sometimes ripens 
well. At the Notch House, however, 8 ms. 



also the Androscoggin and the Femigowas- 
set ; so that within a small circuit, rise four 
considerable streams, 1 of which flows into 



N. of that place, the soil, though good, is not ■ Connecticut river, 2 into the Atlantic ocean. 



worth cultivating. The timber n. of the Notch 
is generally very difierenl from that s. of it, 
in species ; the former being such as is usu- 
ally found in nnich colder climates. 

There are seven principal eminences in the 
White mtns., collected in one majestic group, 
generally of a steep but uniform ascent, but 
most of thciTi presenting, towards the n. e., a 
frightful precipice. They are formed of gran- 
itc, and scattered with loose fragments of that 
stone to their peaks, as if they had onco been 
of gro<iter height. The 7 eminences are of 
the following heights. Mount Adams, 5,385 
feet above the level of Connecticut, at Lan- 
caster; JelTorson, 5,281 ; Madison, 5,039 ; 
Monroe, 4,932; Franklin, 4,470; Pleasant, 
4,339. Froceeding from the reinarkable 
pass called the Notch, in the mountains, the 
traveller may enjoy a fine display of natural 

76 



and 1 into the Merrimac. The Notch in the 
White mountains, is sometimes understood 
as applying to a narrow pass about 2 ms. long 
beginning at the Notch meadow, and follow, 
ing the course of the Saco s., down a rapid 
descent; and sometimes a remarkable nar. 
row chasm in the rocks, apparently cut thro' 
by a powerful current of water. It barely 
affords room for the diminutive channel of 
the SafO, .nbout 4 feet wide, and a road 12 
feet. This is the only practicable passage 
through this mountainous region, nearer than 
Adams N., and Franconia s. w. The pass has 
been considerably improved by the artificial 
removal of rocks. In 1826, there was a sud- 
den fall of rain at night, which produced tre- 
mendous effects, the evidence of which must 
remain for ages. Immense masses of eartb 
and rocks, with acres of forests which cov-v 



WHI 



602 



WHI 



jred them, were torn from the mountain! into the Kennebec. It has Kennebec co. k. 



sides, and heaped in confusion in the valleys, 
while the streams rose to rivers ; ponds, and 
lakes were formed, and the banks of the Saco 
were strewn with heaps of timber as tar 
down as Conway, while its channel was 
ploughed out in some places to a great depth 
by the force of the current. The Amonoo- 
suc presented similar effects. A family of 
11 persons inhabiting the Notch House, 4 ms. 
s. of the Notch, having fled in the night to 
seek safety out of doors, all lost their lives. 
The Flume is a little stream which flows from 
an eminence 250 or .300 feet high, and cross- 
es the road about | m. s. of the Notch ; and 
the Silver Cascade, about li ms. below, 
comes down a precipitous descent about 800 
feet high. The turnpike road from Portland, 
Me. to Lancaster, N. H., passes through this 
long and romantic valley, through which the 
Saco flows, from the Notch to Conway. It 
has often been injured by the falling of rocks 
and the washing of torrents ; but was long 
rendered useless by the devastating flood just 
mentioned. 

White, co. Ten., bounded by Smith w., Jack- 
son N.w. and N., Fentress e., Cumberland mtn. 
separating it i'rom Bledsoe s. e., and Caney 
Fork r. separating it from Warren s. and s. 
w. Length 42 ms., mean breadth 16, and 
area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35"^ 
40' to 36° 17', and in long, from 8° 10' to 8° 
50' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is wstrd. 
and entirely drained by diflerent branches of 
Caney Fork r. Chief t., Sparta. Pop. 8,701, 
in 1820, but in that number were included a 
part of what is now contained in Fentress co. 
In 1830, the pop. of White co. as now limited 
amounted to 9,9G7. 

White, co. II., bounded by Gallatin s., 
Hamilton w., Wayne n. w., Edwards n., and 
Wabash r. separating it from Gibson co. Ind. 
N. E., and Posey co. Ind. e. Lat. 38° 08', 
long. W. C. 11° 15' w. Slope sthrd., and in 
that direction traversed by Little Wabash. 
Greatest length from the junction of Wabash 
and Little Wabash 28 ms., mean breadth 18, 
and area 504 sq. ms. Chief t., Carmi. As 
this CO. St. was omitted under its proper head 
we insert a notice of it under that of the co. 
to which it belongs. Carmi, is situated on a 
branch of Little Wabash, 29 ms. N.Shawanoe- 
town on Ohio r., and by p-r. 94 ms. s. E. Van- 
dalia. Lat. 38° 06', long. W. C. 11° 18' w. 
W.C. Pop. CO. 1830, 6,091. 

Whiti! Chbinevs, p-v. Caroline co. V., by 
p-r. 30 ms. nrthrd. Richmond. 

White Creek, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 
42 ms. from Albany, on a small branch of 
Walloomscoic cr., has a diversified surface, 
with Hoosac r. on the s. w. line, and Little 
White cr. and Walloomscoic cr. s. It touch- 
es Vt. E. where it is hilly. The v. contains 
an academy, and there are several mills and 
factories. Pop. 1830, 2,446. 

Whitefield, P-t. Lincoln co. Me., 16 miles 
from Augusta, 15 n. W^iscasset, has Sheeps- 
cot r. E., arid small streams w. flowing s. w 



and w. Pop. 1830,2,020. 

White Day, p-o. estrn. part Monongalia co. 
Va., 10 ms. estrd. Morgantovvn, and by p-r. 
205 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Whitf- Deer mtn., one of the Appalachian 
chains, extending from the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. between Union and Lycoming 
cos. about 10 ms., and thence along the sthrn. 
side of the latter, and finally merging into 
other chains in Centre co. 

White Deer. There arc two tsps. of that 
name, one the extreme sthestrn. of "Lyco- 
ming, w. Susquehannah r., and another the 
nthestrn. of Union co., with White Deer 
mtn. intervening. 

White Deer, p-o. in White Deer tsp. Ly- 
coming CO. Pa., by p-r. 74 ms. a little w. of n. 
Harrisburg. 

White Eyes Plains, and p-o. estrn. part 
Coshocton CO. O., by p-r. 92 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Whitefield, p-t. Coos co. N. H., 120 miles 
from Concord, has a light soil, of pretty good 
quality, with spruce swamps n. It is crossed 
by John's r., down which the pine timber 
which here abounds, has been sent in great 
quantities to the Connecticut. It contains 
several ponds, and was settled about 1774. 
Pop. 1830, 684. 

Whitehall, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 71 
ms. N. Albany, 21 n. Sandy Hill, has n. and 
s. bays and Vermont n., and lake George on 
part of the w. line. Poultney r. is on the line 
between this t. and Vt. The rocks N. w. are 
primitive, and in the e. transition ; here are 
marble and limestone for burning. The soil 
is generally clayey. Wood cr. and Pawlet 
r. join in this t. and afford mill sites. Skeene's 
mtn. on the E. side of iliC lake, is high and 
rough. The former name was Skeenesboro'; 
and it was important as embracing the land- 
ing place at the mouth of Wood cr. at the s. 
end of lake Champlain, on the route between 
Canada and Hudson r. It was the scene of 
military movements in the French and revolu- 
tionary wars. In 1777, Gen. Burgoyne pur. 
sued the retreating American army this way, 
after dislodging it from Ticonderoga, but re- 
mained here so long to form a log road, <fec. 
that the Americans found time to rally and 
prepare to oppose him, as they effectually did 
at Bemis' heights, in Stillwater. There is 
an extensive level tract along Wood creek. 
The v. is now an important place, as the 
Champlain canal commences there, and the 
steamboats which navigate the lake to St. 
John's, in Lower Canada, come up to the 
wharf. Pop. 1830, 2,889. 

Whitehall, p-v. Whitehall, Washington 
CO. N. Y., at the s. end of lake Champlain, at 
the mouth of Wood cr., and the n. end of the 
Champlain canal, is a place of considerable 
importance, and active business. The sur- 
rounding country presents rough eminences, 
■with an extensive, open and marly tract along 
the course of Wood cr. whose bed serves for 
some miles .is the route of the canal. There 



WHI 



603 



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is a fall over tho rocks at its'mouths, where] ter co. N. Y., 528 ms. .\. New York, 7 from 



mills and factories arc creeled, and 3 lock 
- are constructed which raise boats 31 ft. to the 
level of tlic canal. There is also an acade- 
my, church, bridge, hotels, &c., and the place 
is a great thoroughfare during the warm sea 
sons. 

White Hall, p-v. Columbia co. Pa., by p-r. 
81 ms. .\. Ilarrisbnrg, and l2 in a similar di- 
rection from Danville, the co. st. 

White Hall, p-o. Frederick co. Va.,by p-r. 
79 ins. a little n. of w. W. C. 

White Hall, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
by p-r. IGO ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

White Hall, p-o. Abbeville dist. S.C, about 
5 ms. sthrd. Abbeville, the st. jus. for the dist. 
and by p-r. 95 ms. from Columbia. 

White Hall, p-v. Marengo co. Ala., by p-r. 
13 ms. sthrd. Linden, theco. St., and 91 ms. 
6. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

White Hall,p-v. nrthwstrn. part Green co. 
II., 10 ms. iirthrd. Carrollton, the co. St., and 
lie ms. N. w. by w. Vandalia. 

White Haven, p-v. on Wicomico r., wstrn. 
part Somerset co. Md., 10 ms. n. n. w. Prin- 
ces Ann, the co. st., and 106 ms. s. e. by e. 
W.C. 

White Horse, tavern and p-o. estrn. part 
Somerset co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ins. nrthwstrd. 
W. C. 

White House, p-o. sthwstrn. part Meck- 
lenburg CO. Va., by p-r. 137 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Whitelev, CO. Ky. (^See Whitly,] 
Whiteley, cr. and p-o. s.e. part Greene co. 
Pn., by p-r. 2:25 ms. s. w. by vv. W. C. 

Whitelev, C. H. and p-o. Whitely or Whit- 
ly CO. Ky., by p-r. 130 ms. s. a. e. Frankfurt. 
Wiiiteleysburg, p-v. wstrn. part Kent co. 
Del., about 20 ms. s. w. Dover. 

VV^hite Marsh, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 
12 ms. nrthrd. Phila. It has been long famed 
for the beauty and abundance of its variega- 
ted marbles. 

White Oak, p-v. wstrn. part Rutherford co. 
N.C.,10 ms. wstrd. from Rutherfordton,the co. 
St., and by p-r. 233 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

White Oak, p-v. estrn. part Humphries co. 
Ten., 63 ms. w. Nashville. 

White Oak, p-o. Columbia co.Geo., by p-r. 
88 ms. N. e. by e. Milledgevillc. 

White Oak Grove, and p-o. Bedford co. 
Va., by p-r. 227 ms. s. w. W. C. 

White PioilOn Prairie, p-v. and St. jus. St. 
Joseph CO. Mich., about 150 ms. a little s. of 
w. Detroit. Position in the co. uncertain. 
White Plains, p-t. and half cap. V/estches- 



Sawpits, 7 E. i ludson r., i e. Bronx cr. 

White Plains, p.v. Brunswick co. Va., by 
p-r. 94 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

White Plains, p-v. Jackson co. Ten., by 
p-r. 110 ms. N. E.by e. Nashville. 

White Plains, and p-o. Greene co. Geo., by 
p-r. 48 ms. iirthrd. MiUedgeville. 

White Plains, and p-o. Lawrence co. 
Miss., by \>-r. about 75 ms. e. Natchez. 

White Post, p-v. in Frederick co. Va.^ H 
ms. s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 71 ms. a lit- 
lie N. of w. W. C. 

White River, p-v. estrn. part Arkansas 
CO. Ark., by p-r. 136 ms. below and s. e. by e. 
Little Rock. 

White's, p-o. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 108 
ms. a little k. of n. MiUedgeville. 

White Sand, p-v. Lawrence co. Miss., by 
p-r. 100 ms. s. Jackson. 

Whitesborough, p-v. half cap. Whitestown, 
Oneida CO. N. Y., 4 ms. n. w. Utica, 100 w. 
N. w. Albany, is pleasant and well built, on 
Erie canal. It has an academy. 

Whitusburg, P-v. wstrn. part Madison co. 
Ala., 10 ms. wstrd. Huntsville, and by p-r. 
115 in3.N. N. E.Tuscaloosa. 

White's Mills, and p-o. nrthwstrn. part 
Chester dist. S. C, by p-r. 70 ms. n.n. w. Co. 
lumbia. 

White's Store, and p-o. nrthrn. part York 
disf. S. C, by p-r. 85 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 
Whitestown, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 98 
ms. w. N. w. -"Albany, 5 w. Utica, 16 s. e. 
Rome, has Mohawk r. n. e., and Herkimer 
CO. e., with very good soil, swelling surface, 
d fertile me^idows along Mokawk r., Oris- 
kany and Sadaquada crs. The Erie canal 
passes along the Mohawk n. e. The town 
contains the vs. of ^V'hitcstown and Oriskany, 
and its settlement was commenced in 1784, 
by Canvass White, the first settler in the w. 
part of the state of N. Y. Pop. 1;J30. 4,410. 
On Lanaquoit, a small stream uniting with 
the Mohawk in this town, are found the prin- 
cipal manufactories of Oneida co. The Oris- 
kany woollen factory is on a cr. of the same 
name, 4 ms. from Whitestown — spindles, 
1,510 — looms, 40 — hands, 136 — using annu- 
ally 12J,000 lbs. wool, and manufacturing 
goods to the amount of §155,000. On the 
Lanaquoit, the Oneida cotton factory,running 
2,500 spindles and 84 looms, work 300 bales 
cotton and make 780,000 yds. annually; — at 
the York mills, two stone edifices, 150 and 
130 ft. long, are run 8,328 S))indles and 260 
looms, employing 350 hands, and making 
900,000 yards sheeting annually ; — at the 



ter CO. N. Y., 30 ms. from N. York, 140 s.j Whitestown cotton factory are run 2,900 spin- 
Albany, 6 e. Hudson r., and 14 s. Bedford, : dies, 70 looms, 85 hands are employed and 
with 8i sq. ms., has Bronx cr. on the w. line, |300 bales cotton ]jer annum used ; — at the 
Mamaroneck cr. e., and mill sites on both, j Utica cotton factory 2,600 spindles and 60 
The soil is good, and the surface varied by a loonis are run, (thirty of the latter on 
range of hills, running N. and s. some of which ticking,) 11:^ hands are employed and 450 
were rendered interesting in the revolution bales cotton consumed; a woollen factory 
by the battle fought here, Oct. 28th, 1776.1 makes 3,500 yards broadcloth, and there is a 



Pop. 1830, 759. 



callico printing establishment ; — the New 



White Plai.ns, v. White Plains, Westches-' Hartford manuf. co. run 2,500 spindle.?, 64 



WIC 



604 



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looms, employ 80 hands, and work ann. 300 j western angle of Sussex co. Del., flows 



bales cotton ; — the Eagle cotton factory nni 
1,600 spindles, 40 looms, employ 75 hands, 
and use 200 bales ; — the Franklin com. run 
3,000 spindles, 76 looms, employ 120 hands, 
and use 300 bales cotton ; — and the Paris cot- 
ton man. com. run 1,.500 spindles, 60 looms and 
employ 70 hands. Tlic .e with several ma- 
chine shops are all on the Lanaquoit, and 
within B ms. of each other. 

Whitestown, p-v. Butler co. Pa., 10 ms. 



thence sthwstrdly. between Manakin and 
Nantikoke rs., and in Somerset co. Md., fall- 
ing into Fishing bay, 10 ms. w. Princess 
Anne. 

Wico.vico, or Great Wicomico, small r. of 
Northumberland co.Va., falling into Chesa- 
peake bay 12 ms. s. e. Bridgetown, the coun- 
ty seat. 

Wicomico, church and p-o. Northumbcr- 
land CO. Va., about 6 ms. wstrd. Smith's point 



from the borough of Butler, and about 60 ms. and 9 ms. estrd. Bridgetown, by p-r. 166 ms. 



Pittsburg. 

Whitesville, p-v. and st. jus. Columbus] 



s. E. W. C. 

WiESESBUP.G, p-v. Baltimore co. Md., 24 ms. 



CO. N. C, situated near the extreme head ofJN. W.Baltimore, and 8 ms. a little w. of n. 



Waccamaw r., about 40 ms. n. e. Conways- 
borough, and by p-r. 138 ms. s. Raleigh. 
Lat. 34° 13', long. 1° 48' w. W. C. 

White Sulphur Springs, watering place 
and p-o. estrn. part Greenbrier co. Va., 9 ms. 
s. E. by E. Lewisburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 
254 ms. s. w. W. C, and 212 w. Richmond. 

Whiting, p-t. Washington co. Me., con- 
tains several ponds, some of which flow w. 
into Machias bay, and others e. into Cobs- 
cook bay. The town is separated from the 
sea coast by the town of Cutler. Pop. 1830, 
309. 

Whiting, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 40 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 42 s. Burlington, 70 n. Benning 



Reisterstown. 

WiLBRAHAM, p-t. Hampden co. Mass.,89 ms. 
w. Boston, has the Conn, line for its s. boun- 
dary, and Chickapee r. for its n. The suiface 
is agreeably varied, and the soil is generally 
very good. It contains a Wesleyan academy, 
on the manual labor system, for the education 
of indigent children of the Methodists. The 
Chickapee is a very rapid stream, and makes 
considerable descent at the rapids in this 
place. Chickapee was a word used by Indi- 
an mothers to crying children, meaning " be 
still." The V. has a pleasant situation near 
the E. borders of the elevated plain which ex- 
tends w. to the armory at Springfield. It has 



ton, has Otter cr. e., and was first settled ! a hilly and picturesque country E. and n. of 



1772, but deserted in the revolutionary war. 
In 1819, pickerel were placed in Otter cr. 
above Middlebury falls, which rapidly in- 
creased, so that 500 lbs. of this kind of fish. 



It. Pop. 1830, 2,034. 

Wilcox, co. Ala., bounded s. by Monroe, 
s. w. by Clarke, n. w. by Marengo, n. and n. 
E. by Dallas, e. by Montgomery and s. e. by 



(before unknown in this stream,) were caught j Butler. Length from e. to w. 60 ms., mean 
in this town in 1823. The soil is good both j breadth 20, and area 1.200 sq.ms. Extending 



for grass and grain. Pop. 1830, 653. 



; in lat. from 31° 49' to 32° 15', and in long. 



Whitingham, p-t. Windhamco. Vt., 18 ms.j9° 56' to 10° 56' w. W. C. Declivity s. w., 
s. E. Bennington, 20 N. w. Greenfield, has the and traversed in that direction by Alabama r. 
Mass. line on the s. boundary, and was first set- i Chief t.. Canton. Pop. 1820, 2,917 ; 1830, 



tied 1770. Deerfield r. flows through the w. 
part, with rich meadows on its course. Saw- 



9,548. 

Wilderness, p-o. on the nrthwstrn. bor- 



dawda pond has land gradually forming onjder of Spottsylvaniaco. Va. 15 ms. w. Fred- 
the surface, and 70 or 80 acres now rise andiericksburg, and 71 s. s. w. W.C. 



fall with the water. The soil is good. Good 
limestone abounds w. which is burnt. Pop. 
1830, 1,477. 

Whitley, co. Ky., bounded w. by Wayne 
CO. of the same state, n. w. by Rock Castle 
cr. separating it from Pulaski, n. by Laurel, 
e. by Knox, and s. by Campbell co. in Ten 



Wilsong's, mill and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, 
by p-r. 182 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Wilkes-Barre, boro', p-t. and st. jus. Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa., stands on a high bank right 
side of Susquehannah r., about 120 ms. n. n. 
w. Phila., and by p-r. 222 n. n. e. W. C. and 
1 14 N. E. Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 13', long 1° 



Length from n. to s. 30 ms., mean breadth ' 07' e. W. C. Wilkes-Barre was laid out 
20, area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from j about the year 1775, by Col. John Durkec, 



36° 35' to 37° or, and in long, from 6° 48' to 
7° 14' w. W.C. The main volume of Cum- 
berland r. winds, by a very circuitous chan- 
nel over Wiiitley from h. e. to n. w. Chief t., 
Whitley C. H. Pop. 1830, 3,806. 



who imposed the compound name as a grate- 
ful tribute to two eminent members of ihe 
British parliament, for their exertions in fa- 
vor of the North American colonies. The 
plan is perhaps entirely singular. 'I'he streets 



Whittles', Mills and p-o. Mecklenburg CO. I form a parallelogram, extending along or 



Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. 



at right angle to the r. In the centre is a 



WicKFORD, P-v. North Kingston, Washing- public S(iuare containing the oo. buildings, 
ton CO. R. I., i;2 ms. s. w. Providence, 15 .n.! but this square stands at an angle of 45° to 
w. Newport, is on a peninsula on w. side ofi the streets, form ofthe latter extending from 
Nnrragansett bay. Here is Washingtonleachcorner of the former. The wstrn. angle 
academy, 30 ft. by 60, with a library; and of the square is opposite abridge over the 
tliere is considerable commerce. ■ Susquehannah, with a portion of the main 

AVicoMico, ;itiiiill r. which rises in the south- 1 street intervening. The bridge connects 



WIL 



605 



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Wilkes-Barre with the village of Kingston. I trcmc higher valley ofYadkinr. by the conflu- 
Pop. oi" Wilkes-Barre in 1830, 2,233. ents of which it is entirely drained. Declivi- 

VV'ilkes-Barre, valley of, usually called I ty iir'.hestrd. Chieftown, Wilkesville. Pop. 
the valley of Wyoming, is amongst the nat.|1820, 9,007 ; 1830, 11,968. 
ural scenes in the U. S. that richly deserve a WiLKEsnoRo', in the p-o. list, but Wilkes- 
visit. The Susquehannah r. maybe said to villc on Tainier's U. S. map, p-v. and st. jus. 
rush into, and break through the Appalachian Wilkes co. N. C, situated on the right bank 
system of mountains. Passing the lirst great of Yadkin r. .'Jl ms. n. e. Morguntown in 



chain at Towanda, the large volume of water 
-in its rocky bed rolls through several other 
chains in quick succession, at length reaches 
Wyoming valley at the mouth ofLiickawan- 
noc r. by a very striking mtn. gorge. Inflec- 
ting at right angles, and turning from s. e. to 
s.w. the stream with very gentle partial wind- 
ings flows down the Wyoming valley 9 ms., 
passes Wilkcs-Harrc and Kingston, and ms. 
farther leaves the valley by another mountain 
pass. The bed of Susquehannah merely 
touches the wstrn. verge of this line vale, 
which is indeed extended up the Lackawan- 
noc, and to the sthwstrd. some miles below 
where it is abandoned by the r. The valley 



liurke CO., and by p-r. 17.') ms. a little n. of w. 
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 10', long. 4° 08' w. W. C. 

Wilkinson, co. Geo., bounded s. e. by 
Laurens, s. w. by Twiggs, N. w. by Jones, n. 
by Baldwin, and e. by Oconee r. separating 
it from Washington. Length from n. w. to 
s. E. 21 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 432 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 37' to 33° 
02', and in long, from 6° 02' to 6° 30' w. W. 
C Declivity sthestrd. towards the Oconee. 
Ciiief t., Irwington. Pop. 1820, 6,992 ; 1830, 
14,237. 

Wilkinson, co. Miss., bounded by the Ho- 
mochitto r. separating it from Adams co. on 
the N., and Franklin n. e., by Amite co. e., by 



is distinct therefore 25 ms. above and 7 or 8 'the parish of Kast F'eliciana in Lp. s. e., by 



below the borough of Wilkes-Barre, exceed 
ing 30 ms. in length, but with a width that 
does not at the utmost exceed a mean of 2^ 
ms. Enclosed between mtns. every where 
steep and rugged, in many places precipitous 
and in some rising into naked summits, 
spread alluvial flats of exuberant fertility. 
Here as along the Susquehannah generally, 
there are two stages of bottoms. The lower. 



West Feliciana in Louisiana s., and by 
the Miss. r. separating it from the parish of 
Avoyelles in La. w., and the parish of Con- 
cordia La. N. w. Greatest length from e. to 
w. 30 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 31° 14', 
and in long, from 14° 12' to 14° 46' w. W. C. 
The general declivity of this co. is wstr(l.,but 
the extreme sthrn. border declines in a sthrn. 



and of course most recent, are much the most direction giving source to Thompson's cr. and 



productive, and least admixed with rounded 
pebbles, but are still subject to casual submer- 
sion. The higher stages, on one of which 



Bayou Sarah. Buflaloe cr. rises on the estrn. 
side and flowing wstrd. divides the co. into 
two nearly equal sections. The surface ia 



stands Wilkes-Barre, are in the existing or-, very much broken by hills, however, of no 
der of things above all floods, but botii have j great elevation. Soil excellent. Principal 



been evidently once actually under water 
This conclusion is almost irresistible to any 
observer in the vicinity of Wilkes-Barre. In 
brief, it may be asserted, that many of our 
citizens who admire natural scenery, know 
the wealth of the Alps in objects of taste in- 
finitely better than they do regions at their 
door. The Wyoming is only one of innumer- 
able pictures, along ilie Appalachian system, 
where are combined every feature from the 
most stern to the most soft and seducing. 
Again in the vicinity of AVilkes-Barrc and 
Kingston the mineral curiosities arc not 
the least attractive. The formation is transi- 
tion or leaning ; the inclination s. e. Enibed- 
cd in strata from one to twenty or more feet 
in thickness lie masses of anthracite coal. 



staple, cotton. Chief t., Woodville. Pop. 
1820, 9,718 ; 1830, 11,686. 

WiLLET, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y., 139 ms. 
from Albany, 19 s. E. Cortlandt v., has Che- 
nango CO. E., Broome co. s., is crossed by Ot- 
selic cr. with few mill seats. Pop. 1830, 840. 

Williams' r. Windham CO. Vt., flows s. e. 
15 ms. into Connecticut in Rockingham. At 
its moutlithe Rev. Mr. Williams, in 1704, on 
his way from Deerfield, Mass., to Canada, 
wiiile a captive in the power of the Indians, 
preached to his fellow prisoners. 

WiLi.iAMsnoRouGii, p-v. northeasteiTi part 
Granville co. N. C, 12 ms. n. e. by e. Oxford, 
the CO. St., and 59 n. e. Raleigh. 

WiLLiAMsiiUKG, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 94 
ms. from Augusta, 40 n. w. Bangor, has sc- 



which appear more and more vast as they are veral small streams flowing into Pleasant and 



better explored. 



Lubec rs., branches of liie Penobscot, and 



Wilkes, co. N. C, bounded n. e. and e. by | has a quarry of marble. Pop. 1830, 227. 



Surry, s. e. by Iredell, s. w. by Burke, and 
w. N. w. and n. by Blue Ridge separating it 
from Ashe. Length froms. w. to n. e. 48 
ms., mean breadth 18, and area 864 sq. ms. 
E.xtending in lat. from 35° 56' to 36° 24', and 
in long, from 3° 51' to 4° 35' w. W. C. This 
00. is a real mtn. valley, environed on every 
side but the n. e. by the Blue Ridge and adja 



WiLLiA.MSBiiRG, V. Bushwick, King's co. 
N. Y. on tiie e. end of Long Island, opposite 
N. Y., has a steam ferry to that city. 

Williamsburg, p-v. situated on Franktown 
branch of Juniata r. 9 ins. w. from the bo- 
rough of Huntingdon co. Pa. 

Willia.msburg, p-t. and st. jus. James City 
CO. Va. situated on the summit level between 



cent chains. It is commensurate with tho ex- (York and James rs., by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by e. 



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Richmond. Lat. 37° 16', and long. 0° 20' e. 
W. C. The p-r. distance from W. C. 163 
ms. This little city, though it has not ad- 
vanced much in wealth or population, has 
many very interesting claims on the student 
of U. S. geography. It was the cradle of; 
our political existence, and for a long period, 
the seat of government of " Infant Virginia." 
The college of William and Mary, in Wil-! 
liamsburg, was founded in 1693, and with, 
various fortunes of advance and recession, 1 
has continued to exist as a respectable lite-| 
rary institution. By the original charter this 
college was endowed witlr a clear and cer- 
tain revenue of £3000 per annum. Recent 
attempts have been made to revive the 
former prosperous condition of this semi- 
nary. 

Williamsburg, dist. S. C, bounded n. 
w. by Sumpter, n. e. by Lynches cr. separa- 
ting it from Marion, e. and s. e. by George- 
town dist., and s. w. by Santee r., separating 
it from Charleston dist. Length between 
Santee r. and Lynches creek 40 ms., mean 
breadth 30, and area 1,200 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 33° 15' to 34° 02', and in long. 
from 2° 24' to 3° 12'. The declivity is south- 
eastward, in the direction of Lynches creek, 
Santee r. and Black r. The latter stream 
rising in Sumpter, traverses Williamsburg at 
a mean distance of 16 or 17 ms. from Santee 
r. Chief t. Kingtree, Pop. 1820, 8,716, 
1830, 9,018. 

Williamsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Covington 
CO. Miss, situated on a branch of Leaf river, 
about 120 ms. e. Natches, and by p-r. 83 ms. 
s. E. Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 12° 38' w. 
W.C. 

Williamsburg, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 
75 ms. N. E. Frankfort. 

Williamsburgii, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 
100 nis. vv. Boston, 9 n. w. Northampton, is 
crossed n. w. and s. e. by a tributary of the 
Connecticut, which affords mill sites. Pop. 
1830, 1,230. 

WiLLiAMSBURGH, p-v. Grovcland, Living- 
ston CO. N. Y. 3i ms. from Geneseo v. on 
Genesee r. 

Williamson, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 206 ms. 
from Albany, 20 n. by e. Canandaigua, cross- 
ed by the Ridge road, has a descent n., whi- 
ther flow some small streams to lake Onta- 
rio. Pop. 1830, 1,806. 

WiLLiAMSTON, p-v. and st. jus. Martin co. 
N. C. situated on the right bank of Roanoke 
r. 23 ms. n. Washington on Pamlico r., and 
by p-r. 106 ms. e. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 49', and 
long. 0°06' w.W. C. 

WiLLiAMSTowN, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 11 ms. 
8. w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor; first 
settled, 1784, occupies the high ground be- 
tween Onion and White rs., to each of which 
it sends a brook. Along the courses of 
these small branches passes the Gulf road 
from Royahon to Montpelier, through remark- 
ably wild scenes, and often a very narrow 
passage. In some places the road is sup- 
ported by artificial walla of stone, where 



[there is barely room enough for it and the 
'stream. Pop. 1830, 1,487. 
j WiLLiAMSTowN, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 
130 ms. N. by w. Boston, is in the n. w. cor- 
ner of the state, with V^ermont n, and N. Y. 
w., and occupies a fine valley, through which 
flows Hoosic r. into Vt. The land bordering 
on the valley is mountainous, and some of the 
peaks are very high. The town was named 
after colonel Ephraim Williams, who was 
commander of the line of forts w. of Conn, 
r. during the old French war, from 1740 till 
1748, and resided for some time at Hoosic 
fort. He was killed at the battle of fort 
George, 1755, and left by will, his property 
for the foundation of a grammar school in 
Williamstown. Williams college, in this 
town, was commenced in 1791, and became a 
college in 1793. Two townships of land in 
Maine were afterwards granted it by Mass. 
one of which was sold for $10,000. There 
are two buildings of brick, 100 feet long, 40 
wide, and 4 stories high, containing a chapel, 
library, philosophical chamber, and 60 stu- 
dents' rooms. The necessary expenses are 
from 56O to $105 per annum ; 18 young men 
received the degree of A.B. in 1832. An 
academy was incoroorated here in 1828. Pop. 
18.30, 2,134. 

Williamstown, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 137 
ms. from Albany, 31 E.Oswego, has Oneida co. 
E., has a soil good for grass, and pretty good 
for grain, watered by streams of Fish creek, 
which furnish mill sites. The surface is 
nearly level, with much moist land. Pop. 
1830. 606. 

Williamstown, p-v. northestrn. part Lan- 
caster CO. Pa. 13 ms. n. e. from the city of 
Lancaster. 

Williamstown, on the p-o. list, but Wil- 
liamsville on Tanner's U. S., p-v. and st. jus. 
Grant co. Ky., situated on the right bank of 
Eagle creek, about 40 ms. s. w. Cincinnati, 
and 44 a little e. of n. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 
41', long. 7° 42' w. W. C. 

WiLLiAMsviLLR, p-v. Erie CO. N. Y. !1 ms. 
N. E. Buffalo, is on EUicott's creek at the falls. 

WiLLiAMsviLLE, p-v. Kuut CO. Del. 25 ma. 
s. Dover. 

WiLLiAMSviLLE, p-v. ntluu. part Person co. 
N. C, by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by n. Raleigh. 

Willlmantic, r. Tolland co. Connecticut, 
a stream of small size, flows through Staf. 
ford, and falls into Natchaug r. and forms the 
Shetucket. 

Willimantic, p-v. Windham co. Conn. 3 
ms. from Windham v., 24 e. Hartford, on 
Willimantic r. ; contains 5 large manufacto- 
ries, 3 churches, several schools, &.c. 

Willinborough, t. Burlington co. N. J. 14 
ms. N. E. Phil., has the Del. r. n. w., Ranco- 
cus creek s. w., and Burlington n. A small 
branch of Rancocus cr. crosses the t. Pop. 
1830, 782. 

Willington, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 26 ms. 
N. E. Hartford, 26 N. Norwich; about 4ms. by 
8, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and contains 
some iron ore. It has Willimantic r. r... 



WIL 



007 



WIL 



and some manufactories. Population 1830, 
1,305. 

WiLLiNGTON, p-v. sthm. part Abbeville 
dist. S. C. 17 ms. s. s. w. Abbeville, and by 
p-r. 97 ms. .t little n. of w. CoIuml)ia. 

WiLLisTo.v, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 27 ms. 
N. w. Monipelier, has Onion r. n. and Muddy 
brook w., and was first settled 1774, but soon 
deserted until the close of the war. The sur- 
face is uneven, but generally favorable to 
agriculture, with a good soil. Pop. 1830, 
1,606. 

WiLLouGBY, p-v. and st. jus. Effingham co. 
Geo., by p-r. 181 ms. s. e. by e. Millcdge- 
ville. 

Willow Grove, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 
14 ms. N. Phil. 

Willow Grove, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. by 
p-r. 164 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Willow Grove, p-o. nihestrn. part Sump- 
ter dist. S. C, about 20 ms. n. e. Sumpter- 
ville, and by p-r. 64 ms. a little n. of e. Co- 
lumbia. 

WiLLSBOROUcn, p-t. Essex co. N.Y.I 57 
ms. N. Albany, 13 n. e. Elizabethtown, has 
lake Champlain or Vi. e., towards which the 
land is level. Peru bay extends s. into this 
town from the lake 5 or 6 ms. ; and there are 
in it Bouquet's and Gilliland's creeks, on 
whose fails are very good mill sites. Pop. 
1830, 1,316. 

WiLLSTowN, Indian village, on a creek of 
the same name, a branch of Coosa r. This 
place, as located by Tanner, is situated in the 
Cherokee territory 50 ms. s. e. by e. Hunts- 
ville, and about 150 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 
Lat. 34° 26', long. 8° 5/ w. W. C. 

Wilmington, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 17 ms. 
E. Bennington, 46 s. w. Windsor, 138 from 
Montpelier ; was first settled just before the 
revolution. The e. and w. branches of Green, 
field r. unite here. Pop. laSO, 1,034. 

Wilmington, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. 
N. Boston, has a light soil, but has produced 
great quantities of hops. The Middlesex 
canal crosses tlie town through the middle ; 
and Ipswich r. rises here. Pop. 1830, 731. 

Wilmington, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 17 miles 
N. w. Elizabethtown, has Franklin and Clin- 
ton COS. E., and Franklin co. w., and contains 
Sable and White Face mtns., and parts of 
Palmer and Hamlin mtns. ; W^hiie Face mtn. 
ie about 2,600 feet high, and commands a 
view of Montreal, 80 ms. distant. Tlie town 



which has been rendered available to a great 
extent by the erection of machinery applied to 
grist mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills, 
cloth factories, both of cotton and woollen, 
and other manufactories of difierent kinds. 
The town is incorporated and governed by 
two burgesses and six assistants, annually 
elected. The trade of the place is extensive ; 
the buildings generally good, and many ele- 
gant. It contains an hospital and poor house. 
The hospital is a large edifice built on a heal- 
thy eminence. Wilmington is much the iar- 
gcst town of the state in which it is situated, 
and after the city of Phil, the most extensive 
mart in the basin of Del. r. In 1820, the pop. 
amounted to 5,268, and in 1830, 6,628. 

Wilmington, p-v. situated on J'luvanna r. 
Fluvanna co. Va. 14 ms. above the mouth of 
the stream on which it stands, 55 ms. n. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Wilmington, p-t. seaport and st. jus. New 
Hanover co. N. C, situated on the left bank 
of CJape Fear r. 88 ms. below and along the 
land route below Fayettevillc, and by p-r. 149 
ms. s. s. E. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 20', and long, 
almost on the meridian of W . C. Pop. 1830, 
3,000. 

Wilmington, p.v. and st. jus. MacCracken 
CO. Ky. situated 25 ms. a little n. of e. from 
the mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 289 ms. s. 
w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 02', and long. 
11°52' w.W^C. 

WiLMOT, t. Merrimack co. N. H. 30 miles 
from Concord, 87 from Boston. Some of the 
streams of Blackwater r. afl'ord mill seats. 
The surface is rough, with Kearsearge mtn. 
on the s. boundary. Pop. 1830, 835. 

Wilna, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 151 ms. n. 
w. Albany, 57 s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has a 
light soil, well watered by Indian r. a few 
miles in the n. e., and by Black r. for a short 
distance s. w. including the rapids or Long 
falls. Above this spot the river is navigable 
45 ms. Here is the village of Carthage, 
where are several iron works, ore being found 
in the town. Pop. 1830, 1,602. 

Wilson, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 294 miles 
w. Albany, is nearly square, with lake On- 
tario n. and watered by Howel's and Tuscaro- 
ra creek, the former joining the latter in this 
town, and flowing into the lake. Pop. 18b0, 
913. 

Wilson, co. Ten. bounded by Smith e., 
Warren s. e., Rutherford s., Davidson w., and 



is crossed by the w. branch of Sable r., &c. Cumberland r. n., separating it from Sumner. 



which furnish mill seals. Pop. 1830, 695 

Wilmington, city, p-o. and port of entry. 
New Castle co. Del. situated on the point 
above the junction of Brandy wine and Chris- 
tiana creeks, 28 ms. s. w. Phil., 47 n. Dover, 
and by p-r. 108 ms. n. e. W. C. The site is 
similar to those of Phil., Baltimore, George. 



Length 38 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 432 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° .58' to 36° 
20', and in long, from 9° to 9° 44' w. W. C. 
Declivity a little w. of n. towards Cuml)cr- 
land r. Chief t. Lebanon. Population 1820, 
18,730, 1830, 25,472. 

Wilson's, p.v. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 



town and Richmond, on the outer edge of 1 201 ms. e. Nashville. 

the primitive rock, and on the inner of the I Wilson's creek and p-o. Graves co. Ky. 14 

sea sand alluvion. The site of Wilmington I ms. southweslwardly from Mayfield. 

is less variegated than either of the above I Wilso.nville, p.v. southwstrn. part Bath 

named cities. In the vicinity of Wilmington I co. Va., by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Rich. 

the falls of Brondywine afford a water power Imond, and 220 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 



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WiLsoNViLLE, p-v. Liticoln CO. N. C. by p.r. 
182 ms. 8. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Wilton, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 37 ms. 
from Concord, 9 from Amherst, and 58 from 
Boston, is crossed by Souhegan river, whose 
branches afford mill sites. The soil is rocky, 
but fertile, bearing oak, pine, beech, birch, 
hemlock and chestnut. Clay and building 
stone are found in different places. First 
settled, 1738. Pop. 1830, 1,039. 

Wilton, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 34 ms. s. 
w. New Haven, 6 n. Norvvalk, has the boun- 
dary of N. York on the w. line, it is 4 ms. by 
6, is crossed by 2 ridges n. and s., with soil 
favorable to grain, and has 2 small streams 
from Norwalk r. near the centre. Pop. 1830, 
2,095. 

Wilton, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 42 nis.N. 
Albany, lies n. of Saratoga, and near the v. of 
Saratoga Springs. There is an extensive 
sandy plain in the t., and the streams of a 
small tributary of the Hudson. Pop. 1830, 
1,373. 

Wilton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Granville 
CO. N. C, i4 ms. sthrd. Oxford. 

WiNciiENDON, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., GO 
ms. w. N. w. Boston, 30 n. by w. Worcester, 
has an uneven surface, a rough and stony, but 
strong soil, and affprds some building granite. 
There is a chalybeate spring in the n. part. 
Miller's r. affords valuable mill seats. There 
are 2 villages. Pop. 1830, 1,463. 

Winchester, p-t. Cheshire co. N. II., 70 
ms. from Concord, 15 fromKeene, is crossed 
by Ashuelot r., which receives Muddy, Broad, 
and several other brooks. The s. e. part is 
very level, elsewhere uneven, with a good 
soil, bearing pine, chestnut, oak, hard maple, 
&c. Great quantities of shingles, staves, 
&c. have been made here. There are 2 vil- 
lages on Ashuelot r., that in the w. contains 
several manufactories. First settled 1732 ; 
it was burnt in the French war, by the In- 
dians. Pop. 1830, 2,052. 

Winchester, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 27 
ms. N. w. Hartford, about 5 ms. by 6h, moun- 
tainous in some parts, with primitive rocks ; 
it has a soil favorable to grazing, bearing ma- 
ple, beech, oak and birch ; it is supplied with 
mill sites by Mnd and Still rs., which unite in 
the E. part. A lake f m. by 3^, is situated 
on the top of one of the mtns., and sends an 
outlet about -J m. down a steep descent into 
Mad r. The scenery in this t. is in many pla- 
ces quite wild and romantic. There are ma- 
ny factories, forges, mills, &c. Iron from 
Salisbury is smelted and wrought here. Pop. 
18.30, 1,766. 

Winchester, a flourishing p-t. and st. jus., 
Frederick co. Va., situated on a branch of 
Opequan cr., 34 ms. s. w. Harper's Ferry, 
71 ms. N. w. by w. W. C, and 150 ms. n. n. w. 
Richmond. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 1° 10' w. 
W. C. It is a very flourishing inland town, 
and contains many public buildings, some of 
them very fine. In 182G, Winchester contain- 
ed a white popidation of 2,575, free colored 
270, slaves 644, total 3,489 ; 23 attorneys, 8 



physicians, 35 mercantile stores, 3 iron stores, 
2 book stores, 2 printing offices, 12 taverns, 
4 tanneries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 1 book- 
bindery, 3 silver smiths, watch repairer's, «nd 
jeweller's shops, 1 clock and mathematical 
instrument maker, 1 rope maker, ! tinner, 1 
confectioner, 1 tobacconist, 3 brick makers, 
1 saddle tree maker, 1 upholsterer, 3 shoe 
stores, 1 wheel maker, 2 gun smiths, 1 white 
smith, 2 cabinet makers' shops, with numer- 
ous weavers, saddlers, shoemakers, &c. ; 7 
houses of public worship completed, and one 
more in progress of erection, for Episcopa- 
lians, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Methodists, 
Baptists, Roman Catholics, and Quakers. A 
law school of eminence, under chancellor 
Tucker ; an incorporated medical school, and 
an incorporated academy ; the latter flour- 
ishing, and averaging 50 pupils. Two fe- 
male seminaries, with an average of 30 or 40 
pupils each, with numerous private schools, 
and tv/o banks. Pop. 1830, not in the cen- 
sus. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Wayne co. 
Miss., situated on the Chickasawhay r., about 
90 ms. n. n. w. Mobile, 180 e. Natchez, and 
by p-r. s. E. by e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 
11° 48' w. W. C. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. 
Ten., situated on or near the left bank of Elk 
r., 50 ms. n. e. Huntsville in Ala., and by p-r. 
82 ms. s. E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 14', long. 9° 
02' w. W. C. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Clark co. 
Ky., 45 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort, and 20 in a 
similar direction from Lexington. Lat. 37° 
58', and long. 7° 07' w. W. C. 

Wind Gap, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by 
p-r. 19 ms. a httle e. of n. Bethlehem. This 
place is designated Williamsburg on Tan- 
ner's map. The Gap is one of the passes in 
the Kiitatinny mtns. 

Windham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 67 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, 16 n. w. Portland, borders on 
the s. E. side of Sebago pond, and has its out- 
let. Presumscot r. on its w. line. It has 2 
or 3 ponds on its boundaries, and is crossed 
by a branch of the stream above mentioned. 
Pop. 1830, 2,182. 

Windham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 34 
ms. from Concord, and 45 from Portsmouth, 
contains part of Policy pond, with Golden 
pond s., and Mitchell's n. e. On Beaver cr., 
the w. boundary, is excellent land ; and the t. 
is generally well watered. Pop. 18.30, 998. 

Windham, co. Vt., bounded by Windsor co. 
N., Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. II., 
Mass. s., Bennington co. w., is 28 ms. by 36, 
with 780 sq. ms. It has ^n irregular surface. 
Williams's and Saxton's rs. are in the n. e. 
part. West r. in the middle, and Deerfield r. 
s. w. There are mountains w. The rocks 
are all primitive. Manicnung is the highest 
eminence. Limestone is found and quarried 
in several towns. On the Conn, are some 
rich meadows. Pop. 1820, 28,457 ; 1830, 
28,748. 

Windham, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 31 ms. n. 



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E. Bennington, 25 s. w. Windsor, has smal 
streams, a large pond, and various minerals 
VoiK 1830,847. 

Wi\uiiAM, CO. Coim., bounded by Worces- 
ter CO. Mass. N., Rhode Island e., New Lon- 
don CO. s. and s. \v., and Tolland co. w. It 
is about 21 nis. by 29, with about 620 sq. ms., 
and contains 13 towns. The surface is va- 
ried, hilly w. and s. with much stony land, 
.good for grazing, generally a gravelly soil 
formed from primitive rocks. It is crossed 
by Quiiiebaug r. i:., and Shetucket r. w., with 
several of their branches, which run souther- 
ly, and unite in N. London co. to form the 
Thames. These streams all'ord many good 
mill scats, and supply shad and other fish. 
On the alluvial meadows on their shores, is 
much excellent land, favorable to grain, &,c. 
Surveys have been made for a canal, to ex- 
lend from tide water at Norwich, N. London 
CO., into Mass., across this co. Extensive 
manufactories have been erected, and Wind- 
ham CO. is now far more extensively engaged 
in manufactures, than any other co in the 
state. By a recent estimate, it was compu- 
ted that there were in the co. 47 cotton facto- 
ries, running {i2,550 .sjjindles, and 1,462 
looms, manufacturing per ann. 37,500 lbs. of 
yarn, (sold in that state,) and 11,000,000 yards 
of cotion goods, consuming 1,537,500 Ilis. of 
cotton, and employing a capital of .^1,537,500. 
At the same time other factories were erect- 
ing, which were to run more than 12,500 
spindles. The woollen factories, by the 
same estimate, nuinufactured goods valued at 
.f>133,600 ; the sum invested in them stated 
at .$127,550. A carpet factory, at Moosup, 
was also manutacluring that article at the 
rate of 25,000 yards per ann. Other very 
considerable manufactures are carried on in 
the CO. Pop. 1820, 25,331 ; 1830, 27,082. 

WiNDH.iM, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 14 ms. 
N. Norwich, 30 k. Hartford, 44 w. Provi. 
dence, n. Shetucket r., has an irregular form, 
with about 46 sq. ms., and contains much 
good land, generally hilly, particularly e., 
with primitive rocks ; a sandy soil prevails in 
the w. part. The timber is oak, walnut, 



I siderable descent for about a mile. Hero are 
1 7 cotton factories, 5 of stono, and some of 
them cpiito extensive. In them all, 13,150 
spindles arc run, and 288 loom.s. There is 
also a satinet factory, with 200 spindles and 8 
looms, and an extensive paper mill. Pop. of 
town 1830, 2,812. 

Windham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y., 44 ms. s. 
w. Albany, 26 w. Catskill, has the Catskill 
mtns. N., the s. ridge of which is on the line, 
and Del. co. w. The surface is generally 
mountainous, with beech, maple, hemlock, 
bass, and other timber, and is watered by 
Schoharie cr. Pop. 1830, 3,471. 

Windham, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Brad- 
ford CO. Pa., by p-r. 153 ms. nrthrd. Ilarris- 
burg. 

Windsor, t. Kennebec co. Me., 6 ms. e. 
Augusta, which adjoins it on the w., and has 
Lincoln co. e. and a. It is crossed by a branch 
of Sheep.scot r., which touches it on the s. e. 
Pop. 1830, 1,485. 

Windsor, t. Hillsborough co. N. U., is of 
a triangular form, and has a good soil, favor- 
able to pasturage and grain, with an agreea- 
bly varied surface. Pop. 1830, 226. 

Windsor, co. Vt., bounded by Orange co, 
N., Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. 
Hampshire, Windham co. s., Rutland co. w. 
It is crossed in the n. by White r., and has 
Quccchy r. in the middle, and Black r. s., 
with some of the sources of West and Wil. 
liams's rs. s. w. It lies on the k. declivity of 
the Green mtns., and has a rough surface, but 
a soil very favorable to grass. In the vv. part 
are several quarries of soap stone, in Ply. 
mouth, Bridgcwater, and Bethel ; good gran- 
ite is found in the s. e. part, and much lime is 
made from primitive limestone in the s. w. 
It contains 24 townships. Pop. 1820, 38,233 ; 
18.30,40,695. 

Windsor, p-t. and st. jus., Windsor co. Vt., 
55 ms. s. Montpelier, 55 \. e. Bennington, 95 
N. w. Boston, 420 n. Washington, first settled 
1764. It is hilly, fertile, and well watered, 
having Conn. r. on the e. line, and Mill r. e., 
which supplies mill sites. Ascutney mtn., 
partly in this t., is one of the most conspicu. 



chestnut, &c. WiUimantic and Nachaug rs., 'ous eminences in this part of the state. It is 



after ilowing some distance in the t., unite 
and form the Shetucket. Each of these 
streams affords mill sites, and several kinds of 
fish, particularly shad. The v. composing the 
1st society, is large, and contains some pub. 
lie buildings, besides a number of stores, &:.c. 
The land was given by a son of the Mohegan 
sachem, Uncas, to John Mason and 13 others, 
in 1G76, when it was surveyed, but it was not 
settled till 1686. Incorporated 1692. The 
town contains several considerable villages, 
beside the above ; WiUimantic, Scotland, &c. 
There arc 6 churches, 3 of which are Con- 
gregational, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. The 
surface is undulated ; stone walls are gener- 
ally used for the division of fields. WiUiman- 
tic is a very flourishing village, 3 ms. w. of 
the 1st society, in which are several valua- j 
ble mill sites on the river, which has a con- ( 

77 



about 3,320 feet above tide water, and its sum. 
mit, (which divides this t. from Weathers, 
field,) has two peaks, from which it is said to 
have derived its name : a word of this sound, 
in the Indian language, meaning the Two 
Brothers. This mtn. is almost clothed in ev- 
eryrecns, except on its s. side, which is bare. 
It is comi)Osed of granite. The v. is hand- 
some, and isTery pleasantly situated on the 
w. bank of Conn, r., surrounded by rich and 
picturesque scenery, in which nit. Ascutney 
forms a striking feature. Pulk Hole brook 
empties into Conn r. n., and Mill brook s. of 
the village. There are several handsome 
streets, the principal of which runs n. and s„ 
in an irregular line, with many good dwel- 
lings, stores, churches, bank, court house, &,c. 
The opposite shore of the Conn, is high and 
almost mountainous ; there is a beautiful 



WIN 



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inca^li'v irnr the v. At the mouth of Millw. side, 3 k., and 1 n. Merry-meeting bay 
brook is a luil, -..iii::]! ;'< dnmined, and made to ' which forms the 6. e. extremity, may be a!- 
supply water to severul f:i_ iin'?a ; and near 1 most regarded as a separate lake. The fine 
the same spot is a bridge which croj::i s ib" ' chores of the Winnipiseogee present a charm- 
Conn. The state prison is in the s. w.part ofimg vaiieiyot surtace, rendered slill liiori n*- 
the village. Pop. 1830, 3,134. ! tractive by a ride over the undulating coun- 

Windsor, p-t. Berkshire CO. Mass., 120 ms.' try through which the roads pass on both 
w. Boston, is on high ground, separating the sides, and the innumerable islands scattered 
waters of tlio Westfield, Deertield, Moo- over the surface. A company has been in- 
sic and Housatonic rs. A swamp of 500 ' corporated, who design to place a steamboat 
acres gives rise to a stream flowing into on the lake, to ply between Alton, at the s. f.. 
Westfield r., and another near by sends a i extremity, and Centre harbor, in the n. w. in 
stream to Deerfield r. Pop. 1830, 1,042. 'connection with lines of stage coaches, to form 

Windsor, p-t. Hartford CO. Ct., 6 ms. n. a regular channel of travelling between Boston 
Hartford, 41 N. N. e. New Haven, about GJ < and Lancaster. The summit of Mt. Wash- 
nis. by 8, with 50 sq. ms., was one of tJie first: ington is visible on that route until intercept- 
settlements made by white men in Ct. (lfi'36.) j ed by the land when within 5 ms. of Centrn 
For many years it embraced East Windsor. 1 harbor. Some of the isls. are large, and con- 
It lies on the w. bank of the Connecticut, and tain several farms. One of them has about 
is crossed by Farmington or Tunxis r. There ' 500 acres. They are, however, of almost 



is a very extensive tract of fertile and beauti 
ful meadows in tiiia town, which afford a wide 
and delightful view from the numerous hills 
which rise in other parts. There is a higher 
plain, of light sand, much of which is waste. 
Farmington r. is navigable in sloops to the v. 



every size and form, down to mere rocke 
The water of this lake is remarkably pure, 
and abounds in fish, which are often caught 
through the ice in the winter, and sometimes 
sent to Boston market. Red mtn. near Cen- 
tre harbor, commands a delightful view upon 



bridge, during the spring floods, and for flat i the lake;Squaml. and many of the mtns. n. 
bottomed boats at all seasons. Fish are! The lake is navigated by a few sail boats. It 
caught in considerable quantities. Agricul-' receives a few small streams, and discharges 
ture is here very flourishing. The principal js. w. by Winnipiseogee r. 
V. extends for 2 or 3 miles along a broad and | Winnipiseogee r. Coos co. N. H., the oul- 
level street, much shaded by elms, and con- let of Winnipiseogee lake, after a short course 
tains the mansion of the late chief justice OH- j enters Great bay, and afterwards flows thro' 
ver Ellsworth. Pop. 1830, 3,220. 12 smaller lakes, making a part of the bounda- 

WiNDSOR, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 128 ms.|ry between Merrimack and Coos cos. and 
s. s. w. Albany, 15 e. Chenango point, has falls into Pemigewasset r. below Webster's 
Pennsylvania s., and is watered by Susqehan-l falls. Its whole descent is 232 feel, and there 



are many good mill sites on its banks. 

WIN^s, p-o. Hall CO. Geo., by p-r. 10 ms. 
sthrd. Gainesville, the st. jus., and 133 a lit. 
tie w. of .\. Milledgeville. 

WiNNSBORouGH, p.v. and St. jus. Fairfield 
dist. y. C, situated 29 m.s. almost due -\. Co- 
lumbia, and 25 ms. a little e. of s. Chester- 
field. I.at. 34° 24', and long. 4° 07' w. W. C. 

Winn's Tavern, and p-o. in the wstrn. part 
of Fluvanna co. Va., 68 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- 



nah r. and other streams, flowing through 

meadows. The uplands afford very good 

sheep pasture. Valuable locust timber is 

cut near Oquago, and sent down the r. to Phil- 
adelphia and Baltimore, for ship building. 

Pop. 1830,2,180. 

Windsor, p-v. York co. Pa., by p-r. 10 ms. 

E. York, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. 

NV'iNFiELD, p-t. Herkimer CO. N.Y., 75 ms. 

w. N. w. Albany, 15 s. w. Herkimer, 10 s. 

Utica, has Otsego CO. e. and s., and Oneida jmond. 

CO. w., and is supplied with mill seats by the | Winslow, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 16 ms. n. 

Unadilla &-C. Pop. 1830, 1,778. ] e. Augusta, has Sebasticook and Kennebec 

WiMiAi.L, P-t. Bennington r^o. Vt., 25 ms.] rs. on the w. boundary, with 2 or 3 ponds and 

IS. E. Bennington, 33 s. w. Windsor, 102! streams flowing into them. Pop. 1830, 1,263. 

Montpelier, was first settled during the revo- Wintersville, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. 

lution, and is supplied with mill sites by Win- 1 Winthrop, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 12 ms. 

hallr. Pop. 1830, 57 I. I s.w. Augusta. It is crossed n. and s. by 2 large 

WiNNicuT, or Winniconett r. Merrimack ponds, connected and disciiarging into a third 

CO. N. H., is a small stream running n. into on the s. e. boundary, which terms the Cob- 
Great Bay of the Piscataqua r. Ibosseconte, a tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 

Winnipiseogee, lake, Coog co. N. H., is one J 1830, 1,888. 
of the most picturesque sheets of water in | Winton, p-v. and st. jus. Hertford co. N.C., 
the eastern Slates, and forms an interesting is situated on the right bank of Chowan r., 
feature in the fine natural scenery usually : about 2 ms. below the junction of Meherrin 
embraced in a tour to the White mtns. It island Nottaway rs., about 60 ms. s. w. by w. 
about 22 ms. long from .\. w. to s. e., and va-i Norfolk inVa., and by p-r. 129 ms n. e. by e. 
ries in breadth from I to 10 ms. Several long! Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', and almost on llie 
capes stretch far into its bosom from different! nieridian of W. C. 

sides almost dividing it into several parts, j Winyaw, bay, estuary of Black r.. Great 
Three bo uitilul bays are thus formed on the i Pedee, and Waccamaw rs., Georgetown dist. 



WON 



611 



WOO 



S. C. This sheet of water opens into the At- 
lanlic ocean from Georgetown entrance. Lat. 
33° 10', long. 20 14' w.W. C. If wc consid- 
er the head to be the junction of Black r. 
and Great Fedee at or near Georgetown, the 
len).;tli of Winyaw hay thence to Georgetown 
entrance, will be 14 ms., the mean breadth 
about 2 nis., and depth of water sufficient to 
admit large merchant vessels to George- 
town. 

WiscASSET, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. 
Lincoln co. Me., 24 ms. s. Augusta, 14 n. e. 
Bath, 49 N. E. Portland, 167 n. n. e. Boston, 
on the w. side of Sheepscot r., has a large 
and safe harbor, always open at some distance 
from the sea, with a considerable amount ot 
shipping. Pop. IbSO, 2,255. 

Wisenburg, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., by p-r. 
180 ms.N.E. W. C. 

WoBi'RN, p-t. Middlesex CO. Mass., 10 me 
N. w. Boston, has generally a good soil, with 
some hills, and is crossed by Middlesex canal 
Horn pond affords a natural route for the ca 
nal for some distance, and is a favorite resort 
on account of the beauty of its scenery. First 
settled 1(541. Pop. 1830, 1,977. 

WoLcoTT, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 22 ms 
Alontpelier, 37 n. e. Burlington, ll is cross- 
ed by Lamoille r., which receives Green r. 
«nd Wildbranch. Fish pond is in the n. e. 
Pop. 1830, 492. 

WoLcoTT, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 184 ms. 
w. Albany, 22 n. W^iterloo, 9 n. Erie canal, 
has lake Ontario n., Cayuga co. e., and con- 
tains the greater part of Great Sodus bay and 
its isls. with East and Port bays. The sur- 
face is varied, the streams supplying mill 
seats. Fish and water foul abound in Sodus 
bay, which forms a good harbor at Port Glas- 
gow. Pop. liiSO, 1,085. 

WoLcoTTViLLE, p-v. Torrlugton, Litchfield 
CO. Conn., 24 ms. w. by n. Hartford, hns a 
cotton factory, &c. 

Wolf r. and p-o. Hardin co. Ten., about 
120 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

AVoLFnoROUGH, p-t. Strafibrd co. N. H., 45 
ms. from Concord, 45 from Portsmouth, and 
105 from Boston, and n. e. Winnipiseogee 



kinds and dimensions, which employ about 
1 ,300 persons. Thclst power looms ever used 
in R. L were place'd on the banks of this 
stream. There are 2 reservoirs of water own- 
ed by the mill companies, 8 feet deep, and to- 
gether extending over 200 acres, which sup. 
ply manufactories at all seasons. Eight cot- 
ton factories it is estimated run 17,9!)0 spin- 
dles, 590 looms, emjjloy ()50 hands, and manu- 
facture of sheetings, shirtings, (some of very 
fine quality) and of goods for priming, more 
lhan3,U0U,000 of yds. annually. A vvollcn fae. 
tory, with buildings for dyeing &c., runs 600 
pindles and 21 broadcloth looms, and manu- 
factures 2,225 yds. per ann. There is also 
an oil, and a brown paper manufactory, and a 
manufactory of hat bodies, where 200 lbs. of 
wool are used per day, and 300,000 hat bodies 
are made annually. 

Woou cr., Washington co. N. Y., runs n. 
23 ms. by the v. of Fort Ann, to the s. end of 
lake Champlain, terminating at the village of 
Whitehall. It receives Pawlet r. from Vt., 
and now serves as the channel of the Cham- 
plain canal for some miles, the water being 
set back by damming, ft was formerly used 
for balteaux and canoe navigation on tha 
route between the lake and Hudson r. It is 
locked at its mouth by three large locks, by 
which boats are raised from the lake. 

Wood cr. Oneida co. N. Y , receives Fish 
creek, and flows into Oneida Jake. It has 
long served as part of the route for boat navi. 
gation between Mohawk r. and lake Ontario, 
there being a carrying place from its banks 
to that stream. A canal has since been dug 
across. 

Wood, co. Va., bounded n. e. by Tyler and 
Harrison cos., E.by Lewis, s. e. by Kenhawa, 
s. w. by Mason, and by the O. r. which sepa- 
rates it from Meigs and Athens cos. O. on 
the w., and from Washington co. O. n. 
Length from s. w. to n. k. 36 ms., mean 
breadth 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing lat. from 38° 5ii'to39° 22', and in long, 
from 3° .52' to 4° 10' w. W. C. The far 
greater part of Wood is included in the val- 
ley of Little Kenhawa, with a nrthwstrn. de. 



lake, has a level surface, a rocky but valuable I elivity. Surface excessively broken, with 
soil, bearing oak, &c. Smith's r. a small! nmch good soil. Chief t., Parkersburgh. 
stream, rises in a pond, and empties into the 'Pop. 1820, 5,860, in 1830, 6,129. 
lake near the v., which contains an academy, j WooDBiiinGE, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7 
M'ith a fund of )jt)5,000. First settled 1770.! ms.N. w. New Haven, 40 s. w. Hartford, 
Gov. Wentvvorth had once a spleiu'id sum-, about 4 ms. by 10, is hilly and rough, with 
mer residence 5 ms. E. of the v. There is a' much good timber, and watered by West 
mineral spring in the t. Pop. 1830, 1,928. ' ■ --• - 

Woi.FsviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Frederick 
CO. Md., by p-r. .')4ms. n. n. w. W. C. 



Womack's, p-v. estrn. part Wilcox co. Ala., I sex co. n., Rahway r. and the Kills 



id AVapawaug rs. Pop. 1830, 844. 

VVooDBRiDGE, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J., 42 

ms. N. E. Trenton, 3 w. n. w. Amboy, has Sus- 

and 
Rariton r. s. Pop. 1830, 3,969. 

WoonuuRY, p-t. Caledonia CO. Vt., 15 ms. 
N. E. Montpelier, first settled about 1800, con- 
tains more ponds than any other t. in the 
state, and is watered bv streams of Lamoille 
and Onion rs. Pop. ]:;30, 824. 

WooDBL'RY, p-t. Litchfield CO. Conn., 36 



by p-r. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

WoMELSDORF, P-V. and flourishing borough, 
Berks co. Pa., on the Union canal, 38 ms. a 
little N. of E. Harrisburg, 15 ms. n. w. by w. 
Reading. 

Wo.NASdOATOCKET, T. Providencc co. R. I., 
a small stream' which supplies a remarkable 

number of manufactories with water power.' ms. s. w. Hartford, 25 >. w. New Haven, 15 
There are 25 factorips and mills of diffrrf n'! from Liichfield. I' has nhout about 41 sq. 



woo 



C12 



WOO 



ms., an irregular surface, with a rich suit, fa-! Woodstock, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 40 ms. w- 
vorahle to grain, fruit &c., with a variety of j Augusta, 6 n. Paris, contains mountainous 



timber. The branches of Pomparaug r. af- 
ford mill seats and unite in this t. Pop. 1830, 
2,049. 

WooDBTTRV, St. jus. and p-v. Deptforl, Glou- 
cester CO. N. J., 39 ms. s. by w. Trenton, 9 s. 
Philadelphia, is on Wondury r., near the Del- 
aware. 

WooDBUiiy, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Bedford 
CO. Pa., 17 ms. n. n. e. Bedford, and by p-r. 
136 ms. N. w. W. C 

W ooL'CocK, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of 
Crawford co. Pa., by p-r.' 305 ms. n. w. W.C. 

Woodcock valley and p-o. Huntingdon co. 
Pa. 

Woodford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 6 ms. e. 
Bennington, 24 w. Brattleborough, 50 s. Rut- 
land, first settled after the revolution, has a 
pond of 100 acres near the centre, which gives 
rise to a branch of Walloomscoic r. Other 
streams water different parts. The surface 
is mountainoup, and much of it is useless. 
Pop. 1830,395. 

Woodford, co. Ky., bounded by Franklin 
N.W., Scott N. E., Lafayette c.,.Tcssamine s.e., 
Ky. r. separating it from Mercers, w., and 
Anderson w. Length from s. to n. 22, nsean 
breadth 7, and area 154 sq. ms. Extending 
in iat. from38° 53' to 39° ir, and in long. 
from 7° 36' to 7° 50' w. W. C. The declivity 
of this narrow CO. is wstrd. towards Ky. r. 
The soil is generally excellent. Chief town, 
Versailles. Pop. 1820, 12,207 ; and in 1830, 
12,294. 

Wood Crove, and p-o. in the nrihrn. part 
of Loudon CO. Va., by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. W. 
City. 

Wood Orovf, and p-o. N. C, 13 ms. Salis- 
bury, and by p-r. 131 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

WooDiiijLi,, t, Steuben co. N. Y., 23G ms 
s. s. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 501. 

Woodlands, p-o. in the nrthrn. part of O 
CO. Va., 27] ms. n. w. by vv. \\^ C 

WooDLAWN, ]i-o. iu the nrthrn. part of Han- 
over CO. Va., 30 ms. nrthrd. Richmond, and 
by p-r. 105 ms. w. of n. W. C. 

WooDLAWN, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Edge- 
field dist. S. C, by p-r. 123 ms. wstrd, Colum- 
bia, and 45 ms. wstrd. Edgefield court house. 

WooDi'ECKKit's Levri., and p-o, in the wes- 
tern part of Franklin co. Va., 23 nis. wstrdly. 
from Rocky Mount, the co. st., and by p-r. 
286 ms. s. w. w . C. 

Woodruff's, p-o. near Bethel meeting house 
in the sthrn. part of Spartanburg dist. S. C, 
18 ms. a little w. of s. Spartanburg C. H.,and 
by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Wood's, p-o. Knox co. Ten., by p-r. 213 
ms. E. Nashville. 

WooDSBOROuGH, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10 
ms. N. N. E. Frederick, and by p-r. 54 ms. n. 

N. w. W.C. 

Wood's Ferry and p-o. in the sthrn. part of 
Green co. Ten., 10 ms. from Greenville, and 
by p-r. 262 ms. e. Nashville. 

Wood's Hill, jj-o. Roane co. Ten. 



hills, with several ponds emptying s. into lit- 
tic Androscoggin r. Pop. 1830,573. 

Woodstock, p-t. and st. jus., Windsor co, 
Vt., 11 ms. N. w. "Windsor, 46 s. Montpelier, 
first settled 1768, was exposed to Indian in- 
cursions in the revolutionary war, and often to 
wild beasts. 'I'he surface is varied, the soil 
good, and agriculture flourishing. Here is a 
bank. Apples thrive remarkably well. Quee- 
chy r. and two of its branches aflbrd mill 
sites. There are 2 villages. Pop. 1830, 
3,044. 

Woodstock, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 45 
ms. a little n'. of e. Hartford, 33 n. w. Provi- 
dence, 66 s. w. Boston, and has the Mass. 
line on the n. boundary. It is about 7 by 8 
ms., has an irregular surface, a soil good for 
grazing, &c., is watered by Muddy brook and 
other streams, and has several factories. 
Pop. 1830, 2,915. 

Woodstock, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 57 ms. 
s. Albany, 14 n. w. Kingston, has Greene co. 
N , is mountainous. There is a good fish pond. 
The N. Y. crown and cylinder glass co. here 
manufacture 1,500 boxes of window-glass 
moniliiy, employing 50 persons. Pop. 1830, 
1,375. 

Woodstock, p-v. and st. jus. Shenandoah 
CO. Va., situated wstrd. of the north fork of 
Shenandoah r., 32 ms. s. s. w. Winchester, 
and by i)-r. 100 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 
Lat. 38° 51', and long. 1° 34' w. W. C. 

Wood's Store and p-o. Coweta co. Geo., by 
p-r. 145 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgevillc. 

Wood's Store and p-o. Carroll co. Ten., by 
p-r. 136 ms. w. Nashville. 

WooDSTOWN, P-v. Pilesgrove, Salem co. N. 
.7., 55 nts. s. w. Trenton, 12 n. e. Salem, 26 
s. s. w. Phiiadelphin. 

WooDviLLE, P-V. in the wstrn. angle of Cul- 
pefiper co. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s.w. by w. W. 
C, and 1 15 N. w. Richmond. 

^V'ooDviLLE, P-V. in the nrthrn. part of Per- 
quimans co. N.C., by p-r. 271 ms. a little e. of 
s. W. C, and 177 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

WooDViLLE. A place of this name is giv. 
en in the p-o. list as a p-v. and st. jus., .lack- 
son CO. Ten., whilst in the same table, Belle- 
fonte is marked also as a st. just, in the same 
CO. ; the former 185 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

WooDviLLE, p-v. and st. jus., Wilkinson co. 
Miss., 38 ms. a little e. of s. Natchez, and 180 
ins. N. w. New Orleans. Lut 3l° 07', long. 
14° 27' w. W. C. This village is situated in 
a fine rolling country, which is one of the 
most produclive cotton districts in the U. S. 
Pop. about 500. 

Woodward's, Store and ii-o. in the esfrn. 
part of the parish of East Feliciana, lia., by 
P-r. 118 ms. N. w. by w. New Orleans. 

AVooLwiCH, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., .32 ms. s. 
Augusta, 7 w. Wiscasset village, has Kenne- 
bec r. w., and a strait connected with it on 
the s., with one or two small streams. Pop. 
1830, 1,495. 

Woolwich, t. Gloucester co. N. .T., 55 ms. 



WOR 



613 



WOR 



s. w. Trenton, has Oldnian's cr. s., Raccoon l about a mile in kngih, broad, lined with trees, 
or. N. and Del. r. w. in which are several and nearly on a level. Other streets divcryo, 
isls. It is opijosite Marcus Hook, Pa. Pop. {some of tliorn at right angles, from it. The 
1830,3,033. ; village contains several public i)\iildings, a 

WooNsocKET FAi.r,P, village in the towns pfj court house, which cost f20,00l», a jiiil, 32 
Smithlicld and Cumberland, Providence co. [feet by 64, and 3 stories higli, 3 handsome 
R. I., 17 ms. N. Providence, is a flourishing [cliurclies, a baiik, the lil)rary and cabinet of 
manufacturing village, on Blacksfone r., near the American historical society, &.c. Many 
the line of iMass. There are 2 cotton facto- |ofthe dwellings are elegant, and disjilay much 
ries, one of ihcm of sliinc, with 4, O.JO spin- |taste in their exterior, and there are some 
dies; another of 2,500 spindles; another of ifine hotels. There are also several fine conn- 
stone with 4,000; another with 2,500 spin- (try seats in the immediate vicinity of the viU 
dies, &.C. &-C. The whole number of spin- — . -- 

dies in this place, is about 20,000. 2,617,000 
yards of coiton goods arc annually manufac- 
tured, besides 30,000 yards of satinet in a 
single establishment. There is also n fur- 
nace, where castings are annually made 
amounting to ,$35,000; a whetstone manu- 
factory and 4 machine shops There is also jfensivcly carried on here after the revolution, 
a Bank in the village. Pop. 1830, about 2,000. by Isaiah Thomas, who published in 1791, 
^VoIlCKSTER, town, Washington co. Vt., 10 (the first folio Bible printed in the U. 8. The 
ms. N. Montpelicr, 31 E. Burlington ; first set- Blackstone canal, extending to Providence, 
tied 1797, watered by the n. branch of Onion terminates here, and affords boat navigation 



lage. The Mass. lunatic hospital is located a 
little out, on a commanding eminence, and is 
a spacious structure of brick, 256 feet in 
length, consisting of a centre and wings. Its 
interior arrangement is admirable, and it is 
calculated for the accommodation of 110 to 
120 patients. The printing of books was ex- 



river which afibrds mill sites, aiu! along its 
course is a road through the nitns. It is 
moimtainous w. and rough in other parts. Pop. 
1830, 432. 

WoitcijsTER, count}'', Mass., bounded by N. 
Hampshire n., Middlesex and Norfolk cos. e., 
Connecticut s., Hampden, Hampshire and 
Franklin cos. w. It is the largest in the state, 
with a varied surface, a soil generally good, 
and many flourishing agricultural townships 
and manufjicturing villages. Its limits com- 
prehend some of the ])laces first settled after 
the early colonists of N. England began to 
leave the sea coast, and several oftlicse were 
scenes of blood in Philip's war. It is watered 
by numerous streams, some of which form 
Nashua river N. e., others Pawtuckot r. s. e., 
Quinebaug s., Chickopee r. s. w., and Mil- 
ler's r. N. w. The mill sites are numerous, 
many of which are occupied by large manu 



to that place ; this canal with a rail-road to 
Boston, already commenced, must prove of 
great advantage to Worcester. It is also de- 
signed to connect with the Boston rail-road, 
one to New London, Conn., and another to 
Springfield, on the Conn. In the village and 
town are many and various manufactories. 
Pop. 1830, 4,172. 

Worcester, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 59 ms, 
s. w. Albany, 16 s. e. Cooperstown. It has 
Schoharie co. s. e., Delaware co. s., and i» 
crossed by Shenevas creek, which flows 
through rich meadows. It has good soil and 
mill sites. Pop. 1830, 2,093. 

Worcester, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., 
about 21 miles n. w. Philadelphia. The tsp. 
of Worcester lies on the e. side of Skippack 
creek, between Gwynned and Norriston. 

Worcester, co. Md., the extreme soutlu 
eastern co. of that state, bounded by Accomac 



factories, particularly at Ware, along the county, Va., s., Somerset co. Md., w., Sussex 
Blackstone, &.c. Blackstone canal affords co. Del. n., and by the Atlantic e. Length 
boat navigation from Worcester, to Provi- 1 from s. to n. 30 ms., mean width including its 
dence, R. I. A rail. road has been com- 'islands 25, excluding these 20, the area with 
menced from Worcester to Boston, and other 'that of the islands about 700 square ms. Most 
rail-roads are ]jroposed from the same point, i maps extend this co., and of course the state 
The trade of this co. is chiefly carried on with \o( Md. to lat. 58° ; this is a mistake; the sthrn. 
Boston, some with Providence, and is some- j boundary is not along a ctirve of lat. but is 
what diverted in other directions. It containsjon tbe Atlantic oceanabout 3 minutes, and on 
55 towns. Pop. 1820, 7;>,G25, 18.30, 84,365. | Pocornpke bay upwards of 1 minute n. of lat. 
Worcester, p-t. and St. jus., AVorccster CO. 38. The northern boundary is on lat. 38° 
Mass., is situated 40 ms. w. by s. Boston, 40 2S', and the co. lies between long. 1° 24' and 
N. N. w. Providence, and GO e. n. f.. Hartford. 1° 55' e. W. C. The declivity is to the s. w.. 
The soil of the town is generally fertile, isjand it is drained in that direction by Poco- 
well cultivated, and its surface is pleasant j moke r. which is discharged into Chesapeake 
and finely varied. It was first settled in [bay. The surfiice is level, and soil sandy. 
1685, and suffered much in its earlier history Chief town. Snow Hill. Pop. 1820, 17,421, 
from the attacks of the natives. Tatmuckand land in 1830, 18,271. 

Bogachoak hills were once the sites of Indian I Wortiiington, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 
villages. 'I'he head waters of Blackstone r. 1 10 ms. w. Boston. It is situated on the k. 
tinite in this t. The village of Worcester is declivity of the Green mtn. range, lias West- 
one of the most flourishing and beautiful in jfield river on the s. w. line, into which smaller 
New England, and is a great thoroughfare for Istreains flow. The surface is agreeably di- 



travellers, some important roads passing {ver.sified, and the soil good, 
through it. It lies principally on one street, 



Sevpral kinds 



VTAN 



614 



YAR 



of minerals are found in this town, titanium, 
&c. Pop. 1830, 1,179. 

WoRTuiNGTON, p-0. Muhlcnburg co. Ky., by 
post-road 177 miles soutliwest by w. Frank- 
fort. 

Wrentham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 24 ms. 
w. s. w. Ooston, has the R. I. line s. with 
several ponds and streams, some of which 
flow into CharleSj and others into Taunton 
and Neponset rivers. There are several man- 
ufactories in this town, an academy, &.c. Pop. 
1830, 2,G98. 

Wrightsboro', p-v. in the western part of 
Columbia co. Geo., by p-r. 78 ms. n. e. by e. 
Milledgeville. 

Wrights Mills, and p-o.by p-r. 315 ms. s. 
w. by w. W. C. and 315 ms. n. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Wrightsville, p-v. on Susquehannah river, 
York CO. Pa., 11 ms. n. e. by e. from York, 
and 11 a little s. of w. from the city of Lan- 
caster. It stands directly opposite Columbia, 
in Lancaster co. 

Wyalusing, large cr. of Pa., rising in the 
western part of Susquehannah co., from 
which flowing southwestward falls into Sus- 
quehannah r. in Bradford. 

Wyalusing, township, lies along and con- 
tiguous to the Susquehannah r. above and be- 
low the mouth of Wyalusing cr. In this town- 
ship, there are two post offices, Wyalusing, 
and Wyalusing centre, the former near the 
mouth of the creek, and the latter 6 ms. above, 
on the cr. Wyalusing is marked on the p-o. 
list as distant from VV . C. 254 ms. and from 
Harrisburg 143 ms. 

Wvatt's Ferry, and p-o. Randolph co. Va., 
by p-r. 229 ms. w. W. C. 



Wye River, or rather creek, separating 
Talbot from Queen Anne county, Mary- 
land. 

Wye River, mills and p-o. in the north. 
western part of Talbot co. Md., 12 miles n. 
Easton, the co. st., and 30 ms. a little s. of e. 
Annapolis. 

Wynant's Kill, creek, Rensselaer co. N. 
Y., enters Hudson r. at Troy, after supplying 
valuable mill seats, 2 ms. b. Poesten kill. It 
is about 15 ms. long. 

Wyoming. {See Wilhes-Barre.) 

Wyoming, p-v. in the sthrn. part ofDinwid- 
die CO. Va., by p-r. 54 ms. sthrd. Richmond. 

Wysox, small creek of Bradford co. Pa. 

AVysox, p-o. is on the W'ysox creek e. of 
the Susquehannah r., 5 ms. n. e. Towanda, 
and by p-r. 130 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Wythe, co. of Va., bounded s. w. by Wash- 
ington, N. w. by Tazewell, n. by Giles, n. e. 
by Montgomery, and by the Iron mountains 
separating it from Grayson s. e. and s. It 
contains a part ofamtn. valley. Greatest 
length along the valley from s. w. to n. e. 48 
ms., breadth about 22, and area 1,056 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 40' to 37° 
08', and in long, from 3° 36' to 4° 32' w. W. 
C. Wythe valley is an elevated table land. 
From the southwestern part issue tlie ex- 
treme fountains of the Middle Fork of Hoi. 
ston r., interlocking sources with those of 
various creeks flowing into New r. Com. 
paring the elevation of Wythe, with that of 
Giles CO., gives to the former an elevation ex- 
ceeding a mean of 1,600 feet. The cultiva. 
ted land of Wythe must indeed rise between 
1,600 and 2,000 feet above the ocean level. 
WvTUE, C. H. (See Evansham.) 



Y. 



Yadkin, river. (/Sec Great Pedee river.) 

Yauleyville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 
29 ms. northwardly Phila. 

Yancey's Mills, and p-o. Albemarle co. 
Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. by w. VV. C. 

Yantic, river. New London co. is a small 
branch of the Thames, falling into the head 
of the cove, in Norv/ich, which communicates 
with the main stream at the landing. At its 
mouth it descends an abrupt ledge of soUd 
granite, into which it has worn deep holes. 
The water is received into a deep and still 
pool at the foot of the falls, which is over- 
shadowed by a rocky bank 60 or 80 feet high, 
from which a body of Mohegan Indians once 
precipitated themselves, when pursued by 
their enemies, the Narragansetts. This fall 
has been dammed, and a canal on the N.bank 
leads the water to several large manufacto- 
ries, around which has recently been built a 
large and flourishing village, chiefly situated 
under the steep bank at the head of the cove. 
The Thames manufacturing co. on Yantic r. 
have a brick cotton factory 47 feet by 120, 5 



stories, with 3,200 spindles, 120 looms, and 
150 hands, using 750 bales of cotton annually, 
and making a milliun of yards of shirting and 
sheeting. They have an iron foundry, a rol- 
ling and slitting mill, and a nail factory, and 
use 7S0 tons of iron annually. Near them the 
Williams manufacturing company run 1,800 
spindles, and a paper mill makes 60 reams a 
day, on 4 Foudiencir machines. Another 
factory makes 50,000 yards of flannel per an- 
num. At an upper tall tlie Norwich inanu. 
faciuring company make 18,000 yards of car. 
pet per annum. Another cotton factory is to 
be built at the falls of Shetucket r. for 2,000 
spindles. There is also a comb, button, and 
oil mill. 

Yarmouth, p-t. Barnstable co. Mas>i., 70 
ms. s. e. Boston, occupies the brcadtli of Cape 
Cod, at a narrow part, with Cape Cod bay n., 
and the Atlantic s. It has a very poor soil, 
consisting of loose sand, and the town is very 
poor ; a considerable quantity of salt, and 
glauber salts are made here annually from 
sea water. At the s. w. corner is Lewis' 



YEL 



615 



YOR 



bay, on which is Hyannis harbor, a place of 
some coasting trade. Pop. 1830,2,251. 
Yates, co. N. Y., bounded by Ontario co. 



Yocom'3, p-o. in the northern part of Wash- 
ington CO. Ky., .38 ms. s. w. P'rankfort. 

YoNouEsvii.T.K, p-o. northern part ofFair- 



N, and vv., Seneca lake or Seneca co. e., and field dist., S.C.. 12 ms. northward Winnsbo- 
Steuben co. s. The n. ends of Crooked lake ro', the st. jus., and by p-r. 41 nri3. in a similar 
penetrate the co. from the s., and Canandai- direction from Columbia. 



gua lies on the 
and soil arc various. 



corner. The surface | 
Blutf point is a tont 



YoNKF.Ks, p-t. Westchester co. N.Y., 18 
.N.N.York, 10s. w. Whiteplains, 131 s. 



of land extending s. between the n. arms ofl Albany, has Hudson r. w., Bronx cr. e., and 



Crooked lake. The outlet of that lake, plint 
creek, &,c. water difl'crent parts of this co. 
It contains 7 towns, and Penn-Yan, 191 ms. 
w. Albany, is the st. jus. It was formed in 
1823, out of Ontario co. Pop. 1830, 19,009. 

Yates, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 30 ms. n. w. 
Batavia, has lake Ontario n., and Niagara co. 
w. The surface is slightly varied, is crossed 
by the Ridge road, and is watered by John- 
son's creek, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,538. 

Yazoo, river of tiie state of Miss., having 
its remote sources in the nortliern part of the 
state, lat. 34° 45', interlocking sources with 
those of Tombigbee branch of Ala., Silver cr 



N. York CO. s. It extends about 8 ms. on the 
Hudson, and 3 ms. is its average width ; it is 
crossed by Saw mill creek with a branch of 
the Bronx N. k., on which are mill seats. The 
ground is uneven, and there are several emi- 
nences in the town celebrated for events in 
the revolution ; part of Valentine's hill. Boar 
hill, Tetard's hill, and the heights of Ford- 
ham, with the site of fort Independence. 
Philipsburgh, now called Yonker's, is a small 
village, with a landing at the mouth of Hronx 
cr. where a steamboat touches daily. Pop. 
1830, 1,761. 

YoRii r., York co. Me., is a small stream 



flowing into Ten. r., and Wolf r. flowing into emptying into the Atlantic, with a broad 
" ' mouth, and depth of water for vessels of 200 

tons, forming a good harbor. 

York, co. Me., bounded by Oxford co, w., 
Cumberland co. n. e., the Atlantic e., and N. 
Hampshire w. and s. w. It has Ossipee 
r. on the n. line, Saco r. on part of the n. e. 
line, and Salmon falls r. and Piscataqua r. 
w. and s. w. Saco r. crosses the x. e. part 
and enters the sea at Saco. Below this are 
Kennebunk and York rs. besides several 
smaller streams flowing into the ocean. The 
coast is generally rocky and waste, with cape 
Porpoise, Fletcher's Neck, Bald Head, cape 
Neddock, and Kittery Point, and several har- 
bors at Saco, Kennebunk, Wells and York. 
Portsmoutii harbor is near the south boundary 
of this CO. Some of the early settlenienia 
in New FiUgland were made at York, Wells, 
&c., and suffered greatly from the fear and 
violence of savages. Considerable foreign 
trade has long been carried on, chiefly with 
the West Indies ; and the coasting trade and 
fisheries are valuable. There is a great di- 
versity ofsoil, and a considerable variety of 
surface ; but there is no very elevated land in 
this CO. It contains 24 townships, and its cap- 
itals are York and Alfred. Pop. 1820, 46,283 ; 
1830, 51,722. 

York, p-t. port of entry and one of the sts. 
ius. York CO. Me., 99 ms. s. w. Augusta, 42 
s. w. Portland, 9 n. n. e. Portsmouth, 67 x. e. 
Boston, is a place of considerable trade. 
York r. crosses it and empties into the ocean 
ali'ording a good harbor for vessels of 200 
tons. The Agamenticus hills arc in the n. w. 
part, and much of the sea coast is rocky, bar- 
rises in Covington co. of the former, between ] run, and incapable of cultivation. Cape Ned- 
Choclaw, and Cunecuh rivers, and flowing 1 dock, about on the e. line, is an iron bound 
thence to t'le s. w., enters Walton co. of Flor., promontory. Near the v. the soil is very good 



Miss. r. in the state of Ten. Winding from 
this elevated tract the Yazoo r. winds to the 
s. w. entering the Miss, at lat. 32° 22', after 
a course of about 200 ms. As laid down on 
Tanner's U. S., there is an outlet represented 
as leaving the left bank of the Miss. 25 or 30 
ms. above the mouth of St. Francis r. This 
outlet, after flowing to s. e. 10 or 12 ms., sep- 
arates into two channels. The left or estrn. 
is continued to s. s. e. 70 ms. to its union 
with the Yazoo, about 125 ms. above the 
mouth of the latter. The right or western 
channel after a comparative course of 150 
ms. is also united to the Yazoo, at the north- 
eastern angle of Warren co. 25 ms. above the 
mouth. If these delineations are correct, 
there is included in the state of Miss., an 
elliptical annually inundated tract of 170 
ms. long, between the Yazoo and Miss. 
rs., with a breadth where widest, of 70 miles, 
and a mean breadth of at least 40, with an area 
of 6,800 sfiuare ms. 

Yellow Branch, p-o. in the western part 
of Campbell co. Va., by p-r. 135 ms. a little s. 
of w. Richmond. 

Yellow Creek, Furnace, and p-o., Mont- 
gomery CO. Ten., 16 ms. wstrd. Clarksville, 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 64 miles n. w. by w. 
Nashville. 

Yellow Stone, r. {See Missouri.) 
Yellow Si-rlngs, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 ms.N. w. Hun- 
tingdon, and by p-r. 163 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 
Yellow Springs, p-o. Claiborne co. Ten., 
by p-r. 2S5 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 
Yellow Water, river of Ala. and J'lor., 



which it traverses, and inclining more to the 
wetitrd. enters Escambia CO., there receiving 
Shoal river from the e. it is finally lost in the 
estrn. arm of Pensacola bay, after a course of 
80 ma. (6'ec Escambia, Cunecuh, cj-c.) 



and the land level. This place was laid out 
for a large city by its early inhabitants, and 
the lines run at right angles. Pop. 1830, 3,. 
485. 

York, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 237 rn.% 



YOU 



616 



YOU 



Albany, 7 n. n. w. Geneseo, has Geneseo co. j York bay 34 ms., mean width 6 and area 204 
N. and w., Geneseo r. e. on which is the Con- ; sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 08' to 37° 
ewago Reservation. The streams are smnll j 23', and in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 46' e. W. C. 
and mill sites few, but the soil is generally i Narrow as is this comparatively lengthened 



good, especially on the Genesee. 
2,636. 



Pop. 1830, CO., it occupies nearly one half of the width 
of the peninsula between James and York. rs. 



York, one of the southern counties of Pa., Declivity nrthrd. towards the latter. The 
bounded by Adams CO. w., Cumberland N. w., I soil is generally good. Chief town, York- 



Sustiuehannah r. separating it from Dauphin 
N. and Lancaster .v. e. and e., by Hartford co. 
in Md. s. e., Baltimore co. in Md. s., and 
Frederick co. Md. s. w. York co. bounds on 
Md. 42 ms., but the longest part is a line par- 
allel to the general course of Susquehannah 
r. 48 ms., mean width 18, and area 864 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 
43', and in long, from 0° 04' w. to 0° 46' e. 
W. C. The nrthrn. and central sections com- 
prising the much larger part of this co., de- 
cline to the nrthestrd. and are drained into 
the Susquehannah, in that direction by Cado- 
rus,Conewago,and Yellow llreeches crs. The 
extreme sthestrn. angle has an estrii. declivi- 
ty. The face of the co. though broken by 
hills and decorated by some minor mtn. ridg- 
es, has much sameness of character. The 
soil is generally good, and much of it excel- 
lent. Staples, grain, livestock, &c. Chief t.,, 
the borough of York. Pop. 1820, 38,759, 
and in 1830, 42,858. j 

York, p-t. borough and st. jus. York co. i 
Pa., situated on Cadorus cr., 22 ms. a little 
s. of w. Lancaster, and by p-r. 87 ms. a little! 
E. of N. W. C. and 24 s. s. v.. Harrisburg. Lat. 
39° 57', and long. 0° 17' e. from the meridian 
of W.C. The site of Yorlyis a plain, in part 
liable to occasional submersion. The streets 
are extended at right angles to each other, 
and beside the ordinary co. buildings the bo- 
rough contains an alhit-house, academy, sev- 
eral schools, and places of public worship. 
Pop. 1830,4,216. 

York, r. ofVa., formed by 2 main branches, 
Pamnnkoy and Mattapuny. {See Pnmunky 
and Mattnpniiy.) Below the union of its con- 
stituent streams, York r. is r;uher a bay, vary- 
ing from 2 to 3 ms. in width, extending to the 
s. E. 27 ms., and thence e. 12 ms. into Chesa- 
peake, between York and Gloucester cos. 
Below the jimction of Pamunkey and Matta- 
pony rivers, York bay does not receive a trib- 
utary above tlie size of a small cr. It admits 
ships of any size to or near the Great Bend at 
Yorktown,but above admits only coasting ves- 
sels. Induing all its confluents the valley of 
York r. lies between those of James and Rap- 
pahannoc. The greatest length 120 ms. from 
the mouth of York r. to the extreme source of 
Nortli Anna r. in South West Min. ; but, if 
taken with this extent the mean width would 
not exceed 20 ms., and at the utmost breadth, 
only about 45 ms. The area 2,600 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 38° 16', and 
in Ion'', from 0° 41' e. to 1°22' w.W. C. 



Pop. 1820, 14,384; and 



1630, 



town. 
5,334. 

York, dist. S.C., bounded by Lancaster dist. 
E., Chester dist. s., on the w.by Broad r. separa- 
ting it from Union and Spartanburg dist., on the 
N. by I/incoln co. N.C.,and n. e. by Catawba r. 
separating it from Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
Length from e. to w. 35, breadth 23, and area 
about 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 
48' to 35° 07', and in long, from 3° 55' to 4° 
40' w. VV. C. This district occupying the 
whole space between Catawba and Broad rs. 
contains part of two inclined plains. The 
Broad r. plain, or that on the wstrd., declines 
a little w. of s., anrl is drained by Turkey, 
Bullock's, Kings, and Bufl'aloe creeks. The 
opposing or estrn. plain declines sthestrd. and 
discharges in that direction Fishing, Alisons, 
and Crowder's creeks. Surface hilly. Chief 
town, YorkviUe. Pop. 182U, 14,936 ; 1830, 
117,790. 

YorkC. H. (See Yorkville, York dist. 
S. C.) 

York Haven, p-v. on the Susquehannah r. 
'opposite EastConewago, and in ihenrthestrn. 
l)art of York co. Pa., by p-r. lO ms. n. from 
the borough of York, and 14 ms. below and s. 
E. Harrisburg. 

Yorkshire, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y., 274 
ms. from Albany, 14 -v. n. e. Ellicottville, it 
has Cataraugus cr. n. which separates it from 
Erie co., with a slightly uneven surface. 
Limestone lake, 1 m. by 2, in the e. gives rise 
to a tributary of Cataraugus cr. Pop. 1830, 823. 
York, Sulphur springs and p-o. in the 
nrthrn. part of Adams co. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. 
s. s. w. Harrisburg, and 14 n. n. e. Gettys- 
burg. 

YoRKTowN, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 116 
ms. s. Albany, 45 n. New York, 8 .v. w. Bed- 
ford, it has Putnam CO. N. and is generally 
hilly, with a pretty good soil, often stony, and 
much improved by the use of gypsum. Pop. 
1830, 2,141. 

YoRKTowN, p-v. port of entry and st. jus. for 
York CO. Va., situated on the right bank of 
York r., 1 1 ms. above the mouth, 33 n. w. Nor- 
folk, by p-r. 175 ms. s. s. e. W. C, and 72 3. 
K. bv F.. Richmond. Lat. 37° 14', long. 0° 30' 
E.VV. C. 

YoRKViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. York dist. S. 
C, 2'2 ms. N. Chesterville, and by p-r. 78 ms. 
a little w. of N. Columbia. Lat. .34° 58', long. 
4° 18' w. W.C. 

YouGii Glades, p-o. in the wstrn. part of 
Alleghany co. Md., 33 ms. wstrd. Cumberland 



York, co. Va., bounded by Elizabeth City and by p-r. ]65 ms. n. w. by w. W.C. 
CO. s. F.., Warwick s., James City w. and n. Yoitghioghany, r. of Pa., Md. and Va., hav- 
w., York r. separating it from Gloucester n. [ ing its most remote source in Preston co. of 
and Chesapeake bay e. Greatest length along ; the latter state, but deriving its most numer- 



ALL 



APPENDIX. 



ALL 



617 



OU8 ethrn. tributaries from the valley between 
the Back Bone and Laurel mtns. Alleghany 
CO. Md. From this elevated tract the main 
stream flows nearly due n. 35 ms., enters 
Pa. between Fayette and Somerset cos., with- 
in which it thence flows about 8 ms. direct 
course to where it is joined by Castleman's r., 
an equal or probably a superior stream, en- 
tering from tlie n. e. Some of the southern 
fountains of Castleman's r. rise in Alleghany 
CO. Md., but the greater part of its tributaries 
flow from Somerset co. Pa., and rise in the 
same valley with the confluents of Youghio- 
ghany. Below the union of the 2 main branch- 
es the Youghioghany assuming a nrthwstrn. 
course, continues in that direction 60 ms. to its 
junction with the Monongahela at MacKees 
port, in Alleghany co. Where Youghioghany 
is traversed by tlie U. S. road at Smithfield, 
the water level is 1,405 feet above that of the 
Atlantic. The extreme heads of this stream 
have an elevation e.vceeding 2,500 feet ; the 
mouth being elevated about 700 feet, the en- 
tire fall must be 1,800 feet. The whole valley 



of Youghioghany is either mountainous or 
very ailly and broken. 

YouNo's Store and p-o. in the wsfrn. part 
of Laurens dist S. C, by p-r. 88 ms. north, 
westwardly Columbia. 

Young's, cross roads and p-o. in the wstm. 
part of Lauderdale co. Ala., 14 ms. wstrdly. 
Florence, the co. seat, and 160 a little w. of n. 
Tuscaloosa. 

YouNGSTowN, p-v. Niagara co. N. Y., 304 
ms. w. Albany, 6 n. Lewistown, is situated on 
Niagara r. 

YouNGSTowN, p-v- (on the great western 
road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg) West- 
moreland CO. Pa., 10 ms. e. Greensburg, the 
CO. St., and by p-r. 182 ms. n. w. W. C. It 
is a small v., of a single street along the road. 

YouNGSviLLE, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Warren co. Pa., 17 ms. n. w. Warren, and by 
p-r. 330 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Young Womanstown, p-v. on Young Wo- 
mans cr., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Lycom. 
ing CO. Pa., by p-r. 50 ms. n.w. Williamsport, 
the CO. St., and 138 n. n. w. Harrisburg. 



z. 



Zanesville, p-t. and st. jus. Musking- 
um CO. O., on tlie E. side Muskingum r., 58 
ms. E. Columbus and 84 w. Wheeling. It is a 
flourishing t., containing a court house and oth- 
er CO. buildings, several churches, stores, and 
fine dwellings. Two wire bridges connect the 
town with Putnam and W. Zanesville, and 
the Cumberland road passes through it. At 
the falls, where is a superior water power, 
are several mills — saw, oil and rolling mills, i 
a woollen and nail factory, &c. The river | 
connects with Ohio canal. Pop. 1830, 3,094. ' 



Zebulon, p-v. and et. jus. Pike co. Geo., by 
p-r. 86 ms. almost due w. Milledgeville. N. 
lat. 33° 04', long. 7° 26' w. W. C. 

ZiDON, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 
116 ms. N.w. Columbia. 

ZioN, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 16 ms. 
w. Raleigh. 

ZoAR, t. Berkshire co. Mass., is one of the 
smallest tows in the state, and was incorpo- 
rated in 1822. It is crossed by Deerfield r. 
Pop. 1830, 129. 



A P P K N D I X, 

CONTAINING SEVERAL NEW COUNTIES, OMISSIONS EITHER OF TOWNS OR THEIR 
POPULATION, StC. &C. 



Allegan, a new co. of Mich, b miniod l)y Olta- 
\v\y i-o. N.. Kent N. E., Barry E., K.ilauiazoo co. 
s. E., Van Bnreii s. and s. w., and lake Huron w. 
Breadth 24 ms., mean length from w. to e. 3S ins., 
and area about 900 sq. ms. Lat. 42" 35', and long. 
0° W. W. C. intersect near the centre of this co., 
which lies about 150 ms. in a direct Une a liule N. of 
w. Detroit. Slope wstrd., and in that direction traver- 
sed by Kalumazoo r., wliich stream enters lake Mich, 
on the wistrn. border of the co. Pop. uncertain. 

Allen, co. of O. bounded s. e. by Logan, s. by 
Shelby, s. w. and w. by Mercer, N. W. by Vanwerl, 
N. by Putnam, and e. by Hardin. Length from E. 
to w. 26 ms., breadth 24, and area 6-24 »q. ms. Lat. 

7S 



10° 3.5', and long:- 7° 10' w. W. C. Slope to the 
X. W It is drained into the sthrn. branch nf Au 
Glaize r., and contains the large Wapahkonetta Re- 
serve. Chief t. Wapahkonetta. Pop: 1830, 578. 

Allen, co. Ind. bounded e. by Paulding co. O. ; 
it lies to the N. E. from Huntingdon co. Ind To the 
w., N. and s. the bounding cos. imcertaiti. It is a 
square of 26 ms. each side ; area 670 eq. ms. For 
central lat. see Fr.rt Wayne. Under the respective 
articles Mauiacc and Wabash rs. the peculiar struc- 
ture of the country now inrluded in Allen co. may 
be seen. A canal to cross this co., and to unite the 
navigable waters of Mauuiee and Waba.^h is in ac- 
tual progress. (See article rail-roads and canals, 
col. first of page 447.) Chief t. Fort Wayne. Pop. 
1830, 996. 



618 



BAL 



APPENDIX. 



BAR 



Aheka, now CO. Mich, bounded s. w. by Midland, \ 
by Gladwin w., on tlio N. by the unappropriated part 
of tlie territory, and on the E. and s. E. b}' Saginaw 
bay. Breadth from s. to N. 2-1 ins., mean length 30, 
and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 44°, and long. 7° w. W. 
C. The centre of the co lying a little E. of n. n. W. 
iSO ms. from Detroit. Slope estrd. Population un- 
certain. 

Arkansas. When the article Arkansas was 
printed, the returns of the population liad not been 
published. We insert here that of 1830, by sexes, 
ages, and classes. 







Vrhitc 


Persons. 






Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years 


of age, 


3,020 


2,782 


From 5 to 10, 




2,021 


1,897 


10 to 1.^5, 




1,626 


1,494 


15 to 20, 




1,272 


1,22.5 


20 to 30, 




2,835 


2,012 


30 to 40, 




1,820 


1,087 


40 to .50, 




876 


528 


50 to 60, 




434 


301 


60 to 70, 




209 


107 


70 to 80, 




69 


31 


80 to 90, 




12 


9 


90 to 100 




1 


3 


100 and upwards, 









Total, 



14,195 



Of these 10 were deaf and dumb, and 8 blind. 
Colored Population. 







Free. 


Slaves. 




Males. 


Ferns. 


Mal'^s. Fems. 


Under 10 years 


of age, 


27 


17 


846 803 


From 10 to 24, 




17 


13 


814 836 


24 to 36, 




23 


10 


395 399 


36 to 55, 




17 


7 


192 193 


55 to 100, 




3 


6 


47 51 


100 and u 


pwards, 


1 





1 



Total, 



53 2,293 2,283 



Of colored persons, 4 were deaf and dumb, and 2 
bhnd. 

Recapitulation, 
Whites. Free col. Slaves. Total. 

25,671 141 4,576 30,388 

AssANPiNK, r. or cr. N. J., the boundary of 
Burlington and Hunterdon co. rises in MonmouUi, 
and falls mto the Del. at Trenton. This stream se- 
parated the British and American armies in 1777, 
the day previous to the battle of Princeton. 

ACCORD, p-v. Ulster co., for N. J. read N. Y.— 
ACRA, p-v. Greene co., for N. J. read N. Y. — 
ACTON, p-t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,398.— " AC- 
WORTH," stated a.s in Cheshire co. is in Sullivan 
CO. N. H.— ALBION, p-t Kennebec co. Me. Pop. 
1^393._ATHENS, Greene co. N. Y. Pop. 2,425.— 
AUGUSTA, Geo., for 'seat of government,' .so prin- 
ted in a few copies, read 'formerly' seat of govern- 
ment. — AVON, stated as in Erie, is in Livingston co. 
N. Y. 



Baptist Town, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 ms. 

■W. Fleuiington. 

Bahnegat, v. Monmouth co. N. J., onBarnegat 
bay opposite the inlet. 

Barrv, new co. Mich, bounded by Calhoun s. E., 
Kalamazoo co. s. w., Allegan W., Kent N. w., Ionia 
N. E., and Eaton E. Length froni s. to n. 24, 
breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Lat 42° 35', long. 
8° 20' W. W. C. The sthrn. part slopes to the s., 
and is drained by creeks flowing into Kalamazoo r., 
but the bodv of t!ie co. slopes to s. w. by W., and in 
that direction is drained by Apple r. branch of Grand 
r. The central part is about 120 ms. a little N. of w. 
Irom Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Beattystown, v. Wdrren co. N. J. on the Mus- 
konetcunk, 2 and a half ms. below Hackctstown. 

Berrien, co. of Mich, bounded N. E. by Van 
Buren co., by Cass co. E., St. Joseph's co. Ind. s. E., 
La Porte co. Indiana s. w., and lake Michigan w. 
Length from s. to N. 33 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area 594 sq. ms. Lat. 42° and long. 9° 25' w. W. 
C. Slope to the northwstrd., and in that direction is 
traversed by St. Joseph's r. which enters at the south 
eastern angle, and winding to the n. w., receiving 
tributaries from the northestrd., and falling into lake 
Michigan at the st. jus., Saranac. Pop. 1830, 325. 

Black Riveb, v. Morris co. N. J. on a stream of 
that name, which runs into the N. branch of Raritan 
r. 14 ms. w. Morristown. 

Blazing Star, a noted ferry on the sound be- 
tween N. J. and Staten Island, 5 ms s. of Elizabeth, 
7 ms. N. of Aniboy. Previous to the revolution on 
the main route between Phil, and N. Y. 

Bloomfield, v. Essex co. N. J. in the town of 
that name, distinguished by E. and W. Bloomfield, 
two flourishing villages on a small stream which af- 
fords power for many manufactories of woollen, pa- 
per, &c. &c. There is a large and well conducted 
academy, 4 ms. n. of Newark. The Morris canal 
passes through the village. 

Bloomsbury, v. Burlington co. N. J., lies adjoin- 
ing the city of Trenton, and includes all the build- 
ings s. of the Assanpink creek. The bridge over 
the Delaware is in this town. 

BljOOMsnuRT, V. Hunterdon co N. J. on the Mua- 
konetcunk 6 ms. E. Easton, 40 w. N. W. New Bruns- 
wick. 

BOONETON, V. Morris co. N. J., on the Rockaway 
r., where there are a succession of falls affording 
great water power, and on which several extensive 
mnnufactoiies of iron are erected, 10 nis n. n. e. of 
Morristown. The Morris canal passes by this 
place. 

Branch, one of the southern cos. of Michigan, 
bounded w. by St. Joseph co., N. by Calhoun, Hills- 
dale E., and La Grange co. of Ind. s. w. It is a 
sq. of 21 ms. each way, 441 sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and 
long. 8° w. W. C. intersect in this CO. Slope wstrd,. 
and in that direction drained by v.irious branches of 
St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich. The central part is 
110 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Brooklyn or Brookland iron works, Morris 
CO. N. J. at the outlet of the Muskonetcunk lake, 14 
ms. N. N. w. of Morris Town. A dam is erected 
here to raise the lake for the supply of the Morris 
canal. 

BARNARDSTOWN, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 

jPop. 945. — BARRE, p t. Worcester co. Mass. Pop. 

BARRE, Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. stated 



Baltimor'j, p-v. Pahlield co. Ohio, by p-r. 
ms. S. E. from Columbus. It is in the nthrn. part i>l i -.2.503.- 
the CO., and on the Ohio and Erie canal, has risen 2,503, is 4,801. — BARRINGTON, stated in Ptenben 



rapidly from the .id vantages of position, and contains 
upwardb ui' 200 houses, and 500 inhabitants. 



CO. is in Yates co. 
CO. Vt. Pop. 729.- 



N. Y. — BiVRTON, p t. Orleans 
-BARTON, Tioga co. N. Y. Pep. 



CAS 



APPENDIX. 



DAV 



G19 



9-2.— BEBKMAN, Ducliossco. N Y. Pop. I,fi84. 
—BELFAST, Waldo CO. Mc. Pop. staled, 1,~!3, is 
3,0?7.— BETHEL, p-t. Oxford co. Me. Po|<. 1,6-30. 
—BOLIVAR, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 449.— 
BOllDl^NTOWN, N. J., for p-t. read pv.— 
" BOWV stiti'il as in Ruc/, in gham co. is in Merri- 
mack CO. N. H. — BREWCER, p t. Lincoln co. Me. 
Pop. 770.— BREWSTER, Barnstable co. Mass. Pop. 
stated 418, is 1,418.— BROOKS, t. Waldo co. Me. 
Pop. GOl. 

c. 

Calhoun, co. of II. comprising the point between 
the Mississippi proper and Illinois rs. bounded by U. 
r., separating it from Greene co. E., and the Miss, r., 
separating it from St. Charles co. Mo. s., Lincoln co. 
Mo. w., and Pike co. Mo. N. Length nearly parallel 
to both the bounding rivers 40 ms., mean breadth 
6 ms., and area 240 sq. ms. E.vtending in lat. from 
38° 52' to 39° 38', long, from 13° 26' to 13° 52' w. 
W. C. Chiefl. Gilead. Pop. 1830, 1,090. 

Calhoun, CO. Mich, bounded by Jackson e., 
Hillsdale s. E., Branch s. and s. w., Kalamazoo w., 
Barry n. W-, and Eaton N. e. Length from E. to 
W. 30 ms., breadth 24, and area "20 sq. ms. N. lat. 
42° l.j', and long. 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. 
Slope w.strd., sthrn. part drained by branches of St. 
Joseph's r. of lake Mich., and the nthrn. by the Ka- 
lamazoo r. The central part is about 110 uis. w. De- 
troit. Pop. uncertain. 

Callaway, co. Mo. bounded by Boone co. w., 
Ralls N., Montgomery E., and the Mo. r., separating it 
from Gasconade co. s. E., and from Cole co. s. w- 
Length from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 23, and 
area 1,150 sq. ms. Lat. 39°, and long. 15° w. W. C. 
intersect in this co. Though bordering on the Mo. r. 
it contains a table land, from which flew northwards 
the southern sources of Salt r , eastwardly the ex- 
treme wstrn. sources of Cuivre (Copper) r., and nu- 
merous crs. to the s. e., s., and s.w. into Mo. r. Chief 
town, Fulton. Pop. 1830, 6,159. 

Carmi, p-v. and st. jus. White co. II. {See White 
CO. II.) 

Cass CO. Ind. bounded e. by Miami co., s.w. by 
Carroll co., on other sides boundaries uncertain. 
As laid down in Tanner's improved map of the U. S. 
it is in length 24 ms. from e. to w., mean breadth 18 
ms., and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 45', long. 9° 12' 
w. W. C. Slope very nearly due w. Tlic main 
stream of Wabash receives Eel r. from the right at 
Loganport, the st. jus. of this co., the village standing 
on the point between the two river,'?. Pop 1830, 
1,162. 

Cass, co. Mieh. bounded by Berrien w.. Van Bu- 
ren N., St. Joseph e., Elkhart co. Ind. s. E., and 
St. Joseph, Ind. s. w. It Ls very nearly a sq of 24 
ms. each way, and area 576 sq. ms. N. lat. 42°, and 
long. 9° w. W. C. intersect very near the centre 
of this CO. It is entirely drained by tributary streams 
of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich , but from the great 
general sthrn. curve of that stream, the creeks of 
Cass CO. flowlike radii from the central part of the co. 
Chief t. Edwardsburg. Pop. 1S30, 919. 

Cassville, p v. on the left bank of Miss. r. oppo- 
site the mouth of Upper loway r. and the western 
part of loway co., Huron, or western Mich. It is 
situated 27 nis. s. of Prairie du Chien, by p-r. 1,028 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C, and 56 ms. above and N. w. 
G.ilena in II. 



Cedaii Creek, v. Monmouth co. N. J. near the 
sea, on a stream of the same name which runs into 
Barnegat bay 6 ms. s. Toms r- 

Cheuoiooi^g r. (See SUeboigon r. tn this Ad- 
dendii.) 

Clinton, new co. Mich, bounded E. by Shiawas- 
see, Ingham s. E., Eaton 8. w., Ionia w., and Gratiot 
N. It is a S()uare of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. 
ms. Lat. 43°, and long. 7° 42' w. W. C. intersect 
in this CO. 100 ms. a little vr- of N.w. Detroit. Slope 
westward, and traversed by different branches of 
Grand r. Pop. uncerlain. 

Cook, co. II, bounded n. e. by lake Mich. s. e. by 
the northwestern angle of the state of Ind., s. by Ver- 
million CO. II., and w. by Lasalle co. On the N- 
boundary uncertain. The outlines of this co. are too 
vague to admit any statement of its area. Though 
I'ounded by lake Michigan, nearly the entire slope is to 
the southwstrd., in which direction flows Plain r. 
branch of Illinois. A canal has been designed to unite 
the navigable water of the Illinois to lake Michigan 
at Chicago, mouth of Chicago r. Cook co. Chicago 
is the St. jus. This co. formed since the census of 
1830. 

CoRDELERA. In article Chippewayan, p. 102, 
first col., line 7 from the top, for Corelebra read Cor- 
delera. 

CALHOUN, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 1,535. 
—CAMDEN, Waldo co. Me. Pop. stated 674, is 
2,200.— CANAAN, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. Pop. 
2,064— CANANDAIGUA, Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 
stated 1830, is 5, 162. — CARLISLE, p-t. Schoharie 
CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,748.— CARLTON, p-t. Orleans co. 
N. Y. Pop. 1,168.— CARMEL, p-t. Putnam co. N. 
Y. Pop. 2,379 — CARVER, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 
Pop. 970.— CECILIUS, t. Calarangus co. N. Y. 
Pop. 378.— CHENANGO, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 
Pop. 3,716.— CHERRY CREEK, t. Chatauque co. 
N. Y. Pop. 574.— CHESTERVILLE, Kennebec 
CO. Me. Pop. 923.— CHICHESTER, stated as in 
Rocking)iam co. N. H., is in Merrimack co. Pop. 
1^084.— CHILMACK, Dukes co. Mass. Pop. stated 
2,010, is 691. — CLINTON, Duclies.s co. N. Y. 
Pop. stated 19,344, is 2,130.— COCHECTON, t. 
SulHvan co. N. Y. Pop. 43S.-COHOCTON, p-t. 
Steuben CO. N. Y. Pop. 2,711.— COLUMBUS, p-t. 
Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 1,714.—" CORNISH," 
stated as in Cheshire co., is in SulUvftn co. N.H. — 
CORINN.\, Somerset co. Me., erroneously spelt 
" Cornina," and thus arranged in the alphabet. — CO- 
VERT, Seneca co. . Y. Pop. 1,791.—" CROY- 
DON," slated as in Cheshire co., is in Sullivan co. 
N.H. 



Dansville, pt. Steuben CO. N. Y. 46 ms. s. Ro- 
chester, 11 N. Arkport; the village is on the highest 
navigable point of the Chemunsj, a branch of Sus- 
quehannah r. A rail-road from this place to Roches- 
ter. (See rail-ruads and canals, article Dansvill* 
and Rochester.) Pop. 1830, 1,728. 

Daviess, co. Ind. bounded N. by Greene co., E. 
by Martin, Ea.st fork of Whiter., separating it from 
Dubois s. E., and Pike s. w., and by the w. or Main 
White r. separating it from Knox co. w. Length 
from S. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth IS, and area 540 
sq. ms. Lat. 38° 4,-/, long. 10° 12' W. C. This co. 
occupies the peninsula between the two branches of 
Whitf r., but the slope is .«. w. by w. towardt the 



APPENDIX. 



620 ESO 

western or main fork. Chief t. Washington. Fop 
1830, 4,543. 

Des Moines, r. of the northwstrn. territory, anc 
stite of Mo. rises in the former near lat. 43° 40', 
lon<T. 18° w. W. C, interlocking sources with tiiose 
of Little Sioux branch of Mo. r., Blue Earth or the 
southern branch of St. Peter's r., and those of Up- 
per lovvay r., and flowing thence s. E. 300 ms., fall 
into the Miss. r. opposite Hancock co. 11. Beside 
numerous smaller confluents, this stream receives at 
about 150 ms. beiow its source, the North fork from 
the left, and 50 ms. lower, a much more considerable 
addition by the Raccocm fork from the right. The 
latter has a comparative length of about 150 ms. The 
valley of Des Moines is 300 ms. in lengtii, but is 
comparatively narrow, being rather liberally es'i- 
mated at a mean breadth of 50 ms., area 15,000 sq 
ms. About 20 ms. comparative course of the lower 
part of this r. it forms the extreme northestrn. boun 
dary of Mo. It is the longest, and probably the 
most abundant tributary of Miss, proper from the 
right. 

DANBY, Tompkins co. N. Y. Pop. 2,431.— 
DEER ISLE, Hancock co. Maine. Pop. 2,207. 
DELHI, Delaware co. N. Y. Pop. stated 435, is 
2,114.— DEPAU, p-t. St. lawrencc co. N. Y. Pop. 
668.— DEPEY.STER, p-t. St. Lawrence en. N. Y. 
Pop. 814.— DOVER, pt. Windham co- Vt. Pop. 
83i._DUANESBURGH, Schenectady co. N. Y. 
Pop. 2,837.— DUKES CO. Mass. Pop. stated 1,768, 
is 3,518.— DUT ION, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 
443. 



E. 

Eaton, co. Mich., bounded by Ingham E., Jack- 
son s. E., Calhoun s. w., Barry w., Ionia n. W., and 
Clinton N. E. It is a square of 24 ms. each way; 
area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', and long. W. C. 8° 
w. intersect ui this co. The main stream of Grand 
r. winds along the estrn. border, in a nrthrly. direc- 
tion, but the body of the co. slopes wstrd., giving 
source to Apple r., branch of Grand r., and to Battle 
r., branch of Kalamazoo r. The centre is about 100 
ms. a little N. of w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

EnGAH, CO. II., bounded by Clarke s.. Coles w., 
Vermillion co. of II. N., Vermillion co. of Ind. N. E., 
and Vigo co. Ind. s. E. Length from s. to N. 30, 
breadth' 24, and area 720 si|. ms." Lat. 39° 40', long. 
W. C. 10° 45' w. General slope sthestrd., and 
drained by crs. flowing into the main Wabash. Chief 
t. Paris. Pop. 1830,4,071. 

EspiuiTU Santo, often called Tampa bav, fine 
haven on the W. coast of the peninsula of Florida, 
opens from the gulf of Mexico, at lat. 27° 45', long. 
W. C. 6° 50' w. 

E VST HARTFORD, Hartford co. Conn. Pop. 
stated 3,537, is 2,237.-EASTHAMPTON, Suffolk 
CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,608. — EASTON, Washington co. 
N Y Pop 3,753.— EATON, pt. Madison co. N. 
Y. Pop. 3,5.58.— EAST WINDSOR, Hartford co. 
Conn. Population stated 2, 129, is 3,537.— EDGAR- 
TOWN, Dukes CO. Mass. Pop. 1,.509. — EDIN- 
BURGH, Saratoga co. N. Y. Pop. 1,571.— ED- 
WARDS, p-t. St Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 683.— 
" EPSOM," stated as in Rockingham co., is in Mer- 
rimack CO. N. H.— ERIN, p-t. Tioga CO. N. Y. Pop. 
976.— ERVING'S GRANT, Franklin co. Mass. 
Pop 409._F,UWIN, p t. Stpuben co. N. Y. Pop. 
795._ESOPUS, pt Ulster CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,770^ 



HOT 



F. 

Fenwick's Island, a long narrow sand bar, ex- 
tending along the shore of the Atlantic ocean, from 
Sinepuxent inlet, Worcester co. Md., to Rehuboth bay, 
or mouth of Indian r., Sussex co. Del, length about 
28 miles. 

Florence, formerly Briceland's cross roads, p-o. 
Washington co. Pa. The name has been changed 
recently. 

FORT BRADY. {See St. Mary's strait.)— 
FAIRFIELD, Franklin co. Vt Pop. 2,270.— 
PALL RIVER, V. Bristol co. Mass. Pop. 3,431.— 
FALLSBURGH, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. Pop. 1,173. 
—FALMOUTH, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. Pop. 
1,966.— FARMINGTON, Hartford co. Conn. Pop. 
should be 3,500.— FAYETTE, Seneca co. N. Y. 
Pop. 3,216. — FENNER, Madison co. N. Y. Pop. 
2,017.— FRANKLIN, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 
382.— FRANKLIN, pt. Merrimack co. N. H. Pop. 
1,370.— FRANKLIN VILLE, p-t. Cataraugus co. 
N. Y. Pop. 903.— FRENCH CREEK, t. Chatauque 
CO. N. Y. Pop. 420.— FULTON, p-U Scoharia 
CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,592. 

Goosekehawn r. (See Hock r.) 

GospoET, navy yard near Norfolk, Norfolk co. 
Va. 

Grand, r. of O. This stream has its extreme 
source in Trumbull co. about 5 or 6 ms. n. w. of 
Warren, and flowing thence nearly due N. 30 ms., to 
Ashtabula CO., and withm 10 ms. of lake Erie, bends 
at right angles to the w., and continues that course 30 
ms. to the lake, which it enters in Geauga co., be- 
tween the villages of Fairport and Newmarket, leav- 
ing a peninsula of 22 miles in length, and from 10 to 
2 mdcs wide, between the lower course of the river 
and the lake. 

Grant, co. Ind., bounded n. w. by Miami co., N. 
by Wabash and Huntingdon cos., £. E. by Del. co., 
and s. by Madison. Breadth 18 ms., mean length 20, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 30', long. W. C. 8° 
38' w. The Mississinewa r. enters near the sthestrn. 
and leaves it at the nrthwstrn. angle, flowing to the 
N. w., the general slope ofthe co. being in that direc- 
tion. The extreme nrthin. sources of White r. are, 
however, in the sthestrn. angle of this Co., and flow to 
the s. w., and from the opposite angle issues a branch 
of Salamanic r., flowing to the N. w. This co. is na- 
med neither in the p-o. li.st or census tables. 

Gulf op Mexico. (See Mexicn inland sea.') 

GALEN, staled in Seneca co., is in Wayne co. N. 
Y. Pop. 3,631.— GALLATIN,pt. Columbia co. N. 
Y. Pop. 1,5S8.—GENESEE, t. Alleghany CO. N. 
Y. Pop. 219.— GIL!;, Franklin co. Mass. Pop. 
stated 1,407, is 864.— GILMAN POND, t. Somerset 
CO. Me. Pop. 335.— GOULDSBOROUGH, p t. 
Hancock CO. Me. Pop 880.— GOUVERNEUR, t. 
St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 552.— GREAT HAR- 
RINGTON, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. Pop. 2,276. — 
GREENE, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 2,962.— 
GREENWOOD, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 795. 
GROVE, pt. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 1,388. 

H. 

Hot Springs, co. of Ark. Thisco., which takes 
its name from the remarkable fonnliiin so .ailed, uii 



low 



APPENDIX. 



KEN 



621 



the head brunches of AVushitau r., lies s. w. by W. 
from Little Rock, but the outlines are uncoitain. As 
laid down by Tanner, th" Hot Spiings are situated 
47ms. a hitle s. of w. of Lillle Kock.~' Lat. 31° 3:2', 
long. W. C 1.5° 5S' w. The Washitau sjiriiigs con- 
siderably exceed blood heat, are much resorted to, and 
have been found very etlicacious in many disorders, 
particulaily chronic. The dryness and elevation of 
the adjacent country, render the place a most deligiit- 
ful asylum from the low and warmer plains in its vi- 
cinity. Pop. 1S30, 458. 

Huntington, new co. of Ind., bounded by Grant 
s. w., Wabash Co. w., and on the other sides, boun- 
daries uncertain. Length from s. to n. 24 ms., 
bieadth 1.5, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 50', long 
W. C. 8° 30' w. The general slope of this co. is 
wstrd., though the Salamanic, and Wabasli pro|x;r, 
traverse it in a n. W. direction, but the latter receives 
near the centre of the co., Little r. from Allen co., 
flowing from the N. w., and some smaller confluents 
from the n. Below the junction of Wabash and Lit 
tie r., the united streams fall over rapids, at the foot 
of which the r. becomes navigable. The centre of this 
CO. is about 90 ms. n. n. E. IndianojX)lis. Pop. un- 
certain. 

HAIGHT, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 6.55.— 
HAMPDEN, p-t. Delaware CO. N. Y. Pop. 1,210.— 
HAMFTONBURGH, p-t. Orange CO. N. Y. Pop. 
1,365.— HAMMOND, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 
Pop. /67.— HANCOCK, p-t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 
653.— HANCOCK, p-t. Addison co. Vt. Pop. 472. 
—HARRINGTON, p-t. Washington co. Me. Pop. 
1,118.— HARTFORD, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. Pop. 
2,044.— HASTINGS, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,494.— HORNBY, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,463.— HOULTON, Washington co. Me. Pop. 
679.— HO WLAND, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 329. 
— HUDSON, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. Pop 
1,282. 



I. 



Indian Stream, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 301. 

Ingham, co. Mich., bounded by .Jackson s., Ea- 
ton W-, Clinton n. w-, Shiawassee n. e., and Wash- 
tenaw s. E. It is a square of 24 ms. each tvav, area 
576 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 3.5', long. W. C. 7° "24' w. 
Slope N. w., and drained by the two main and higher 
branches of Grand r. The central part 7o ms. N. w. 
by w. of Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Ionia, co of Mich., bounded by Kent w., Barry 
S. w., Eaton s. e., CImton e., and Montcalm N. Sim- 
ilar to Clinton and Kent cos., it is a square of 24 ms. 
each way, area 576 stp ms- Lat. 43°, and long. W. 
C. 8° w., intersect in this co. about 110 ms, n. w. by 
w, of Detroit, The slope is wstrd., and in that di- 
rection it is traversed by Grand r., the principal con- 
stituents of which unite near its estrn, border. Chief 
t. Genereau. It is recently formed, and does not ap- 
pear on the p-o- list, or census tables, 

lowAY, the name of two rs., called relatively Up- 
per lo'.vay and Lower loway. Upper loway rises 
about lat 44°, long. W. C. 17 1-2 w., interlocking 
sources with those of Des Moines r., and with those 
of Blue Earth branch of St. Peter's r., and flowing 
ihence to the estrd. 160 ms., falls into the right side 
of Miss, r., at lat. 43° 30', and about 40 ms. above 
Prairie du Chien, at the mouth of Ouisconsin r. 
Lower loway rises about lal. 43°, long. W. C. 16° w., 
interlockinc; sources with those of the North Folk of 



Dos MciiiiLS r., and flowing thence S. e. by compara- 
tive courses IGO ms,, falls into the right side of Miss. 
I-., about 30 ms, below Rock I.sland rapids, and nearly 
opposite the s, w. angle of Mercer co, II. The Des 
Moines, and Lower loway rs., flow nearly i)arallel, 
and about 40 ms. asunder. 

Isabella, new co. of Mich., bounded by Midland 
E., Gratiot s. E,, Montcalm S. w., and by unappro- 
priated territory on the other sides. It is a square of 
24 ms. each way, area 576 sq, ms. It probably occu- 
pies a share of the middle table land of the Mich, pe- 
ninsula. The central part i.s about 130 ms. in direct 
line N. w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Isle au Haut, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 315. 

Italy, stated in OnLirio co, N. Y., is in Yates co. 
Pop. 1,092. 

J. 

" Jackson, or Hitchcock," stated to be in Han- 
cock CO., is in Waldo co. Pop. 493. 

Jackson, i>t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 515. 
Jasfeb, p-1. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 557. 

K. 

Kennebunk port, p-t, York CO. Me. Pop. 2,763. 
Kent, newco. of Mich., bounded e. by Ionia, s. e. 
by Barry, s. w. Allegan, w. Ottawa, and n. Oceana. 
It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 576 sq. ms. 
Lat. 43° and long. 8° 36' w. The main volume of 
Grand r. enters on the estrn. border, and winds wstrd. 
over the co., but by a very circuitous channel, receiv- 
ing within it Rouge and Plat rs. from the N. E., and 
Apple r. from the s. The body of the co. is about 
150 ms, N. w- by w. of Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Kentucky, state of. In the body of the Gazet- 
teer, the tables of population of this state for 1830, by 
sexes, ages, and classes, were omitted, and are as fol- 
lows : — White persons. 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 54,116 50,835 

From 5 to 10, 41,073 39,439 

" 10 to 15 34,222 32,197 

" 15 to 20 29.017 29,623 

" 20 to 30 4.5,913 41,936 

" 30 to 40 26,289 23,463 

" 40 to 50 1,5,966 15,476 

" 50 to 60 10,8)3 9,499 

" 60 to 70 6,253 5,315 

" 70 to 80 2,585 2,195 

" 80 to 90 699 575 

" 90 to 100 119 97 

" 100 and upwards, 28 14 



Total, 267,123 

Of these were deaf and flumh under 14 
age, 100; of 14 and under 25, 113; and of 
upwards, 90 ; total deaf and dumb, 303. Bl 
Of colored persons there were, 

Free colored. Slav 

Males. Females. Males. 

Under 10 years of age, 717 639 

From 10 to 24 570 497 

" 24 to ,36 391 357 

" 36 to 55 478 389 

" 55 10 100 386 358 

" 100 and upwards, 17 17 



31,513 
27,488 
13,386 
7,513 
2,286 . 
45 



250,664 
years of 
25 and 
ind 169. 



Fena. 
30,990 
27,224 
14,177 
8,119 
2,560 
49 



Total, 



2,569 2,267 



82,231 83.119 



622 



MID 



APPENDIX. 



NEW 



tVom E. to w. 40 ms., mean bi cRdth 20, and area 
800 sq. ins. Lat. 43° 40', long. W. C. 7° 18' w. 
Slojje s. E., and traversed from Gladwin co. by 
the'l'ittabewassee r. or nrllirn. branch olSaginaw 
r. Tlie central part is about 120 nis. n. w. De- 
troit. Saginaw r. enters Saginaw bay at the 
jioint where the boundary- between ]Midland and 
Saginaw cos. reaches that bay. Pop. uncertain. 
iVloNUOE, CO. of Ark., situated between St. 
Francis and RIack rs., about 100 ms. n. >;. by e. 
La GiiANGE, new CO. oflnd., boundedbyElk-jfioin Little Rock, exact boundaries uncertain. 

hart CO. w., St. Joseph co. Mich. n. av. and Jf-, I PoP; 1830,461. 

Branch CO Mich. U.K., oilier boundaries ui.cer-1 Montcalm, new co. of Mich., bounded by 



Deaf and dumb, colored, 42 ; blind, 78. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 
517,787 4,816 165,350 087,953 

KiBKLAND, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. Population 
2,505. 



tain. Length from w. to e. 30 ms., breadth 
18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 40' v., long 
W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope if. w. by w. and^ in that 
direction drained by Pigeon r. and other conflu- 
ents of St. Joseph's r.olMake Mich. The central 
part is about 140 ms. a little E. ofN. Indiaiiopolis. 
Pop. uncertain. 

La Pohte, new co. of Ind., bounded by St. 
Joseph's CO. Ind. E., Berrien co. Mich, n., lake 
Michigan N. w., and the Indii.n country to the 
s. of lake Mich, on the (itht-r sides. It is, with 
the exception of the n. w. angle, a square of 2i 
ms. each side, area about 560 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
35', long. VV. C. 9° 42' w. The extreme source 
of Kankakee r. branch of Illinois r. rises in St. 
Joseph's co.lnd., and traversing the slhrn.p:ut ol 



(iratiot K., Ionia s., Oceana w., and Isabella 
It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 570 sq. ms. 
Lat. 43° 20', and long. 8° w. W. C. Slope s. w. 
and drained by numerous confluents of Grand 
r. The central part about 120 ms. n, w. by w. 
Detroit. 

MACHL\S, t. Calarangus co. N. Y. Pop. 
737._MADAWASCA,p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 
Pop. 2,187.— MADISON, i.-t. New Haven co. 
Conn. Pop. 1,809.— MAItlON, p t. Wayne co. 
N Y. Pop. 1,981.— MlDDLEBURGil, p-t. 
Schoharie co. N. Y. Pop. 3,266.— MIDDLE- 
FIELD, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. I'op 721. 
—MILAN, t. Coos CO. N. H. Pop. 243 —MIL- 
lUJIiX, p-t. Somerset CO. Me. Pop. 1,006. — 
.MILO, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 381.— MEN". 



La Porte co "ives it a wsti n. slope. The'north- | DON, p-t. Rutlaml co. \ t. Pop 4.52.— .MON- 

tesfenl section declines .. w\owards bke UOF pop. state.l 409, is 1,081 -MOM 

Michigan. Surface generally a plain. The ptrank n, coAlass. Pop 26..-MO SHOE, 

porton lake Michigan, from which this co. ,s ; I" jnr bdcl ca Conn. Pop. 1 522.-MON I PL- 

Lmed, is by direct line about 140 ms. N., K. w. ,L1ER. ^^^ Wasli.ngton^co^ ^Mc^-I'l^;;!" 

Somerset CO. Me. 
s CO. N. Y. 



K^m i:i;iia.^polls. Over tins space a rail-road MONl^LEU^diloco. Me. 

, , „; ,.i,„i Pr,n ir,,i-f.i.tjin UuO, IS l,74i) — M UN oON, t. oomc 

has been pro L'cteil. t^op. uneeit-Hin. , > > -,n,,,, .,r .' ^ , 

Les Moines r. (See art. Des Moines r. in , P<>p. *n.— MURRAY, p-t. Oilcan 
this ^<We;/f/a.)-LAFAYErTE, p-t. Ononda- , Pop. 3,138. 



ga CO. N. Y. Pop. 2,560.— LA GIlANf.E, p-t 
Duchess CO. N. Y. Pop. 2,044.— LA UliLNCE, 
pt. St. Lawrence CO N.Y. Pop. 1,097.— LEN- 
OX, t. Waldo CO. Me. Pop. 06(3.— LE RA\, 
p-t Jefterson cO. N. Y. Pop. 3,430 —LI IJl'.R- 
TY, p t. Wal.lo CO. Me. Pop. ore.- LINCK- 
L.AEN, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. l,42.i. — 
LINCOLN, t., staled as in Hancock co., is in 
Penobscot CO. Me Pop. 404—" LlNt OLN- 
VILLK," staled lo be iii Hancock co , slinuld be 



New Egypt, v. ?.f onmouth co. N. J., on Cross- 
wiik's cr. 18 ms. s. w. Freehold. 

New GriLFOiir, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by 
p-r. 63 ins. x. e. by e. Columbus. 

Nkw Hagkiistown p-v. ill the estrn. part of 
Tusi-arauas CO. O., by p-r. 124 ms. IN. e. bj E. 
spelt " Liiicoliisville,'^ ami is in Waldo co. Me. .Columbus, and IS ms s. k. by e. New Philadel- 
Pop. 1,702.— LI>HON, pt Giafioiico. N. H. jiihi;'., the co st. Pop. 1830, 102. 
Pop! r,485. -LI 1 1 LE FALLS, Herkimer co. I New Hautiotui, p t Litchfii Id co. Conn. ,20 
N Y. ' Pop. stated l,.TnO, is 2,5^9 — LO( K- ins. N. w. Hartl'ord. Watered by tlie Farming. 
POUT p-t. Nia;>-:ira CO. N.Y. Pop. stated 1,801, ton or Tiuixisr. which affords nuii^erous sites 
is 3,823'. LODL pt. Seneca co. N. Y. Pop. j for mills, &c. Il is likewise watered by numer- 



1,786.— LYNDON, 
Pop. 271. 



t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 



IW. 



Machonough, CO. of II., bounded by Fulton 
E., Schnyler s , Hancock w., and Warren n. It 
is a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 40° 35', long. W. C. 13° 38' w. Slope s. 
w., and drained by numerous bi-anches of Crook 



ous small streams, is hilly and mountainous, and 
timbered v ith deciilnous trees, except in the W. 
part of the town, where the perennial or ever- 
green region of Connecticut commences. Pop. 
1830, 1,760. 

New HAiiTroiiD, p-t. Oneida CO. N. Y., 100 
ms. >-. N. "W. Albany. Pop. 3,549. 

New Haven, p-t. Addison CO. Vt., 26 ms. s. 
l?iirrmglon, 31 w. Montpelier. It is watered by 
Otter cr., Little Otter cr. and New Haven r.,an(i 
contains good mill privileges. Quarries of ex- 



eii'cr Chief town, Macomb, at which, says thel':^"'"t "'"''''^ a-'i '0""^' '" «\most every part ; 
no list, there was no oftke Oct. lst,18.30. It is'""'''P>-' '"''1''''' beech, birch, elm, basswood, &c. 
situated about 150 ms. N. w. Vandalia. Pop. ; I'op. 1 830, 1,834. ^ i, - 

uncertain ' ^^'-^ Lonhon, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., E. 

•Mu.lani), new co. of Mich., bounded s. e. and .Sunapee lake, containing 17,000 acres it is 33 
s.'by Saginaw, Gratiot s. w.,lsabella w., Gladwin ,>"«• N. w. Concord 75 trom Portsmouth, and 9 
jr. w., A:renair. e., and Saginaw bav n.e. Length ''"oni Boston, and has 3 ponds, good deep soil, 



PHI 



APPENDIX. 



PHI 



623 



niiiple, birch, &o. Incorporated 1779. I'op. 
183(1, 91.3. 

Nkw WiLnriNOTON, p-v. in the soulliwestern 
p:irl of Mercer co. Pa., b\' n-r. 274 ras. n. w. 
W.C. 

Nkw \Vi\nson, p-t. Or.inge co. N. Y., 100 ms. 
S Albany, 65 >f. N. York, iuul 5 s. w. Nevvburi;!! 
On the w. side liiidsoii r. it is 4 ins. by 8, cou- 
taininsi; iiboiit 30 sq. nis , has some small slrcams, 
ami gooil soil. In tiie w. |)art arc some of llie 
hislilaiuis. Tiie v. is on Hudson r. 2 1-2 ms. s. 
NuwbnrL'h. A jiart of the t. is called Little 
Britain.' Pop. 1830,2,310. 

New Wimisor, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by 
p-r. 67 ms. a little w. of n. W. G. 

NyWBUUY, p.t. Oran2,e co. Vt. Pop. 2,252. 
— XKW HKVISTRM), p.t. Queens CO. N. Y. 
Pop. 3.002.— NiiWIXG TON, p-t. Kockin-bam 
CO. N. H. Pop. 549.— NKW POli I'L.VNl), 
p-t. Somerset CO. Me. Pop. 1,215. — NK\V SA- 
LR.M, stated in Onf.irio CO., is in Y;ites co. N. 
Y. Pop. 2,783.— xVEW SHOIIEHAM, p-t. 
Newport CO, It. I. Fop. staled 1,185, is 1,885. 
— Nl Ali\R.\, CO. N. Y. Pop. stated 14,482, is 
18,482.— NORTH SALE.VI,t. Somerset co. Me. 
Pop. 389. 



Oxronn, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. Pop. 1,829, 
OssiPKK, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. Pop. 1,935, 
Otis, t. iJancock co. Me. Pop. 350. 



P, 



Pf.kktaxo, brancb of llock r. (See Rock r.) 
In arlicle Iowa co. 2d line from llie bottom, ibis 
river is erroneously spelled Peektans. 

Peiikiv^villk, a niannfactuiing v. Weatb- 
ersfield, Windsor CO. Vl. on Bhtck r. at the f.dls 
It contains a woollen factory, a macbine sbni), 
saw mill, a manufactory of ivory black, and a 
cassimere factory. The v. has grown up wilbin 
6 years, and contains a chuicb anil a number of 
neat dwellings. 

PiiiLAnELi'HiA, a brief notice of its geographi- 
cal location. Sec. wasins.;rted in the body of this 
■work. The city was founded in 1682, by Win. 
Peim ; its original form was a paralli'logram, ex- 
tending 2 ms. w. from IJelaware r., crossing the 
Schuylkill, and over a mile, ?f. and s. lis pre- 
sent limits embrace several suburbs, which will 
be named hercafler. It is accessible by the 
l)elawai-e foi- the largest merchant vessels, and 
the Schuylkill is alsu navigable for snialler ones 
from itsjniclinn with the former, to Fermanenl 
bridge. - That part of the city in the vicinity of 
the Delaware, was formerly the principal seat ot 
business; but since the coal mines in tlic interi- 
or have been o[)ened, and become H source of 
sucli immense importance, these, with the facil- 
ities offered in its vicinity for internal communi- 
cation, (see (I'ticles rail-voaih unil citiiuh,) 
have attracted much attention towards the 
Schuylkill, and numerous stores and other build- 
ings have been erected near it, and the banks 
lined wilh wharves. Pliiladel|)bia is situ, tied 
120 ms. fmm the Atlantic, by the course of the 
Delaware, and is distant from Harrisburg 98 
ms. ; from New York 89 ; from Baltimore 98 ; 



and 130 trom Washington. The city is laid out 
wiib remarkable regularity, the streets crossing 
each other at riglit angles. There are nearly 
GOO ot these, generally paved, wiih good walks 
of i)rick. Some ot tliem are broad, and are fine 
promenades. There also several public scpiares, 
one of lh(;ni ciinlaining 10 acres. Among Ihe most 
prominent of the public buildings are, ihe U. S. 
bank, a magnilicient white marble edifiee, cop- 
ied after the Fartiienon, at Athens ; it is 161 by 
87 feet, including porticos ; the bank of Pennsyl- 
vania, also of wliile marble, rnoddled afier the 
teniiile of .Minerva, is 125 feet by 51 ; Girard's, 
and the Philadelphia bank, are also handsome 
edifices. Ol banks, lliere are 13 in the ciiy and 
suburbs. The Pliiiadelpbia library, and hall of 
the iiiiilnsophical society, are plain but spacious 
siructures. Besides these, are ihe university of 
Pennsylvania, the arcade, (in which is Peal's 
musenni,) the stale house, (from -wbence the 
declaration of independence was promulgated,) 
the academy of fine arts, tlie U. S. mint, (a 
splendid edifice,) masonic hall, hospital, alms- 
bouse, arsenal, exchange, ori)bans' asylum, 
widows' do, carpenter's liall, custom liousc, old 
and new penitentiary, 3 prisons, 4 theatres, and 
several markets, one of which is very extensive ; 
in 1830, there were 90 churches in the city and 
suburbs, of which Ghiist's church is the oldest 
and most venerable, having been commenced in 
1727. Of these, were Presbyterians, 20 ; Episco- 
pal, 9 ; Friends, 7 ; Methodists, 10; Baptists 6 ; 
Lutherans, 5 ; Roman Catholic, 4 ; and African 
10; other denominaiions, I'J. There are many 
elegant jjiivate edifices in the city, and the gen- 
eral nnitormity and neatness of those on many 
of the principal streets, is often remarked. Phil- 
adelphia is noled fijr the benevolent disposition 
of ils citizens, and fir the number, variety and 
extent of its charitable and lileiary institutions. 
Among these may be mentioned, ihe Pennsylva- 
nia hospital, founded in 1750, the alms-house, 
the dispensaries, Friend's asylum for the insane, 
humane society, orpbans', and indigent widows 
and single women's asylum, institution for the 
deaf and dumb, and the abolition, savings fund, 
and fuel saving societies, besides many other 
similar moral and religious establishments. 
Among tiie literary, learned, and other institu- 
tions, are the university of Pa., tlie American 
phdosopbical society, the academy of natural 
sciences, the medical society, niarino asylum, 
the college of iih\ sicians, college of pharmacy, 
association ofdruggisls and apothecaries, law 
academy, academy of fine arts, atbeneum, sev- 
eral line libraries, Franklin institute, &c. The 
city is well supplied wTlh public schools, and 
academies, ami has lately received a most mu- 
nificent betpies! by the will of the late Stephen 
Girard, for the establishment of a college Jjjjit 
orphans. The magnificent water \\n^^' ofi*liil- 
adel;diia, by means of which the city is supplied 
from the Schuylkill witli jinre aiul wholesome 
water, are wiibout a |):!rallel on this side the At- 
lantic. The total amount expended on this ob- 
ject is §1,443,583, and the aminal receipts are 
5^60,000. 'I'he water is raised from the river 
and conveyed into reservoirs, elevated .'v6 feet 
above the highest ground in the city ; 60 miles 
ofpiue conveys it through the city and districts. 
3,000,000 of gallons is about the average daily 
supply. From this fountain the fire companies 
are plenteously supplied in times of fire; of 



624 



RUM 



APPENDIX. 



SAU 



these, there are about 30, and 16 or 18 hose 
companies. There are 2 bridges across the 
Schuylkill. Permanent bridge, thrown across 
from the W. end of Market-street, 1,300 feet 
long,and the Fairmoi-.iit bridge, of a single sirch, 
and 340 feet span. These are bcituliful and sub- 
staiitiMl structures. Pliiladelpliia and tlie vicini- 
ty, abounds in manufactures ot dift'erent knids, 
and vast quantities of useful and tancy wrlicles 
are annually sent abroa<l. The internal trade of 
the city is very great, particularly with the west- 
ern st:ttes. In i830, 4r3,8r6 bbls. of wheat flour 
were inspected. The commerce of Philadelphia 
is also extensive ; the nuniber of arrivals in 
1831, were 3,60-2, of which 31)6 were foreign, 
and 3,206 coastwise ; the tonnage of vessels built 
iluring the same year was 3,525. There are sev- 
eral extensive ship \ ards for building merchant 
vessels, and the U. S. have also a nnvy yard 
here. The population of the city for several 
periods, has been as follows : — iu 1731, 12,00t), 
1753, 18,000, 1790, 42,500, 1800, 70,287, 1810, 
96,664, and in 1820, 119,325. In 1830, the po])- 
lilation of the city and suburbs was as follows : — 
Suburbs N., Nlhn. Liberties, 31,376 
Sprnia; Ganlen, 11,141 
PennTownshit), 2,507 
Kingston, 13,326 



of the mouth of St. Peter's r. The valley of Rum 
river lies between those of Uppey Miss, and St. 
Croix rs. 



s. 



Suburbs, S. 



Southwark, E. 
Do. W. 
Moyaniensing, 
Passyunk, 

City, 



10,361 

K),379 

6,.S22 

1,441 



58,350 

29,003 
80,458 



Total, 
PACKMAN, p-t. Somerset co. Me 

803. PANTON, pt. Addison co. Vt. Pop. 

fj()3. — PAUIS, p-t. Oneida county, N. Y. Pop. 
slated 1,477, is 2,765. — PARISH, p-l. Oswego 
CO. N.Y. Pop. 968.— PARISHVILLE, p-t. 
St. Lawrence CO. N.Y. Pop. 1,479.— PAT- 
TERSON, Putnam county, N. Y, Pop. 1,536.— 
PATRICK TOWN, town, Lincoln county. Me. 
Top 382. PAWTCCKF/r, Bristol co. Mass. 
Pop 1,458 — PENDLETON, town, Niagara co. 
N.Y. Pop. 577.— "PillPSBURGH," in the 
Gaz. should be PhilUjishvrsrh, Maine, Oxford 
<.o_prrCHER, p-t Chenango co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,214. — PITTSFIELD, town, Somerset co. Me. 
Pop. 609 — PITTSTOWN, p-t. Rensselaer co. 
N. Y. Pop. 3,702. 

R. 

Riga, p-t. Monroe county, N. Y. Population 
1830,1,908. 

..JBorHKSTF.n, p-t. Windsor county, Vt. Pop 
1,392. 

RocKSTREAM, p-v. ReaiTnig, Steuben co. N. 
Y., 17 miles from Penn-Yan, is at the fdls ot 
Rockstream, where a descent of 140 feet aft')rds 
water power. A^ove the falls is a rapid, a mile 
long, and below it the stream falls into Seneca 
lake. 

Rum River, considerable stream of Huron 
territory, lising at lat. 47°, and long. W. C. 17° 
"W. ; its sources are between the Miss, and St. 
Louis r of lake Superior, flowing sthrd. 30 ms. it 
expands into Spirit lake, about 30 ms. by 8 wide, 
and continuing sthrd. 100 ms. falls into the left 
side of Miss. r. about 20 ms. direct course n. w 



Saint Alban's, p-t. and st. jus., Franklin co. 
\^t., 23 lus. N. Burlington, and 46 n. av. Mont- 
pelier. Pop. 1830,2,395. 

Saint Cuoix, river of Huron, rises about lat. 
46, long. W. C. from 14° to 16° w., interlocking 
sources on the w. with the confluents of Rum r., 
on the E. wit!) those of Cbippeway r., and N. with 
numerous small streams flowing into lake Supe- 
rior. This is a large r. compared with its length 
of course, which is about 1 10 ms. to the s. s. w., 
and llie breadth across its sources, is very little 
less than the length of its valley. St. Croix en- 
ters the Mississippi about half way between the 
mouths of St. Peter's and Chippeway rs. at lat. 
44° 45', its valley occu[)ying the space between 
those of Rum r. and Cbi[)peway rs. This stream 
has numerous branches, and much of the land is 
spoken ot by tr;ivellers, as excellent. The 
tnoulli following the land route p.. of Miss. r. is 
about 200 ms. above Prairie du Chien 

Saint Geougk, town, Chittenden co. Vt., 8 
miles s. E. Hurlington, 28 w. Montpelier, was 
first settled 1784, it is uneven, \vilh only small 
streams. Pop. 1830, 135. 

Saint Johnsburt, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 31 
ms N. E. Montpelier, 26 n. Newbury, first set- 
tled 1783 ; it is hilly, and is crossed by Passump- 
sic r. s. and s. on which are fine nicadows. The 
I plain is a ])leasant village, near the centre. Pop. 
lb7,8U jg.^Q^ 1,592. 

Pop. I Saint Peter's, a large and important conflu- 
ent of the Miss r. rises at lat. 45° 40', long. W. 
C. 20° w. interlocking sources with the highest 
tountaiiis of Red r. branch of the Assiniboin ; it 
flows tlience 160 ms. to the s. k. by e. and at a 
mean distance of about 55 ms. in a very remark- 
able maimer parallel to the course of the Miss. 
r. Having reached its most slhrn. bend at the 
influx of Blue Earth r. St. Peter's inflects very 
nearly at right angles, and assuming a noitheast- 
ern direction 70 ms. falls into the right side of 
Miss. r. immediately below the falls of St. An- 
thony, after an entire course of 230 ms. There 
is a very short portage between Blgstone lake of 
St. Peter's, and lake Traverse of Red v., and the 
two, in the advance of civilized settlement, may 
aftord a highly import^mt channel of commercial 
intercommunicalion between the two great 
slopes of central N. A. On examinltion it is 
evident, that the Red r. branch of Assiniboin, 
St. Peter'.s, and Des .Moines rs., flow along sec- 
tions of one great valley. The importance of 
tlitse streams is just becoming visible. 

Sahanac, the 2d article of that name, at the 
bottom of the 1st column of page 501, is given 
as in Lenawee CO. Mich., but on Tanner's map, 
it is laid down on the left side of the mouth of St. 
Joseph's r. western p.rt of Berrien co., about 
200 ins. a little s. of "w. Detroit. 

SiiEBOiGON, river of the northern part of 
Mich, peninsula, rises with sources inlerlock- 
ing those of Ottawa r., and flowing thence n. 
fails into lake Hui'on, after a comparative course 
of 70 ins. 

Sausatcck, p-v. Fairfield, Fairfield county, 
Conn. It is a place of considerable coasting 



WIL 



APPENDIX. 



XEN 



625 



trade, near L. I. sound, on a harbor formed by contained what is now Taliaferro co., and in 
the ri'vcT of its name. 1830, liie aggregate of botli cos. amounted to 19,- 

SAur.ATVcK, r. Fairfield co. Conn., flows be- 171 . 
tween Fairfield and Norwalk, and lorms a Williams, nrthwstrn. co. of Oliio, bounded 
cond sloop harbor. jjy Henry i;., Paulding s., the state of Ind. w., 

SANDY CREKK, p-t. Oswego county, N. Y. Hillsdale co. Mich. >-., and LcuHwee co. IVlicli. 
Pop 1 839. — SARANAC, town, Clinton county, rf. E. Lengih from s. to n. '27 ms., breadth 24, 
N. Y. 'Pop. 1830, 316.— SAUGUS, p-t. Ksscx.and area 648. Lat. 41° C8', long. W. C. 7° 36' 
county .Mass Pop. 1830, 960. — S(^I PUATE, w. Slope stiird., and in that direction traversed 

Providence CO. R.I. Pop. stated .3,394, is 6,853. '■- c. t.,„......>„ -r-.m..'. ..„ „f 

— SMITHFIELD, Provitlence co. R. I. Pop. 
stated, 6,857, is 3,994.-SOUTHAMPTON, 
pi. Rockingham co. N. H. Pop. 487.— SOUTH- 
A M PTON, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y. Pop. 4,850. 



— SOUTHOLD, p-t. Suftolk co. N. Y. Pop 
2,900.— SOUTHWICK, Hampden co. Mass. 
Pop. 1,855.— SPRINGFIELD, Hfinipden co. 
Mass. Pop. staled 2,816, is 6,784.— STARRS, 
p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. Pop. 1,781. 

T. 

Tampa. This name is treqiiently applied to 
the whole bay of Espiritu Santo, and it proba- 
bly was the original name of all that sheet of 
water ; it is now confined to the northern cove 
or minor bay of Espiritu Santo, w. of the mouth 
of Hillsboro r. 

Taughkannuc, a branch of the Green mts. 
which commences near Middlebury, Vt., and 
extends across the lower part of that state, and 
the ■w. parts of Mass , and Conn., to the shore of 
L. I. sound, gradually diminishing in elevation 
towards the south. The highest eminences are 
Taughkannuc and Saddle mountains in Mass., 
the i'ormer of whicii is about 3,000 feet. 

u. 

Uncastille, p-v. Montville, New London 
CO. Conn., 40 ms. s. w. Hartford, 7 s. Norwicli, 6 
X. New London, is a manufacturing village on a 
small tributary of the Thames ; it has a cotton 
factory of stone, 4 stories high, with 2,200 spin- 
dles and 56 loon)s ; it employs 60 persons, mak- 
ing 4')0,000 yards of sheetings antmall}'. 7 ms. 
above another is erecting, to contain 1,000 spin- 
dles. 

w. 

Washikcton, V. Middlesex co. N. J., on 
South r., 5 ms.s. u. New Brunswick. 

Waterford, v. Uxbridge, VVorcester co. 
Mass., contains a cotton and a wollen factory ; 
the latter with 1,600 spindles, and 68 looms, the 
former 2,000 spindles and 3'2 looms. Above, 
the same company have a stone factory, 312 ft. 
long, with 10,000 spindles and 300 looms, mak- 
ing 2,500,000 yards of printing goods annually ; 
these besides other factories. 

Water Gap, Warren co. N. J., the passage 
of Delaware r. through the Blue mtns. 20 ms. 
above Easton. The scenery is quite romantic. 

Waterloo, pt. and half shire, Seneca co. N. 
Y., 173 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 1830, 1,847. 

WuippANT, v. Morris co. N. J.,4 ms. e. Mor- 
ristown, on a stream of the same name, which 
falls into Passaic r. 

Wilkes, co. Geo , bounded by Warren s., 
Taliaferro s. w., Oglethorpe w. and s. w., Bioad 
r. separating it from Elbert n,, Lincoln co. e., 
and Little r. separating it from Columbia .s. e. 
Length 32, mean breadth 19, and area about 600 
sq. ms. Lat. 34° 40', long. W. C. 5° 46' w. 
General slope estrd. towards Savannah r., from 
which it is separated only by the narrow co. of 
Lincoln. Chief t., Washington. Pop. 1820, 16,- 
912 ; 18.30, 14,237 ; at the former epoch Wilkes 



by St. Joseph's and Tiffin's rs., brandies of 
Maumee. (Jhicf t, Defiance. Pop. 1830, 387. 
W'lLLiAMsox, CO. Ten., boun<Ied by Bedlbrd 
s. E., Maury s., Hickman s. w., Dickson n. w., 
Davidson n., and Rutherford k. Length along 
the sthi-n. lioriier 40 ms., mean bi'eadlh 12, and 
area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 36° and long. 10° w. W. 
C, intersect in the sihwstrn. pari of this co. The 
sthrn. boi-iler follows the dividing ridge between 
the valleys of Duck and Hai'peih rs., and the 
CO. sloping to the N. w., is almost entirely drain- 
ed by the confluent creeks of the latter r. Chief 
t., Frimklin. Pop. 1820, 20,640 ; and in 1830, 
26,638. 

WiLLiAMSPORT, borough and st. jus. Lyco- 
ming CO., Pa., situated on the left bank of the 
west branch of Susquehannah r., by the p-r. 87 
ms. above llarrisburg, and 196 ms. a very little 
w. of N. W. C. N. lat. 41° 15', long. W. C. 0° 
07' w. Pop. 800. 

WiLLiA:vrspoRT, flourishing p-v. of Washing- 
ton CO. .\ld., situated on the lett bank of Poto- 
mac r. on the point, below the mouth of Coneco- 
cheague r., 8 ms. s. w. Hagerstown, and by p-r. 
74 ms. N. w. \V. C. Pop.'^SOO. 

WiLLiAM.spoRT, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. 
Ind., situated on the right bank of Wabash r., at 
the mouth of Pine cr., by p-r. about 80 ros. w. 
w.bv w. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 20', long. W. 
C. 10° IC'w. 

WiLMiNGTox, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. 0., 
bv p-r. 67 ms. s. w. Columbus. Lat. 39° 24', 
long. \V. C. 6° 46' w. Pop. 1830, 616. 

WiNTHKSTEH, p-v. and St. jus. Randolph co. 
Ind , sitnaled on Wabash r., by |)-r. 97 ms. N. K. 
by E. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 1 V, long. W. C. 7° 
04' w. 

WoonsFiELB, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. O. 
It is sitn:^ted on Snnfish cr., 26 ms. s. s. w. St. 
Clairsville, and by p-i-. 140 ms. estrd. Columbus. 
Lat. 39° 48', long. W. C. 4° 04' w. Pop. 1850, 
157. 

Wood, co. O., bounded by Sandusky co. E., 
Seneca s. e., Hancock s., Henry w., Lenawee 
CO. Mich. x. w., and Monroe co. Mich. ir. It is 
a parallelogram of the same length and breadth 
as the adjacent Co. of Henry, 32 ms. from s. to 
.v.. with a breadth of 27 ms., area 864 sq. ms. 
Lat. 41 o 26', long. W. C. 6° 38' w. Slope south- 
eastward, and traversed in that direction by 
Portage r. to the s. e., and Maumee n. w. Chief 
t., Perrysburgh. Pop. 1830, 1,10;^. 

WoosTER, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. O., on 
Killbuck branch of Wliite Woman's r.,86 ms. w. 
E. Columbus. Lat. 40° 48', long. W. C 5° v. 
Pop. 1830, 1,000, 

X. 

Xenia, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. O., by p-r. 
57 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, and 55 ms. k. n. k, 
Cincinnati. It is situated on a brancli of Lit- 
tle Miami. Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 6° 53' w. 
It contains the co. buildings, 2 printing offices, .3 
churches,! or 12 mercantile stores, and in 183Q 
had 917 inhabitants. 



626 



APPENDIX. 



UNIVJERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Maine, 



N. H. 

Vermont, 



Mass. 



K. Island, 
Conn. 



N. York, 



N. Jersey, 
Pa. 



Maryland, 



D. C. 

Virginia, 



N. C. 
B.C. 



Georgia, 
Alabama, 



Miss. 
La. 



Ten. 



Kentucky, 



Ohio, 



Indiana, 
lilinois, 
Missouri, 



Waterville, 

Bowdoin, 

Dartmouth, 

University of Vt. 

Middlebury, 

Harvard University, 

Williams, 

Amherst, 

Brown University, 

Yale, _ 

Washington, 

Wesleyan University, 

Union, 

Geneva, 

Columbia, 

New York University, 

Hamilton, 

College of New Jersey, 

Rutgers, 

University of Penn. 

Jetlerson, 

Western University, 

Madison, 

Alleghany, 

Dickinson, 

Franklin, 

Lafayette, 

Girard, 

Washington, 

St. Mary's, 

University of Md. 

St. John's, 

Mount St Mary's, 

Columbian 

Georgetown, 

William and Mary, 

Hampden Sidney, 

Washington, 

University of Va. 

Randolph Macon, 

University of N. C. 

Charleston, 

College of S.C. 

Univ. of Georgia, 

Univ. of Alabama, 

La Grange, 

Jefferson, 

Louisiana, 

New Orleans, 

Greenville, 

LTnivers. of Nashville, 

East Tennessee, 

Transylvania, 

Centre, 

Augusta, 

Cumberland, 

St. Joseph's, 

Georgetown, 

University of Ohio, 

Miami University, 

Western Reserve, 

Kenyon, 

Franklin, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

St. Loais, 



Waterville, 

Brunswick, 

Hanover, 

Burlington, 

Middlebury, 

Cambridge, 

Williamstown, 

Amherst, 

Providence, 

New Haven, 

Hartford, 

Middletown, 

Schenectady, 

Geneva, 

New York, 

do. do. 
Clinton, 
Princeton, 
New Brunswick, 
Philadelphia, 
Canonsburg, 
Pittsburg, 
Uniontown, 
Meadville, 
Carlisle, 
Lancaster, 
Easton, 

Penn Township, 
Washington, 
Baltimore, 

do. 
Annapolis, 
Near Emniitsburg, 
Washington, 
Georgetown, 
Williamsburg, 
Prince Edward Co, 
Lexington, 
Charlottesville, 
Boydton, 
Chapel Hill, 

Charleston, 

Columbia, 

Athens, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Franklin co. 

Washington, 

Jackson, 

New Orleans, 

Greenville, 

Nashville, 

Knoxville, 

Lexington, 

Danville, 

Augusta, 

Princeton, 

Bardstown, 

Georgetown, 

Athens, 

Oxford, 

Hudson, 

Gambier, 

New Athens, 

Bloomington, 

Jacksonville 

St. Louis, 




Law Schools. — There are in the United States nine Law Schools, one at Cambridge, 
Massachusetts, with two professors and forty-one students ; one at New Haven, Conn, with 
two professors and 33 students ; one at Litchfield, Conn. ; one at Philadelphia, Pa. ; one at 
Baltimore, Md. with twenty-two students ; one at Williamsburg, and one at Staunton, Va. ; 
one at Charleston, S. C, and one at Le.\ington, Ken. 



APPENDIX. 



627 



THEOLOGICAL SEMINAKIES IN TIIK UMTKl) STATKS. 




Ban-ior Tlipol. Scmitiary, 
Tlieol. Soiiiinary, 
Tlieol. School, 
Mass. Episc. Tlieol. Scliool, 
Tliool. Institution, 
Theol. School, Yale Col. 
Theol. Inst. Epis. Church, 
Theol. Sem. of Auburn, 
Hamilton Theol. Instit. 
Ilartwick Seminary, 



Bangor, Me. 
Andover, Mass. 
Cambridge, do. 

do. do. 
Newton, do. 
New Haven, Conn. 
New York, N. Y. 
.'Vuburn, do. 
naniiitoii, do. 
Ilartwick, do 



Tlieol. Seni. Dutcli Ref. Church, New Brunswick, N. J 
Theol. Sem. Pres. Cliurch, U. S. |Princeton, do. 
Sem. Lutheran Church, U. S, 
German Reformed Sem. 



Western Theol. Sem. 
Epis. Theol. School, Va. 
Union Theol. Sem. 
Southern Theol. Sem. 
South Western Theol. Sem. 
Lane Sem. 
Rock Spring Sem. 



r'sburj 
York, So. 

.AIleKJiany town, do. 
Fairfax co. Va. 
Prince Edward co. do. 
Columbia, S. C. 
Maryville, Ten. 
Cincinnali, Ohio. 
Rock Spring, U. 



Beside those included in the table, tliere are in the U. 
Maryland, 1 in South Carolina, '2 in Kentucky, and 1 in 



Cong. 

Cong. 

Cong. Unit. 

Episcopal. 

Baptist, 

Cong. 

Prot. Episco 

Presbyt. 

Baptist. 

Lutheran, 

Dutch Ref. 

Presbyt. 

Evang. L. 

G. Ref. Ch. 

Presbyt. 

Prot. Episc. 

Presbyt. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Baptist, 
S. 5 Roman 
Blissouri. 




0000 
6200 

3964 
1500 
3000 



1200 1 

theological Seminaries, 2 in 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Denominations. 



Calvinistic Baptist, 

Methodist Episcopal Church, 

Presbyterian, General Jlssembly, 

Congregationalist, Orthodox, 

Protestant Episcopal Church, 

Universalists, 

Roman Catholics, 

Lutherans, 

Christ-ians, 

German Reformed, 

Friends or (iuakers, 

Unitarians, Congregational, 

Associate and other Methodists, 

Free-will Baptists, 

Dutch Reformed, 

Mennonites, 

.\ssociate Presbyterians, 

Cumberland do. 

Tunkers, 

Free Communion Baptists, 

Seventh Day Baptists, 

Six Principle Baptists, 

United Brtahren, or Aloravians, 

Millennial Church or Shakers, 

New Jerusalem Church, 

Emancipators, Baptists, 

Jews and others, 



Population. 


Communi- 


Churches or 


Ministers. 




cants. 


Congregations. 




2,743,4.53 


304,827 


4384 


2914 


2,000,000 


476,000 




1777 


1,800,000 


182,017 


2253 


1801 


1,-200,000 


140,000 


1270 


1000 


000,000 




700 


558 


500,000 




300 


150 


500,000 








400,000 


44,000 


1200 


205 


275,000 


25,000 


800 


200 


200,000 


17,000 


400 


84 


200,000 




400 




176,000 




193 


160 


17.5,000 


35,000 




350 


150,000 


16,000 


- 400 


300 


125,000 


17,888 


194 


159 


120,000 


30,000 




200 


100,000 


15,000 


144 


74 


100,000 


8,000 


75 


50 


30,000 


3,000 


40 


40 


30,000 


3,500 




30 


20,000 


2,000 


40 


30 


20,000 


1,800 


30 


25 


7,000 


2,000 


23 


23 


6,000 




15 


45 


5,000 




28 


30 


4,500 


COO 




15 


50,000 




150 





MEDICAL AND LAW SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 


Place. 


Professors. 


Students. 


Maine Med. School, 


Brunswick, 


4 


99 


Waterville Med. School, 


Waterville, 


4 


28 


New Hampshire Med. School, 


Hanover, 


3 


98 


Vt. Med. School, Univ. Vt. 


Burlington, 


3 


40 


Vt. Acad, of Med. Mid. Col. 


Castleton, 






Mass. Med. School, Harv. Univ. 


Boston, 


5 


95 


Berkshire Med. Inst. Wms. Col. 


Pittsfield, 


6 


85 


Medical Schnol, Yale Col. 


New Haven, 


5 


69 


Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. 


New York, 


7 


180 


New Yojk School of Med. 


do. <lo. 






Col. Phys. and Surg. Western Dist. 


Fairfield, 


5 


170 


Med. Dep. Univ. Pen. 


Philadelphia, 


9 


410 


Med. Dep. Jef. Col. 


do. 


5 


121 


Med. Dep. Univ. Md. 


Baltimore, 


7 




Med. Dep. Univ. Va. 


Charlottesville, 


3 




Med. Col. Charleston, S. C. 


Charleston, 


7 


150 


Med. Col. Transylvania Univ. 


I.e.xiiigton. 


ft 


200 


Med. Col. of Ohio, 


• Cincinnati 


a 


113 



628 



APPENDIX. 



STATISTICAL VIEW of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the value of every description 
of Imports from, and the vahie of articles of cvf ry description of Exports to, each Foreign country ; also, 
the tonnage of American and Foreign vessels arriving from, and departing to, each Foreign country during 
the year ending on the 20th day of September, 1831. 



COMMEECE. 



NAVIGATION. 



Value of exports. 



COUNTRIES. 



Russia, 

Prussia, 

Sweden and Norway, 

Swedish West Indies, 

Denmark, 

Danish West Indies, 

Netherlands, 

Dutch West Indies, 

Dutch East Indies, 

England, 

Scotland, 

Ireland, 

Gibraltar, 

British African ports, 

British East Indies, 

British West Indies, 

Newfoundland, &c. 

British Am. Colonies, 

Other British Colonies, 

Hanse towns, 

France on the Atlantic, 

France on the Mediter. 

French West Indies, 

Spain on the Atlantic, 

Spain on the Mediter. 

TenerifTe & other Canaries, 

Manilla and Philippine Isls. 

Cuba, 

Other Spanish W. I. 

Portugal, 

Madeira, 

Fayal and other Azores, 

Cape De Verd Isls. 

Italy, 

Sicily, 

Trieste, &c. 

Turkey, 

Hayti, 

Mexico, 

Central Repub. of Am. 

Colombia, 

Honduras, 

Brazil, 

Argentine Republic, 

Cisplatine Republic, 

Peru, 

Chili, 

South Am. generally, 

Cape of Good Hope, 

China, 

Asia, generally, 

East Indies, generally, 

West Ind. generally, 

Europe, generally, 

Africa, generally, 

South Seas, 

N. W. Coast of Am. 

Uncertain, 

Total, 



(Value of Im- I 

ports. Domestic I Foreign 
produce. | produce. 



Amern. tonnage. Foreign tonn. 



Entered JDepart- Enter- Depart- 
into led from ed into ed from 
U. S. U. S. U. S. U. S. 



Tons. 



1,608,328 

50,970 

901,812 

218,918 

575 

1,651,641 

989,837 

343,799 

319,395 

41,854,323 

1,977,830 

261,564 

150,517 

1,544,273 
1,303,301 

864,909 

3,493,301 
12,876,977 

1,188,766 
671,842 
566,072 
709,022 
125,1.59 
348,995 

8,371,797 

1,580,156 
124,446 
177,369 
32,092 
63,643 

1,704,264 
144,047 
161,062 
521,598 

S, 580,578 

5,166,745 
198,504 

1,207,154 
44,463 

2,375,829 
928,103 

917,788 

413,758 

4,924 

3,083,205 

77,861 

10,691 

148,932 
51,186 
67,635 
11,168 



114,852 

27,043 

190,511 

251,9.37 

178,333 

1,421,075 

1,707,292 

370,857 

128,884 

28,841,430 

1,185,142 

589,941 

429,087 

6,064 

132,442 

1,417,291 

4,026,392 

1,812,241 

4,963,557 

671,867 

704,833 

235,584 

75,121 

34,931 

15,994 

3,634,144 

261,801 

39,149 

171,563 

10,549 

45,432 

371,515 

2,369 

276,561 

38,503 

1,126,693 

1,091,489 

141,179 

375,319 

46,233 

1,652,193 

415,489 

8,560 

849,493 

19,922 

244,790 
48,268 

628,153 
25,702 

175,166 
16,910 
27,206 



347,914 

86,519 

11,111 

176,883 

224,502 

212,860 

45,274 

631,442 

2,307,439 

5,567 

165,786 

675,390 
23,962 

35,446 

779,931 

3,228,452 

300,926 

13,044 

63,428 

7,198 

3,446 

16,830 

1,259,698 

53,245 

2,356 

5,728 

6,049 

13,557 

323,010 

202,808 
298,304 
191,077 
5,086,729 
165,318 
282,830 
13,732 
423,902 
244,290 

7,616 

518,662 

15,731 

1,046,045 
251,126 

7,474 

15 

69,891 

8,963 
51,420 



462,766 
27,043 
277,030 
263,048 
355,216 

1,645,577 

1,920,152 

416,i:!l 

760,326 

31,208,869 

1,190,709 

589,941 

594,873 

6,064 

807,832 

1,441,253 

4,061,838 I 

2,592,172 

8,192,009 

972,793 

717,877 

299,012 

82,319 

38,377 

32,824 

4,893,842 

315,046 

41,505 

177,291 

16,598 

58,989 

694,.525 

2,369 

539,369 

336,807 

1,318,375 

6,178,218 

306,497 

658,149 

59,9a5 

2,076,095 

659,779 

16,176 

1,368,155 

35,653 

1,290,835 
299,394 

635,627 
25,717 

245,057 
25,873 
78,626 



8,931 

700 

11,346 

4,793 

27,501 
24,076 
11,296 
2,533 
223,345 
5,674 
4,388 
3,599 

5,342 

38,046 

275 

92,672 

248 

15,934 

40,849 

13,774 

26,704 

6,760 

9,583 

1,963 

2,938 

132,830 

24,060 

5,043 

2,514 

660 

875 

30,683 

2,080 

1,920 

3,918 

26,446 

22,377 

2,821 

9,174 

1,456 

29,855 

9,652 

274 

2,577 

3,729 

703 

929 

4,316 

1,171 

2,903 

4,169 

2,511 

29,581 

375 

80 



103,191,124 |61,277,057 120,033,526 81,310,583 | 922,952 972,504 281,948 271,994 



4,310 
387 
3,232 
7,199 
3,060 
41,730 
23,168 
11,430 
6,498 
235,345 
6,312 
7,838 
11,703 
I 121 
6,481 
40,922 
277 
79,364 
434 
17,147 
48,022 
15,459 
35,334 
4,598 
1,905 
1,418 
249 
132 222 
8,272 
1,598 
5,163 
475 
1,200 
9,120 
378 
4,215 
2,935 
27,807 
22,303 
3,315 
7,188 
1,449 
36,892 
8,169 
356 
523 
11,145 
1,018 
891 
5,061 
2,447 
669 
17,839 
560 
5,098 
39,470 
783 



2,999 
262 

2,827 
349 
312 

84,324 
11,008 
7,020 



23,760 

736 

82,557 

12,175 

8,666 

493 

2,793 



19,639 
3,117 
1,451 



699 
11,498 

56 

600 

1,360 



2,020 



472 
552 

2,708 

1,994 

194 

83,461 

9,102- 

2,306 

256 



17,90i 

94,776 

17,487 
3,722 
1,477 
2,254 
1,068 
536 



17,816 
1,051 

131 
251 
236 



1,006 
10,019 



22J 
203 



242 



400 

348 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, PROM 1822 TO 1831 INCLUSIVE. 



Tear. 


Imports. 


E. sports. 


Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


11822 


$83,241,541 


$72,160,281 


1827 


$79,484,068 


$82,324,827 


1823 


77,579,267 


74,699,030 


1823 


88,509,824 


72,264,686 


1824 


80,549,007 


75,986,657 


1829 


74,492,527 


72,358,671 


1825 


96,340,075 


99,535,383 


1830 


70,876,920 


73,849,508 


«26 


84,974,477 


77,695,322 


1831 


103,191,124 


81.3IO..«i8.3. 



APPENDIX, 



62» 



Statement of tlie Commerce of cacti State ami Terri- 
tory, commencing on tlie 1st day of October, 1830, 
and ending on tlie 30th day of September, 1831. 



Maine, 

N. H. 

Vt. 

Mass. 

R.I. 

Conn. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Md. 

Dist.Col. 

Vlr. 

N.C. 

S. C. 

Geo. 

Ala. 

Miss. 

La. 

Ohio, 

Flor. 

Mich. 



Value of 
imports. 



Value of Exports. 



Domestic 
prod. 



941,40' 
140,205 
166,20(5 

14,269,050 
562,101 
405,066 

57,077,417 

12,124,083 
21,056 
4,826,5''^ 
193,555 
488,522 
190,350 
1,2:18,163 
399,940 
224,435 

9,766,693 

617 

115,710 

27,299 



799,748 

109,456 

925,127 

4,027,201 

348,250 

482,073 

15,726,118 

11,4.30 

3,594,302 

34,514 

3,730,506 

1,207,517 

4,149,986 

340,973 

6,528,605 

3,957,245 

2,412,862 

12,835,531 
14,728 
28,493 
12,392 



Total, 1103,191,124 61,277,05 



Foreign 
prod. 



5,825 
1,760 

3,706,562 

19,215 

810 

9,809,026 

1,919,411 

578,141 

13,458 

489 

167 

46,.596 

2,51)8 

1,032 

3,926,458 

2,002 



Total. 



DISTRICTS. 



805,573 

111,222 

925.127 

7,733,763 

367,465 

482,883 

25,535,144 

11,4.30 

5,513,713 

34,514 

4,308,647 

1 ,220,975 

4,150,475 

341,140 

6,575,201 

3,959,813 

2,413,894 

10,761,989 
14,728 
30,495 
12,392 



20,033,526 81,310,583 



Maine, 

N. H. 

Vt. 

Mass. 

R.I. 

Conn. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Md. 

Dist.Col. 

Vir. 

N.C. 

S. C. 

Geo. 

Ala. 

Miss. 

La. 

Ohio, 

Flor. 

Mich. 

Total, 



NAVIGATION. 



Amt. Amn. 
tonnage. 



Enter- 
ed. 



51635 

7198 

20201 

182459 



Depar 
ted. 

61582 

4362 

20201 

157530 

23845 2278' 

17750: 201.39 

315972 254.331 



.369 
71232 

1550 
55371 

4796 



703 
65149 

799 
6.5370 
19362 



22933 48719 
16773; 30450 
24379' 48426 
155431 35747 
10126 1470' 



76231 

91 

4455 

43 



96755 

91 

5163 

43 



Amt. Foreign Total Am. .md 
tonnage. For. tonnage. 



Enter- 
ed. 



Depar 
ted. 



Enter- 
ed. 



9760 
100 



77719: 72444 



8826: 

21861 

10455 

872 

9985 

1729 

29011 

iai91 

11840 

55541 
138 
476 



7596 
965 

10276 
878 
11879 
1990 
29045 
14307 
10953 

535.58 
138 
610 



922952,972504 281948 271994 1204900' 1244498 



101454 

7198 

202011 

192219 

23945 

17750 

393691 

369 

80058 

3736 

65826] 

5668 

32918 

18502 

53390 

29034 

29166 



Depart- 
ed. 



111454 
4362 
20201 

165013 
22787 
2(1139 

326775 
703 
72745 
1764 
75646 
20240 
60598 
32.530 
77471 
500.54 
25'i60 



131772 150311 

229 229 

4931 5773 

. 43 43 



A condensed view of the Tonnage of the several dis- 
tricts of the United States, on the last day of De- 
cember, 1830. 



DISTRICTS. 



f assamaquody, Me. 
Machias, 

Frenchman's Bay, 
Penobscot, 
Belfast, 

Waldoborough, 
Wise asset, 



7,036 
195 
2,612 
3,.575 
2,053 
2,802 
2,232 



Enr. & 
lie. 



2,850 


10,486 


3,904 


4,099 


3,478 


6,090 


15,601 


19,177 


11,192 


13,245 


18,986 


21,789 


5,716 


7,949 



80 



Bath, 

Portland, 

Saco, 

Kennebunk, 

York, 

Portsmouth, N. H. 

Newburyport, Mass. 

Ipswich, 

Gloucester, 

Salem, 

Marblchcad, 

Boston, 

Plymouth, 

Dighton, 

New Bedford, 

Barnst.ible, 

Edgartown, 

Nantucket, 

Providence, R. I. 

Bristol, 

Newport, 

Middletown, Conn. 

New London, 

New Haven, 

Fairfield, 

Vermont, Vt. 

Champlain, N. York, 

Sacket's Harbor, 

Oswego, 

Niagara, 

Genesee, 

Oswegatcliie, 

Buffalo Creek, 

Sag flarbor, 

New York, 

Cape Vincent, 

Perth Amboy, N. J. 

Bridgeto^vii, 

Burlington, 

Little Egg Harbor, 

Great Egg Harbor, 

Pliiladelphia, Pa. 

Presquc Isle, 

Wilmington, Delaware, 

Baltimore, Md. 

Oxford, 

Vienna, 

Snow Hill, 

Annapolis, 

St. Mary's, 

Georgetown, D. C. 

Alexandria, 

Norfolk, Virginia, 

Petersburg, 

Richmond, 

Vorktown, 

Tappahannock, 

Folly Landing, 

Cherry Stone, 

East River, 

Wilmington, N. C. 

Newbern, 

Washington, 

Edenton, 

Camden, 

Beaufort, 

Plymouth, 

Ocracoke, 

Charleston, S. C. 

Georgetown, 

Beaufort, 

Savannah, Georgia, 

Sunbury, 

Hardwick, 

Brunswick, 

St. Mary's, 

Miami, Ohio, 

Cuyahoea, 

Sandusky, 

Pctroif, Mich. 

Alirliilimnrkirmc, 

IMdl.ile, Ala. 

Blakely, 

Pearl River, Miss. 

Kew i^rloane. La. 



16,313 

29,317 

9.53 

2,789 

103 

9,753 

9,714 

140 

2,098 

i 21,510 

1,196 

|l00,214 

; 11,090 

301 

' 46,086 

2,409 

2,012 

18,8,54 

9,876 

6,654 

4,879 

1,604 

: 10,004 

1 2,954 
I 425 
i 877 
I 2,417 
- 
505 

585 
128 
28 
4,465 
101,946 
85 
458 
115 



47,935 

44 

143 

23,941 

345 
143 

20 

' 1,760 

4,462 

3,937 

; 1,600 

I 1,904 

i 1,898 

i 79 

154 

i 487 

' 8,309 

I 1,357 

. 1,06 

; 993 

2,261 

I 530 

i 240 

516 

I 6,6.59 

; 383 

I 3,849 



509 

94 

98 

1,585 
13,334 



10,355 

13,400 

2,387 

1,999 

853 

8,490 

6,862 

2,191 

9,642 

6,684 

5,742 

34,794 

8,386 

3,360 

9,169 

22 775 

'"''78b 

3,473 

4,.523 

1,431 

3,543 

7,429 

6,208 

4,174 

8,462 



942 

612 

1,082 

17 

2,272 

2,808 

154,710 

187 

7,740 

10,169 
2,.393 
2,619 
9,481 

23,7.54 
481 

12,326 

11,678 
9,135 

10,340 
3,996 
3,091 
1,672 
3..564 
3.937 
6,364 
1,604 
1,105 
4,407 
3,700 
2,558 
1,946 
2,119 
414 
1,986 
1,618 
2,730 
2,575 
847 
263 
1,172 
6,695 
1,447 

2,280 



280 
450 

1,029 
863 

1,233 
114 

3,778 

870 
31,793 



630 



APPENDIX. 



Continued from preceding page. 



DISTRICTS. 



Teche, 

Pensacola, Flor. 
St. Augustine, 
St. Mark's, 
Key West, 



Total, 



Regis- 
tered. 



243 

450 

151 

1,094 



Enr. & 
lie. 



1,037 
155 

70 



576,475 I 615,301 



Total. 



1,191,776 



Statemement of the number of vessels, with the 
amount of tonnage, and the number of seamen 
employed in navigating the same, (including their 
repeated voyages) which entered into, and departed 
from, each State and Territory, in the year ending 
on the 30th September, 1830. 



State or territory. 



Naof 
ves- 
sels. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Dist. of Columbia, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Louisiana, 

Florida, 

Ohio, 

Michigan, 



535 

38 

121 

912 

87 

93 

1382 

3 

365 

9 

90 

54 

93 

235 

115 

79 

66 

451 

15 

1 

1 



Amount of 
tonnage. 



Enter- 
ed. 



69363 

9416 

29741 

168243 

16676 

16171 

298434 

586 

72009 

1691 

55317 

10458 

25997 

27757 

50859 

19249 

10490 

83270 

1444 

56 



4745 967227 971760 



Depart- 
ed 

91629 

4632 

19290 

148124 

14094 

18285 

229341 

627 

63022 

962 

55020 

13803 

43715 

36592 

52464 

50394 

22277 

106017 

1366 

56 

50 



No. of 
seamen 
employ- 
ed. 



43756 



A comparative view of the registered, enrolled, and 
licensed tonnage of the U. S. from 1820 to 1830 
inclusive. 



Yrs. 



1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830' 



Registered. 



Enr. and lie. 



619,047 
619,096 
628,150 
639,920 
669,972 
700,787 
737,978 
747,170 
812,619 
660,142 
976,475 



661,118 
679,062 
696,548 
696,644 
719,190 
722,323 
796,212 
873,437 
928,772 
610,654 
615,301 



Total. 



1,280,166 
1,298,959 
1,324,699 
1,336,565 
1,389,163 
1,423,111 
1,534,190 
1,620,607 
1,741,391 
1,260,977 
1,191,776 



* 89,307 tons cancelled, solder lost, 1830; making 
sn actual infrease that year of 20,286 tons. 



Registered vessels employed in the foreign Tons. 

trade at the close of the year 1830, 576,475 

Enrolled vessels in the coasting trade, 496,639 

Licensed vessels under 20 tons, 20,339 

Enrolled vessels employed in the cod fishery, 59,042 

do. mackerel fishery, 35,973 

do. whale fishery, 793 
Licensed vessels under 20 toiLs, employed 

in tlie cod fishery, 3,515 

Total, 1,191,776 

Registered tonnage employed other than in 

the whale fishery, 1830, 537,563 

Employed in the whale fishery, 33, 9 1 2 

Total, 576,475 

COMMERCE OP EACH STATE AND TER- 
RITORY IN THE U. S. 

Statement of the Commerce of each state and terri- 
tory, commencing on the 1st day ui October, 1830, 
and ending on the 30th day of Sf ptember, 1831, 



States and Ter- 
ritories. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Dist. of Columbia 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Ohio, 

Florida Territory, 

Mich. Territory, 

Total, 



Value of 
Imports. 



941,407 
146,205 
166,206 

14,269,056 
562,161 
405,066 

57,077,417 

12,124,083 

21,056 

4,826,577 

193,555 

488,522 

196,356 

1,238,163 

399,940 

224,435 

9,766,693 

617 

115,710 

27,299 



Value of 
Exports. 



Tonnage 
entered. 



805,573 

111,22-.; 

925,127 

7,733,763 

367,465 

482,883 

25,535,144 

11,430 

5,513,713 

34,514 

4,308,647 

1,220,975 

4,150,475 

341,140 

6,575,201 

3,959,813 

2,413,894 

16,761,989 
14,728 
30,495 
12,392 



103,191,124 81,310,583 1,204,900 



101,454 

7,198 

20,201 

192,219 

23,945 

17,750 

393,691 

369 

80,058 

3,730 

65,825 

5,668 

32,913 

18,502 

53,390 

29,034 

29,166 

131,772 

229 

4,931 

43 



Number of representatives of each state, with their 
number of electors. 



Maine, 
N. H. 

Vt. 

Mass. 

R. 1. 

Conn. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Md. 

Vir. 



Reps. 

8 

5 

5 
12 

2 

6 
40 

6 
28 

1 

8 
21 



Elec. 

10 
7 
7 

14 
4 
8 

42 
8 

30 
3 

10 

23 



N. C. 

S. C. 

Geo. 

Ala. 

Miss. 

La. 

Ten. 

Ken. 

Ohio, 

Ind. 

11. 

Mo. 



Reps. 
13 

9 

9 

5 

2 

3 
13 
13 
19 

7 

3 



Total representatives 240 ; eleotors 288. 
state sends two senators to congress. 



Elec. 

15 

11 

11 

7 

4 

5 

15 

15 

21 

9 

5 

4 

E^acik 



LBAg'20 



